Variation of Tap Water Properties Using Cold Plasma

Variation of Tap Water Properties Using Cold Plasma | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Variation of Tap Water Properties Using Cold Plasma Mohammad Ali Mohammadi, S. T. Naghibzadeh, F. Baharlounezhad, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3863243/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract It is crucial to analyze the aqueous system's electrical conductivity, pH, and temperature to evaluate its quality for the intended use. This study examined the impact of exerting several cold plasmas (argon, nitrogen, air, and oxygen) on the alteration of tap water properties used for a variety of applications under atmospheric pressure. The findings indicated that electrical conductivity and temperature were ascending-descending for non-homogenized water and ascending for homogenized water after plasma exerting. The effects of argon, nitrogen, air, and oxygen plasmas on homogenized water resulted in acidification water. According to the agreement of the results with the previous reports, oxygen gas with the most decrease in pH was chosen to change the acidic result. Oxygen plasma exerting caused basic properties in water after filtering water via argon gas. It was shown that is possible to obtain different results through a change in plasma exerting process from the same reactor. So, this attribute of the designed reactor made it capable of being used in many applications. Physical sciences/Physics/Applied physics Physical sciences/Physics/Plasma physics electrical conductivity pH plasma temperature water Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Introduction One of the most important and often performed tests in water chemistry is pH testing. The pH or hydrogen ion activity of a solution at a given temperature indicates whether it is basic (alkaline) or acidic. The pH scale, which spans from 0 to 14 (pH = 7 neutral, pH 7 alkaline), measures the acidity or alkalinity of water. Actually, the pH scale measures the proportion of free hydrogen and hydroxide ions in water. The pH is a key factor in every step of the water supply and wastewater treatment processes; including acid-base neutralization, water disinfection, desalination, and corrosion control [ 1 ]. Another crucial factor of water that also affects plasma discharge characteristics and the formation of active species is electrical conductivity (EC), which is often used to calculate the total concentration of ionized water components. This parameter, which is closely connected to the total number of anions (or cations) in the solution and is typically proportionate to the total quantity of dissolved solids, is presented as a measure of an aqueous solution's capacity to transfer electric current. Water conductivity often doesn't change over time. As a result, any alteration in conductivity may be a sign of potential water pollution brought on by chemical interactions with water. That determination is quick and somewhat accurate and does not affect the samples. Mineral solution solids have an impact on the electrical conductivity of water. The EC of water can also be impacted by temperature (T) [ 2 ]. A partially or completely ionized gas is referred to as plasma and is primarily made up of ions, free electrons, photons, molecules, and atoms in the ground or excited states with a net neutral charge. Contrary to neutral gases, plasma is strongly influenced by electric and magnetic fields because of electrically charged particles. Typically, the temperature is used to define plasma quantitatively. Various thermal plasma (TP) and non-thermal plasma (NTP) temperature ranges can be used to describe plasmas. Atoms, molecules, ions, and electrons are not in thermal equilibrium in NTP. So, NTP is sometimes referred to as cold plasma or non-equilibrium plasma. In or extremely close to the equilibrium condition of electrons, ions, and neutrals of plasma often characterize the TP. This wide range of temperature changes enables the use of plasma technologies for a variety of purposes, including air purification, surface sterilization, waste solid material annihilation, surface modification, and surface deposition (coating). Thermal plasmas can't be used at high throughput due to vacuum equipment requirements and non-thermal atmospheric plasma is utilized in this situation. The capacity of NTP to trigger different chemical reactions at ambient pressure and temperature is its most striking characteristic as a chemical process. It is possible to produce cold plasma using a variety of techniques, including corona discharge, ionizing radiation, inductively coupled plasma (ICP), capacitively coupled plasma (CCP), microwave (MW), radio frequency (RF), electron cyclotron resonance (ECR), and dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasmas, depending on the applications needed in the industry [ 3 – 10 ]. More study is required to optimize the discharge circumstances in the creation of the desired chemical species and alter the characteristics of the solutions since the physics and chemistry of various discharge types in aqueous solutions are not yet fully understood. In this study, variations in pH, EC (µS/cm), and T (°C) parameters for argon, nitrogen, oxygen, and air gases were examined and compared over a short time (4min, with 0.5min periods). In the following, the oxygen gas with the most decrease in pH was chosen to change the result by the filtering method. The results showed that a plasma production reactor can be used to produce water with acidic or alkaline characteristics depending on the type of application with a change in the experiment process. Materials and methods Figure 1 displays experimental setup of the glow discharge. In this arrangement, a pyrex container was filled with 250 mL of tap water. Two tungsten electrodes with a 2 mm diameter were used. The anode electrode was placed in the water. The cathode electrode was set within a pyrex tube that was located inside a ceramic tube so that it was 1 cm of the outside of the glass and inside of the ceramic. The feed gas emerged through the end of the pyrex tube with a flow rate of 50sccm. Water vapor and feed gas were ionized by applying a large potential difference (8 kV) by a DC power source in the area between the cathode's tip and the end of the ceramic tube and entered inside the water. There were two types of water throughout the experiment: non-homogenized water without a magnetic stirrer (NH) and homogenized water with a magnetic stirrer (H). The electrical discharge of argon, nitrogen, oxygen, and air in water was repeated at 0.5 min periods for 4min. Water filtering in the case of oxygen discharge to produce water with alkaline properties was carried out in the form of passing argon inside the water for 2 min at 40 \(℃\) . Water was cooled to room temperature for test. Water pH and T were measured by desktop pH and T meter (HI2002 - edge® Dedicated pH/T Meter, numerical precision of 0.01 and 0.1, respectively) of HANNA company. Electrical conductivity was measured by Sper scientific, waterproof conductivity meter (pen style, numerical precision 1), of Sper Scientific Ltd. Result and discussion Investigation of electrical conductivity and temperature Active species and ions created during plasma exerting were dissolved in water and changed the EC of the water. Electrical conductivity and temperature changes due to plasma exerting four gases were measured for NH and H waters. Figures 2 and 3 show electrical conductivity and temperature during time change for NH water. Figures 4 and 5 are for H water data. The 0 min is the time before plasma exerting in all plots. As shown in Fig. 2 , electrical conductivity in all plasmas and times was more than before plasma exerting, and the process of its change was ascending and descending at different periods. The increase in electrical conductivity was caused by entering nitrogen oxide and hydrogen oxide byproducts into the water due to ionizing ambient air, water vapor, and feed gas [ 11 ]. It appears that the increasing concentration of reactive ions in water has reduced the electrical conductivity of water in a short amount of time. In other words, making the water more electrically conductive, the diffusion layer near the electrodes with a concentration differing from its value in the volume of water has reached saturation and blocked the entrance of more ions into the water. The escape of ions as reaction products from the diffusion layer in water under the effect of the electric field and chemical potential gradient owing to the difference in concentration, or the consumption of ions, has disrupted the saturation state [ 12 ]. This process has been repeated several times for EC. According to Fig. 3 , the temperature changes were ascending and descending at various periods and also higher than before plasma exerting. For all plasmas, percentages of temperature and electrical conductivity variations in NH water in each period have been compared to before plasma in Table 1 . Table 1 Percentages of temperature and electrical conductivity variations in NH water in each period compared to before argon, nitrogen, air, and oxygen plasma. \(\varDelta \left(\mathbf{t}\right)\left(\mathbf{m}\mathbf{i}\mathbf{n}\right)\) \({\varDelta \left(\mathbf{T}\right)}_{\mathbf{A}\mathbf{r}}\left(\mathbf{\%}\right)\) \({\varDelta \left(\mathbf{E}\mathbf{C}\right)}_{\mathbf{A}\mathbf{r}}\left(\mathbf{\%}\right)\) \({\varDelta \left(\mathbf{T}\right)}_{{\mathbf{N}}_{2}}\left(\mathbf{\%}\right)\) \(\varDelta {\left(\mathbf{E}\mathbf{C}\right)}_{{\mathbf{N}}_{2}}\left(\mathbf{\%}\right)\) \(\varDelta {\left(\mathbf{T}\right)}_{{\mathbf{O}}_{2}}\left(\mathbf{\%}\right)\) \(\varDelta {\left(\mathbf{E}\mathbf{C}\right)}_{{\mathbf{O}}_{2}}\left(\mathbf{\%}\right)\) \(\varDelta {\left(\mathbf{T}\right)}_{\mathbf{A}\mathbf{i}\mathbf{r}}\left(\mathbf{\%}\right)\) \(\varDelta {\left(\mathbf{E}\mathbf{C}\right)}_{\mathbf{A}\mathbf{i}\mathbf{r}}\left(\mathbf{\%}\right)\) 0.5 5.42 8.92 13.72 24 2.89 11.08 14.08 11.38 1 24.55 15.38 31.77 24 20.22 20.62 26.71 16.62 1.5 40.79 23.69 44.40 36 41.16 18.15 51.99 25.84 2 48.01 25.85 58.84 42.77 41.88 20.62 59.21 31.08 2.5 62.45 42.15 67.87 44 76.17 13.85 88.09 45.23 3 21.3 37.85 82.31 32.62 85.92 19.69 107.94 40.31 3.5 93.14 50.46 93.14 50.15 97.11 11.08 106.14 16.62 4 103.97 39.08 103.97 45.54 105.05 7.08 106.14 54.15 As shown in Figs. 4 and 5 , EC and T changes in H water were increasing at all periods and plasmas in comparison to the prior periods and before plasma exerting. Stirring and lack of saturation in the water diffusion layer were the causes. Electrical conductivity has altered with temperature variations in all plasmas. Increasing the temperature of the water has also raised the ions' mobility and the number of ions due to the separation of molecules in water. For all plasmas, percentages of temperature and electrical conductivity variations in H water in each period have been compared to before plasma in Table 2 . Plasma-activated water (PAW) generated by cold atmospheric plasma (CAP)-water interaction employing controllable parameters has been reported to have higher conductivity [ 13 ]. According to the results of the significant increase in conductivity for H water, and its high rise in PAW reported in several study cases, H water was selected for further investigation. Table 2 Percentages of temperature and electrical conductivity variations in H water in each period compared to before argon, nitrogen, air, and oxygen plasma. \(\varDelta \left(\mathbf{t}\right)\left(\mathbf{m}\mathbf{i}\mathbf{n}\right)\) \({\varDelta \left(\mathbf{T}\right)}_{\mathbf{A}\mathbf{r}}\left(\mathbf{\%}\right)\) \({\varDelta \left(\mathbf{E}\mathbf{C}\right)}_{\mathbf{A}\mathbf{r}}\left(\mathbf{\%}\right)\) \({\varDelta \left(\mathbf{T}\right)}_{{\mathbf{N}}_{2}}\left(\mathbf{\%}\right)\) \(\varDelta {\left(\mathbf{E}\mathbf{C}\right)}_{{\mathbf{N}}_{2}}\left(\mathbf{\%}\right)\) \(\varDelta {\left(\mathbf{T}\right)}_{{\mathbf{O}}_{2}}\left(\mathbf{\%}\right)\) \(\varDelta {\left(\mathbf{E}\mathbf{C}\right)}_{{\mathbf{O}}_{2}}\left(\mathbf{\%}\right)\) \(\varDelta {\left(\mathbf{T}\right)}_{\mathbf{A}\mathbf{i}\mathbf{r}}\left(\mathbf{\%}\right)\) \(\varDelta {\left(\mathbf{E}\mathbf{C}\right)}_{\mathbf{A}\mathbf{i}\mathbf{r}}\left(\mathbf{\%}\right)\) 0.5 8.30 7.38 17.33 17.85 8.30 7.38 11.91 8.92 1 26.35 11.38 33.57 25.85 34.30 17.54 24.55 20 1.5 38.99 16.92 49.82 34.15 46.57 23.69 48.01 30.15 2 53.43 23.38 67.87 38.46 62.45 30.77 64.26 37.85 2.5 66.06 33.84 76.90 44.92 84.12 40.62 84.12 45.23 3 84.12 42.15 87.73 52.92 90.25 51.08 100.36 52.31 3.5 98.56 48.62 103.97 57.23 109.39 61.23 109.39 59.08 4 109.39 56.92 113.00 61.85 141.52 80.62 127.44 71.08 Investigation of pH and concentration of hydrogen and hydroxide ions Although measuring and analyzing pH levels is one of the major metrics to certify the standards of the water industry, it can play a fundamental role across a wide range of industries including the food industry and agriculture. The pH standing for the power of hydrogen describes the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. Figures 6 to 9 display the pH, hydrogen cation, and hydroxide anion concentration variations of H water for each plasma as a function of time. As can be seen in Fig. 6 (a) for argon plasma, there was a low rise in the sample's pH after 0.5 min. It decreased in 0.5–1.5 min, increased at 2 min, and then decreased at 2.5 min. The pH went up at 3 min and reduced again with a low slope at 4 min. However, the water was acidic during the whole experiment. Figure 6 (b) shows that the concentration of hydrogen cation was always more than hydroxide anion in argon plasma. According to Fig. 7 , the water had higher concentrations of hydrogen cations than hydroxide anion and was acidic due to the exerting of nitrogen gas plasma. After plasma exerting for 0.5 min, a rise in pH was seen. It went down at 1min and went up at 2 min. It decreased at 2.5 min. After increasing at 3 min, there was a decline at 3.5 min and ultimately rise at 4 min. In Fig. 8 , air plasma has increased the concentration of hydrogen cation relative to hydroxide anion and acidified the water. The 0.5 min of electric discharge resulted in a pH drop. The changes trend was upward in 0.5-2 min and downward in 2–3 min. It rose at 3.5 min and then fell at 4 min. The results of oxygen plasma on the pH and concentrations of hydrogen cations and hydroxide anions are shown in Fig. 9 . It has made the water acidic. The 0-1.5 min of electric discharge resulted in a pH decrease. The pH increased at 2 min. The changes trend was downward in 2.5-3 min and upward at 3.5 min. It reduced at 4 min. The prior stated results of this study were in agreement with the acidic values pH of PAW generated by CAP in previous reports [ 14 – 18 ]. So, an attempt was made to create a possibility to increase the water pH with the same setup instead of decreasing it. The tap water was filtered with inert argon gas before exerting the plasma to remove other gases inside the water. Oxygen gas, which caused the most acidic property in water, was selected for plasma production. The results of oxygen plasma after filtering are shown in Fig. 10 . As can be seen in Fig. 10 (a), pH increased after 0.5 min of electric discharge and subsequently decreased at 1 min. The pH enhanced at 1.5 min, reduced at 2-2.5 min, then climbed again in 3-3.5 min and finally went down at 4 min. According to Fig. 10 (b), water had more hydroxide anion than hydrogen cation in the whole experiment, indicating that oxygen plasma behaved differently from before. The composition and reaction of the active species in oxygen plasma led to basic water after clearing. As shown in Figs. 10 (c) and (d), EC and T changes at all periods obtained more than the prior periods and before plasma exerting. For oxygen plasmas, percentages of temperature and electrical conductivity variations after filtering in each period have been compared to before plasma in Table 3 . Table 3 Percentages of temperature and electrical conductivity variations in H water in each period after filtering compared to before oxygen plasma. \(\varDelta \left(\mathbf{t}\right)\left(\mathbf{m}\mathbf{i}\mathbf{n}\right)\) \({\varDelta \left(\mathbf{T}\right)}_{{\mathbf{O}}_{2}}\left(\mathbf{\%}\right)\) \({\varDelta \left(\mathbf{E}\mathbf{C}\right)}_{{\mathbf{O}}_{2}}\left(\mathbf{\%}\right)\) 0.5 5.415 10.15 1 15.52 26.769 1.5 24.548 44.92 2 33.57 49.538 2.5 49.819 52.92 3 69.675 60.30 3.5 89.53 63.69 4 112.996 74.46 As illustrated in Fig. 11 , the plasma exerting resulted in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and reactive hydrogen species (RHS) in the water due to direct interactions and several indirect cascade phenomena including liquid evaporation, molecules collision, mass transfer, sputtering, and ultra-violet radiation at the plasma phase, plasma-water interface, and liquid phase [ 19 ]. Table 4 displays the common expected reactions that resulted in acidic and basic characteristics of tap water. Ar, N 2 , Air, and O 2 symbols, respectively, denoted the major reactions of argon, nitrogen, air, and oxygen plasmas. The NO x species were generated by argon, nitrogen, air, and oxygen (before filtering) plasmas interacting with water and water vapor. The hydrogen cations making acidic qualities in water were created by the interaction of NO x with hydrogen and oxygen species in water. The feed gas has a significant impact on the quantity of OH • radical generated in water, with oxygen plasma producing most of it [ 20 ]. As a result, this radical produced more hydroxide anion than hydrogen cation in the oxygen glow discharge (after filtering) in reaction with the electron, which led to the basic property of water. In all plasmas, hydrogen gas around the cathode and oxygen gas in the vicinity of the anode was produced [ 8 , 21 – 22 ]. This research showed that in using the capacity of CAP, a small variation in reactor design can make a different property in water under plasma exerting depending on the application type compared to the state before. Here, water filtering with argon gas before exerting oxygen plasma made water basic instead of acidic which is different from previous reports [ 38 ]. According to these characteristics, cold plasma can be introduced as an emerging technology compatible with the environment, which can have a unique position in modern applications required by societies, including improving agricultural methods and food industries (increasing shelf life and quality characteristics of fresh products, seed germination, and plant growth), health and medical usages (anti-infection of medical equipment, treatment of skin, digestive, and cancer diseases), and water industry (urban and industrial water and wastewater treatment, electrolysis, and hydrogen fuel) by forming RHS, RNS, and ROS, and changing electrical conductivity and the chemical composition of water [ 19 , 39 – 58 ]. Conclusion The pH, EC, and T of the water change depending on the kind of reactor and plasma application gas used. In the planned reactor, a noticeable ascending-descending pattern was observed in NH water in electrical conductivity and temperature variations by plasma exerting during different times. This process was observed ascending in H water for conductivity and temperature at all times. Argon, air, nitrogen, and oxygen plasmas made H water acidic slightly. It was more in oxygen plasma than the others. Oxygen plasma made H water basic after filtering water by argon gas and EC and T changes were ascending like before filtering. According to the announced results, it was possible to create different properties in water with the same reactor design by changing the plasma exerting process. This feature can confer the possibility of a reactor being used in countless applications. Declarations Author Contribution M.A.M. conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed and evaluated the data, and wrote and edited the manuscript. S.T. and F. 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Bajgai, J., et al., Effects of Alkaline-Reduced Water on Gastrointestinal Diseases. Processes, 10(1), 87. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10010087. Pang, B., Liu, Z., Wang, S., Gao, Y., Qi, M., Xu, D., ... & Kong, M. G. (2022). Alkaline plasma-activated water (PAW) as an innovative therapeutic avenue for cancer treatment. Applied Physics Letters, 121(14). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0107906. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4737823/ Al-Haq, M. I., Seo, Y., Oshita, S., & Kawagoe, Y. (2001). Fungicidal effectiveness of electrolyzed oxidizing water on postharvest brown rot of peach. HortScience, 36(7), 1310-1314. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.36.7.1310. Deza, M. A., Araujo, M., & Garrido, M. J. (2003). Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157: H7, Salmonella enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes on the surface of tomatoes by neutral electrolyzed water. Letters in applied microbiology, 37(6), 482-487. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-765X.2003.01433.x. Park, H., Hung, Y. C., & Brackett, R. E. (2002). Antimicrobial effect of electrolyzed water for inactivating Campylobacter jejuni during poultry washing. International journal of food microbiology, 72(1-2), 77-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1605(01)00622-5. Fabrizio, K. A., Sharma, R. R., Demirci, A., & Cutter, C. N. (2002). Comparison of electrolyzed oxidizing water with various antimicrobial interventions to reduce Salmonella species on poultry. Poultry science, 81(10), 1598-1605. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/81.10.1598. Horiba, N., Hiratsuka, K., Onoe, T., Yoshida, T., Suzuki, K., Matsumoto, T., & Nakamura, H. (1999). Bactericidal effect of electrolyzed neutral water on bacteria isolated from infected root canals. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology, 87(1), 83-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1079-2104(99)70300-8. Park, H., Hung, Y. C., & Kim, C. (2002). Effectiveness of electrolyzed water as a sanitizer for treating different surfaces. Journal of food protection, 65(8), 1276-1280. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-65.8.1276. Al-Haq, M. I., Seo, Y., Oshita, S., & Kawagoe, Y. (2002). Disinfection effects of electrolyzed oxidizing water on suppressing fruit rot of pear caused by Botryosphaeria berengeriana. Food Research International, 35(7), 657-664. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0963-9969(01)00169-7. Venkitanarayanan, K. S., Ezeike, G. O., Hung, Y. C., & Doyle, M. P. (1999). Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157: H7 and Listeria monocytogenes on plastic kitchen cutting boards by electrolyzed oxidizing water. Journal of Food Protection, 62(8), 857-860. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-62.8.857. Russell, S. M. (2003). The effect of electrolyzed oxidative water applied using electrostatic spraying on pathogenic and indicator bacteria on the surface of eggs. Poultry Science, 82(1), 158-162. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/82.1.158. Takeuchi, N., & Yasuoka, K. (2020). Review of plasma-based water treatment technologies for the decomposition of persistent organic compounds. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 60(SA), SA0801. https://doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/abb75d. Yu, Z. Y., Duan, Y., Feng, X. Y., Yu, X., Gao, M. R., & Yu, S. H. (2021). Clean and affordable hydrogen fuel from alkaline water splitting: past, recent progress, and future prospects. Advanced Materials, 33(31), 2007100. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202007100. Huang, Y. R., Hung, Y. C., Hsu, S. Y., Huang, Y. W., & Hwang, D. F. (2008). Application of electrolyzed water in the food industry. Food control, 19(4), 329-345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2007.08.012. Table Table 4 is available in the Supplementary Files section. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Table4.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3863243","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":269626333,"identity":"a3793b4c-7644-4eb7-ad9f-4873a6a9bcd3","order_by":0,"name":"Mohammad Ali Mohammadi","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA/klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHjDJ2MaQwMAMZCTwMzCwkahFsoFYLQ0wLQYHCGjRbe89+Olmjp1sH3vysc8FNXV5xjeSnz34UMEgzy92AKsWszPnkqVztyUbt/E8S54949jhYrMbaeaGM84wGM6cnYBdy40cA6AW5sQ2iRxjZh62A4nbbiSYSfMCvWZwG6cW49+52+qhWv7VJW6ekf6NkBYzoC2HIVp425gTN0jkELDlzBkz69xtx8F+YZ7Zdzhxxpk3ZZIzzkjg9svxHuPbuduqZee3Jx9mLvhWl9jfnr5N4kOFjTy/NHYtWIAAWKUEscpBgP8AKapHwSgYBaNgBAAAm8FhcTwH81IAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"University of Tabriz","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohammad","middleName":"Ali","lastName":"Mohammadi","suffix":""},{"id":269626334,"identity":"0a3181de-2325-42d0-9d58-aafa4c7bf564","order_by":1,"name":"S. T. Naghibzadeh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Tabriz","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"S.","middleName":"T.","lastName":"Naghibzadeh","suffix":""},{"id":269626335,"identity":"466ca499-f672-4d88-861b-75e525092883","order_by":2,"name":"F. Baharlounezhad","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Tabriz","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"F.","middleName":"","lastName":"Baharlounezhad","suffix":""},{"id":269626336,"identity":"91afe526-ef80-459b-b4a6-e30def1379c8","order_by":3,"name":"M.S. Zakerhamidi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Tabriz","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"M.S.","middleName":"","lastName":"Zakerhamidi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-01-14 12:29:12","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3863243/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3863243/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":50378672,"identity":"22bdbf34-065c-4ca1-9470-00a6d3505ffc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-30 16:02:23","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":45516,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDC glow discharge setup.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3863243/v1/6cb10b7f846213fc6062b27a.png"},{"id":50378350,"identity":"295200d2-c8c0-456b-86ed-87f932578284","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-30 15:54:23","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":23042,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eElectrical conductivity changes of NH water after argon, nitrogen, oxygen, and air plasmas exerting during 4min.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3863243/v1/ad7da38783b716b474e2946c.png"},{"id":50378349,"identity":"66c11939-cd94-4ccb-abb1-877cdd65f798","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-30 15:54:23","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":21280,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTemperature changes of NH water after argon, nitrogen, oxygen, and air plasmas exerting during 4min.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3863243/v1/5e425a5b3ed9e3c9dd103a2d.png"},{"id":50378346,"identity":"c683b2c5-53dd-453e-8f54-663066f6108b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-30 15:54:23","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":22924,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eElectrical conductivity changes of H water after argon, nitrogen, oxygen, and air plasmas exerting during 4min.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3863243/v1/5bff146049a2301f8cd951d7.png"},{"id":50378673,"identity":"f179741b-6c3a-48de-9d88-5761cf708a0c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-30 16:02:23","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":22038,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTemperature changes of H water after argon, nitrogen, oxygen, and air plasmas exerting during 4min.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3863243/v1/18aa84e42b7a471f690bf227.png"},{"id":50378354,"identity":"3fc1e804-dd7d-4d42-b399-e0d32959b6ea","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-30 15:54:23","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":27713,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChanges of (a) pH and (b) hydrogen and hydroxide ions concentrations of H water in argon plasma.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3863243/v1/74e732514fa81f199a1c179d.png"},{"id":50378352,"identity":"b8c457f5-2ef9-4660-a463-a1536914be0f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-30 15:54:23","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":24550,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChanges of (a) pH and (b) hydrogen and hydroxide ions concentrations of H water in nitrogen plasma.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3863243/v1/17e8c05df8b14f93860723a8.png"},{"id":50378357,"identity":"b274f35a-bf3f-4b09-88c8-60b0a2cd51fb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-30 15:54:23","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":25246,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChanges of (a) pH and (b) hydrogen and hydroxide ions concentrations of H water in air plasma.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3863243/v1/3f87572ea2216c48683db5cd.png"},{"id":50378351,"identity":"6c11e42f-ded2-49a4-b2dd-3bd5a2811e39","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-30 15:54:23","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":27553,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChanges of (a) pH and (b) hydrogen and hydroxide ions concentrations of H water in oxygen plasma.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3863243/v1/6586cfd6e36639c38c03b178.png"},{"id":50378356,"identity":"d17ddff8-5848-4c18-bc42-b7117118740d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-30 15:54:23","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":61667,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChanges of (a) pH, (b) hydrogen and hydroxide ions concentrations, (c) Electrical conductivity, and (d) Temperature of H water in oxygen plasma after filtering.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3863243/v1/f64ffe33a2b2eab9a989414d.png"},{"id":50379072,"identity":"ca72f937-3909-49a2-b493-4e90e48b51d5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-30 16:10:23","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":27185,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSchematic representation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and reactive hydrogen species (RHS) resulting from the dominant reactions of argon, nitrogen, oxygen, and air plasmas in water.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3863243/v1/bfc8ab91bf307ab7f76d73cc.png"},{"id":51872353,"identity":"463d6303-8cfe-4b38-98de-c4369651aacf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-01 17:02:13","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":546958,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3863243/v1/cdb8f8cf-9879-4683-a67b-2f323b420535.pdf"},{"id":50378348,"identity":"a821b9a1-2e0a-47a7-8172-4023838923fd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-30 15:54:23","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":52059,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Table4.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3863243/v1/7d665cdf092363e5e24ca1fa.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Variation of Tap Water Properties Using Cold Plasma","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eOne of the most important and often performed tests in water chemistry is pH testing. The pH or hydrogen ion activity of a solution at a given temperature indicates whether it is basic (alkaline) or acidic. The pH scale, which spans from 0 to 14 (pH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7 neutral, pH\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;7 acidic, pH\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;7 alkaline), measures the acidity or alkalinity of water. Actually, the pH scale measures the proportion of free hydrogen and hydroxide ions in water. The pH is a key factor in every step of the water supply and wastewater treatment processes; including acid-base neutralization, water disinfection, desalination, and corrosion control [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother crucial factor of water that also affects plasma discharge characteristics and the formation of active species is electrical conductivity (EC), which is often used to calculate the total concentration of ionized water components. This parameter, which is closely connected to the total number of anions (or cations) in the solution and is typically proportionate to the total quantity of dissolved solids, is presented as a measure of an aqueous solution's capacity to transfer electric current. Water conductivity often doesn't change over time. As a result, any alteration in conductivity may be a sign of potential water pollution brought on by chemical interactions with water. That determination is quick and somewhat accurate and does not affect the samples. Mineral solution solids have an impact on the electrical conductivity of water. The EC of water can also be impacted by temperature (T) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA partially or completely ionized gas is referred to as plasma and is primarily made up of ions, free electrons, photons, molecules, and atoms in the ground or excited states with a net neutral charge. Contrary to neutral gases, plasma is strongly influenced by electric and magnetic fields because of electrically charged particles. Typically, the temperature is used to define plasma quantitatively. Various thermal plasma (TP) and non-thermal plasma (NTP) temperature ranges can be used to describe plasmas. Atoms, molecules, ions, and electrons are not in thermal equilibrium in NTP. So, NTP is sometimes referred to as cold plasma or non-equilibrium plasma. In or extremely close to the equilibrium condition of electrons, ions, and neutrals of plasma often characterize the TP. This wide range of temperature changes enables the use of plasma technologies for a variety of purposes, including air purification, surface sterilization, waste solid material annihilation, surface modification, and surface deposition (coating). Thermal plasmas can't be used at high throughput due to vacuum equipment requirements and non-thermal atmospheric plasma is utilized in this situation. The capacity of NTP to trigger different chemical reactions at ambient pressure and temperature is its most striking characteristic as a chemical process. It is possible to produce cold plasma using a variety of techniques, including corona discharge, ionizing radiation, inductively coupled plasma (ICP), capacitively coupled plasma (CCP), microwave (MW), radio frequency (RF), electron cyclotron resonance (ECR), and dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasmas, depending on the applications needed in the industry [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR4 CR5 CR6 CR7 CR8 CR9\" citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore study is required to optimize the discharge circumstances in the creation of the desired chemical species and alter the characteristics of the solutions since the physics and chemistry of various discharge types in aqueous solutions are not yet fully understood. In this study, variations in pH, EC (\u0026micro;S/cm), and T (\u0026deg;C) parameters for argon, nitrogen, oxygen, and air gases were examined and compared over a short time (4min, with 0.5min periods). In the following, the oxygen gas with the most decrease in pH was chosen to change the result by the filtering method. The results showed that a plasma production reactor can be used to produce water with acidic or alkaline characteristics depending on the type of application with a change in the experiment process.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e displays experimental setup of the glow discharge. In this arrangement, a pyrex container was filled with 250 mL of tap water. Two tungsten electrodes with a 2 mm diameter were used. The anode electrode was placed in the water. The cathode electrode was set within a pyrex tube that was located inside a ceramic tube so that it was 1 cm of the outside of the glass and inside of the ceramic. The feed gas emerged through the end of the pyrex tube with a flow rate of 50sccm. Water vapor and feed gas were ionized by applying a large potential difference (8 kV) by a DC power source in the area between the cathode's tip and the end of the ceramic tube and entered inside the water. There were two types of water throughout the experiment: non-homogenized water without a magnetic stirrer (NH) and homogenized water with a magnetic stirrer (H). The electrical discharge of argon, nitrogen, oxygen, and air in water was repeated at 0.5 min periods for 4min. Water filtering in the case of oxygen discharge to produce water with alkaline properties was carried out in the form of passing argon inside the water for 2 min at 40 \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(℃\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. Water was cooled to room temperature for test. Water pH and T were measured by desktop pH and T meter (HI2002 - edge\u0026reg; Dedicated pH/T Meter, numerical precision of 0.01 and 0.1, respectively) of HANNA company. Electrical conductivity was measured by Sper scientific, waterproof conductivity meter (pen style, numerical precision 1), of Sper Scientific Ltd.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Result and discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eInvestigation of electrical conductivity and temperature\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eActive species and ions created during plasma exerting were dissolved in water and changed the EC of the water. Electrical conductivity and temperature changes due to plasma exerting four gases were measured for NH and H waters. Figures\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e show electrical conductivity and temperature during time change for NH water. Figures\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e are for H water data. The 0 min is the time before plasma exerting in all plots. As shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, electrical conductivity in all plasmas and times was more than before plasma exerting, and the process of its change was ascending and descending at different periods. The increase in electrical conductivity was caused by entering nitrogen oxide and hydrogen oxide byproducts into the water due to ionizing ambient air, water vapor, and feed gas [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt appears that the increasing concentration of reactive ions in water has reduced the electrical conductivity of water in a short amount of time. In other words, making the water more electrically conductive, the diffusion layer near the electrodes with a concentration differing from its value in the volume of water has reached saturation and blocked the entrance of more ions into the water. The escape of ions as reaction products from the diffusion layer in water under the effect of the electric field and chemical potential gradient owing to the difference in concentration, or the consumption of ions, has disrupted the saturation state [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. This process has been repeated several times for EC. According to Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, the temperature changes were ascending and descending at various periods and also higher than before plasma exerting.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor all plasmas, percentages of temperature and electrical conductivity variations in NH water in each period have been compared to before plasma in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePercentages of temperature and electrical conductivity variations in NH water in each period compared to before argon, nitrogen, air, and oxygen plasma.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\varDelta \\left(\\mathbf{t}\\right)\\left(\\mathbf{m}\\mathbf{i}\\mathbf{n}\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\varDelta \\left(\\mathbf{T}\\right)}_{\\mathbf{A}\\mathbf{r}}\\left(\\mathbf{\\%}\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\varDelta \\left(\\mathbf{E}\\mathbf{C}\\right)}_{\\mathbf{A}\\mathbf{r}}\\left(\\mathbf{\\%}\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\varDelta \\left(\\mathbf{T}\\right)}_{{\\mathbf{N}}_{2}}\\left(\\mathbf{\\%}\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\varDelta {\\left(\\mathbf{E}\\mathbf{C}\\right)}_{{\\mathbf{N}}_{2}}\\left(\\mathbf{\\%}\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\varDelta {\\left(\\mathbf{T}\\right)}_{{\\mathbf{O}}_{2}}\\left(\\mathbf{\\%}\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\varDelta {\\left(\\mathbf{E}\\mathbf{C}\\right)}_{{\\mathbf{O}}_{2}}\\left(\\mathbf{\\%}\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\varDelta {\\left(\\mathbf{T}\\right)}_{\\mathbf{A}\\mathbf{i}\\mathbf{r}}\\left(\\mathbf{\\%}\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\varDelta {\\left(\\mathbf{E}\\mathbf{C}\\right)}_{\\mathbf{A}\\mathbf{i}\\mathbf{r}}\\left(\\mathbf{\\%}\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.72\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e31.77\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.62\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.71\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.62\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40.79\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.69\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e44.40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41.16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e51.99\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e58.84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e42.77\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41.88\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.62\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e59.21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e31.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e62.45\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e42.15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e67.87\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e76.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e88.09\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e45.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e37.85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e82.31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32.62\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e85.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.69\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e107.94\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40.31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e93.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50.46\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e93.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50.15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e97.11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e106.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.62\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e103.97\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e39.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e103.97\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e45.54\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e105.05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e106.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e54.15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, EC and T changes in H water were increasing at all periods and plasmas in comparison to the prior periods and before plasma exerting.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStirring and lack of saturation in the water diffusion layer were the causes. Electrical conductivity has altered with temperature variations in all plasmas. Increasing the temperature of the water has also raised the ions' mobility and the number of ions due to the separation of molecules in water.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor all plasmas, percentages of temperature and electrical conductivity variations in H water in each period have been compared to before plasma in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. Plasma-activated water (PAW) generated by cold atmospheric plasma (CAP)-water interaction employing controllable parameters has been reported to have higher conductivity [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. According to the results of the significant increase in conductivity for H water, and its high rise in PAW reported in several study cases, H water was selected for further investigation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePercentages of temperature and electrical conductivity variations in H water in each period compared to before argon, nitrogen, air, and oxygen plasma.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\varDelta \\left(\\mathbf{t}\\right)\\left(\\mathbf{m}\\mathbf{i}\\mathbf{n}\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\varDelta \\left(\\mathbf{T}\\right)}_{\\mathbf{A}\\mathbf{r}}\\left(\\mathbf{\\%}\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\varDelta \\left(\\mathbf{E}\\mathbf{C}\\right)}_{\\mathbf{A}\\mathbf{r}}\\left(\\mathbf{\\%}\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\varDelta \\left(\\mathbf{T}\\right)}_{{\\mathbf{N}}_{2}}\\left(\\mathbf{\\%}\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\varDelta {\\left(\\mathbf{E}\\mathbf{C}\\right)}_{{\\mathbf{N}}_{2}}\\left(\\mathbf{\\%}\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\varDelta {\\left(\\mathbf{T}\\right)}_{{\\mathbf{O}}_{2}}\\left(\\mathbf{\\%}\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\varDelta {\\left(\\mathbf{E}\\mathbf{C}\\right)}_{{\\mathbf{O}}_{2}}\\left(\\mathbf{\\%}\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\varDelta {\\left(\\mathbf{T}\\right)}_{\\mathbf{A}\\mathbf{i}\\mathbf{r}}\\left(\\mathbf{\\%}\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\varDelta {\\left(\\mathbf{E}\\mathbf{C}\\right)}_{\\mathbf{A}\\mathbf{i}\\mathbf{r}}\\left(\\mathbf{\\%}\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.91\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.35\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33.57\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34.30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.54\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38.99\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49.82\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34.15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e46.57\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.69\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30.15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e53.43\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e67.87\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38.46\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e62.45\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30.77\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e64.26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e37.85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e66.06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33.84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e76.90\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e44.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e84.12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40.62\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e84.12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e45.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e84.12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e42.15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e87.73\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e52.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e90.25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e51.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100.36\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e52.31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e98.56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48.62\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e103.97\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e57.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e109.39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e61.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e109.39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e59.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e109.39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e56.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e113.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e61.85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e141.52\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e80.62\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e127.44\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e71.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eInvestigation of pH and concentration of hydrogen and hydroxide ions\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough measuring and analyzing pH levels is one of the major metrics to certify the standards of the water industry, it can play a fundamental role across a wide range of industries including the food industry and agriculture. The pH standing for the power of hydrogen describes the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. Figures\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e to \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e display the pH, hydrogen cation, and hydroxide anion concentration variations of H water for each plasma as a function of time. As can be seen in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e(a) for argon plasma, there was a low rise in the sample's pH after 0.5 min. It decreased in 0.5\u0026ndash;1.5 min, increased at 2 min, and then decreased at 2.5 min. The pH went up at 3 min and reduced again with a low slope at 4 min. However, the water was acidic during the whole experiment. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e(b) shows that the concentration of hydrogen cation was always more than hydroxide anion in argon plasma.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, the water had higher concentrations of hydrogen cations than hydroxide anion and was acidic due to the exerting of nitrogen gas plasma. After plasma exerting for 0.5 min, a rise in pH was seen. It went down at 1min and went up at 2 min. It decreased at 2.5 min. After increasing at 3 min, there was a decline at 3.5 min and ultimately rise at 4 min.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, air plasma has increased the concentration of hydrogen cation relative to hydroxide anion and acidified the water. The 0.5 min of electric discharge resulted in a pH drop. The changes trend was upward in 0.5-2 min and downward in 2\u0026ndash;3 min. It rose at 3.5 min and then fell at 4 min.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of oxygen plasma on the pH and concentrations of hydrogen cations and hydroxide anions are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e. It has made the water acidic. The 0-1.5 min of electric discharge resulted in a pH decrease. The pH increased at 2 min. The changes trend was downward in 2.5-3 min and upward at 3.5 min. It reduced at 4 min.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe prior stated results of this study were in agreement with the acidic values pH of PAW generated by CAP in previous reports [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. So, an attempt was made to create a possibility to increase the water pH with the same setup instead of decreasing it. The tap water was filtered with inert argon gas before exerting the plasma to remove other gases inside the water. Oxygen gas, which caused the most acidic property in water, was selected for plasma production.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of oxygen plasma after filtering are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e. As can be seen in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e(a), pH increased after 0.5 min of electric discharge and subsequently decreased at 1 min. The pH enhanced at 1.5 min, reduced at 2-2.5 min, then climbed again in 3-3.5 min and finally went down at 4 min. According to Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e(b), water had more hydroxide anion than hydrogen cation in the whole experiment, indicating that oxygen plasma behaved differently from before. The composition and reaction of the active species in oxygen plasma led to basic water after clearing. As shown in Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e(c) and (d), EC and T changes at all periods obtained more than the prior periods and before plasma exerting. For oxygen plasmas, percentages of temperature and electrical conductivity variations after filtering in each period have been compared to before plasma in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePercentages of temperature and electrical conductivity variations in H water in each period after filtering compared to before oxygen plasma.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\varDelta \\left(\\mathbf{t}\\right)\\left(\\mathbf{m}\\mathbf{i}\\mathbf{n}\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\varDelta \\left(\\mathbf{T}\\right)}_{{\\mathbf{O}}_{2}}\\left(\\mathbf{\\%}\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\varDelta \\left(\\mathbf{E}\\mathbf{C}\\right)}_{{\\mathbf{O}}_{2}}\\left(\\mathbf{\\%}\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.415\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.52\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.769\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.548\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e44.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33.57\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49.538\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49.819\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e52.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e69.675\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e60.30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e89.53\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e63.69\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e112.996\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e74.46\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, the plasma exerting resulted in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and reactive hydrogen species (RHS) in the water due to direct interactions and several indirect cascade phenomena including liquid evaporation, molecules collision, mass transfer, sputtering, and ultra-violet radiation at the plasma phase, plasma-water interface, and liquid phase [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e displays the common expected reactions that resulted in acidic and basic characteristics of tap water. Ar, N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, Air, and O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e symbols, respectively, denoted the major reactions of argon, nitrogen, air, and oxygen plasmas. The NO\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e species were generated by argon, nitrogen, air, and oxygen (before filtering) plasmas interacting with water and water vapor. The hydrogen cations making acidic qualities in water were created by the interaction of NO\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e with hydrogen and oxygen species in water. The feed gas has a significant impact on the quantity of OH\u003csup\u003e\u0026bull;\u003c/sup\u003e radical generated in water, with oxygen plasma producing most of it [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. As a result, this radical produced more hydroxide anion than hydrogen cation in the oxygen glow discharge (after filtering) in reaction with the electron, which led to the basic property of water. In all plasmas, hydrogen gas around the cathode and oxygen gas in the vicinity of the anode was produced [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research showed that in using the capacity of CAP, a small variation in reactor design can make a different property in water under plasma exerting depending on the application type compared to the state before. Here, water filtering with argon gas before exerting oxygen plasma made water basic instead of acidic which is different from previous reports [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. According to these characteristics, cold plasma can be introduced as an emerging technology compatible with the environment, which can have a unique position in modern applications required by societies, including improving agricultural methods and food industries (increasing shelf life and quality characteristics of fresh products, seed germination, and plant growth), health and medical usages (anti-infection of medical equipment, treatment of skin, digestive, and cancer diseases), and water industry (urban and industrial water and wastewater treatment, electrolysis, and hydrogen fuel) by forming RHS, RNS, and ROS, and changing electrical conductivity and the chemical composition of water [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe pH, EC, and T of the water change depending on the kind of reactor and plasma application gas used. In the planned reactor, a noticeable ascending-descending pattern was observed in NH water in electrical conductivity and temperature variations by plasma exerting during different times. This process was observed ascending in H water for conductivity and temperature at all times. Argon, air, nitrogen, and oxygen plasmas made H water acidic slightly. It was more in oxygen plasma than the others. Oxygen plasma made H water basic after filtering water by argon gas and EC and T changes were ascending like before filtering. According to the announced results, it was possible to create different properties in water with the same reactor design by changing the plasma exerting process. This feature can confer the possibility of a reactor being used in countless applications.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eM.A.M. conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed and evaluated the data, and wrote and edited the manuscript. S.T. and F. B. performed the experiments, analyzed the data and collected data. M.S.Z. analyzed and evaluated the data and edited the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAmerican Public Health Association, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. American Public Health Association. 2005.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMandal, H. K., Effect of Temperature on Electrical Conductivity in Industrial Effluents, Recent Research in Science and Technology, 2014, 6, 171-175. https://updatepublishing.com/journal/index.php/rrst/article/view/1192.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWolf, R. 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Food control, 19(4), 329-345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2007.08.012. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Table","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 4 is available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e "}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"electrical conductivity, pH, plasma, temperature, water","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3863243/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3863243/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIt is crucial to analyze the aqueous system's electrical conductivity, pH, and temperature to evaluate its quality for the intended use. This study examined the impact of exerting several cold plasmas (argon, nitrogen, air, and oxygen) on the alteration of tap water properties used for a variety of applications under atmospheric pressure. The findings indicated that electrical conductivity and temperature were ascending-descending for non-homogenized water and ascending for homogenized water after plasma exerting. The effects of argon, nitrogen, air, and oxygen plasmas on homogenized water resulted in acidification water. According to the agreement of the results with the previous reports, oxygen gas with the most decrease in pH was chosen to change the acidic result. Oxygen plasma exerting caused basic properties in water after filtering water via argon gas. It was shown that is possible to obtain different results through a change in plasma exerting process from the same reactor. So, this attribute of the designed reactor made it capable of being used in many applications.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Variation of Tap Water Properties Using Cold Plasma","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-01-30 15:54:18","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3863243/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"140f2af1-396c-4849-bd78-1258e84501c3","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 30th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":28408201,"name":"Physical sciences/Physics/Applied physics"},{"id":28408202,"name":"Physical sciences/Physics/Plasma physics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-03-01T17:01:08+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-01-30 15:54:18","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3863243","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3863243","identity":"rs-3863243","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}