Fast Surface Tension Measurement of Liquid Iron and 304L Steel using an Aerodynamic Levitation Apparatus and a new Multi-burst Excitation

Fast Surface Tension Measurement of Liquid Iron and 304L Steel using an Aerodynamic Levitation Apparatus and a new Multi-burst Excitation | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Fast Surface Tension Measurement of Liquid Iron and 304L Steel using an Aerodynamic Levitation Apparatus and a new Multi-burst Excitation Darcy Glanel Mouyele Kibangou, Coline Bourges, Elodie Courtois, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9198328/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Liquid metals play a crucial role in strategic industrial processes such as additive manufacturing, casting, and welding. Accurate knowledge of their physicochemical properties, particularly surface tension, is essential for process optimisation. This work presents a fast-multi-burst acoustic excitation method applied through a loudspeaker in an aerodynamic levitation setup for determining the surface tension of high-purity iron (99.95%) and 304L stainless steel. The method is based on oscillating droplet resonance and the Rayleigh theoretical framework. The multi-burst excitation enables the acquisition of multiple dynamic responses from a single experiment, providing several independent surface tension measurements on the same sample. Successive acoustic bursts, delivered at short time intervals, induce oscillations from which only the free vibration phases are analysed. To improve frequency identification, a time frequency analysis using spectrograms is employed in addition to Fourier transform processing. This approach allows precise identification of the central resonance peak associated with the oscillation modes, ensuring accurate determination of the resonance frequency. Surface tension measurements obtained for iron and 304L stainless steel over the temperature range 1 500°C-2 000°C show excellent agreement with literature data. The proposed multi-burst acoustic excitation technique is therefore a rapid, contamination-free, and reliable method for determining the surface tension of liquid metals at very high temperatures. Surface tension Aerodynamic levitation Liquid metal Multi-burst excitation Free oscillations Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 03 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 03 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 01 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Mar, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 24 Mar, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 24 Mar, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 24 Mar, 2026 First submitted to journal 23 Mar, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9198328","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":611667663,"identity":"3d51c9eb-7669-49ab-96fb-4da5bcda9c72","order_by":0,"name":"Darcy Glanel Mouyele Kibangou","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"IRDL, UMR CNRS 6027, Univ. 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Accurate knowledge of their physicochemical properties, particularly surface tension, is essential for process optimisation. This work presents a fast-multi-burst acoustic excitation method applied through a loudspeaker in an aerodynamic levitation setup for determining the surface tension of high-purity iron (99.95%) and 304L stainless steel. The method is based on oscillating droplet resonance and the Rayleigh theoretical framework. The multi-burst excitation enables the acquisition of multiple dynamic responses from a single experiment, providing several independent surface tension measurements on the same sample. Successive acoustic bursts, delivered at short time intervals, induce oscillations from which only the free vibration phases are analysed. To improve frequency identification, a time frequency analysis using spectrograms is employed in addition to Fourier transform processing. This approach allows precise identification of the central resonance peak associated with the oscillation modes, ensuring accurate determination of the resonance frequency. Surface tension measurements obtained for iron and 304L stainless steel over the temperature range 1 500\u0026deg;C-2 000\u0026deg;C show excellent agreement with literature data. The proposed multi-burst acoustic excitation technique is therefore a rapid, contamination-free, and reliable method for determining the surface tension of liquid metals at very high temperatures.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Fast Surface Tension Measurement of Liquid Iron and 304L Steel using an Aerodynamic Levitation Apparatus and a new Multi-burst Excitation","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-26 08:43:29","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9198328/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-04-03T11:27:07+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-03T11:21:00+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-02T02:04:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"48442631771385378516342272985831922390","date":"2026-03-25T01:27:31+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"75846367322779907042606840172675608429","date":"2026-03-24T13:13:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-03-24T10:40:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-03-24T09:27:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-03-24T09:27:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"International Journal of Thermophysics","date":"2026-03-23T09:15:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"international-journal-of-thermophysics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ijot","sideBox":"Learn more about [International Journal of Thermophysics](http://link.springer.com/journal/10765)","snPcode":"10765","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10765/3","title":"International Journal of Thermophysics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b1d59dbc-7930-48bd-99e3-76604ffcfc55","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 26th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-15T07:08:52+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-26 08:43:29","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9198328","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9198328","identity":"rs-9198328","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}