Exploring archaeogenetic studies of dental calculus to shed light on past human migrations in Oceania

The Pacific islands have experienced multiple waves of human migrations, providing a case study for exploring the potential of using the microbiome to study human migration. We performed a metagenomic study of archaeological dental calculus from 103 ancient individuals, originating from 12 Pacific islands and spanning a time range of ∼3000 years. Oral microbiome DNA preservation in calculus is far higher than that of human DNA in archaeological bone from the Pacific, and comparable to that seen in calculus from temperate regions. Variation in the microbial community composition was minimally driven by time period and geography within the Pacific, while comparison with samples from Europe, Africa, and Asia reveal the microbial communities of Pacific calculus samples to be distinctive. Phylogenies of individual bacterial species in Pacific calculus reflect geography. Archaeological dental calculus shows potential to yield information about past human migrations, complementing studies of the human genome.