Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Marine Sediments: Distribution, Sources, and Biological Risks in the Habitat of Resident Killer Whales and their Prey in British Columbia, Canada

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Marine Sediments: Distribution, Sources, and Biological Risks in the Habitat of Resident Killer Whales and their Prey in British Columbia, Canada | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Marine Sediments: Distribution, Sources, and Biological Risks in the Habitat of Resident Killer Whales and their Prey in British Columbia, Canada Joseph Kim, Peter Ross, Kelsey Delisle, Tanya Brown, Farida Bishay, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8067614/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 26 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology → Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a class of persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic contaminants, represent a threat to at-risk populations of Resident killer whales ( Orcinus orca ) in the northeastern Pacific Ocean, and their primary prey, Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ). Concentrations of 76 PAHs in subtidal surface sediments (1 to 435 m depth) from 98 sites along the coast of British Columbia (BC), Canada, were analyzed to evaluate their distribution patterns and potential sources. A subset of parent and alkylated PAHs, including the 16 priority PAHs, was evaluated to assess biological risks to Resident killer whales and Chinook salmon. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed site-specific PAH patterns in sediments, characterized by heavier parent PAHs (4–6 aromatic rings) and lighter alkylated PAHs (2–3 aromatic rings). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon distribution and profiles were strongly influenced by octanol-water partition coefficients (Log K OW ) and total organic carbon (TOC) (p < 0.001 ), with water depth exhibiting a gradient from heavier PAHs in shallow sediments to lighter PAHs in deeper sediments ( p < 0.001 ). Hotspots of pyrogenic and petrogenic sources were identified along the BC coast, with most areas being contaminated by pyrogenic inputs primarily associated with combustion of lignite and bituminous coal, and petrogenic inputs mainly associated with coal and diesel oil. Biological risk, based on sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), risk quotients (RQs), and toxic equivalents (TEQs), suggested varying degrees of direct and indirect impacts for Chinook salmon in nearshore Conservation Units (CUs), as well as for Resident killer whales within their Critical Habitats. Among Resident killer whale Critical Habitats, the greatest impacts were expected in the SRKW Critical Habitat around southern Vancouver Island, from both potential direct and indirect effects, with direct impacts from alkylated PAHs requiring special consideration. These findings highlight the urgent need for targeted management actions to reduce PAH emissions from both point and non-point sources in coastal environments to support conservation efforts for Chinook salmon and Resident killer whales. In particular, for Resident killer whales, such efforts should be prioritized within the SRKW Critical Habitat surrounding southern Vancouver Island. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Sediment Chinook Salmon Northern and Southern Resident Killer Whales (NRKWs and SRKWs) Critical Marine Habitat Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs) Risk Quotients (RQs) Toxic Equivalents (TEQs) Full Text Supplementary Files SupplementalInformation.pdf Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 26 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology → Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 15 Dec, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 30 Nov, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 12 Nov, 2025 First submitted to journal 08 Nov, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8067614","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":543725989,"identity":"51c30d2c-a81b-4e15-8491-2b79c7888d9e","order_by":0,"name":"Joseph Kim","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA+UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACxgYGBgMQw4CBjeEAQwWQxczcQIqWMyAtjPi1wAFICwNjG8wYPIB5RgJDwYc/NnnmDGyJh27Oq43mbwdq+VGxDbfDgFoMZ7alFVs2sB04nLvteO6Mw4wNjD1nbuPWMjuBwZi34XDihgPsDUAtx3IbgFqYGdsIaOH58x+qZc6x3PnEaWE7ANQCclhDTe4GglrmP2wA+iW52OAwW8LhnGMHcjcCtRzE5xfDnsPHDD78scszON5m/Dmnpi533vnDBx/8qMCjpYGxDRSVCQzMYP5hMHkAp3ogkAdGzQOwFgiow6d4FIyCUTAKRigAAAkuYWSLLf7dAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-7246","institution":"Ocean Wise","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Joseph","middleName":"","lastName":"Kim","suffix":""},{"id":543725990,"identity":"4b4a8e30-9c8d-4b3c-bbfb-f23fac5ce938","order_by":1,"name":"Peter Ross","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Raincoast Conservation Foundation","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Peter","middleName":"","lastName":"Ross","suffix":""},{"id":543725991,"identity":"9437d809-039c-4d13-af63-c818681278fc","order_by":2,"name":"Kelsey Delisle","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Fisheries and Oceans Canada","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kelsey","middleName":"","lastName":"Delisle","suffix":""},{"id":543725992,"identity":"d468852d-0b8a-4adb-aa11-1205f68880bf","order_by":3,"name":"Tanya Brown","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Simon Fraser University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tanya","middleName":"","lastName":"Brown","suffix":""},{"id":543725993,"identity":"c9200344-908a-4dbb-8532-478d198ba62f","order_by":4,"name":"Farida Bishay","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Metro Vancouver","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Farida","middleName":"","lastName":"Bishay","suffix":""},{"id":543725994,"identity":"16b2e098-803d-4a32-bd27-0d027d114827","order_by":5,"name":"Marie Noël","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Fisheries and Oceans Canada","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Marie","middleName":"","lastName":"Noël","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-11-09 07:43:02","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8067614/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8067614/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-026-01185-6","type":"published","date":"2026-03-26T16:08:50+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":96533086,"identity":"d2e38af8-5b1c-48d2-9067-b3d122ac56f7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-22 16:51:01","extension":"xml","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":16294,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"aectAECTD2500738.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8067614/v1/3ce72cf400d3b83ba54423ea.xml"},{"id":96533085,"identity":"97dbdcac-f76c-4e73-afc4-fec600250ab9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-22 16:51:01","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":976,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"AECTD250073812976.go.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8067614/v1/9f3f52a5ebb323a594667cdb.xml"},{"id":96533084,"identity":"11294cd7-d129-4c99-836e-91393983fa87","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-22 16:51:01","extension":"xml","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":917,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"AECTD2500738Import.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8067614/v1/0e54c8fed757da4950b800f6.xml"},{"id":96533094,"identity":"f65ac51d-20cf-437c-80cc-1a47037e675b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-22 16:51:02","extension":"xml","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":297466,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"AECTD25007380enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8067614/v1/ec00e34bca92129a635e81fd.xml"},{"id":96604288,"identity":"84b197cd-0ccf-4d19-b308-1696e95c2652","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-24 09:13:27","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":516635,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8067614/v1/d13004fa0591de3d5650d360.png"},{"id":96533089,"identity":"0e42ee5f-b610-4350-a005-cb8c089e0cb3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-22 16:51:01","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":387489,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8067614/v1/40caf0eed6d9847a76c77b2d.png"},{"id":96604709,"identity":"95507d70-aa6d-4f64-84c2-cd2204d1cf67","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-24 09:14:39","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":395322,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8067614/v1/49222c097fb0f1aaefc1ff20.png"},{"id":96533090,"identity":"23cac83d-ac68-4b37-80d9-21f516d80bed","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-22 16:51:02","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":838793,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8067614/v1/05f143ab01ba9170482e555d.png"},{"id":96604343,"identity":"203e081c-79cc-49dc-9896-26cc2eec21b7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-24 09:13:41","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1162052,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8067614/v1/913cc055e07a6f3316071fb0.png"},{"id":96533095,"identity":"223bed2a-4872-452f-bd8f-ce9be0c50164","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-22 16:51:02","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":104791,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8067614/v1/46bcb86ab9757a15523e75b2.png"},{"id":96533092,"identity":"0a4f61f6-6247-4765-bdd5-dfeeb008ba06","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-22 16:51:02","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":59916,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8067614/v1/38b84fb7961257275b33215f.png"},{"id":96533093,"identity":"1eee2ae1-0063-4395-8392-b0e8bdc3d552","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-22 16:51:02","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":77472,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8067614/v1/62e4f6235364ba2414df0de4.png"},{"id":96533100,"identity":"f4d127b8-c91f-4086-b622-d90ce54553d9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-22 16:51:02","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":168602,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8067614/v1/eca39b9a89e3d04e27a3989f.png"},{"id":96604353,"identity":"23b5016b-c333-40d5-9d31-b149f3a8d505","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-24 09:13:43","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":215738,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8067614/v1/acb10ec2233a48fd5c806389.png"},{"id":96533096,"identity":"cd14f9f8-52f8-4019-be36-99717be8bcbf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-22 16:51:02","extension":"xml","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":295736,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"AECTD25007380structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8067614/v1/85bff42ed3e54cfe7736fc97.xml"},{"id":96533097,"identity":"c626c74f-abad-4735-93b9-ee8a69eff218","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-22 16:51:02","extension":"html","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":303803,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8067614/v1/c529c602b695b8c192ade279.html"},{"id":105755681,"identity":"33266b92-0c47-46e4-a73e-6f6c171e63b3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-30 16:29:21","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1376715,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8067614/v1_covered_c32224a6-6138-4895-85c7-7bbbdf35cd3f.pdf"},{"id":96533088,"identity":"df0fc48d-bbab-49fe-9cf5-5e7bf27eb742","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-22 16:51:01","extension":"pdf","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":2020970,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementalInformation.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8067614/v1/ec60bf1341603bd9969b6290.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Marine Sediments: Distribution, Sources, and Biological Risks in the Habitat of Resident Killer Whales and their Prey in British Columbia, Canada","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"archives-of-environmental-contamination-and-toxicology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"aect","sideBox":"Learn more about [Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology](https://www.springer.com/journal/244)","snPcode":"244","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/244/3","title":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Sediment, Chinook Salmon, Northern and Southern Resident Killer Whales (NRKWs and SRKWs), Critical Marine Habitat, Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs), Risk Quotients (RQs), Toxic Equivalents (TEQs)","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8067614/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8067614/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003ePolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a class of persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic contaminants, represent a threat to at-risk populations of Resident killer whales (\u003cem\u003eOrcinus orca\u003c/em\u003e) in the northeastern Pacific Ocean, and their primary prey, Chinook salmon (\u003cem\u003eOncorhynchus tshawytscha\u003c/em\u003e). Concentrations of 76 PAHs in subtidal surface sediments (1 to 435 m depth) from 98 sites along the coast of British Columbia (BC), Canada, were analyzed to evaluate their distribution patterns and potential sources. A subset of parent and alkylated PAHs, including the 16 priority PAHs, was evaluated to assess biological risks to Resident killer whales and Chinook salmon. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed site-specific PAH patterns in sediments, characterized by heavier parent PAHs (4\u0026ndash;6 aromatic rings) and lighter alkylated PAHs (2\u0026ndash;3 aromatic rings). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon distribution and profiles were strongly influenced by octanol-water partition coefficients (Log K\u003csub\u003eOW\u003c/sub\u003e) and total organic carbon (TOC) \u003cem\u003e(p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/em\u003e), with water depth exhibiting a gradient from heavier PAHs in shallow sediments to lighter PAHs in deeper sediments (\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/em\u003e). Hotspots of pyrogenic and petrogenic sources were identified along the BC coast, with most areas being contaminated by pyrogenic inputs primarily associated with combustion of lignite and bituminous coal, and petrogenic inputs mainly associated with coal and diesel oil. Biological risk, based on sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), risk quotients (RQs), and toxic equivalents (TEQs), suggested varying degrees of direct and indirect impacts for Chinook salmon in nearshore Conservation Units (CUs), as well as for Resident killer whales within their Critical Habitats. Among Resident killer whale Critical Habitats, the greatest impacts were expected in the SRKW Critical Habitat around southern Vancouver Island, from both potential direct and indirect effects, with direct impacts from alkylated PAHs requiring special consideration. These findings highlight the urgent need for targeted management actions to reduce PAH emissions from both point and non-point sources in coastal environments to support conservation efforts for Chinook salmon and Resident killer whales. In particular, for Resident killer whales, such efforts should be prioritized within the SRKW Critical Habitat surrounding southern Vancouver Island.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Marine Sediments: Distribution, Sources, and Biological Risks in the Habitat of Resident Killer Whales and their Prey in British Columbia, Canada","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-22 16:50:57","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8067614/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2025-12-15T14:06:01+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-30T22:32:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-11-12T07:03:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","date":"2025-11-09T02:42:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"archives-of-environmental-contamination-and-toxicology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"aect","sideBox":"Learn more about [Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology](https://www.springer.com/journal/244)","snPcode":"244","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/244/3","title":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"dac1cca1-42b3-4127-933a-2ae9d99642f8","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 22nd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-30T16:24:58+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-8067614","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-026-01185-6","journal":{"identity":"archives-of-environmental-contamination-and-toxicology","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology"},"publishedOn":"2026-03-26 16:08:50","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 26th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-22 16:50:57","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s00244-026-01185-6","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-026-01185-6","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8067614","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8067614","identity":"rs-8067614","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}