Patent Commercialization in India’s Defence Sector: A Patentometric and Ecosystem-Based Review

Patent Commercialization in India’s Defence Sector: A Patentometric and Ecosystem-Based Review | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Systematic Review Patent Commercialization in India’s Defence Sector: A Patentometric and Ecosystem-Based Review Harsh Pathak Harsh Pathak, Avanti Chingulmund Avanti Chingulmund This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9392488/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In the defence sector, commercialization of patents is important in converting the technological innovation into strategic and economic value especially in the emerging economies like India. Although there has been a significant increase in defence-related patent applications as a result of indigenization programs and policy changes, the success rate of commercialization is low. This study aimed at analyzing the dynamics of patent commercialization in the defence innovation ecosystem in India. The review follows the PRISMA framework and integrates recent literature (2017–2025) to find out major trends, challenges, and opportunities that affect the outcomes of commercialization. The results indicate that there is a continuity in the discrepancies between patent creation and market commercialisation, mainly because of poor industry-academia connections, regulatory inertia, and inefficient technology transfer systems. Although there is potential in the new strategies like open innovation and defence corridors, their influence is limited due to the problem of ecosystem fragmentation. To overcome such issues, the research proposes an original patentometric model, according to which potential to commercialize patents is conceptualized as a variable of patent strength, market readiness, ecosystem support, and policy incentives. This study adds to the literature by combining the intellectual property commercialization, defence innovation, and ecosystem theory into a single analytical framework. It also provides practical information to policymakers and other industry stakeholders to increase the efficiency of commercialization and reinforce the defence innovations ecosystem. The future research directions involve empirical validation of the proposed model and the comparative studies between global defence systems. Defence innovation India Innovation ecosystem Intellectual property Patent commercialization Patentometric model Technology transfer Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9392488","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Systematic Review","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":630338371,"identity":"80103981-9386-4fc5-a55e-ac1d6eaca2e5","order_by":0,"name":"Harsh Pathak Harsh Pathak","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Symbiosis Centre for Research and Innovation, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, India","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Harsh","middleName":"Pathak Harsh","lastName":"Pathak","suffix":""},{"id":630338372,"identity":"c7a08f13-4d57-47dd-a6d1-bab5a127a01b","order_by":1,"name":"Avanti Chingulmund Avanti Chingulmund","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Symbiosis Centre for Research and Innovation, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, India","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Avanti","middleName":"Chingulmund Avanti","lastName":"Chingulmund","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-04-12 07:53:16","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9392488/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9392488/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":108006787,"identity":"2455faff-bc63-408f-b17a-6f0634ed2cae","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-28 12:57:12","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":380406,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"PatentCommercializationinIndiasDefenceSectorAPatentometricandEcosystemBasedReview.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9392488/v1_covered_8fa045c0-49d6-431b-9324-7c56d439c0c6.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Patent Commercialization in India’s Defence Sector: A Patentometric and Ecosystem-Based Review","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Defence innovation, India, Innovation ecosystem, Intellectual property, Patent commercialization, Patentometric model, Technology transfer","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9392488/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9392488/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn the defence sector, commercialization of patents is important in converting the technological innovation into strategic and economic value especially in the emerging economies like India. Although there has been a significant increase in defence-related patent applications as a result of indigenization programs and policy changes, the success rate of commercialization is low. This study aimed at analyzing the dynamics of patent commercialization in the defence innovation ecosystem in India. The review follows the PRISMA framework and integrates recent literature (2017\u0026ndash;2025) to find out major trends, challenges, and opportunities that affect the outcomes of commercialization. The results indicate that there is a continuity in the discrepancies between patent creation and market commercialisation, mainly because of poor industry-academia connections, regulatory inertia, and inefficient technology transfer systems. Although there is potential in the new strategies like open innovation and defence corridors, their influence is limited due to the problem of ecosystem fragmentation. 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