Effectiveness of Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) on Anger and Psychological Well-Being in Adolescent Girls with a History of Physical Abuse in Yazd, Iran: a quasi-experimental study

Effectiveness of Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) on Anger and Psychological Well-Being in Adolescent Girls with a History of Physical Abuse in Yazd, Iran: a quasi-experimental study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effectiveness of Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) on Anger and Psychological Well-Being in Adolescent Girls with a History of Physical Abuse in Yazd, Iran: a quasi-experimental study Fatemeh Sadat Hoseini, Negin Aramide, Mahsa Ahmadi, Farzad Farhoodi, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8475740/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Physical abuse during adolescence can have major impacts on mental and emotional health, which can lead to increased anger and reduced psychological well-being. It is important to investigate effective therapeutic approaches, including eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), to increase the quality of life of these adolescents. Methods This study aimed to assess the efficacy of EMDR in reducing anger and improving psychological well-being in adolescent females with a background of physical abuse in Yazd, Iran. A total of 30 adolescent females with a history of physical abuse were chosen through convenience sampling and randomly divided into an experimental group (n = 15) and a control group (n = 15). The aggression questionnaire (AGQ) and Ryff's Psychological Well-being Scale (PWB) were used to gather the data. The analysis of the data was performed with SPSS software. Results EMDR significantly reduced anger and enhanced psychological well-being in the experimental group relative to the control group. These findings indicate the efficacy of EMDR as an effective therapy for adolescents who have experienced physical abuse. Conclusion The results of our study highlight the importance of addressing emotional trauma in vulnerable populations. The EMR can be a useful therapy for supporting people’s mental health and recovery from trauma. This study provides a foundation for developing targeted psychological interventions and can help mental health professionals design effective treatment programs. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Anger Psychological Well-being Physical Abuse Introduction The World Health Organization (2001) defines psychological well-being as a condition of comprehensive physical, psychological, and social wellness rather than only the absence of illness. Psychological well-being encompasses the capacity to exist with joy and efficacy, devoid of difficulties. Psychological well-being is an abstract and relative notion concerning the interactions between an individual and themselves, society, and their ideals, and it cannot be comprehended in isolation from other multifactorial phenomena that influence an individual’s societal engagement( 1 ). Adolescence is seen as a particularly sensitive and pivotal phase in an individual's life and is characterized by substantial personality changes that present considerable problems for parents and educators. The structural and psychological changes occurring during puberty are regarded as critical crises in their developmental trajectory. Adolescence is a transitional phase from infancy to maturity characterized by accelerated physical and psychological development, with an intensified drive for exploration. During this phase, personality develops, spiritual viewpoints are enhanced via novel experiences, conflicts intensify, and adolescence evolves into adulthood ( 2 ). A typical concern during this era is diminished psychological well-being. Psychological well-being comprises six primary constructs: the pursuit of psychological enhancement, intrinsic realization and development of talent, the emergence of personal capabilities, effective goal setting, mastery of one's environment and fostering of positive relationships, self-regulation, and personal growth( 3 ). During adolescence, another issue is anger, which is characterized by a wide range of emotions and sentiments, from impatience and moderate resentment to violent wrath and fury, and is often accompanied by psychological and physical responses( 4 ). To comprehend this, it is essential to distinguish between anger as a sensation and anger as an expression. Individuals can be categorized into two groups according to their expression of anger. One group internalizes their anger, directing it within, whereas the other group externalizes their anger, concentrating on individuals and their environment. Anger is defined as a psychological and emotional experience( 5 ). Additionally, according to studies conducted during this period, approximately 35% of adolescents aged 12 to 18 years report feelings of aggression and hostility toward their peers( 6 ). Francine Shapiro introduced Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) in 1987. This psychotherapy is a structured set of protocols and procedures that are based on the adaptive information processing model. It is an effective treatment that can be helpful in this regard ( 7 ). This therapeutic approach was initially developed to address posttraumatic stress disorder. Patients diagnosed with this condition are required to execute sequential eye movement changes at diverse intervals throughout a therapy session. This technique is founded on a number of closely related clinical methods and procedures, including the technique of tension and relaxation training, the establishment and reinforcement of internal resources, and the instruction of skills to address internal issues through an eight-step protocol( 8 ). Adolescence is characterized by tension and exhilaration, according to certain theorists. During this phase, individuals undergo substantial life changes, which are frequently accompanied by intense fluctuations in emotions and feelings( 9 ). Anger is one of the feelings people experience. The intergenerational transfer of diseases to offspring may stem from detrimental exposure to teenage abuse. Empirical research has demonstrated that children whose mothers endure violence in their youth have an increased chance of having significant clinical emotional and behavioral problems. Research indicates that the physical abuse of women and girls has received attention because of its significant health ramifications and widespread occurrence. Adverse health effects may include a lifelong history of prior encounters, compromised mental health (including depression and anxiety), sexual health hazards, and detrimental social repercussions, such as substance misuse, including drug and alcohol dependency( 10 ). Adolescents and young adults are particularly susceptible to conditions that impact mental health, yet they are less frequently diagnosed and treated for mental health issues. It is estimated that approximately 50% of mental health disorders manifest by the age of 14 and 75% by the age of 24. In the same vein, one in five adolescents experiences a mental health disorder annually. The emergence of symptoms, even if they are below the diagnostic threshold, suggests a heightened susceptibility to mental health issues and their repercussions, which may have a lifelong impact if expeditious measures are not implemented to address and resolve these issues( 11 ). Consequently, delivering services to girls with a history of physical abuse or other at-risk populations results in enhanced mental health, elevated psychological well-being, and a more optimistic perspective on life. Furthermore, enhancing awareness and understanding within this demographic would not only alleviate their particular challenges but also result in healthier girls and moms regarding psychological and mental well-being in the future. This research was conducted to investigate and instruct on eye movement desensitization and reprocessing concerning feelings of anger and psychological well-being in girls with a history of physical abuse in Yazd city, acknowledging the importance of family and the role of women and girls in societal development, as well as the vulnerability of adolescents, particularly those who have experienced physical abuse, who will significantly influence the future of their communities. Method The current research was of the experimental-semiexperimental type, with a pretest and posttest design and a control group. The statistical population for this study included females who had been physically assaulted in the city of Yazd. The convenience sampling approach was employed to choose the sample, and participants were allocated at random to one of two groups: control (15 persons) or experimental. The Ethics Committee of Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, accepted this work under the ethics ID IR.IAU.YAZD.RE.1403.093. Girls who had undergone physical abuse, lived in Yazd, and were willing to attend sessions and complete questionnaires were eligible for inclusion. The exclusion criteria for the experimental group included missing data from more than three sessions, a lack of involvement and collaboration, and serious behavioral issues during the sessions. To comply with ethical issues in the current research, individuals were told that their information would be kept anonymous and that the findings would be examined jointly. They may leave the research at any time if they want, and the treatment results would help them improve their condition. Two questionnaires were utilized to obtain the information. a) Novaco Aggression Checklist The Novaco Anger Scale was created by Novaco in 1986. The Novaco rage scale (AGQ) has 30 questions that assess aggressiveness, rage, and hostility. This questionnaire has three subscales: aggressive conduct, aggressive cognition, and aggressive emotions. A high score on this questionnaire signifies elevated aggressiveness, whereas a low score denotes less aggression. This questionnaire has 30 items: four assess the rage element, eight evaluate the aggressiveness factor, and eight gauge the vindictiveness factor. The AGQ scale is a self-administered paper-and-pencil assessment in which respondents choose one of four options: never, seldom, occasionally, or always. Each of the four alternatives is allocated values of 0, 1, 2, and 3, respectively, with the exception of item 18, which has a negative factor loading and is scored inversely. The total score of this questionnaire varies from zero to 90 and is calculated by aggregating the results of the individual items. Individuals with scores below the mean will exhibit low aggressiveness. The psychometric features of this questionnaire were developed via factor analysis as follows: the test‒retest coefficients for all participants (N=91), female participants (N=48), and male participants (N=38) were 0.70, 0.64, and 0.79, respectively. Moreover, for the AGQ scale, the Cronbach's alpha values (internal consistency) were 0.874 for all participants, 0.86 for the female participants, and 0.89 for the male participants. Zahedi reported correlation coefficients between the Pd subscale score of the MMPI and the AGQ scale for all participants (N=105) (r=0.58, P=0.001), as well as between the total guilt and shame traits and the AGQ scale for all participants (N=215) (r=0.056, P=0.001). b) Ryff's Scale for Psychological Health Ryff developed the Mental Health Test in 1989. It contains 120 objects in its original state. However, in subsequent research, reduced versions with 84, 54, and 18 items were also proposed. To assess psychological well-being, Ryff's Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire is administered in a concise 18-item format. This survey consists of 18 questions and 6 subscales, including self-acceptance, personal growth, mastering one’s circumstances, independence, and having positive relationships with others. It contains 18 items. There are six sections, each containing three questions, and a total score. The components are organized according to a six-point Likert scale that ranges from one (strongly disagree) to six (strongly concur). Several items on Ryff's Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire are evaluated in reverse order, whereas others are scored correctly. A higher score on Ryff's Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire indicates that the individual has improved mental health. The Ryff Psychological Well-Being Scale is a multidimensional variable with six components and consists of 18 items (Table 1). Table 1) Ryff Psychological Well-Being Scale ROW Criterion Description 1 Self-Acceptance It entails adopting a positive self-perception and acknowledging the diverse aspects of oneself, including both positive and negative characteristics, as well as feeling optimistic about one's past. 2 Constructive interpersonal interactions Relationships with people provide happiness and closeness, and it is important to recognize the value of these ties. 3 Autonomy or independence An active involvement in behaviors and a sense of independence and influence in life events 4 Control over the environment A sense of control over the environment, managing external activities, and effectively utilizing surrounding opportunities. 5 Purposeful life The objective in life and the conviction that his existence, both current and historical, has significance. 6 Personal growth The desire to keep growing and gain new experiences is built into every person with possible skills. In this study, to analyze the effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) on feelings of anger and psychological well-being in adolescent girls with a history of physical abuse in Yazd city, descriptive statistics such as the mean, median, variance, standard deviation, and standard error of the mean were used. For inferential statistics, the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test was employed. The analyses were conducted via SPSS software, version 27. Results The quantitative information gathered on the study variables (anger and psychological well-being) is examined in this section. Descriptive statistics and the mean and standard deviation of the dependent variables are shown. After that, inferential statistical analysis is performed on the variables. The assumptions of multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) were reviewed before hypothesis testing. These presumptions include the homogeneity of regression slopes, the normality of the dependent variable within the study groups, and the homogeneity of variances across groups. The averages and standard deviations of the anger and psychological well-being scores during the pretest and posttest phases are presented in Table 2 . In the pretest phase, the experimental group's mean and standard deviation of anger scores were 68.93 ± 5.53, whereas those of the control groups were 70.06 ± 7.33. In the posttest phase, the experimental group's mean anger score decreased to 62.80 ± 5.70, whereas the control group's score was 68.33 ± 7.64. Similarly, for psychological well-being, the experimental group had a pretest mean of 45.86 ± 4.45, whereas the control group had a mean of 44.20 ± 4.29. In the posttest, the experimental group's mean increased to 60.13 ± 6.40, whereas the control group showed a smaller improvement, reaching 47.00 ± 4.73. Table 2 Descriptive Statistics for Anger and Psychological Well-being in the Pretest and Posttest Phases Variable Group Pretest Mean ± SD Posttest Mean ± SD Adjusted Posttest Mean Anger Experimental 68.93 ± 5.53 62.80 ± 5.70 63.33 Control 70.06 ± 7.33 68.33 ± 7.64 67.79 Psychological Well-being Experimental 45.86 ± 4.45 60.13 ± 6.40 59.30 Control 44.20 ± 4.29 47.00 ± 4.73 47.83 Prior to hypothesis testing, we examined assumptions of normality, homogeneity of variances, and homogeneity of regression slopes. As shown in Table 3 , the normality assumption was met for both the anger and psychological well-being variables (p > 0.05). Additionally, Levene's test for homogeneity of variances was performed. The results confirm that the assumption of homogeneity of variances was satisfied (p > 0.05). (Table 3 ) The homogeneity of regression slopes was verified through an ANOVA test. The results indicate that the homogeneity of the regression slope assumption was met (p > 0.05). (Table 3 ) Box tests of the equality of covariance matrices were conducted to assess whether the assumption of homogeneity of variance‒covariance matrices was met (Table 3 ). The results indicated that this assumption was satisfied, Box’s M = 2.99, F (3, 141120) = 0.92, p = 0.43, confirming that the data met the requirements for MANCOVA. Table 3 ) Assumption Checks Test Variable Result p value Kolmogorov‒Smirnov Anger & PWB Normal distribution assumption was met > 0.05 Levene’s Test Anger & PWB Homogeneity of variances assumption was met > 0.05 ANOVA Anger & PWB homogeneity of regression slopes assumption was met > 0.05 Box’s M Test Combined homogeneity of variance‒covariance matrices was met 0.43 Therefore, a multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was subsequently conducted to evaluate the impact of the experimental manipulation on anger and psychological well-being. The results indicated a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of the combined dependent variables, Pillai’s trace = 0.76, F ( 2 , 25 ) = 40.61, p < 0.001, η² = 0.76, which suggests a strong effect of the intervention (Table 4 ). Table 4 Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) Results Effect Pillai’s Trace F df Hypothesis df Error Sig (p value) Partial Eta Squared Group 0.76 40.61 2 25 0.001 0.76 Since there was a statistically significant difference between the experimental and control groups, these results indicate that the intervention had a significant effect on the total dependent variables. The following tables show the results of follow-up univariate ANCOVAs that were performed to identify the dependent variables that were specifically affected. After adjusting for pretest scores, the difference in anger levels between the groups was significant (p < 0.025, F = 35.91). The experimental group's anger score (63.33) was lower than that of the control group (67.79), which suggests that EMDR considerably decreased anger levels in teenage females who had experienced physical abuse. Fifty-eight percent of the variance in the anger variable was predicted by the experimental variable, which had an effect size of 0.58. (Table 5 ) After controlling for pretest scores, EMDR significantly improved psychological well-being (p < 0.025, F = 66.78). The experimental group had higher adjusted posttest scores (59.30) than did the control group (47.83), demonstrating that EMDR effectively enhanced psychological well-being. The experimental variable, with an effect size of 0.72, predicted 72% of the variance in the psychological well-being variable. (Table 5 ) Table 5 ANCOVA Results for Anger and Psychological Well-being Variable Source F p value Partial Eta Squared Power Anger Group 35.91 0.001 0.58 1.00 Pretest 269.18 0.001 0.91 1.00 PWB Group 66.78 0.001 0.72 1.00 Pretest 27.92 0.001 0.52 1.00 Discussion In this study, we evaluate the effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) on anger and psychological well-being in adolescent girls who have a history of physical abuse. Our findings suggest that EMDR significantly reduces anger and improves psychological well-being in these girls. Our findings were supported by the results of previous studies ( 12 )( 13 ). According to the results, EMDR can help in the processing of traumatic memories, ease emotional stress, and help people replace unhealthy emotional patterns( 14 ). Therefore, participants can lessen their negative feelings and modify their cognitive reactions to traumatic events by processing these memories in a safe setting( 15 ). EMDR helps alleviate emotional burdens by increasing the ability of the brain to process stressful memories through bilateral stimulation (particularly eye movements). This process can result in a decrease in the intensity of an individual's emotions; thus, it provides them with tools to address their negative feelings in a more effective manner( 15 )( 16 ). Furthermore, EMDR improves self-awareness, enhances emotional regulation skills, and improves self-esteem. These improvements are essential for creating psychological resilience and improving social interactions and quality of life, especially for teenage females who have experienced physical abuse( 17 ). Moreover, the findings support the use of EMDR as a valuable tool for helping adolescents manage the long-term effects of trauma. Anger is a common response to trauma. However, if it is not addressed, it can turn into a long-lasting and harmful emotional state. Over time, this unresolved anger may lead to serious mental health problems such as anxiety and depression in some people( 18 ). EMDR can help people process and release these negative emotions in a safe and controlled way, which is why it can be a helpful treatment for vulnerable groups such as abused adolescents( 19 ). According to the results, EMDR can be helpful in reducing anger, which is consistent with earlier studies that have demonstrated its influence on negative emotions, especially in people who have experienced trauma( 20 ). This effect can be attributed to the capacity of EMDR to support cognitive restructuring, facilitate the safe revisitation of traumatic memories, and improve emotional regulation, which all contribute to better emotional coping( 21 ). The findings also suggest that EMDR improves psychological well-being, which is also consistent with previous research. EMDR helps people feel more satisfied with their lives; it also increases self-esteem and supports the development of healthy relationships with other people. This happens by processing trauma, increasing self-awareness, and improving emotional control. These effects are especially helpful for adolescent girls who have experienced physical abuse, and EMDR helps them feel more in control and supports their emotional healing( 22 )( 23 ). Adding EMDR to therapy programs for adolescent girls who have been victims of physical abuse is an important step. Counseling centers should consider the possibility of providing training for therapists and counselors, with the goal of enhancing their comprehension of EMDR approaches and their use in the context of working with this population( 24 ). Personalized treatment plans that integrate EMDR with other therapeutic approaches, such as cognitive‒behavioral therapy, may enhance outcomes and provide a more holistic approach to treatment( 25 ). Finally, clients and their families would benefit from the development of educational resources regarding EMDR and its advantages. Educating the public about the benefits and availability of this therapy may make it more accessible and encourage more people to seek treatment. The quality of mental health services can be further enhanced( 26 ) While the results are promising, it is important to recognize some limitations of the study. Cultural and social differences among participants could influence the effectiveness of EMDR. Additionally, the absence of long-term follow-up data limits the ability to determine the sustainability of the therapeutic effects. The generalizability of the findings is also limited by the convenience sampling strategy that was utilized in this study. A sample that was more diverse would have provided a more comprehensive understanding of the efficacy of EMDR. Future studies should explore the cultural and social factors that may influence the efficacy of EMDR. Furthermore, long-term research that monitors participants’ development over time can help us obtain important new information about the long-term impacts of EMDR on trauma recovery. Conclusion The study concludes that EMDR is a useful therapeutic strategy for improving psychological health and lowering anger in teenage females who have experienced physical abuse. The results of our study indicate that EMDR can be an essential tool for helping people overcome the emotional scars of abuse and improving their general mental health. More research is needed to address limitations and examine long-term consequences. Declarations Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest related to this article. Funding This research did not receive specific grants from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Author Contribution Fatemeh Hossein Zadeh: Conceptualization, Study design, Methodology, Implementation. Negin Armide: Writing – Original Draft, Writing – Review & Editing, Supervision, Project Administration, Submission. Mahsa Ahmadi: Writing – Original Draft, Writing – Review & Editing. Farzad Farhodi: Conceptualization, Study design, Writing – Review & Editing, Supervision. Reza Bidaki: Conceptualization, Study design, Writing – Review & Editing, Supervision. Acknowledgement This article is derived from the master's thesis of a student in Clinical Psychology at Islamic Azad University, Yazd Branch, which was approved by the Research Council of Islamic Azad University, Yazd Branch. The authors sincerely thank and appreciate all the individuals who participated in this study. Data Availability The data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article. Further information and additional data can be obtained from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Consent Written informed consent was obtained from all participants, and they were assured of confidentiality and their right to withdraw from the study at any time without any consequences. Data Availability Statement The data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article. Further information and additional data can be obtained from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Ethics Statement This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Yazd Branch of Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran (Approval code: IR.IAU.YAZD.REC.1403.093). References Ryff CD. Well-being with soul: Science in pursuit of human potential. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2018;13(2):242–8. Qizi SMD. Socio-Psychological Views of Eastern Thinkers on Social Tolerance. Eur J Innov Nonform Educ. 2022;2(3):219–20. Orkibi H, Ronen T. Basic psychological needs satisfaction mediates the association between self-control skills and subjective well-being. Front Psychol. 2017;8:936. 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Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 16 Jan, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 14 Jan, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 14 Jan, 2026 First submitted to journal 29 Dec, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. 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20:38:10","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8475740/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8475740/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":99605395,"identity":"fe14d0f2-11e6-43ae-b1de-9b164ff76e44","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-06 11:18:47","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":47279,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"emdr1.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8475740/v1/def5b0417712c9a64b104685.docx"},{"id":99605397,"identity":"f619ac78-e585-486f-922f-70c89efed50e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-06 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13:34:01","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":581490,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8475740/v1/409d26ea-7931-417a-a8b5-6a2d20f56cca.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Effectiveness of Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) on Anger and Psychological Well-Being in Adolescent Girls with a History of Physical Abuse in Yazd, Iran: a quasi-experimental study","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe World Health Organization (2001) defines psychological well-being as a condition of comprehensive physical, psychological, and social wellness rather than only the absence of illness. Psychological well-being encompasses the capacity to exist with joy and efficacy, devoid of difficulties. Psychological well-being is an abstract and relative notion concerning the interactions between an individual and themselves, society, and their ideals, and it cannot be comprehended in isolation from other multifactorial phenomena that influence an individual\u0026rsquo;s societal engagement(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Adolescence is seen as a particularly sensitive and pivotal phase in an individual's life and is characterized by substantial personality changes that present considerable problems for parents and educators. The structural and psychological changes occurring during puberty are regarded as critical crises in their developmental trajectory. Adolescence is a transitional phase from infancy to maturity characterized by accelerated physical and psychological development, with an intensified drive for exploration. During this phase, personality develops, spiritual viewpoints are enhanced via novel experiences, conflicts intensify, and adolescence evolves into adulthood (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). A typical concern during this era is diminished psychological well-being. Psychological well-being comprises six primary constructs: the pursuit of psychological enhancement, intrinsic realization and development of talent, the emergence of personal capabilities, effective goal setting, mastery of one's environment and fostering of positive relationships, self-regulation, and personal growth(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). During adolescence, another issue is anger, which is characterized by a wide range of emotions and sentiments, from impatience and moderate resentment to violent wrath and fury, and is often accompanied by psychological and physical responses(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). To comprehend this, it is essential to distinguish between anger as a sensation and anger as an expression. Individuals can be categorized into two groups according to their expression of anger. One group internalizes their anger, directing it within, whereas the other group externalizes their anger, concentrating on individuals and their environment. Anger is defined as a psychological and emotional experience(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, according to studies conducted during this period, approximately 35% of adolescents aged 12 to 18 years report feelings of aggression and hostility toward their peers(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Francine Shapiro introduced Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) in 1987. This psychotherapy is a structured set of protocols and procedures that are based on the adaptive information processing model. It is an effective treatment that can be helpful in this regard (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). This therapeutic approach was initially developed to address posttraumatic stress disorder. Patients diagnosed with this condition are required to execute sequential eye movement changes at diverse intervals throughout a therapy session. This technique is founded on a number of closely related clinical methods and procedures, including the technique of tension and relaxation training, the establishment and reinforcement of internal resources, and the instruction of skills to address internal issues through an eight-step protocol(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). Adolescence is characterized by tension and exhilaration, according to certain theorists. During this phase, individuals undergo substantial life changes, which are frequently accompanied by intense fluctuations in emotions and feelings(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). Anger is one of the feelings people experience. The intergenerational transfer of diseases to offspring may stem from detrimental exposure to teenage abuse. Empirical research has demonstrated that children whose mothers endure violence in their youth have an increased chance of having significant clinical emotional and behavioral problems. Research indicates that the physical abuse of women and girls has received attention because of its significant health ramifications and widespread occurrence. Adverse health effects may include a lifelong history of prior encounters, compromised mental health (including depression and anxiety), sexual health hazards, and detrimental social repercussions, such as substance misuse, including drug and alcohol dependency(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). Adolescents and young adults are particularly susceptible to conditions that impact mental health, yet they are less frequently diagnosed and treated for mental health issues. It is estimated that approximately 50% of mental health disorders manifest by the age of 14 and 75% by the age of 24. In the same vein, one in five adolescents experiences a mental health disorder annually. The emergence of symptoms, even if they are below the diagnostic threshold, suggests a heightened susceptibility to mental health issues and their repercussions, which may have a lifelong impact if expeditious measures are not implemented to address and resolve these issues(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). Consequently, delivering services to girls with a history of physical abuse or other at-risk populations results in enhanced mental health, elevated psychological well-being, and a more optimistic perspective on life. Furthermore, enhancing awareness and understanding within this demographic would not only alleviate their particular challenges but also result in healthier girls and moms regarding psychological and mental well-being in the future. This research was conducted to investigate and instruct on eye movement desensitization and reprocessing concerning feelings of anger and psychological well-being in girls with a history of physical abuse in Yazd city, acknowledging the importance of family and the role of women and girls in societal development, as well as the vulnerability of adolescents, particularly those who have experienced physical abuse, who will significantly influence the future of their communities.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Method","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe current research was of the experimental-semiexperimental type, with a pretest and posttest design and a control group. The statistical population for this study included females who had been physically assaulted in the city of Yazd. The convenience sampling approach was employed to choose the sample, and participants were allocated at random to one of two groups: control (15 persons) or experimental. The Ethics Committee of Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, accepted this work under the ethics ID IR.IAU.YAZD.RE.1403.093.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Girls who had undergone physical abuse, lived in Yazd, and were willing to attend sessions and complete questionnaires were eligible for inclusion. The exclusion criteria for the experimental group included missing data from more than three sessions, a lack of involvement and collaboration, and serious behavioral issues during the sessions. To comply with ethical issues in the current research, individuals were told that their information would be kept anonymous and that the findings would be examined jointly. They may leave the research at any time if they want, and the treatment results would help them improve their condition.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Two questionnaires were utilized to obtain the information.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ea)\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003eNovaco Aggression Checklist\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;The Novaco Anger Scale was created by Novaco in 1986. The Novaco rage scale (AGQ) has 30 questions that assess aggressiveness, rage, and hostility. This questionnaire has three subscales: aggressive conduct, aggressive cognition, and aggressive emotions. A high score on this questionnaire signifies elevated aggressiveness, whereas a low score denotes less aggression. This questionnaire has 30 items: four assess the rage element, eight evaluate the aggressiveness factor, and eight gauge the vindictiveness factor. The AGQ scale is a self-administered paper-and-pencil assessment in which respondents choose one of four options: never, seldom, occasionally, or always. Each of the four alternatives is allocated values of 0, 1, 2, and 3, respectively, with the exception of item 18, which has a negative factor loading and is scored inversely. The total score of this questionnaire varies from zero to 90 and is calculated by aggregating the results of the individual items. Individuals with scores below the mean will exhibit low aggressiveness. The psychometric features of this questionnaire were developed via factor analysis as follows: the test‒retest coefficients for all participants (N=91), female participants (N=48), and male participants (N=38) were 0.70, 0.64, and 0.79, respectively.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Moreover, for the AGQ scale, the Cronbach\u0026apos;s alpha values (internal consistency) were 0.874 for all participants, 0.86 for the female participants, and 0.89 for the male participants. Zahedi reported correlation coefficients between the Pd subscale score of the MMPI and the AGQ scale for all participants (N=105) (r=0.58, P=0.001), as well as between the total guilt and shame traits and the AGQ scale for all participants (N=215) (r=0.056, P=0.001).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eb) \u0026nbsp; Ryff\u0026apos;s Scale for Psychological Health\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Ryff developed the Mental Health Test in 1989. It contains 120 objects in its original state. However, in subsequent research, reduced versions with 84, 54, and 18 items were also proposed. To assess psychological well-being, Ryff\u0026apos;s Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire is administered in a concise 18-item format. This survey consists of 18 questions and 6 subscales, including self-acceptance, personal growth, mastering one\u0026rsquo;s circumstances, independence, and having positive relationships with others. It contains 18 items. There are six sections, each containing three questions, and a total score. The components are organized according to a six-point Likert scale that ranges from one (strongly disagree) to six (strongly concur). Several items on Ryff\u0026apos;s Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire are evaluated in reverse order, whereas others are scored correctly. A higher score on Ryff\u0026apos;s Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire indicates that the individual has improved mental health.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;The Ryff Psychological Well-Being Scale is a multidimensional variable with six components and consists of 18 items (Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1) Ryff Psychological Well-Being Scale\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"606\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eROW\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCriterion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 357px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDescription\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelf-Acceptance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 357px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIt entails adopting a positive self-perception and acknowledging the diverse aspects of oneself, including both positive and negative characteristics, as well as feeling optimistic about one\u0026apos;s past.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConstructive interpersonal interactions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 357px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelationships with people provide happiness and closeness, and it is important to recognize the value of these ties.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAutonomy or independence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 357px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAn active involvement in behaviors and a sense of independence and influence in life events\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl over the environment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 357px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA sense of control over the environment, managing external activities, and effectively utilizing surrounding opportunities.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePurposeful life\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 357px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe objective in life and the conviction that his existence, both current and historical, has significance.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePersonal growth\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 357px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe desire to keep growing and gain new experiences is built into every person with possible skills.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003eIn this study, to analyze the effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) on feelings of anger and psychological well-being in adolescent girls with a history of physical abuse in Yazd city, descriptive statistics such as the mean, median, variance, standard deviation, and standard error of the mean were used. For inferential statistics, the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test was employed. The analyses were conducted via SPSS software, version 27.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe quantitative information gathered on the study variables (anger and psychological well-being) is examined in this section. Descriptive statistics and the mean and standard deviation of the dependent variables are shown. After that, inferential statistical analysis is performed on the variables. The assumptions of multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) were reviewed before hypothesis testing. These presumptions include the homogeneity of regression slopes, the normality of the dependent variable within the study groups, and the homogeneity of variances across groups.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe averages and standard deviations of the anger and psychological well-being scores during the pretest and posttest phases are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. In the pretest phase, the experimental group's mean and standard deviation of anger scores were 68.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.53, whereas those of the control groups were 70.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.33. In the posttest phase, the experimental group's mean anger score decreased to 62.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.70, whereas the control group's score was 68.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.64.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimilarly, for psychological well-being, the experimental group had a pretest mean of 45.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.45, whereas the control group had a mean of 44.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.29. In the posttest, the experimental group's mean increased to 60.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.40, whereas the control group showed a smaller improvement, reaching 47.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.73.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive Statistics for Anger and Psychological Well-being in the Pretest and Posttest Phases\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePretest Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePosttest Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdjusted Posttest Mean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnger\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperimental\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychological Well-being\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperimental\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrior to hypothesis testing, we examined assumptions of normality, homogeneity of variances, and homogeneity of regression slopes. As shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, the normality assumption was met for both the anger and psychological well-being variables (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditionally, Levene's test for homogeneity of variances was performed. The results confirm that the assumption of homogeneity of variances was satisfied (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe homogeneity of regression slopes was verified through an ANOVA test. The results indicate that the homogeneity of the regression slope assumption was met (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBox tests of the equality of covariance matrices were conducted to assess whether the assumption of homogeneity of variance‒covariance matrices was met (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The results indicated that this assumption was satisfied, Box\u0026rsquo;s M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.99, F (3, 141120)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.92, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.43, confirming that the data met the requirements for MANCOVA.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e) Assumption Checks\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResult\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKolmogorov‒Smirnov\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnger \u0026amp; PWB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal distribution assumption was met\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevene\u0026rsquo;s Test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnger \u0026amp; PWB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomogeneity of variances assumption was met\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eANOVA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnger \u0026amp; PWB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ehomogeneity of regression slopes assumption was met\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBox\u0026rsquo;s M Test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCombined\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ehomogeneity of variance‒covariance matrices was met\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, a multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was subsequently conducted to evaluate the impact of the experimental manipulation on anger and psychological well-being. The results indicated a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of the combined dependent variables, Pillai\u0026rsquo;s trace\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.76, F (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;40.61, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, η\u0026sup2; = 0.76, which suggests a strong effect of the intervention (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) Results\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePillai\u0026rsquo;s Trace\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edf Hypothesis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edf Error\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSig (p value)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePartial Eta Squared\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSince there was a statistically significant difference between the experimental and control groups, these results indicate that the intervention had a significant effect on the total dependent variables. The following tables show the results of follow-up univariate ANCOVAs that were performed to identify the dependent variables that were specifically affected.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter adjusting for pretest scores, the difference in anger levels between the groups was significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.025, F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;35.91). The experimental group's anger score (63.33) was lower than that of the control group (67.79), which suggests that EMDR considerably decreased anger levels in teenage females who had experienced physical abuse. Fifty-eight percent of the variance in the anger variable was predicted by the experimental variable, which had an effect size of 0.58. (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter controlling for pretest scores, EMDR significantly improved psychological well-being (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.025, F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;66.78). The experimental group had higher adjusted posttest scores (59.30) than did the control group (47.83), demonstrating that EMDR effectively enhanced psychological well-being. The experimental variable, with an effect size of 0.72, predicted 72% of the variance in the psychological well-being variable. (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eANCOVA Results for Anger and Psychological Well-being\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePartial Eta Squared\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePower\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnger\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePretest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e269.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePWB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePretest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we evaluate the effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) on anger and psychological well-being in adolescent girls who have a history of physical abuse. Our findings suggest that EMDR significantly reduces anger and improves psychological well-being in these girls. Our findings were supported by the results of previous studies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e)(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the results, EMDR can help in the processing of traumatic memories, ease emotional stress, and help people replace unhealthy emotional patterns(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, participants can lessen their negative feelings and modify their cognitive reactions to traumatic events by processing these memories in a safe setting(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEMDR helps alleviate emotional burdens by increasing the ability of the brain to process stressful memories through bilateral stimulation (particularly eye movements). This process can result in a decrease in the intensity of an individual's emotions; thus, it provides them with tools to address their negative feelings in a more effective manner(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e)(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, EMDR improves self-awareness, enhances emotional regulation skills, and improves self-esteem. These improvements are essential for creating psychological resilience and improving social interactions and quality of life, especially for teenage females who have experienced physical abuse(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, the findings support the use of EMDR as a valuable tool for helping adolescents manage the long-term effects of trauma. Anger is a common response to trauma. However, if it is not addressed, it can turn into a long-lasting and harmful emotional state. Over time, this unresolved anger may lead to serious mental health problems such as anxiety and depression in some people(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e). EMDR can help people process and release these negative emotions in a safe and controlled way, which is why it can be a helpful treatment for vulnerable groups such as abused adolescents(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the results, EMDR can be helpful in reducing anger, which is consistent with earlier studies that have demonstrated its influence on negative emotions, especially in people who have experienced trauma(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e). This effect can be attributed to the capacity of EMDR to support cognitive restructuring, facilitate the safe revisitation of traumatic memories, and improve emotional regulation, which all contribute to better emotional coping(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings also suggest that EMDR improves psychological well-being, which is also consistent with previous research. EMDR helps people feel more satisfied with their lives; it also increases self-esteem and supports the development of healthy relationships with other people. This happens by processing trauma, increasing self-awareness, and improving emotional control. These effects are especially helpful for adolescent girls who have experienced physical abuse, and EMDR helps them feel more in control and supports their emotional healing(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e)(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdding EMDR to therapy programs for adolescent girls who have been victims of physical abuse is an important step. Counseling centers should consider the possibility of providing training for therapists and counselors, with the goal of enhancing their comprehension of EMDR approaches and their use in the context of working with this population(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e). Personalized treatment plans that integrate EMDR with other therapeutic approaches, such as cognitive‒behavioral therapy, may enhance outcomes and provide a more holistic approach to treatment(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinally, clients and their families would benefit from the development of educational resources regarding EMDR and its advantages. Educating the public about the benefits and availability of this therapy may make it more accessible and encourage more people to seek treatment. The quality of mental health services can be further enhanced(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile the results are promising, it is important to recognize some limitations of the study. Cultural and social differences among participants could influence the effectiveness of EMDR. Additionally, the absence of long-term follow-up data limits the ability to determine the sustainability of the therapeutic effects. The generalizability of the findings is also limited by the convenience sampling strategy that was utilized in this study. A sample that was more diverse would have provided a more comprehensive understanding of the efficacy of EMDR.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFuture studies should explore the cultural and social factors that may influence the efficacy of EMDR. Furthermore, long-term research that monitors participants\u0026rsquo; development over time can help us obtain important new information about the long-term impacts of EMDR on trauma recovery.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study concludes that EMDR is a useful therapeutic strategy for improving psychological health and lowering anger in teenage females who have experienced physical abuse. The results of our study indicate that EMDR can be an essential tool for helping people overcome the emotional scars of abuse and improving their general mental health. More research is needed to address limitations and examine long-term consequences.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest related to this article.\u003c/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research did not receive specific grants from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFatemeh Hossein Zadeh: Conceptualization, Study design, Methodology, Implementation. Negin Armide: Writing \u0026ndash; Original Draft, Writing \u0026ndash; Review \u0026amp; Editing, Supervision, Project Administration, Submission. Mahsa Ahmadi: Writing \u0026ndash; Original Draft, Writing \u0026ndash; Review \u0026amp; Editing. Farzad Farhodi: Conceptualization, Study design, Writing \u0026ndash; Review \u0026amp; Editing, Supervision. Reza Bidaki: Conceptualization, Study design, Writing \u0026ndash; Review \u0026amp; Editing, Supervision.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e This article is derived from the master's thesis of a student in Clinical Psychology at Islamic Azad University, Yazd Branch, which was approved by the Research Council of Islamic Azad University, Yazd Branch. The authors sincerely thank and appreciate all the individuals who participated in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article. Further information and additional data can be obtained from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eConsent\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e Written informed consent was obtained from all participants, and they were assured of confidentiality and their right to withdraw from the study at any time without any consequences.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData Availability Statement\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article. Further information and additional data can be obtained from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEthics Statement\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Yazd Branch of Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran (Approval code: IR.IAU.YAZD.REC.1403.093).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRyff CD. Well-being with soul: Science in pursuit of human potential. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2018;13(2):242\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eQizi SMD. Socio-Psychological Views of Eastern Thinkers on Social Tolerance. Eur J Innov Nonform Educ. 2022;2(3):219\u0026ndash;20.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOrkibi H, Ronen T. Basic psychological needs satisfaction mediates the association between self-control skills and subjective well-being. 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Couns Outcome Res Eval. 2019;11:1\u0026ndash;15.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHan H-R, Miller HN, Nkimbeng M, Budhathoki C, Mikhael T, Rivers E, et al. Trauma informed interventions: A systematic review. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(6):e0252747.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eStrelchuk D, Turner K, Smith S, Bisson J, Wiles N, Zammit S. Provision of online eye movement and desensitization therapy (EMDR) for people with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): a multimethod service evaluation. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2023;14(2):2281182.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"psyo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Psychology](http://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"BMC Psychology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Anger, Psychological Well-being, Physical Abuse","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8475740/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8475740/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical abuse during adolescence can have major impacts on mental and emotional health, which can lead to increased anger and reduced psychological well-being. It is important to investigate effective therapeutic approaches, including eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), to increase the quality of life of these adolescents.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to assess the efficacy of EMDR in reducing anger and improving psychological well-being in adolescent females with a background of physical abuse in Yazd, Iran. A total of 30 adolescent females with a history of physical abuse were chosen through convenience sampling and randomly divided into an experimental group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15) and a control group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15). The aggression questionnaire (AGQ) and Ryff's Psychological Well-being Scale (PWB) were used to gather the data. The analysis of the data was performed with SPSS software.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e EMDR significantly reduced anger and enhanced psychological well-being in the experimental group relative to the control group. These findings indicate the efficacy of EMDR as an effective therapy for adolescents who have experienced physical abuse.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of our study highlight the importance of addressing emotional trauma in vulnerable populations. The EMR can be a useful therapy for supporting people\u0026rsquo;s mental health and recovery from trauma. This study provides a foundation for developing targeted psychological interventions and can help mental health professionals design effective treatment programs.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effectiveness of Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) on Anger and Psychological Well-Being in Adolescent Girls with a History of Physical Abuse in Yazd, Iran: a quasi-experimental study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-06 11:18:43","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8475740/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-01-16T14:21:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-01-15T04:34:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-01-15T04:33:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Psychology","date":"2025-12-29T20:22:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"psyo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Psychology](http://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"BMC Psychology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"451d48ff-0dc1-4096-8744-c3ced381ebcc","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 6th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-02T22:53:28+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-06 11:18:43","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8475740","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8475740","identity":"rs-8475740","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}