Contribution of Intra-Abdominal Pressure to Trunk Rotation Torque Generation and an Examination of Its Role

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This study aimed to clarify the actual situation of torque and IAP during trunk rotation torque exertion and to examine the role of IAP in trunk rotation. Methods Eighteen male participants aged 22.2 ± 1.2 years, with a height of 170.9 ± 4.8 cm and weight of 67.3 ± 7.0 kg, demonstrated trunk rotation torque while IAP was measured, and the temporal variation and maximum values of both were measured. Maximum IAP values were also measured during the Valsalva maneuvers (VM); IAP RMAX indicates IAP when maximum trunk rotation torque was recorded, and IAP VM indicates maximum IAP recorded during VM. Results In all participants, significant positive correlations with large effect sizes were found between trunk rotation torque and IAP variation over time ( P < 0.01, r s = 0.924), between maximum trunk rotation torque and IAP RMAX ( P < 0.01, r = 0.594), and between maximum trunk rotation torque and IAP VM ( P < 0.05, r = 0.542). Conclusion The temporal variability of trunk rotation torque and IAP was nearly synchronized. Furthermore, greater torque exertion tended to be associated with higher IAP RMAX and IAP VM values. IAP during trunk rotation during torque exertion is believed to enhance the mechanical efficiency of abdominal wall muscle contraction through the “muscle length–tension relationship,” thereby supporting optimal torque generation. oblique abdominal muscles sarcomere length trunk function Valsalva maneuver inner unit Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 INTRODUCTION Intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) refers to the pressure within the abdominal cavity, which is anatomically bounded by the diaphragm superiorly, the transversus abdominis and other abdominal muscles anteriorly and laterally, the multifidus and other dorsal muscles posteriorly, and the pelvic floor muscles inferiorly [ 1 – 3 ]. The coordinated contraction of the deep trunk muscles, collectively referred to as the “inner unit,” which includes the diaphragm, transversus abdominis, multifidus, and pelvic floor muscle groups, increases IAP. Similarly, the contraction of the superficial trunk muscles, such as the internal and external obliques, contributes to increasing IAP [ 4 ]. Increased IAP has been recognized for its roles in stabilizing the spine [ 5 – 11 ] and is markedly increased during high-intensity resistance exercises, such as squatting and lifting [ 12 ]. IAP also plays a key role in dynamic neuromuscular stabilization (DNS), a method gaining prominence in sports rehabilitation and performance enhancement. Functional spinal stability, which requires coordinated IAP, is essential for optimal athletic performance [ 13 ]. Since many sporting movements, including throwing and swinging, involve trunk rotation, adequate trunk rotation function is considered necessary for high performance. For example, a study on tennis players found a positive correlation between trunk rotation muscle strength and performance in medicine ball throws involving trunk rotation [ 14 ]. Similarly, an intervention study with baseball players demonstrated that medicine ball exercises incorporating trunk rotation led to greater improvements in trunk rotation function compared to bat-swing exercises alone [ 15 ]. These findings highlight the importance of assessing and training trunk rotation function in relation to athletic performance. Regarding the interplay between trunk rotation and IAP, Creswell et al. [ 16 ] investigated how an abdominal strength training program, emphasizing trunk rotation, affected IAP. Their findings indicated that trunk rotation training influenced the magnitude of IAP increase during the Valsalva maneuver (VM) and the acceleration of IAP increase during landing. These results suggest that the internal and external abdominal oblique muscles, primary contributors to trunk rotation, [ 17 , 18 ] and the muscles play a crucial role in improving IAP generation. Although the relationship between IAP and high-intensity resistance exercises has been well-studied [ 12 ], limited research exists on IAP during trunk rotation movements, including Creswell’s study [ 16 ] which remains controversial. Furthermore, investigations into IAP dynamics during physical activity have mainly focused on lifting movements, demonstrating that IAP increases proportionally with lifting effort and shows a strong linear correlation across participants [ 19 ]. However, the dynamics of IAP during trunk rotation movements remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate the relationship between trunk rotation torque and IAP during torque exertion, and to explore the association between peak torque and maximum IAP within the group. Based on these findings, the study seeks to clarify the role of IAP in trunk rotation torque. Such findings may be useful in elucidating the mechanisms of trunk rotation movements and developing future training methods to improve trunk rotation function. METHODS Study Design This cross-sectional study investigates the association between trunk rotation torque and IAP in young, healthy men. Participants The required sample size was calculated using G*Power 3.1 software. Based on a pilot study, an effect size of 0.580 was determined, with a significance level (α) of 0.05 and statistical power (1-β) of 0.80, yielding a minimum sample size of 18 participants. Consequently, 18 adult male participants were recruited based on specific inclusion criteria. Eligible participants were adult males aged 18 to 30 years who were capable of completing the measurement trials. In contrast, the exclusion criteria were individuals who had experienced low back pain or discomfort with trunk rotation within the past 3 months or had a history of severe cardiovascular disease. Participants received a written explanation of the measurement procedure and associated risks in advance, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. In addition, supervised interviews were conducted with collaborating physicians to ensure that participants met the eligibility criteria for the study. This study was conducted in accordance with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by an Ethical Review Committee of the Graduate School of Sports Sciences, Chukyo University (dated 6 January 2022, approval number: 2022 − 110). Measurement of Trunk Rotation Torque Trunk rotation torque was analyzed using a trunk rotation torque measurement stand (Takei Scientific Instruments, Niigata, Japan; Fig. 1 ) and its associated equipment, including a 16-bit analog-to-digital converter (PowerLab 16/35, ADInstruments, Sydney, Australia) and data analysis software (LabChart version 8.1.21; ADInstruments, Sydney, Australia). Participants were positioned on the measuring table with arms crossed, and isometric muscle strength was measured at a 30° trunk rotation angle. Torque was exerted in the direction of increasing trunk rotation angle (Fig. 2 ). Each trial lasted 5 s, initiated by the experimenter's cue. The first 2 s constituted an upward phase with a gradual increase in torque exertion [ 20 ], followed by a 3-s maintenance phase of steady effort. Participants performed three trials of trunk rotation on the non-dominant side, and the maximum torque value was used for analysis. Only the non-dominant side rotation was tested to minimize fatigue from multiple trials. Since muscle strength differs by hand dominance [ 21 ], measuring the non-dominant side, associated with higher muscle strength values, was expected to reduce the influence of learning effects on the results. Of the participants, one was left-handed, and all others were right-handed. A 2-min interval was allowed between trials. To prevent compensatory movements from trunk flexion or extension during the trials, belt length was adjusted and tightened according to each participant's physique. Consistent instructions were provided to prevent compensatory movements. Measurement of IAP IAP was analyzed using a sterile catheter pressure sensor (MPC-500; Millar Instruments, USA) connected to PowerLab and LabChart systems, as described previously. Rectal pressure, measured approximately 15 cm from the anus, served as a surrogate for IAP [ 22 ]. Before use, the sensor was immersed in saline solution for 30 min to reduce drift. A rubber cover for the thermistor temperature probe with a small hole (NIKKISO-THERM, Tokyo, Japan) [ 19 ] was fixed to the insertion site using surgical tape (MicroporeTM Skin Tone Surgical Tape; 3M NIKKISO-THERM, Tokyo, Japan) for stability. A surface anesthetic (Xylocaine jelly 2%; Aspen Japan, Tokyo, Japan) was applied to facilitate smooth insertion, with safety confirmed via a patch test. IAP measurements were taken during two VM trials were performed in an end-sitting position facing forward. Participants were instructed to “gradually increase the intensity of breath holding” over 5 s. The maximum IAP was recorded from these trials. IAP measurements included IAP RMAX , defined as “IAP at maximum trunk rotation torque,” and IAP VM , defined as “maximum IAP recorded during the VM.” Research Sequences The study was conducted over 2 days. Day 1 served as a familiarization session, during which participants practiced with the equipment and procedures to reduce learning effects [ 23 ]. This session included three submaximal effort trials separated by 1-min intervals. Day 2 involved the main measurements day, which included three maximal effort trials with 2-min intervals, followed by the VM trials (Fig. 3 ). Data Analysis Measurements were calculated as 200-ms interval averages and analyzed statistically [ 24 ]. To elucidate the variation in IAP alongside the exerted torque, the primary outcome was the relationship between trunk rotation torque and temporal variations in IAP during the ascending and maintenance phases across all individuals (Fig. 4 ). Secondary outcomes included the correlation between the maximum trunk rotation torque and IAP RMAX during the maintenance phase to ascertain the degree of IAP elevation concurrent with the attainment of maximum trunk rotation torque. Moreover, the association between maximum trunk rotation torque and IAP VM in the maintenance phase was examined to evaluate the ability to generate trunk rotation torque in conjunction with IAP increases. Statistical Analysis All statistical analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 29.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, USA). Shapiro–Wilk test assessed the normality of trunk rotation torque, IAP, IAP RMAX , and IAP VM . Pearson's or Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to investigate the associations between variables, based on the normality of the data. The significance level was set at P 0.5 considered as small, medium, and large, respectively [ 25 ]. RESULTS Basic participant characteristics and descriptive statistics for primary outcomes are shown in Table 1. As normality was rejected in the distribution of trunk rotation torque and IAP during the ascent and maintenance phases in all participants, statistical analysis was performed using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. A significant positive correlation was found between trunk rotation torque and IAP during the ascent and maintenance phases in all participants, confirming a large mean effect size ( P < 0.01, r s = 0.924) (Table 1). Secondary outcome results are shown in Fig. 5 . As the distribution of maximum trunk rotation torque and IAP RMAX during the maintenance phase showed normality, statistical analysis was performed using Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient. A significant positive correlation was found between the two, with a large effect size ( P < 0.01, r = 0.594, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.176, 0.831]) (Fig. 5 a). As the distribution of maximum trunk rotation torque and IAP VM during the maintenance phase showed normality, statistical analysis was performed using Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient. A significant positive correlation was found between the two, with a large effect size ( P < 0.05, r = 0.542, 95% CI [0.100, 0.805]) (Fig. 5 b). Table 1 Basic demographics of the participants and descriptive statistics of the primary outcome. Correlation coefficients ( r s ) and their probability of significance ( P ) for the associations between trunk rotation torque and IAP during the ascending and maintenance phases are presented DISCUSSION The primary finding of this study was the near synchronization of trunk rotation torque and IAP fluctuations during the ascending and maintenance phases. Additionally, significant positive correlations were identified between maximum trunk rotation torque and both IAP RMAX and IAP VM during the maintenance phase. This study is among the few to investigate the mechanisms of trunk rotation movements in relation to IAP. A strong positive correlation ( r s = 0.924) was observed between temporal changes in trunk rotation torque and IAP, the primary outcome, indicating a high linear relationship (Fig. 6 ). This finding aligns with a previous study [ 19 ]. which demonstrated a strong correlation between exertion and IAP during lifting tasks, suggesting a similar phenomenon occurs during trunk rotation torque exertion. Furthermore, a positive correlation was observed between maximum trunk rotation torque and IAP RMAX , the first secondary outcome, indicating that higher trunk roation torque is associated with increased IAP. IAP reflects the coordinated activity of deep trunk muscles, the "inner unit" [ 3 ], and the contraction of superficial trunk muscles that contribute to IAP elevation [ 4 ]. Co-contraction of trunk muscles typically results in increased IAP, and vice versa [ 24 ], illustrating their interdependence. In this study, trunk rotation torque primarily engaged the abdominal wall muscles, including the internal and external obliques, which contracted to increase IAP and generate a compressive force within the abdominal cavity. Additionally, muscle force generation depends on the "length-tension relationship" of sarcomeres, with optimal sarcomere length necessary for maximum tension [ 26 ]. Farfan proposed that IAP generates hydrostatic pressure within the abdominal wall, helping to maintain its hoop-like structure [ 27 ]. Specifically, the oblique and transverse abdominal muscles benefit mechanically by contracting around the pressurized abdomen, preventing inward collapse along a linear line of action [ 28 ]. Previous studies on lumbar rotational motion have quantified structural changes in the sarcomere lengths of the internal and external obliques, which play a major role in trunk rotation [ 29 ]. However, these studies used cadaveric specimens from older individuals, which may not fully replicate in vivo conditions. necessitating further investigation into the impact of IAP on abdominal wall shape and sarcomere length. Building on these findings, the present study suggests that increased IAP provides a mechanical advantage for abdominal wall muscle contraction, enhancing torque generation. IAP increases abdominal cavity stiffness, preventing excessive muscle shortening due to abdominal wall collapse, and maintaining optimal sarcomere length to facilitate greater trunk rotation torque. One participant exhibited a moderate correlation between trunk rotation torque and IAP during torque exertion, with postural changes possibly influencing the strategy for exerting trunk rotation torque mid-trial. A positive correlation was also observed between maximum trunk rotation torque and IAP VM during the maintenance phase, the second secondary outcome. This indicates that greater trunk rotation torque is associated with an enhanced ability to increase IAP. Maximal IAP by VM indicates the ability to co-contract muscles surrounding the abdominal and pelvic cavities, including the intercostal muscles and diaphragm [ 30 , 31 ]. Therefore, IAP VM can be viewed as a measure of both the ability to increase IAP and maintain abdominal wall shape. The correlation between IAP VM and trunk rotation torque suggests a link between maintaining abdominal wall shape and generating greater trunk rotation torque. A similar trend was observed with hip extension torque, where eight weeks of trunk stability training consisting of abdominal bracing, increased maximal IAP and improved hip extension torque [ 32 ]. These results suggest that not only is increasing IAP during torque exertion important, but also the fundamental ability to increase IAP is crucial for generating greater trunk rotation torque. The results of the two secondary outcomes revealed individual differences in the efficiency of converting IAP into torque. While a strong linear correlation was observed between rotation torque and IAP within individuals, the relationship between maximum rotation torque and various IAP values in the group showed positive correlations, with coefficients ranging from 0.5 to 0.6. These differences may be influenced by factors such as trunk posture, pelvic tilt during torque exertion, range of motion in trunk rotation, and muscle recruitment rates. Elucidating these factors could enhance our understanding of efficient torque generation. The exercise task in this study measured isometric trunk rotation torque at maximal effort, recording an IAP RMAX of 97.0 ± 34.6 mmHg. A systematic review by Blazek et al. [ 12 ] examined IAP during high-intensity resistance exercise, finding squatting (> 200 mmHg) and bench press (79 ± 44 mmHg) to induce the greatest and least IAP increases, respectively. Although the IAP RMAX recorded here was slightly higher than that of the bench press, the increase in IAP was modest compared to the other exercise tasks. IAP is influenced by factors such as external load position (e.g., weight-bearing position) and body posture (e.g., standing, seated, and supine) [ 12 ]. The relatively low IAP values in this study may be attributed to measurements taken in the end-sitting position without external load. Furthermore, a study on the effect of trunk rotation posture on maximal IAP in VM suggested that trunk rotation can limit IAP increase [ 30 ]. Therefore, the 30º trunk rotation position used in this study may have contributed to the lower IAP values observed. Cresswell et al. [ 16 ] examined the effects of an abdominal strength training, including trunk rotation, on IAP. They found that training targeting the abdominal oblique muscles not only strengthened trunk rotators but also affected the magnitude and rate of IAP increase. However, it remains unclear whether the increased ability to increase IAP enhances trunk rotation torque. While both previous and current studies demonstrate a relationship between IAP and trunk rotation torque, clarifying the causal relationship between the two remains a key area for future research. To improve trunk rotational torque, it may be necessary to enhance not only IAP generation but also neuromuscular control [ 33 ] through repetitive movements for optimal movement strategies, and to hypertrophy and strengthen trunk rotational muscles, such as the abdominal obliques. The findings of this study suggest potential applications and are considered to hold both academic and practical significance. Previous studies have demonstrated the relationship between trunk rotational function and athletic performance [ 14 , 15 ], as well as the effects of trunk rotation training on IAP increase [ 16 ]. This study further integrates these findings by demonstrating a strong association between trunk rotation torque and IAP, expanding our understanding and offering insights across multiple fields, including sports medicine, rehabilitation, and ergonomics. These insights are valuable not only for athletes aiming to enhance trunk rotation torque but also for rehabilitation programs targeting increased IAP in individuals with trunk dysfunctions, such as chronic low back pain. Expanding these applications could provide meaningful benefits to a wide range of populations in sports and health. A limitation of this study is that participants were limited to young, healthy men, which limits the generalizability of the findings to other populations. Future studies should include participatns from diverse age and gender groups. In addition, trunk rotation torque was measured only on the non-dominant side. Comparing bilateral rotations or different rotation angles could reveal different trends. Furthermore, the present study did not measure or control for breathing, although increases in IAP are closely related to breathing patterns [ 4 , 34 ]. Some studies have controlled for breathing during exercise tasks to measure IAP [ 19 ]. However, the VM is inevitable when force exceeds 80% of the maximum number of repetitions [ 35 , 36 ]. Since the trunk rotation torque measurements in this study were maximum-effort trials, and participants were assumed to have used VM during the measurements, the effect of breathing on IAP during the trial may have been minimal. Finally, this study only observed the correlation between torque and IAP during trunk rotation torque exertion, and the causal relationship remains unclear. Therefore, further research is needed to clarify the causal relationship between IAP and trunk rotation torque. CONCLUSION This study measured the fluctuations and peak values of torque and IAP during trunk rotation torque exertion and clarified their interrelationship. Significant associations were observed between torque exertion and IAP increase across multiple parameters, with both fluctuating nearly synchronously during trials. The increase in IAP during trunk rotation torque exertion likely supports effective torque generation by providing a mechanical advantage to the abdominal wall muscle group. This study highlights IAP as an important component of the "muscle length-tension relationship" based on the sarcomere length of abdominal wall muscles. Understanding the relationship between trunk rotation torque and IAP offers valuable implications for various fields, such as sports medicine, rehabilitation, and ergonomics. Abbreviations CI Confidence interval IAP Intra-abdominal pressure IAP RMAX Intra-abdominal pressure at maximum trunk rotation torque IAP VM Maximum intra-abdominal pressure measured at Valsalva maneuver SD Standard deviation VM Valsalva maneuver Declarations Acknowledgements The authors thank all those who participated in the research. Competing interests The authors have no competing interests to disclose. Ethics approval This study was conducted in accordance with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by an Ethical Review Committee of the Graduate School of Sports Sciences, Chukyo University (dated 6 January 2022, approval number: 2022-110). Informed Consent Participants received a written explanation of the measurement procedure and associated risks in advance, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Data Availability The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Author contributions All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Asuka Kimura. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Asuka Kimura and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. 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Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 15 Feb, 2025 Read the published version in Sport Sciences for Health → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 15 Jan, 2025 Reviews received at journal 15 Jan, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Jan, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Jan, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Jan, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Jan, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Jan, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Jan, 2025 Reviews received at journal 08 Jan, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Jan, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 07 Jan, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 06 Jan, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 06 Jan, 2025 First submitted to journal 06 Jan, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5770870","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":398959672,"identity":"80a60a39-abc2-4a32-abdc-eaeb0dcad42d","order_by":0,"name":"Asuka Kimura","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA+0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACZgaGCgkeNmb2A4f/VID4zA1EaDljI8fP3pN4gOcMiM9IhBbGtjRjyZ4Dxgd420ACBLTw958xNvjBdjhxw42EhAOS82qj+duBWn5UbMOpReJGjnFiDw9IS+KBA4bbjufOOMzYwNhz5jZua27wGB/gkYDakrjtWG4DUAszYxtuLfLnzxgf/GMA1mJw4OCcY7nzCWkxOJBjnMyTAPa+wcHGhprcDYS0GN5IKzaWOQAO5ITDDMcO5G4EajmIzy9y5w9vlnz7DxyVhz8z1NTlzjt/+OCDHxV4vI8GDoPJA0SrB4I6UhSPglEwCkbBCAEAduJloBMLUBIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Chukyo University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Asuka","middleName":"","lastName":"Kimura","suffix":""},{"id":398959673,"identity":"d0fd7063-1e68-49d9-b0bc-e842a8ec41f1","order_by":1,"name":"Taisei Hakozaki","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tokoha University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Taisei","middleName":"","lastName":"Hakozaki","suffix":""},{"id":398959674,"identity":"ec1bf4e2-3e48-49f8-b321-900b8cc2b8ea","order_by":2,"name":"Yohei Yasuda","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chukyo University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yohei","middleName":"","lastName":"Yasuda","suffix":""},{"id":398959675,"identity":"ae1a9415-1c4a-4be9-8cf3-5e3af2713d59","order_by":3,"name":"Takuya Shimizu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chukyo University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Takuya","middleName":"","lastName":"Shimizu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-01-06 05:38:22","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5770870/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5770870/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-025-01343-8","type":"published","date":"2025-02-15T15:57:01+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":73268784,"identity":"6c68938e-add3-4988-a752-28309895f15d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-08 10:39:17","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":314907,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTrunk rotation torque measuring stand: (a) front and (b) side views\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5770870/v1/78fd522fd31d8be018ef43da.png"},{"id":73268777,"identity":"dd5326f8-433f-4c75-9dcf-7392ca7b5953","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-08 10:39:16","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":267369,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTrunk rotation torque. Left rotation was measured in a right-handed participant\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5770870/v1/a6ce6dc8aac71534564e1871.png"},{"id":73268779,"identity":"54933159-10f2-412b-a93f-07d009003d26","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-08 10:39:16","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":65236,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMeasurement sequence and change in effort. The lines in the figure represent the transition of effort in each trial\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5770870/v1/b457004d4434c2598a11679c.png"},{"id":73268776,"identity":"5e05c01a-a20d-463e-ae62-f82a303cafab","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-08 10:39:16","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":51414,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAn example of the primary outcome is shown. The left vertical axis represents torque, the right vertical axis represents IAP, and the horizontal axis represents time. Fluctuations during the ascending and maintenance phases of a 5-s trial are shown\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5770870/v1/67782596346a112d68a2b802.png"},{"id":73268612,"identity":"60765102-9bb5-443a-9676-59701e38c6ed","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-08 10:39:13","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":34781,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eData distribution of the two secondary outcomes. (a) Relationship between trunk rotation torque and IAP\u003csub\u003eRMAX\u003c/sub\u003e, showing a significant positive correlation (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = 0.594, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.01).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(b) Relationship between trunk rotation torque and IAP\u003csub\u003eVM\u003c/sub\u003e, showing a significant positive correlation (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = 0.542, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5770870/v1/5c76c530ddcdf634cf64275d.png"},{"id":73268783,"identity":"437d1ff2-1152-4f43-970e-a1350f0ca4a9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-08 10:39:17","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":26042,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eA representative primary outcome is depicted. The vertical axis represents torque, while the horizontal axis represents IAP. Fluctuations during the ascending and maintenance phases are plotted\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5770870/v1/d11e26a258a6788142da5cd3.png"},{"id":76487437,"identity":"82e56925-718b-4a76-a358-635170cb5512","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-17 16:06:12","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1390709,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5770870/v1/c5a6b735-a543-4937-8c19-2c61407b5c87.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Contribution of Intra-Abdominal Pressure to Trunk Rotation Torque Generation and an Examination of Its Role","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eIntra-abdominal pressure (IAP) refers to the pressure within the abdominal cavity, which is anatomically bounded by the diaphragm superiorly, the transversus abdominis and other abdominal muscles anteriorly and laterally, the multifidus and other dorsal muscles posteriorly, and the pelvic floor muscles inferiorly [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. The coordinated contraction of the deep trunk muscles, collectively referred to as the \u0026ldquo;inner unit,\u0026rdquo; which includes the diaphragm, transversus abdominis, multifidus, and pelvic floor muscle groups, increases IAP. Similarly, the contraction of the superficial trunk muscles, such as the internal and external obliques, contributes to increasing IAP [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Increased IAP has been recognized for its roles in stabilizing the spine [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR6 CR7 CR8 CR9 CR10\" citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e] and is markedly increased during high-intensity resistance exercises, such as squatting and lifting [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. IAP also plays a key role in dynamic neuromuscular stabilization (DNS), a method gaining prominence in sports rehabilitation and performance enhancement. Functional spinal stability, which requires coordinated IAP, is essential for optimal athletic performance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSince many sporting movements, including throwing and swinging, involve trunk rotation, adequate trunk rotation function is considered necessary for high performance. For example, a study on tennis players found a positive correlation between trunk rotation muscle strength and performance in medicine ball throws involving trunk rotation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Similarly, an intervention study with baseball players demonstrated that medicine ball exercises incorporating trunk rotation led to greater improvements in trunk rotation function compared to bat-swing exercises alone [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. These findings highlight the importance of assessing and training trunk rotation function in relation to athletic performance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding the interplay between trunk rotation and IAP, Creswell et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] investigated how an abdominal strength training program, emphasizing trunk rotation, affected IAP. Their findings indicated that trunk rotation training influenced the magnitude of IAP increase during the Valsalva maneuver (VM) and the acceleration of IAP increase during landing. These results suggest that the internal and external abdominal oblique muscles, primary contributors to trunk rotation, [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] and the muscles play a crucial role in improving IAP generation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough the relationship between IAP and high-intensity resistance exercises has been well-studied [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e], limited research exists on IAP during trunk rotation movements, including Creswell\u0026rsquo;s study [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] which remains controversial. Furthermore, investigations into IAP dynamics during physical activity have mainly focused on lifting movements, demonstrating that IAP increases proportionally with lifting effort and shows a strong linear correlation across participants [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the dynamics of IAP during trunk rotation movements remain unclear.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, this study aimed to elucidate the relationship between trunk rotation torque and IAP during torque exertion, and to explore the association between peak torque and maximum IAP within the group. Based on these findings, the study seeks to clarify the role of IAP in trunk rotation torque. Such findings may be useful in elucidating the mechanisms of trunk rotation movements and developing future training methods to improve trunk rotation function.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis cross-sectional study investigates the association between trunk rotation torque and IAP in young, healthy men.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eParticipants\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe required sample size was calculated using G*Power 3.1 software. Based on a pilot study, an effect size of 0.580 was determined, with a significance level (α) of 0.05 and statistical power (1-β) of 0.80, yielding a minimum sample size of 18 participants. Consequently, 18 adult male participants were recruited based on specific inclusion criteria. Eligible participants were adult males aged 18 to 30 years who were capable of completing the measurement trials. In contrast, the exclusion criteria were individuals who had experienced low back pain or discomfort with trunk rotation within the past 3 months or had a history of severe cardiovascular disease. Participants received a written explanation of the measurement procedure and associated risks in advance, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. In addition, supervised interviews were conducted with collaborating physicians to ensure that participants met the eligibility criteria for the study. This study was conducted in accordance with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by an Ethical Review Committee of the Graduate School of Sports Sciences, Chukyo University (dated 6 January 2022, approval number: 2022\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;110).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMeasurement of Trunk Rotation Torque\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTrunk rotation torque was analyzed using a trunk rotation torque measurement stand (Takei Scientific Instruments, Niigata, Japan; Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) and its associated equipment, including a 16-bit analog-to-digital converter (PowerLab 16/35, ADInstruments, Sydney, Australia) and data analysis software (LabChart version 8.1.21; ADInstruments, Sydney, Australia). Participants were positioned on the measuring table with arms crossed, and isometric muscle strength was measured at a 30\u0026deg; trunk rotation angle. Torque was exerted in the direction of increasing trunk rotation angle (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Each trial lasted 5 s, initiated by the experimenter's cue. The first 2 s constituted an upward phase with a gradual increase in torque exertion [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e], followed by a 3-s maintenance phase of steady effort. Participants performed three trials of trunk rotation on the non-dominant side, and the maximum torque value was used for analysis. Only the non-dominant side rotation was tested to minimize fatigue from multiple trials. Since muscle strength differs by hand dominance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e], measuring the non-dominant side, associated with higher muscle strength values, was expected to reduce the influence of learning effects on the results. Of the participants, one was left-handed, and all others were right-handed. A 2-min interval was allowed between trials. To prevent compensatory movements from trunk flexion or extension during the trials, belt length was adjusted and tightened according to each participant's physique. Consistent instructions were provided to prevent compensatory movements.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMeasurement of IAP\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIAP was analyzed using a sterile catheter pressure sensor (MPC-500; Millar Instruments, USA) connected to PowerLab and LabChart systems, as described previously. Rectal pressure, measured approximately 15 cm from the anus, served as a surrogate for IAP [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Before use, the sensor was immersed in saline solution for 30 min to reduce drift. A rubber cover for the thermistor temperature probe with a small hole (NIKKISO-THERM, Tokyo, Japan) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e] was fixed to the insertion site using surgical tape (MicroporeTM Skin Tone Surgical Tape; 3M NIKKISO-THERM, Tokyo, Japan) for stability. A surface anesthetic (Xylocaine jelly 2%; Aspen Japan, Tokyo, Japan) was applied to facilitate smooth insertion, with safety confirmed via a patch test.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIAP measurements were taken during two VM trials were performed in an end-sitting position facing forward. Participants were instructed to \u0026ldquo;gradually increase the intensity of breath holding\u0026rdquo; over 5 s. The maximum IAP was recorded from these trials. IAP measurements included IAP\u003csub\u003eRMAX\u003c/sub\u003e, defined as \u0026ldquo;IAP at maximum trunk rotation torque,\u0026rdquo; and IAP\u003csub\u003eVM\u003c/sub\u003e, defined as \u0026ldquo;maximum IAP recorded during the VM.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch Sequences\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted over 2 days. Day 1 served as a familiarization session, during which participants practiced with the equipment and procedures to reduce learning effects [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. This session included three submaximal effort trials separated by 1-min intervals. Day 2 involved the main measurements day, which included three maximal effort trials with 2-min intervals, followed by the VM trials (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasurements were calculated as 200-ms interval averages and analyzed statistically [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. To elucidate the variation in IAP alongside the exerted torque, the primary outcome was the relationship between trunk rotation torque and temporal variations in IAP during the ascending and maintenance phases across all individuals (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Secondary outcomes included the correlation between the maximum trunk rotation torque and IAP\u003csub\u003eRMAX\u003c/sub\u003e during the maintenance phase to ascertain the degree of IAP elevation concurrent with the attainment of maximum trunk rotation torque. Moreover, the association between maximum trunk rotation torque and IAP\u003csub\u003eVM\u003c/sub\u003e in the maintenance phase was examined to evaluate the ability to generate trunk rotation torque in conjunction with IAP increases.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll statistical analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 29.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, USA). Shapiro\u0026ndash;Wilk test assessed the normality of trunk rotation torque, IAP, IAP\u003csub\u003eRMAX\u003c/sub\u003e, and IAP\u003csub\u003eVM\u003c/sub\u003e. Pearson's or Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to investigate the associations between variables, based on the normality of the data. The significance level was set at \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05. Effect sizes were evaluated using Cohen\u0026rsquo;s criteria, with absolute values between 0.1 and 0.3, 0.3 and 0.5, and \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.5 considered as small, medium, and large, respectively [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eBasic participant characteristics and descriptive statistics for primary outcomes are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;1. As normality was rejected in the distribution of trunk rotation torque and IAP during the ascent and maintenance phases in all participants, statistical analysis was performed using Spearman\u0026rsquo;s rank correlation coefficient. A significant positive correlation was found between trunk rotation torque and IAP during the ascent and maintenance phases in all participants, confirming a large mean effect size (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01, \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003es\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e = 0.924) (Table\u0026nbsp;1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary outcome results are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. As the distribution of maximum trunk rotation torque and IAP\u003csub\u003eRMAX\u003c/sub\u003e during the maintenance phase showed normality, statistical analysis was performed using Pearson\u0026rsquo;s product-moment correlation coefficient. A significant positive correlation was found between the two, with a large effect size (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01, \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.594, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.176, 0.831]) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ea). As the distribution of maximum trunk rotation torque and IAP\u003csub\u003eVM\u003c/sub\u003e during the maintenance phase showed normality, statistical analysis was performed using Pearson\u0026rsquo;s product-moment correlation coefficient. A significant positive correlation was found between the two, with a large effect size (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.542, 95% CI [0.100, 0.805]) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eb).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\" width=\"305\" height=\"542\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTable 1\u003c/b\u003e Basic demographics of the participants and descriptive statistics of the primary outcome. Correlation coefficients (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003es\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) and their probability of significance (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e) for the associations between trunk rotation torque and IAP during the ascending and maintenance phases are presented\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe primary finding of this study was the near synchronization of trunk rotation torque and IAP fluctuations during the ascending and maintenance phases. Additionally, significant positive correlations were identified between maximum trunk rotation torque and both IAP\u003csub\u003eRMAX\u003c/sub\u003e and IAP\u003csub\u003eVM\u003c/sub\u003e during the maintenance phase. This study is among the few to investigate the mechanisms of trunk rotation movements in relation to IAP.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA strong positive correlation (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003es\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e = 0.924) was observed between temporal changes in trunk rotation torque and IAP, the primary outcome, indicating a high linear relationship (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). This finding aligns with a previous study [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. which demonstrated a strong correlation between exertion and IAP during lifting tasks, suggesting a similar phenomenon occurs during trunk rotation torque exertion. Furthermore, a positive correlation was observed between maximum trunk rotation torque and IAP\u003csub\u003eRMAX\u003c/sub\u003e, the first secondary outcome, indicating that higher trunk roation torque is associated with increased IAP. IAP reflects the coordinated activity of deep trunk muscles, the \"inner unit\" [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e], and the contraction of superficial trunk muscles that contribute to IAP elevation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Co-contraction of trunk muscles typically results in increased IAP, and vice versa [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e], illustrating their interdependence. In this study, trunk rotation torque primarily engaged the abdominal wall muscles, including the internal and external obliques, which contracted to increase IAP and generate a compressive force within the abdominal cavity. Additionally, muscle force generation depends on the \"length-tension relationship\" of sarcomeres, with optimal sarcomere length necessary for maximum tension [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. Farfan proposed that IAP generates hydrostatic pressure within the abdominal wall, helping to maintain its hoop-like structure [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. Specifically, the oblique and transverse abdominal muscles benefit mechanically by contracting around the pressurized abdomen, preventing inward collapse along a linear line of action [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. Previous studies on lumbar rotational motion have quantified structural changes in the sarcomere lengths of the internal and external obliques, which play a major role in trunk rotation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. However, these studies used cadaveric specimens from older individuals, which may not fully replicate in vivo conditions. necessitating further investigation into the impact of IAP on abdominal wall shape and sarcomere length. Building on these findings, the present study suggests that increased IAP provides a mechanical advantage for abdominal wall muscle contraction, enhancing torque generation. IAP increases abdominal cavity stiffness, preventing excessive muscle shortening due to abdominal wall collapse, and maintaining optimal sarcomere length to facilitate greater trunk rotation torque. One participant exhibited a moderate correlation between trunk rotation torque and IAP during torque exertion, with postural changes possibly influencing the strategy for exerting trunk rotation torque mid-trial.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA positive correlation was also observed between maximum trunk rotation torque and IAP\u003csub\u003eVM\u003c/sub\u003e during the maintenance phase, the second secondary outcome. This indicates that greater trunk rotation torque is associated with an enhanced ability to increase IAP. Maximal IAP by VM indicates the ability to co-contract muscles surrounding the abdominal and pelvic cavities, including the intercostal muscles and diaphragm [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, IAP\u003csub\u003eVM\u003c/sub\u003e can be viewed as a measure of both the ability to increase IAP and maintain abdominal wall shape. The correlation between IAP\u003csub\u003eVM\u003c/sub\u003e and trunk rotation torque suggests a link between maintaining abdominal wall shape and generating greater trunk rotation torque. A similar trend was observed with hip extension torque, where eight weeks of trunk stability training consisting of abdominal bracing, increased maximal IAP and improved hip extension torque [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. These results suggest that not only is increasing IAP during torque exertion important, but also the fundamental ability to increase IAP is crucial for generating greater trunk rotation torque.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the two secondary outcomes revealed individual differences in the efficiency of converting IAP into torque. While a strong linear correlation was observed between rotation torque and IAP within individuals, the relationship between maximum rotation torque and various IAP values in the group showed positive correlations, with coefficients ranging from 0.5 to 0.6. These differences may be influenced by factors such as trunk posture, pelvic tilt during torque exertion, range of motion in trunk rotation, and muscle recruitment rates. Elucidating these factors could enhance our understanding of efficient torque generation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe exercise task in this study measured isometric trunk rotation torque at maximal effort, recording an IAP\u003csub\u003eRMAX\u003c/sub\u003e of 97.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;34.6 mmHg. A systematic review by Blazek et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e] examined IAP during high-intensity resistance exercise, finding squatting (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;200 mmHg) and bench press (79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;44 mmHg) to induce the greatest and least IAP increases, respectively. Although the IAP\u003csub\u003eRMAX\u003c/sub\u003e recorded here was slightly higher than that of the bench press, the increase in IAP was modest compared to the other exercise tasks. IAP is influenced by factors such as external load position (e.g., weight-bearing position) and body posture (e.g., standing, seated, and supine) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. The relatively low IAP values in this study may be attributed to measurements taken in the end-sitting position without external load. Furthermore, a study on the effect of trunk rotation posture on maximal IAP in VM suggested that trunk rotation can limit IAP increase [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, the 30\u0026ordm; trunk rotation position used in this study may have contributed to the lower IAP values observed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCresswell et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] examined the effects of an abdominal strength training, including trunk rotation, on IAP. They found that training targeting the abdominal oblique muscles not only strengthened trunk rotators but also affected the magnitude and rate of IAP increase. However, it remains unclear whether the increased ability to increase IAP enhances trunk rotation torque. While both previous and current studies demonstrate a relationship between IAP and trunk rotation torque, clarifying the causal relationship between the two remains a key area for future research. To improve trunk rotational torque, it may be necessary to enhance not only IAP generation but also neuromuscular control [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e] through repetitive movements for optimal movement strategies, and to hypertrophy and strengthen trunk rotational muscles, such as the abdominal obliques.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings of this study suggest potential applications and are considered to hold both academic and practical significance. Previous studies have demonstrated the relationship between trunk rotational function and athletic performance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e], as well as the effects of trunk rotation training on IAP increase [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. This study further integrates these findings by demonstrating a strong association between trunk rotation torque and IAP, expanding our understanding and offering insights across multiple fields, including sports medicine, rehabilitation, and ergonomics. These insights are valuable not only for athletes aiming to enhance trunk rotation torque but also for rehabilitation programs targeting increased IAP in individuals with trunk dysfunctions, such as chronic low back pain. Expanding these applications could provide meaningful benefits to a wide range of populations in sports and health.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA limitation of this study is that participants were limited to young, healthy men, which limits the generalizability of the findings to other populations. Future studies should include participatns from diverse age and gender groups. In addition, trunk rotation torque was measured only on the non-dominant side. Comparing bilateral rotations or different rotation angles could reveal different trends. Furthermore, the present study did not measure or control for breathing, although increases in IAP are closely related to breathing patterns [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. Some studies have controlled for breathing during exercise tasks to measure IAP [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the VM is inevitable when force exceeds 80% of the maximum number of repetitions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. Since the trunk rotation torque measurements in this study were maximum-effort trials, and participants were assumed to have used VM during the measurements, the effect of breathing on IAP during the trial may have been minimal. Finally, this study only observed the correlation between torque and IAP during trunk rotation torque exertion, and the causal relationship remains unclear. Therefore, further research is needed to clarify the causal relationship between IAP and trunk rotation torque.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study measured the fluctuations and peak values of torque and IAP during trunk rotation torque exertion and clarified their interrelationship. Significant associations were observed between torque exertion and IAP increase across multiple parameters, with both fluctuating nearly synchronously during trials. The increase in IAP during trunk rotation torque exertion likely supports effective torque generation by providing a mechanical advantage to the abdominal wall muscle group. This study highlights IAP as an important component of the \"muscle length-tension relationship\" based on the sarcomere length of abdominal wall muscles. Understanding the relationship between trunk rotation torque and IAP offers valuable implications for various fields, such as sports medicine, rehabilitation, and ergonomics.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eCI \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Confidence interval\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIAP \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Intra-abdominal pressure\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIAP\u003csub\u003eRMAX\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Intra-abdominal pressure at maximum trunk rotation torque\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIAP\u003csub\u003eVM\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Maximum intra-abdominal pressure measured at Valsalva maneuver\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSD \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Standard deviation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVM \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Valsalva maneuver\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e The authors thank all those who participated in the research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors have no competing interests to disclose.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThis study was conducted in accordance with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by an Ethical Review Committee of the Graduate School of Sports Sciences, Chukyo University (dated 6 January 2022, approval number: 2022-110).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInformed Consent\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eParticipants received a written explanation of the measurement procedure and associated risks in advance, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAll authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Asuka Kimura. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Asuka Kimura and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNeumann P, Gill V (2002) Pelvic floor and abdominal muscle interaction: EMG activity and intra-abdominal pressure. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 13:125\u0026ndash;132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001920200027\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSapsford R (2004) Rehabilitation of pelvic floor muscles utilizing trunk stabilization. Man Ther 9:3\u0026ndash;12. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1356-689x(03)00131-0\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVleeming A, Pool-Goudzwaard AL, Stoeckart R, van Wingerden JP, Snijders CJ (1995) The posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia. Its function in load transfer from spine to legs. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 20:753\u0026ndash;758. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199504000-00001\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTayashiki K, Takai Y, Maeo S, Kanehisa H (2016) Intra-abdominal pressure and trunk muscular activities during abdominal bracing and hollowing. Int J Sports Med 37:134\u0026ndash;143. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1559771\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCholewicki J, Juluru K, McGill SM (1999) Intra-abdominal pressure mechanism for stabilizing the lumbar spine. J Biomech 32:13\u0026ndash;17. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(98)00129-8\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCholewicki J, Juluru K, Radebold A, Panjabi MM, McGill SM (1999) Lumbar spine stability can be augmented with an abdominal belt and/or increased intra-abdominal pressure. 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J Appl Physiol (1985) 89:967\u0026ndash;976. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.89.3.967\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShirley D, Hodges PW, Eriksson AEM, Gandevia SC (2003) Spinal stiffness changes throughout the respiratory cycle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 95:1467\u0026ndash;1475. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00939.2002\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBlazek D, Stastny P, Maszczyk A, et al (2019) Systematic review of intra-abdominal and intrathoracic pressures initiated by the valsalva manoeuvre during high-intensity resistance exercises. Biol Sport 36:373\u0026ndash;386. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2019.88759\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFrank C, Kobesova A, Kolar P (2013) Dynamic neuromuscular stabilization \u0026amp; sports rehabilitation. Int J Sports Phys Ther 8:62\u0026ndash;73\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEllenbecker TS, Roetert EP (2004) An isokinetic profile of trunk rotation strength in elite tennis players. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36:1959\u0026ndash;1963. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000145469.08559.0e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSzymanski DJ, McIntyre JS, Szymanski JM, et al (2007) Effect of torso rotational strength on angular hip, angular shoulder, and linear bat velocities of high school baseball players. J Strength Cond Res 21:1117\u0026ndash;1125. https://doi.org/10.1519/R-18255.1\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCresswell AG, Blake PL, Thorstensson A (1994) The effect of an abdominal muscle training program on intra-abdominal pressure. Scand J Rehabil Med 26:79\u0026ndash;86. https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977947986\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSchultz A, Haderspeck K, Warwick D, Portillo D (1983) Use of lumbar trunk muscles in isometric performance of mechanically complex standing tasks. J Orthop Res 1:77\u0026ndash;91. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.1100010111\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDumas GA, Poulin MJ, Roy B, Gagnon M, Jovanovic M (1991) Orientation and moment arms of some trunk muscles. Spine 16:293\u0026ndash;303. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199103000-00007\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKawabata M, Shima N, Hamada H, Nakamura I, Nishizono H (2010) Changes in intra-abdominal pressure and spontaneous breath volume by magnitude of lifting effort: highly trained athletes versus healthy men. Eur J Appl Physiol 109:279\u0026ndash;286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-009-1344-7\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKumar S, Narayan Y, Garand D (2001) Isometric axial rotation of the trunk in the neutral posture. Eur J Appl Physiol 86:53\u0026ndash;61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210100510\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAsuka K, Rieko K, Taisei H, Takuya S. (2024). Te ・ tou dousa ・ dageki dousa no kiki gawa ga taikann kaisenn kinnryoku ni ataeru eikyou [The effect of the dominant side of the hand, throwing motion, and batting motion on trunk rotation muscle strength]. * \u003cem\u003eJournal of the Japanese Society of Athletic Training\u003c/em\u003e*, 9:197\u0026ndash;202. [in Japanese]. https://doi.org/10.24692/jsatj.9.2_197 21.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMcCarthy TA (1982) Validity of rectal pressure measurements as indication of intra-abdominal pressure changes during urodynamic evaluation. Urology 20:657\u0026ndash;660. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-4295(82)90326-0\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNg JK, Parnianpour M, Richardson CA, Kippers V (2001) Functional roles of abdominal and back muscles during isometric axial rotation of the trunk. J Orthop Res 19:463\u0026ndash;471. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0736-0266(00)90027-5\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCholewicki J, Ivancic PC, Radebold A (2002) Can increased intra-abdominal pressure in humans be decoupled from trunk muscle co-contraction during steady state isometric exertions? Eur J Appl Physiol 87:127\u0026ndash;133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-002-0598-0\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCohen J (1992) A power primer. Psychol Bull 112:155\u0026ndash;159. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.112.1.155\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWalker SM, Schrodt GR (1974) I segment lengths and thin filament periods in skeletal muscle fibers of the rhesus monkey and the human. Anat Rec 178:63\u0026ndash;81. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091780107\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFarfan HF (1973) Mechanical disorders of the low back. Lea \u0026amp; Febiger\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCresswell AG, Thorstensson A (1989) The role of the abdominal musculature in the elevation of the intra-abdominal pressure during specified tasks. Ergonomics 32:1237\u0026ndash;1246. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140138908966893\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBrown SHM, Ward SR, Cook MS, Lieber RL (2011) Architectural analysis of human abdominal wall muscles: implications for mechanical function. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 36:355\u0026ndash;362. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181d12ed7\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGoldish GD, Quast JE, Blow JJ, Kuskowski MA (1994) Postural effects on intra-abdominal pressure during valsalva maneuver. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 75:324\u0026ndash;327. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9993(94)90037-x\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThompson JA, O\u0026rsquo;Sullivan PB, Briffa NK, Neumann P (2006) Differences in muscle activation patterns during pelvic floor muscle contraction and valsalva maneuver. Neurourol Urodyn 25:148\u0026ndash;155. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.20203\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTayashiki K, Maeo S, Usui S, Miyamoto N, Kanehisa H (2016) Effect of abdominal bracing training on strength and power of trunk and lower limb muscles. Eur J Appl Physiol 116:1703\u0026ndash;1713. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-016-3424-9\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBuzescu R, Nechita F, Cioroiu SG (2020) The relationship between neuromuscular control and physical activity in the formation of the visual-psychomotor schemes in preschools. Sensors (Basel) 21:224. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21010224\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHagins M, Pietrek M, Sheikhzadeh A, Nordin M (2006) The effects of breath control on maximum force and IAP during a maximum isometric lifting task. Clin Biomech (Bristol) 21:775\u0026ndash;780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2006.04.003\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMacDougall JD, McKelvie RS, Moroz DE, et al (1992) Factors affecting blood pressure during heavy weight lifting and static contractions. J Appl Physiol (1985) 73:1590\u0026ndash;1597. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.73.4.1590\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMcCartney N (1999) Acute responses to resistance training and safety. Med Sci Sports Exerc 31:31\u0026ndash;37. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199901000-00007\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"sport-sciences-for-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ssfh","sideBox":"Learn more about [Sport Sciences for Health](http://link.springer.com/journal/11332)","snPcode":"11332","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11332/3","title":"Sport Sciences for Health","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"oblique abdominal muscles, sarcomere length, trunk function, Valsalva maneuver, inner unit","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5770870/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5770870/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePurpose\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile the dynamics of intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) during high-intensity resistance exercises are well-documented, its dynamics and role in trunk rotation remain unclear. This study aimed to clarify the actual situation of torque and IAP during trunk rotation torque exertion and to examine the role of IAP in trunk rotation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMethods\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEighteen male participants aged 22.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2 years, with a height of 170.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.8 cm and weight of 67.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.0 kg, demonstrated trunk rotation torque while IAP was measured, and the temporal variation and maximum values of both were measured. Maximum IAP values were also measured during the Valsalva maneuvers (VM); IAP\u003csub\u003eRMAX\u003c/sub\u003e indicates IAP when maximum trunk rotation torque was recorded, and IAP\u003csub\u003eVM\u003c/sub\u003e indicates maximum IAP recorded during VM.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eResults\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn all participants, significant positive correlations with large effect sizes were found between trunk rotation torque and IAP variation over time (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01, \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003es\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e = 0.924), between maximum trunk rotation torque and IAP\u003csub\u003eRMAX\u003c/sub\u003e (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01, \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.594), and between maximum trunk rotation torque and IAP\u003csub\u003eVM\u003c/sub\u003e (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.542).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConclusion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe temporal variability of trunk rotation torque and IAP was nearly synchronized. Furthermore, greater torque exertion tended to be associated with higher IAP\u003csub\u003eRMAX\u003c/sub\u003e and IAP\u003csub\u003eVM\u003c/sub\u003e values. IAP during trunk rotation during torque exertion is believed to enhance the mechanical efficiency of abdominal wall muscle contraction through the \u0026ldquo;muscle length\u0026ndash;tension relationship,\u0026rdquo; thereby supporting optimal torque generation.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Contribution of Intra-Abdominal Pressure to Trunk Rotation Torque Generation and an Examination of Its Role","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-01-08 10:38:24","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5770870/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-01-15T13:28:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-01-15T13:25:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"15647619912721468806156359944264180059","date":"2025-01-13T10:14:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"258487820687391855770869008004776327981","date":"2025-01-12T21:40:45+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"34832130307124116788814799028049556294","date":"2025-01-10T11:45:20+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"331438090302544908965080915959547757449","date":"2025-01-09T15:04:00+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"6903966375873429346148726349528958427","date":"2025-01-09T13:33:07+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"312355476145575261983812128911599178526","date":"2025-01-09T13:27:37+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-01-08T11:52:48+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"312301934029104405336112566568269735600","date":"2025-01-08T11:15:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-01-07T11:56:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-01-06T12:47:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-01-06T12:45:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Sport Sciences for Health","date":"2025-01-06T05:30:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"sport-sciences-for-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ssfh","sideBox":"Learn more about [Sport Sciences for Health](http://link.springer.com/journal/11332)","snPcode":"11332","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11332/3","title":"Sport Sciences for Health","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f60f7566-acfe-4955-94fa-67faf7a4c4c9","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 8th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-02-17T15:59:14+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5770870","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-025-01343-8","journal":{"identity":"sport-sciences-for-health","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Sport Sciences for Health"},"publishedOn":"2025-02-15 15:57:01","publishedOnDateReadable":"February 15th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-01-08 10:38:24","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s11332-025-01343-8","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-025-01343-8","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5770870","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5770870","identity":"rs-5770870","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}