Hox genes limit germ cell formation in the short germ insectGryllus bimaculatus

Hox genes are conserved transcription factor-encoding genes that specify the identity of body regions in bilaterally symmetrical animals. In the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus , a member of the hemimetabolous insect group Orthoptera, the induction of a subset of mesodermal cells to form the primordial germ cells (PGCs) is restricted to the second through the fourth abdominal segments (A2-A4). In numerous insect species, the Hox genes Sex-combs reduced ( Scr ), Antennapedia ( Antp ), Ultrabithorax ( Ubx ) and abdominal-A ( abd-A ) jointly regulate the identities of middle and posterior body segments, suggesting that these genes may restrict PGC formation to specific abdominal segments in G. bimaculatus . Here we show that all of these Hox genes, either individually or in segment-specific combinations, restrict PGC formation. Our data provides evidence for a segmental Hox code used to regulate the placement of PGC formation, reminiscent of the segmental Hox codes used in other arthropod groups to establish other aspects of segmental identity. These data also provide, to our knowledge, the first evidence for this ancient group of genes in determining PGC placement within the context of axial patterning in any animal studied thus far.