Evaluation of Fire Safety Management Strategies in Selected Shopping Malls in Abuja, Nigeria

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Sholanke" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "K.O. Dimuna" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "B.G. Olukayode" } ], "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "F1000Research", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://f1000research.com/img/AMP/F1000Research_image.png", "height": 480, "width": 60 } }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://f1000research.com/img/AMP/F1000Research_image.png", "height": 1200, "width": 150 }, "description": " Background Incessant incidences have led to losses of several lives and huge investments in many developing countries, particularly Nigeria. This study evaluated fire safety management strategies of selected shopping malls in the city of Abuja, Nigeria in order to identify specific areas that require improvement. Methods The research adopted a case study approach and analysis of data through qualitative means. An observation guide designed for the study was used to collect data. The data were content analysed and the findings reported in themes with the aid of tables and photographs to enhance clarity and understanding. Results The result revealed that the efficacy of active fire safety strategies of the shopping malls exhibited various levels of inadequacies. Fire prevention devices such as sprinklers, smoke detectors and drenchers were either not provided or sparsely provided. The prevalent fire-mitigation devices found in the malls were fire extinguishers and fire buckets, which are grossly inadequate to prevent the rapid spread of large-scale fire. The passive fire safety measures of the malls also exhibited some levels of inadequacies. The study underscored the need for fire safety strategies in public buildings, particularly large-scale commercial structures with high capacity of users, to be adequately provided and managed in adherence to standard practice and building code requirements. Conclusion The study recommends that building professionals should adapt innovative means to mitigate fire risk in the planning and development of commercial buildings. Also, making provisions to accommodate impulsive human behaviour during times of chaos should be a primary design consideration for building designers. The study emphasizes the need for further attention and improvement in fire safety management strategies implementation in commercial buildings, especially large-scale public facilities such as shopping malls, in order to appreciably guide against the devastating effect of fire in case of an occurrence. 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F1000Research 2025, 14 :471 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.163375.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Case Study Evaluation of Fire Safety Management Strategies in Selected Shopping Malls in Abuja, Nigeria [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved] A.B. Sholanke 1 , K.O. Dimuna https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3482-6906 2 , B.G. Olukayode https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2635-698X 1 A.B. Sholanke 1 , K.O. Dimuna https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3482-6906 2 , B.G. Olukayode https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2635-698X 1 PUBLISHED 29 Apr 2025 Author details Author details 1 Architecture, Covenant University College of Science and Technology, Ota, Ogun State, 112233, Nigeria 2 Architecture, Ambrose Alli University Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Ekpoma, Edo, 310006, Nigeria A.B. Sholanke Roles: Conceptualization, Methodology, Project Administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing K.O. Dimuna Roles: Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing B.G. Olukayode Roles: Investigation, Project Administration, Writing – Original Draft Preparation OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS Abstract Background Incessant incidences have led to losses of several lives and huge investments in many developing countries, particularly Nigeria. This study evaluated fire safety management strategies of selected shopping malls in the city of Abuja, Nigeria in order to identify specific areas that require improvement. Methods The research adopted a case study approach and analysis of data through qualitative means. An observation guide designed for the study was used to collect data. The data were content analysed and the findings reported in themes with the aid of tables and photographs to enhance clarity and understanding. Results The result revealed that the efficacy of active fire safety strategies of the shopping malls exhibited various levels of inadequacies. Fire prevention devices such as sprinklers, smoke detectors and drenchers were either not provided or sparsely provided. The prevalent fire-mitigation devices found in the malls were fire extinguishers and fire buckets, which are grossly inadequate to prevent the rapid spread of large-scale fire. The passive fire safety measures of the malls also exhibited some levels of inadequacies. The study underscored the need for fire safety strategies in public buildings, particularly large-scale commercial structures with high capacity of users, to be adequately provided and managed in adherence to standard practice and building code requirements. Conclusion The study recommends that building professionals should adapt innovative means to mitigate fire risk in the planning and development of commercial buildings. Also, making provisions to accommodate impulsive human behaviour during times of chaos should be a primary design consideration for building designers. The study emphasizes the need for further attention and improvement in fire safety management strategies implementation in commercial buildings, especially large-scale public facilities such as shopping malls, in order to appreciably guide against the devastating effect of fire in case of an occurrence. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Fire Outbreak, Fire Safety, Management, Strategies, Commercial Buildings, Shopping Malls, Nigeria Corresponding Author(s) B.G. Olukayode ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: B.G. Olukayode Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: This research was supported by the Covenant University Centre for Research, Innovation and Discovery (CUCRID) The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Copyright: © 2025 Sholanke AB et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Sholanke AB, Dimuna KO and Olukayode BG. Evaluation of Fire Safety Management Strategies in Selected Shopping Malls in Abuja, Nigeria [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :471 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.163375.1 ) First published: 29 Apr 2025, 14 :471 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.163375.1 ) Latest published: 29 Apr 2025, 14 :471 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.163375.1 ) 1. Introduction Fire outbreaks, mostly in commercial and public facilities, in recent times are of serious concern globally, particularly in developing economies such as Nigeria. Incessant fires has led to a significant loss of lives, investments, and property. The effects of these incidents call for better appreciation of the challenges posed by fire outbreaks. Acknowledging this challenge is important for the safety of lives, property, and investments. It is essential to recognize that it is not enough to design and construct buildings; it is more important to make allowances for possible fire outbreaks by incorporating protective and preventive measures in buildings. These measures are important because they ensure the availability of firefighting equipment in buildings. Buildings contribute to the majority of the built infrastructure and play a pivotal role in a country’s socioeconomic growth. 1 Commercial buildings are a vital feature of contemporary society. By providing workspaces for businesses to operate, they bring numerous advantages to the nation’s commercial sector. Such public facilities provide employment possibilities, generate funds through leases or sales, and boost economic activity in their locality. In light of urbanization, commercial buildings are indispensable in the total advancement of cities as they develop thriving urban centers and promote investment activities. 2 Oyelami, et al . 3 posited that shopping malls, one of the main types of commercial buildings is one of the most societal significant forms of real estate in this age. A shopping mall is a public building, typically large in size that accommodate various commercial enterprises as well as retail stores for the main purpose of exchanging goods and services for profit. 4 Increased urbanization is a result of rising infrastructure-based investments, which, in turn, spurred the demand for the construction of malls and shopping complexes. 5 This has led to a spike in the number and scale of malls and the capacity spotted in urban landscapes, particularly in Nigeria. 6 Shopping malls in the 21 st century, are viewed from a social dimension as opposed to being purely commercial, 7 serving commercial, recreational, cultural and educational purposes. 8 The resulting large influxes of customers, in-house goods, and surrounding buildings are susceptible to danger or loss if fire management measures are not prioritized in such public facilities. The World Health Organization 9 regarded fire as one of the major causes of death and disability worldwide, immensely affecting the economy of all stakeholders involved, from the victims to the entire nation. A significant number of fire outbreaks have occurred in many commercial settings in various parts of Africa. 10 The recurrent nature of such incidences makes it imperative to evaluate the current situation in Nigeria’s commercial buildings. The frequency of fire outbreaks chiefly in commercial buildings in Nigeria in the past few years had become very alarming and worrisome. For instance, in 2021, NEXT Cash and Carry shopping complex, located in Jahi, Abuja, the Federal Capital Territory of the country, experienced a fire outbreak that caused severe damage to the structure as well as its contents. Though, there was no loss of life or severe injuries to users, goods worth billions of naira were lost as a result of the fire incident. 11 Again in 2021, there was another fire outbreak in Ikeja Computer Village, Lagos. 12 According to Daily Trust Foundation, 13 the Computer Village is reputed to be the largest Information and Communication Technology (ICT) gadget market in Africa. In the same year, Ebeano Supermarket, located in Lokogoma, Abuja was set on fire with goods worth billions of naira, allegedly by a nine-year-old girl. Reports show that the fire spread from one section to the next and no one knew because there were no functioning smoke detectors installed. 14 These unfortunate developments demand that commercial structures be built with the utmost efficiency in all areas, especially fire safety management, to ensure safety and prevent loss of lives and property in case of a fire occurrence. It is however not certain to what extent several public facilities comply with fire safety requirements in Nigeria, especially in Abuja, the Federal Capital Territory. To this end, key areas that require improvements in terms of fire safety in existing commercial buildings are yet to be determined in various commercial buildings. With the persistent incidence of fire outbreaks that often lead to devastating consequences, it is important that specific areas of fire safety management in public facilities that require improvements are identified to enhance existing structures and guide future developments. On this basis, this study examined the state of fire safety management measures in selected prominent commercial settings in Nigeria to determine the extent to which structures conform to standard fire safety management practices. Consequently, the aim of this study is to assess the fire safety management strategies of selected shopping malls in Abuja, Nigeria, to determine areas for improvement. The specific objectives coined towards achieving the aim are to: (i) examine the fire safety measures implemented in the selected shopping malls; (ii) determine the most common active fire safety measures provided in the selected shopping malls; and (iii) investigate the adequacy of the fire safety measures adopted in the selected shopping malls. This study is significant because the findings will inevitably affect future implementations of fire safety management strategies, specifically in commercial settings in the study area. The research findings will serve as a vital reference material for juxtaposing the efficacy of fire safety management strategies in commercial buildings in Nigeria with those of other countries. This article will also provide valuable insights to building professionals and management representatives in the subsequent development of commercial structures. It also has the potential to foster interdisciplinary research between related fields, promoting knowledge exchange that could further enhance the efficiency of fire safety management strategies implemented in the built environment. This is most likely to lead to the identification and development of the best fire safety management practices for incorporation into academic curricula and standard practices. 2. Literature review Fire safety measures and strategies are essential in buildings owing to their functions. This section critically reviews the previous research on this subject. The review covered classes of fire, building codes, and passive fire prevention systems and their contributions to ensuring effective fire safety protocols in commercial buildings. 2.1 Classes of fire As defined by Marichelvam and Maheswaran, 15 fire is a heat-releasing chemical reaction that occurs as a result of the quick oxidation of a substance, creating light and other reaction products. A fire is a chemical reaction that requires three elements to form: oxygen (at least 16%), heat (required for ignition and spread of fire), and fuel. When these three components react together, they cause fire. 10 According to a study done by Ref. 16 , there are four phases of fire growth: ignition, growth, full development, and decay. According to the Ref. 17 , there are five classes of fire: A, B, C, D, and K. The fuel of a fire determines the class under which it falls. Class A fires, also referred to as ordinary fires, are mainly fuelled by solid materials such as wood, paper, and fabric. Class B fires occur as a result of reactions with flammable liquids such as paint, kerosene, or petroleum. Electrical Fires are regarded as Class C fires and are prevalent in buildings that use heavy electrical equipment. The use of water for extinguishing should be avoided, as it can cause electrical shocks and damage the equipment. Class D fires, also referred to as metallic fires, are not very common but require special attention because they can be difficult to extinguish. They cannot be quenched with water, as this would exacerbate the situation. Thus, dry powders were used instead. Cooking or grease fires fall under Class A K fires, similar in nature to Class A fires, but are more specific to the food industry. Being one of the most dangerous fires, special care must be taken when attempting to suppress them. From the foregoing, it can be deduced that the 21st century shopping mall is highly susceptible to at least four classes of fire owing to the variety of functions integrated in one building. Thus, the provision of adequate fire safety systems should be a key consideration in the planning and development of such buildings. 17 Fire can occur as a result of diverse factors and can quickly become a destructive force in people’s lives of people. 18 Alao, et al. 19 noted that fire incidences in a building can be traced to two major causes; human behaviours and the characteristics of the building. Rathnayake, et al . 20 also highlighted that fire incidents in buildings could occur as a result of the design layout of the building, maintenance practices, and human behavior. Other familiar causes of fire include: carelessness in handling electrical components, disorderly cigarette disposal, careless wiring and reaction of kitchen fires with flammables and in some cases, arson. 21 In order to mitigate the effect of a fire outbreak or spread, it is impertinent that fire safety management is prioritized in buildings. 22 Jo et al . 23 referred to fire safety management in buildings as daily managerial actions required to ensure that a building is 100% safe from fire as a result of its fire safety procedures being readily available when needed. Sallch and Ahmad 24 defined fire safety management as the application of a manager of policy, standards, tools, information, and practices to the task of analyzing, evaluating, and controlling fire safety’ (pp. 364). Chen et al. 25 referred to fire safety management as the most crucial aspect of any building evaluation system, comprising of fire prevention, evacuation methods and application of necessary alleviation strategies. Mubita et al. 26 opined that effective fire management in commercial settings involves strategic implementation of both active and passive fire protection measures. Active fire safety measures include fire prevention measures installed in buildings that require action to be carried out. Some of these active strategies include fire alarms, sprinklers, fire extinguishers as well as other suppression systems. 27 It is important that these measures are put in place and kept under proper conditions to ensure optimal use. Other measures, such as escape routes, designed to get occupants safely out of a building in case of a fire outbreak, must be positioned conspicuously and maintained regularly. 28 , 29 These signs should be securely fixed and completely visible from anywhere in the building to guide occupants from the point of incidence to the escape door through the shortest travel distance. 30 The escape door should be easily identifiable, wide enough to accommodate massive movement, and made of fire-resistant materials such as steel. 2.2 The Nigerian National Building Code (2006) The Nigerian National Building Code, 31 which is responsible for establishing standard building criteria, has significantly addressed aspects of building design and construction-related fire safety and protection. It was emphasized that materials with weak fire resistance, such as timber, should be adequately treated to substantially minimize the rate of combustion. As stated in Section 5.3.5, reinforced concrete and steel should constitute the main materials used for staircase construction, with non-combustible materials as the tread and riser finishes. Section 5.3.7 indicates that automatic sprinkler systems should be installed in buildings with a height above 22.5 m. Smoke detectors connected to an alarm system should also be provided to ensure that users are aware and kept safe in case of an emergency. 31 The alarm system installed should have a backup in case of an unexpected breakdown so as not to depreciate the functionality of the fire alarm systems. 2.3 Passive fire prevention measures Passive fire prevention systems do not require action, but proper installation of certain fire management components to contain fire at its point of origin. This entails the provision of adequate escape routes, leading to unobstructed exit points and the use of fire-resistant floors and walls. 24 Materials used to contain fire at its point of origin play a significant role in fire protection. 32 These materials should have properties that control temperatures while minimizing uncontrolled absorption of heat. 33 Mroz et al. 32 stated that, in the last 20 years, concrete has been one of the most commonly used fire-resistant materials for construction. The significant amount of bound water, coupled with its low thermal conductivity, makes it an effective protection barrier against fire. According to a study by Ref. 24 , the exit points should be clearly visible, obstruction-free, and have an outward swing to an open space. The Occupational Safety and Health Act 34 defines three components that make up a well-designed escape route: exit access, exit, and exit discharge. Every escape route has to lead to an exit, which is separated from other areas to ensure a more protected travel for occupants to the discharge, which leads to a space with a direct link to the outside, street, or muster area. 34 These exit points should also be situated in close proximity to each other in the instance where one is inoperable due to fire or smoke. Suleiman and Zulkarnain 35 stated that the distance occupants must journey to all exit points must not exceed 45 m, as the route width must remain constant from one end to another. The sufficient provision of required routes of escape has a direct implication on the functionality of the fire detection and alarm system installed in such buildings. 36 Hence, the implementation of both passive and active fire safety measures with the right balance is essential for the effective maintenance of any fire-safe building deemed fire safe. 33 Certain situations in shopping malls naturally increase the risk of malls to fire outbreaks. Voids are designed to ease vertical circulation, architectural elements that improve aesthetics to draw a crowd, massive influx of ever-changing customers unaware of designated fire escape routes, and the connection of various retail outlets with diverse complexities make a shopping mall highly vulnerable to tragic fire incidents. 37 This point is supported by Rahim et al. 38 who stated that the administrative functions present in malls and the high volume of ever-changing customers at all times during the day, most likely unaware of the fire protection systems put in place, increase the risk factor of shopping malls to fire incidents. This further alters the nature of possible fire threats to buildings and occupants, thereby placing a huge responsibility on all stakeholders to implement optimal fire safety management strategies in these settings. 37 Due to the importance of providing adequate fire safety measures in buildings, some scholars have examined various issues related to fire safety in different building types. The findings of the studies reviewed in this regard are as follows. Rahim et al . 38 investigated the fire safety awareness and management in a mall. This study focused on evaluating the level of fire safety awareness and knowledge of users in a shopping mall, as well as the adequacy of fire management adhered to in the structure, limiting its scope to a mall located on the 1 st to 4 th floor of the Kompleks Tun Abdul Rahman (KOMTAR) building as a case study. The study used structured questionnaires handed out to the building occupants as well as interviews with operations personnel to collect field data. The findings showed that the level of awareness of the respondents was moderately adequate, as most of them were aware of the basic knowledge required during an emergency. A study on fire safety management strategies in selected markets in Lusaka City by Mubita et al . 26 investigated the causes and resultant effects of fire accidents in selected markets in Lusaka district. A qualitative approach to data collection and analysis was adopted to obtain the opinions and perceptions of occupants. The findings showed that the majority of marketers have experienced the negative effect of fire outbreaks before, as the implementation of adequate fire safety strategies, such as fire safety training and provision of firefighting devices, are not prioritized. Makanjuola et al. 39 assessed fire safety practices in public buildings in the western part of Nigeria using a qualitative approach. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and interviews. The study discovered that the majority of public buildings investigated lacked adequate firefighting devices. The few fire safety gadgets provided were not functional because of the lack of periodic maintenance. The occupants of buildings rarely receive any fire safety training and are largely unaware of basic emergency hotspots to contact in the event of an emergency. In a review paper titled ‘Factors Contributing to Building Fire Incidents: A Review’ by Rathnayake et al., 20 the study provides a comprehensive review by examining the factors involved in the occurrence of building fire incidents. The inquiry discovered that prompt fire detection, monitoring, equipment maintenance, fire training, and periodic fire drills are crucial in firefighting. Wong and Xie 40 proposed a comprehensive fire-safety management strategy tailored to complex developments. The study suggests that an effective fire management approach constitutes a fire management team plan, emergency procedures, and maintenance strategies. In another study titled “Fire Safety Design for Tall Buildings” by Cowland et al ., 41 the susceptibility of tall buildings to fire outbreaks was examined using previous incidences in history as case studies. The authors provided a comprehensive review of the impact of performance-based design and extensive pre-design research on the construction of fire-safe high-rise structures. The study demonstrated that a holistic fire safety strategy constitutes an evacuation strategy and building performance, that is, structural performance and compartmentation. A study on “Improving Safety Performance Through Efficient Prioritization for Fire and Evacuation Safety in Commercial Buildings” by Na et al . 42 examined methods of improving the fire performance of aging commercial building through engineering-based examinations. This research focused on addressing the vulnerability of aging structures to fire outbreaks by improving the evacuation performance of such buildings. The aforementioned reviews outlined various relevant studies related to fire safety in public and commercial settings, emphasizing the need for the prompt prioritization of fire safety measures. However, the majority of the studies focused on buildings that were not large commercial centers with a large number of users, particularly large-scale shopping arenas that are vulnerable to fire incidents as a result of their nature. None of the studies was conducted in Abuja, the capital city of Nigeria. Thus, this study was conducted to fill other areas to make valuable contributions to knowledge through the provision of empirical data on the fire safety management strategies of selected shopping malls in Abuja, Nigeria. 3. Methods This study was conducted to assess the adequacy of fire safety management strategies implemented in commercial settings using selected shopping malls in Abuja, the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) of Nigeria. Abuja, Nigeria, is a deliberate and strategic choice driven by several considerations. Abuja, the capital city of Nigeria, is a frontline witness to the rapid economic growth and development. The development of commercial infrastructure, specifically shopping malls, is a notable by-product of urbanization. In this context, the geographical location selected for the study provides knowledge of the resultant difficulties and appropriate solutions for a dynamic urban environment with regard to the implementation of fire safety management strategies in buildings, particularly commercial environments. This study adopted a case study research design strategy using a qualitative approach. A case study design strategy provides an opportunity to obtain in-depth knowledge or insight into existing situations. 43 A purposive sampling technique was used to select shopping malls for this study. The criteria for the selection are the location, reputation, and size of the malls, in addition to the quality and variety of goods and services they offer. To ensure relevance to current design strategies while assessing the impact of construction standards on large-capacity public infrastructure in present times, this study focused on large-scale shopping malls built within the last four years. This was done to streamline the study’s focus on large-capacity commercial structures, capable of causing devastating human and property loss in case of a fire outbreak, where fire safety management provisions are inadequate. The large-scale capacity of the malls played a pivotal role in determining the level of priority required to significantly minimize the occurrence of a fire outbreak as well as the extent of the aftermath in a case where it could not be controlled. This further necessitated the evaluation of the fire safety strategies put in place to determine their level of compliance with best practices as a way of measuring their adequacy. In lieu of these, of the shopping malls that met the selection criteria, only two establishments gave permission to the researchers to collect data for the study. In the opinion of the researchers, this could be attributed to security concerns in Abuja at the time the study was conducted. The two shopping malls that constitute the sample size of the study are the Ebeano Supermarket in Wuse 2 and the Tropic Galleria Mall located in the Central Business District (CBD). Field data from the investigative analysis were gathered in December 2023. An observation guide developed for the study and a digital camera were used to gather field data. This involved documentation of the fire safety facilities provided in the shopping malls and taking photographs to enrich the data collected. The data were content analyzed, and the outcome of the analysis was reported descriptively with the aid of tables and photographic images to enhance clarity and understanding. Ethical considerations were prioritized in the collection and use of the data. The management of the two malls freely gave their consent for data to be collected in their establishments after the purpose of the research was clearly known to them. The data were used solely for this study. 4. Results and Discussion The outcome of the analysis of the field data gathered from the two shopping malls in Abuja (Ebeano Supermarket, Wuse 2 and Tropic Galleria Mall, CBD) is as follows: 4.1 Fire safety measures of selected shopping malls in Abuja, Nigeria The first objective was to examine the fire safety measures implemented in the selected shopping malls. The outcomes of the data analysis were as follows: 4.1.1 Ebeano Supermarket, Wuse 2 After a fire incident that destroyed the previous facility, Ebeano Supermarket opened a new location in 2022 at Wuse 2. The building consists of two floors: the ground floor is designated for the use of customers (general public), while the first floor, still undergoing some construction work in some areas, is strictly for the use of staff members. The outcome of the investigation in the Ebeano Supermarket shows that both active and passive fire safety measures were adopted in the facility. The results of data analysis are presented in Table 1 . Table 1. Fire emergency safety measures implemented in Ebeano Supermarket, Wuse 2, Abuja. Active/Passive fire safety Variable Nature of variable Remarks Available Not available Active Firefighting system Fire extinguisher Located by each retail store ✓ Fire bucket Located on each floor ✓ Dry risers Located in the facility ✓ Fire blankets Located in the facility ✓ Wet risers Located in the facility ✓ Hose reel Provided within the facility ✓ Sprinklers Adequately provided on ceiling ✓ Drencher Roof drenchers Available in the building ✓ Wall drenchers Available in the building ✓ Window drenchers Available in the building ✓ Outdoor fire hydrant Located outside the building ✓ Fire alarm system Fire alarms Located on every building level (with break glass and fire bells) ✓ Smoke detectors Adequately provided on ceiling ✓ Automatic notification system Provided within the facility ✓ Emergency public announcement system Available in the building ✓ Passive Fire compartmentation Fire-resistant floors Fire compartmentation Fire-resistant walls Wall structure ✓ Wall finish ✓ Fire resistant doors Located in fire-prone areas ✓ Escape fire doors Outdoor swing ✓ ≥1200 mm distance to door ✓ Evacuation system Evacuation system Escape routes Located at adequate distance from each other ✓ Emergency elevator Provided within the facility ✓ Fire signage Located in the facility ✓ Emergency lighting Located in the facility ✓ Muster point Designated outside the building ✓ External Environment External Environment Firefighting system Waste management and disposal Well-ventilated fire-resistant waste storage ✓ Waste management and disposal Segregation of waste types ✓ Proper location of waste storage ✓ Adequate width for mass movement ✓ Fire extinguisher Located by each retail store ✓ The data in Table 1 indicate that the majority of the active and passive fire safety measures essential to a shopping mall were implemented in the facility. The results showed that the building was equipped with fire alarm and detection systems. Extensive fire emergency systems, including smoke detectors, sprinklers, wet risers, hose reels, and fire extinguishers, were provided, as shown in Figures 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , and 5 , respectively. Figure 1. Smoke detector on ceiling. Figure 2. Sprinklers on ceiling. Figure 3. Wet riser along the corridor. Figure 4. Fire extinguisher, hose reel and indicator at the entrance. Figure 5. Fire extinguisher near a retail store. However, drenchers and fire buckets were not included in the structure. In addition, fire signage pointing to the location of fire exits was observed to be missing in the building. Nevertheless, the use of fire-resistant floors and walls as passive fire safety measures is noticeable throughout the building. Alternative exits that serve as fire exits, adequate walkway widths, as shown in Figure 6 , and circulation space for fire trucks on the site were provided. The fire-resistant walls of the building were made of 150 mm and 225 mm thick sandcrete blocks. Reinforced concrete slab floors screeded with sand/cement screed and finished with tiles served as fire-resistant floors of the building, as shown in Figure 7 . Figure 6. Walkway width for mass movement. Figure 7. Fire-resistant floor. Outdoor fire hydrants, hose reels, and a designated muster point were also incorporated in the development of the supermarket, as shown in Figures 8 and 9 , in conformity with the best practices. Figure 8. Outdoor fire hydrants and hose reel. Figure 9. Designated muster point. 4.1.2 Tropic Galleria Mall, Central Business District, Abuja The Tropic Galleria Mall Building was commissioned in 2020. The building consists of three floors: the ground floor and first floor serve as shopping areas for the general public, with various retail outlets offering both products and services. The second floor was under reconstruction because of a fire outbreak on the floor a few years ago. The data gathered in the Tropic Galleria Mall indicated that both active and passive fire safety provisions were provided in the building. Further analysis of the data indicates that necessary full-scale active fire safety measures essential in a shopping mall were conspicuously missing in the building, as presented in Table 2 . Table 2. Fire emergency safety measures implemented in Tropic Galleria Mall, Central Business District, Abuja. Active/Passive fire safety Variable Nature of variable Remarks Available Not available Active Firefighting system Fire extinguisher Located by each retail store ✓ Fire bucket Located on each floor ✓ Dry risers Located in the facility ✓ Fire blankets Located in the facility ✓ Wet risers Located in the facility ✓ Hose reel Provided within the facility ✓ Sprinklers Adequately provided on ceiling ✓ Drencher Roof drenchers Located by the roof ✓ Wall drenchers Located on the wall ✓ Window drenchers Located by the windows ✓ Outdoor fire hydrant Located outside the building ✓ Fire alarm system Fire alarms Located on every building level (with break glass and fire bells) ✓ Smoke detectors Adequately provided on ceiling ✓ Automatic notification system Provided within the facility ✓ Emergency public announcement system Available in the building ✓ Passive Fire compartmentation Fire-resistant floors ✓ Fire-resistant walls Wall structure ✓ Wall finish ✓ Fire resistant doors Located in fire-prone areas ✓ Escape fire doors Outdoor swing ✓ ≥1200 mm distance to door ✓ Evacuation system Fire exits Located at adequate distance from each other ✓ Escape routes Located at adequate distance from each other ✓ Emergency elevator Provided within the facility ✓ Fire signage Located in the facility ✓ Emergency lighting Located in the facility ✓ Muster point Designated outside the building ✓ External Environment Circulation space for fire trucks Adequate space for manoeuvring ✓ Waste management and disposal Well-ventilated fire-resistant waste storage ✓ Segregation of waste types ✓ Proper location of waste storage ✓ Walkways Adequate width for mass movement ✓ The data in Table 2 reveal that fire extinguishers, fire signage, fire alarm systems, and smoke detectors were provided to the building, as shown in Figures 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , and 14 . Figure 10. Fire extinguisher positioned along a corridor. Figure 11. Fire extinguisher positioned on the site, near the fence. Figure 12. Fire signage and fire alarm with break glass on wall. Figure 13. Fire alarm bell on ceiling. Figure 14. Smoke detector on ceiling. Fire blankets were provided to the building. However, full-scale firefighting measures, such as sprinklers, drenchers, wet or dry risers, and hose reels, were all missing from the structure. Passive fire safety measures were implemented throughout the building in fire-resistant walls, fire-resistant floors, and unobstructed escape routes within and outside the building. The escape doors of the building were glass doors. Sandcrete block walls of 150 and 225 mm were fire-resistant walls found in the building, as captured with Figure 15 . In contrast, reinforced concrete slabs finished with tiles are fire-resistant flooring adopted in the structure, as shown in Figure 16 . Figure 15. Fire extinguisher hung on fire-resistant block wall. Figure 16. Fire-resistant floor. 4.2 The most common active fire safety measures of the shopping malls The second objective of this study was to determine the most common fire safety measures for shopping malls. Based on the results displayed in Tables 1 and 2 , the most common active fire safety measures implemented in shopping malls are hand appliances that include fire extinguishers ( Figures 4 , 5 , 9 , 10 , and 15 ). Others are fire alarm systems comprising fire alarms ( Figures 11 and 12 ), smoke detectors ( Figures 1 and 13 ), automatic notification systems, and emergency public announcement devices. These common active fire safety measures are usually suitable for combating small-scale fire incidents. Full-scale active fire safety devices, such as sprinklers, hose reels, dry or wet risers, and drenchers, are not common in shopping malls. 4.3 Adequacy of fire safety measures of the shopping malls The third objective was to investigate the adequacy of fire safety measures implemented in the selected shopping malls. The results of the investigation in this regard are as follows: 4.3.1 Ebeano Supermarket, Wuse 2 The results of the investigation conducted in the Ebeano Supermarket showed that the majority of the fire safety measures needed in the building were provided. Of the 15 active fire safety strategies expected in such a building, nine were identified as present, as presented in Table 1 and examined in Section 4.1.1. These include fire extinguishers, dry risers, fire blankets, sprinklers, outdoor fire hydrants, fire alarms, smoke detectors, automatic notification systems, and emergency public announcement systems. Active fire safety measures are deemed to be reasonably adequate, as the majority of the crucial firefighting devices such as sprinklers, fire extinguishers, dry risers, and fire alarm systems were adequately provided. This implies that the building is reasonably equipped to combat both small- and large-scale fire outbreaks. Nevertheless, provisions have not been made for fire buckets and drenchers. The absence of drenchers in buildings make them susceptible to the effects of fires from adjacent close-by buildings or situations. The measures implemented to ensure passive fire safety were also found to be reasonably adequate. Eleven passive fire safety strategies were investigated, and only four were found to be missing, as listed in Table 1 . The passive fire safety discovered to be missing or inadequate is the use of fire signage, proper waste management systems, and adequate width for mass movement. Passive fire safety measures in buildings include fire-resistant walls and doors, escape routes, emergency elevators, emergency lighting, muster points, and well-ventilated fire-resistant waste storage. Being a building on two floors, the absence of an emergency elevator in the case of a power outage in a fire incident could pose problems for users who are stuck on the upper floor. In addition, the waste management process adopted by the building is poor, as the waste is dumped outside the building, and there is no properly managed waste area, as shown in Figure 17 . Unsegregated waste can serve as an additional fuel for a fire in the event of an outbreak in a building. Figure 17. Improper waste disposal system. However, fire-resistant floors, doors, and walls are used throughout the building. The fire exit doors provided are single-leaf, single-swing, and steel doors that also serve as service and alternative exits. It is important to note that though provision was made for a fire exit, the steps leading to the exit door was poorly and inadequately provided. There is no clear horizontal floor surface of at least 1200 mm after the steps before reaching the door from outside the building to provide users with adequate manoeuvring space in front of the door, as shown in Figure 18 . Such a space is needed for users entering or exiting the building from the exit doors to safely manoeuvre to use the door. This makes the door unsafe to use, particularly in the case of an emergency situation where occupants rush to exit the building in panic mood. Figure 18. Escape fire door with inadequate landing. In addition, the fire escape door provided is 900 mm in width, making its size inadequate to accommodate mass movement and physically challenged individuals using wheelchairs in case of an emergency. Additionally, the escape door was situated at a hidden corner in the mall. The absence of fire signage to direct users reduces the efficiency and adequacy of the door as a fire-escape door. However, non-slip vitrified tiles used as floor finishes over reinforced concrete fire-resistant floors used in structures are considered appropriate for ensuring safety during escape, as highlighted by Ref. 44 . In addition, outside escape routes (walkways) are adequate to accommodate mass movement in the case of an emergency. Adequate circulation spaces outside the building to accommodate the easy manoeuvring of fire trucks in case of a fire occurrence were also provided, with an alternative gate at the rear end of the site for service and the use of fire trucks, if needed, as shown in Figure 19 . Figure 19. Alternative service gate for trucks. A designated muster point was also provided at a site outside the building. It is situated at a reasonable distance from the structure to ensure that users are kept safe from the place of incidence while taking a roll call. Generally, the adequacy of the fire safety management strategies of the Ebeano Supermarket building is reasonably satisfactory, although there is room for improvement in a few areas, such as the provision of fire buckets, drenchers, fire signage, adequate fire exit door size with a clear approach foreground, and proper waste management system. 4.3.2 Tropic Galleria Mall, Central Business District The results from Tropic Galleria Mall presented in Table 2 and examined in Section 4.1.2, show that key fire safety measures required in such a structure were absent or inadequate, particularly full-scale fire safety devices needed to combat large-scale fire outbreaks. Of the 15 active fire safety measures expected in such a structure, only five were provided, as shown in Table 2 . They include fire extinguishers and fire alarm systems such as fire alarms, smoke detectors, automatic notification systems, and emergency public announcement systems. These provisions are grossly inadequate as essential firefighting devices such as fire buckets, fire blankets, wet or dry risers, hose reels, sprinklers, drenchers, and outdoor fire hydrants were conspicuously missing in the building. Although smoke detectors were available in the building, they were inadequate because only three were found in the structure. An example of one of the three smoke detectors is shown in Figure 14 . The building is equipped with fire signage and alarm system with break glass, as shown in Figure 12 , and fire signage to direct users to the point of exits is not provided in the building. This could lead to confusion in the case of panic evacuation, as the exit doors are not conspicuously visible to shoppers who are unfamiliar with the building. This shows that while it might be possible to mitigate the spread of small-scale fires to a reasonable extent in the structure, it would be difficult, if not impossible, to do so for large-scale fire outbreaks because of the absence of major active fire safety devices found to be missing or inadequate in the building. Reasonable provisions were made for passive fire safety strategies, as shown in Table 2 . Measures such as fire-resistant floors and walls, escape routes, fire exit doors, fire signage, muster points, and sizeable walkways/manoeuvring spaces were provided. Active devices, such as fire extinguishers, were also provided both inside and outside the building, as shown in Figures 10 , 11 , and 15 . Although reasonable satisfactory provisions were observed to have been made for fire-resistant walls, several of the walls were found to be cladded with fire-prone elements, such as plastic leaves and wood, purely for aesthetic purposes. Such materials can serve as fuel in the case of a fire incident, thereby escalating small-scale fires to large-scale fires within a short period. To compound this scenario, some of these inflammable materials are situated close to the electrical power outlets, thereby increasing the risk involved in their incorporation into the building, as shown in Figures 20 and 21 . Figure 20. Plastic decorative leaves around AC unit. Figure 21. Plastic leaves around electric sockets. In addition, the electrical control panel is cased with a box made entirely of wood, a highly inflammable material, as opposed to steel, as shown in Figure 22 . Figure 22. Control panel cased in a wooden box. It is further observed that the elevator provided in the building is solely powered by electricity and would be inadequate in the case of a fire outbreak that usually leads to a power outage. The muster point of the building where a roll call can be taken in the event of a fire outbreak to ascertain whether everyone is safely out of the building is situated at the entrance gate to the site, as shown in Figure 23 . It is located at a reasonable distance from the building to keep users safe from harm in the event of a fire. Figure 23. Designated muster point. The results on the adequacy of the fire safety measures of the Tropic Galleria Mall show that although passive fire safety measures were fairly provided, the active fire safety devices were grossly inadequate. To compound the problem, the fire extinguishers that were found in the building were sparsely provided at far distances from each other, in addition to not sighted in conspicuous locations for users of the building to easily locate them in case of an emergency. This implies that the fire safety management strategies of malls are largely inadequate, especially for combating large-scale fire outbreaks. 4.4 Discussion The first objective of this study is to examine the fire safety measures implemented in selected shopping malls. The results presented in Tables 1 and 2 show that the fire safety strategies of the buildings exhibited various levels of inadequacies, with active measures having a lower performance rating than passive measures. The result obtained from the Tropic Galleria Mall was far lower than that from the Ebeano Supermarket. Most of the active measures found to have been satisfactorily provided in the Ebeano Supermarket were found to be missing in the Tropic Galleria Mall. These include dry risers, fire blankets, sprinklers, and outdoor fire hydrants. However, both buildings performed similarly in the implementation of passive fire safety measures, which were reasonably provided. Nevertheless, the Ebeano Supermarket again has a better rating than Tropic Galleria Mall in this regard. It can be deduced that the shopping malls were designed and constructed with fire safety considerations in mind, although significantly inadequate scenarios were observed, as previously highlighted. This finding indicates that although both facilities incorporated passive fire safety measures from the design to the construction stage, there were discrepancies in the level of compliance to fire safety standards. This also shows that Tropic Galleria Mall poses greater vulnerability in the event of a fire-related hazard. A study conducted by Agyekum et al. 45 on Fire Safety Preparedness in the Central Business District of Kumasi, Ghana, revealed a similar trend where essential active fire safety measures are often missing or non-functional. This aligns with the findings of the current study, reiterating that the absence or inadequate implementation of active fire safety measures poses a significant risk in the case of a fire outbreak in commercial spaces. The second objective was to determine the most common fire safety measures provided by shopping malls. According to the findings, fire extinguishers and fire alarm systems, such as fire alarms, smoke detectors, automatic notification systems, and emergency public announcement devices, are the most common active fire safety measures uncovered in shopping malls. Full-scale fire safety devices such as sprinklers, drenchers, hose reels, and wet or dry risers are not common in establishments. This shows that supermarkets are only commonly equipped with active fire safety appliances that are suitable for extinguishing small-scale fires. When a large-scale fire occurs, active fire safety appliances that are fit for bringing such a fire under control before it causes significant damage are not common. In addition, some of the adopted active measures were inadequately implemented. For instance, some fire extinguishers are not situated in conspicuous locations for easy accessibility, as advanced by Ref. 46 . This also conforms to the findings of Ref. 47 that active fire safety measures in commercial buildings are inadequately provided. In evaluating the adequacy of the existing fire safety measures adopted in the selected shopping malls, in line with the third objective, the results showed that the passive measures implemented in the structures were moderately adequate to ensure fire safety. However, active measures are grossly inadequate. The Nigerian National Building Code 31 stipulates that all public buildings should have public notification systems, sprinklers, and smoke detectors at all levels in the building. Juxtaposing the Ebeano Supermarket and Tropic Galleria, the former adhered more to these requirements than the latter did. Although Tropic Galleria adhered to a few of the guidelines in providing fire extinguishers and fire alarm systems, the level of adherence was significantly low, as full-scale active fire safety appliances are generally not provided in the structure. This is consistent with the findings of Dankani et al . 48 that there is a dismal implementation of fire safety devices in certain building types in Nigeria. The general implication of the findings of this study is that the fire safety measures implemented in shopping malls are not adequate for ensuring the safety of users and properties in the building in the event of a major fire outbreak. The differential level of adherence in both buildings reveals that priority was not given to fully conform to provisions that meet the requirements of established fire safety regulations. It also depicts some level of negligence on the part of fire safety regulatory bodies and enforcers to ensure that every public structure conforms to the laid down fire safety guidelines and procedures. Consequently, shopping malls cannot fully guarantee the safety and protection of lives and property in the event of a fire outbreak, especially large-scale fire incidents. Thus, it is highly necessary that more fire safety measures be implemented and fire safety management be prioritized in shopping malls, with the aim of safeguarding lives, as well as protecting properties and buildings. 5. Conclusion and Recommendations This study examined fire safety measures implemented in commercial buildings using two large-scale purposively selected shopping malls in Abuja, Nigeria, as case studies. The outlets investigated were the Ebeano Supermarket in Wuse 2 and the Tropic Galleria Mall in the Central Business District. This study was conducted to determine specific areas that require improvement or upgrading. The results show that the fire management strategies provided in the Ebeano Supermarket are moderately adequate to combat both small and large-scale fire outbreaks, whereas the provisions made in Tropic Galleria Mall could be useful for extinguishing small-scale fires; to a large extent, they are grossly inadequate for combating large-scale fire outbreaks. This is because a number of key active firefighting devices suitable for extinguishing large-scale fires, such as sprinklers, wet or dry risers, hose reels, and drenchers, were missing from the building. Although drenchers were also not found in the Ebeano Supermarket, key active fire safety devices, such as sprinklers and dry risers, were incorporated into the building as full-scale firefighting measures. Fire extinguishers and fire alarm systems, suitable for arresting small-scale fires, are common in both buildings, although few inadequacies have been observed. Although appreciable provisions for passive fire safety strategies were made for both structures, crucial passive fire safety measures were either missing or inadequately provided in both buildings. These include fire signage and fire escapes. Additionally, improper waste management systems and the use of inflammable cladding and decorative wall materials, such as wood and plastic leaves for aesthetic purposes, close to electrical gadgets, constitute additional risks to fire safety in buildings. Generally, the findings indicate that the supermarkets exhibited various levels of inadequacy in terms of fire safety management, with Tropic Galleria Mall having a lower rating to Ebeano Supermarket, where the fire safety measures provided were found to be moderately adequate. Based on these findings, the study recommends the following: the shopping malls should be retrofitted with passive and active fire safety management measures found to be missing or inadequately provided; the active firefighting devices should be regularly inspected to ensure that they remain in prime condition to avoid disappointment when needed; periodic fire drills to evaluate the efficacy of the fire safety devices should be conducted in the facilities; the use of inflammable materials as wall cladding for aesthetic purposes near electrical gadgets should be avoided; and waste management systems should be improved upon to avoid a situation where waste materials can constitute fire safety risks to buildings. The study recognizes that the choice of shopping malls for the research constitutes a limitation, as the findings are not entirely applicable to other commercial facilities in the study area. Nevertheless, this does not negate the contributions to the knowledge of the research, which includes the provision of empirical evidence on the fire safety measures implemented in the selected shopping malls, determination of the most common active fire safety measures provided in the malls, and provision of empirical data on the adequacy of the fire safety measures adopted in shopping malls. Consequently, it is also recommended that similar studies be conducted to investigate other commercial building types in Abuja and other parts of Nigeria. Such studies can also employ a subjective approach to examine the level of user awareness of common fire emergency safety procedures. Similar studies can be extended to other parts of the world. The findings of the study will serve as useful information in making future decisions pertaining to the development of the built environment to promote a safe, resilient, inclusive, and sustainable environment, in line with the eleventh sustainable development goal. The feedback from such studies will be useful to building professionals, legislative bodies, and intending business owners to develop commercial facilities with adequate fire safety management strategies. Additionally, students and researchers would derive broader insights into fire safety management strategies required to keep users and properties safe in the case of a fire tragedy in commercial buildings. Data availability statement No data are associated with this article. Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to Covenant University for providing the financial resources required to conduct this research. The authors also acknowledge all authors whose research work was consulted in the course of the research, all of which have been properly cited and referenced in the following section. References 1. Kodur V, Kumar P, Rafi M: Fire Hazard in Buildings: Review, Assessment and Strategies for Improving Fire Safety. PSU Research Review. 2020; 4 (1): 1–23. 2019. Reference Source 2. Arena F, Innocent P: Risk Assessment in Commercial Building Maintenance and Condition Auditing.2024. Reference Source 3. Oyelami BJ, Sholanke AB, Ekhaese ONE, et al. : Effects of Wastewater Management on the Environment: A Case Study of Selected Shopping Malls in Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria. IOP Conference Series. 2022; 1054 (1): 012034–012034. Publisher Full Text 4. Adewale BA, Jegede FO, Sogbetun OT: Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Perceptible Principle of Universal Design in Shopping Malls in Southwest Nigeria. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2022; 1054 (1): 012020. 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Reference Source Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 29 Apr 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Architecture, Covenant University College of Science and Technology, Ota, Ogun State, 112233, Nigeria 2 Architecture, Ambrose Alli University Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Ekpoma, Edo, 310006, Nigeria A.B. Sholanke Roles: Conceptualization, Methodology, Project Administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing K.O. Dimuna Roles: Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing B.G. Olukayode Roles: Investigation, Project Administration, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information This research was supported by the Covenant University Centre for Research, Innovation and Discovery (CUCRID) The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Article Versions (1) version 1 Published: 29 Apr 2025, 14:471 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.163375.1 Copyright © 2025 Sholanke AB et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Sholanke AB, Dimuna KO and Olukayode BG. Evaluation of Fire Safety Management Strategies in Selected Shopping Malls in Abuja, Nigeria [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :471 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.163375.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 29 Apr 2025 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: YILDIZ MA. Reviewer Report For: Evaluation of Fire Safety Management Strategies in Selected Shopping Malls in Abuja, Nigeria [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :471 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.179709.r403113 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-471/v1#referee-response-403113 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 19 Aug 2025 MEHMET AKİF YILDIZ , Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey Not Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.179709.r403113 Is the background of he case’s history and progression described in sufficient detail? Partly: The introduction section successfully presents the general context of fire safety and examples from Nigeria. However, the evaluation criteria for ... Continue reading READ ALL Is the background of he case’s history and progression described in sufficient detail? Partly: The introduction section successfully presents the general context of fire safety and examples from Nigeria. However, the evaluation criteria for active/passive measures and references to national/international legislation are completely missing. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly: The literature review is comprehensive, but direct comparisons with international standards (NFPA, BS, ISO, and national regulations) are lacking. An assessment based on these standards would strengthen the study. If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? No: The study is qualitative in nature and does not use quantitative evaluation criteria (e.g., number of exits, door/corridor width, furthest escape distance, user load, compartment areas, etc.). Quantitative analysis should be added using on-site measurements and project data. Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly: Photos and tables are available; however, measurement values, observation forms, and criteria lists should be provided as supplementary data. This will facilitate replication of the study by other researchers. Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly: The findings are supported by field observations, but the strength of the results would be enhanced if the deficiencies were quantified based on regulatory compliance. In addition, fire analyses of vertical voids (atrium, gallery, double skin façade voids, etc.) that are frequently used in shopping center designs are significantly lacking. Is the case presented with sufficient detail to be useful for teaching or other practitioners? Partly, but it will be more useful in terms of education and practice when the above shortcomings are addressed. Recommendations Evaluation Table Development: Present active and passive fire safety criteria in a point-by-point comparison table based on national and international regulations. In addition, evaluations related to load-bearing structures, facades, interior materials, vertical voids, and compartments should also be included. The following sources are recommended for facade and vertical void analyses. Yıldız, M.A.; Yıldız, M.E. Numerical Analysis of the Effect of Double Skin Façade Types on Fire Behaviour. Građevinar 2024, 76, 1017–1028. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14256/JCE.4001.2024 Yıldız, M.A.; Beyhan, F. Evaluation of Vertical Interior Voids in Green Building Designs in the Context of Smoke Extraction. J. Fac. Eng. Archit. Gazi Univ. 2024, 39, 1485–1498. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17341/gazimmfd.1136022 Quantitative Measurements: Add the number of exits, exit widths, travel distances, and occupancy calculations from on-site measurements or project data. Material and Construction Analysis: The fire resistance classes of the structural system, facade, partition elements, fire compartments, and interior cladding materials should be specified. Data Sharing: The observation form, measurement data, photographs, and raw plans should be shared as supplementary files. Compliance Analysis with Standards: Findings should be coded as “compliant/partially compliant/non-compliant” for each criterion, and the compliance percentage should be provided. Visual and Table Optimization: Schematic visuals showing measurement and standard comparisons can be added instead of repetitive photographs. Is the background of the case’s history and progression described in sufficient detail? Partly Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? No Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Is the case presented with sufficient detail to be useful for teaching or other practitioners? Partly References 1. Yıldız M, Beyhan F: Yeşil bina tasarımlarındaki düşey iç boşlukların duman tahliyesi açısından değerlendirilmesi. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi . 2024; 39 (3): 1485-1498 Publisher Full Text 2. Yıldız M, Yıldız M: Numerical analysis of the effect of double-skin façade types on fire behaviour. Journal of the Croatian Association of Civil Engineers . 2024; 76 (11): 1017-1028 Publisher Full Text Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Fire safety, Computational Fluid Dynamics, Building design I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT YILDIZ MA. Reviewer Report For: Evaluation of Fire Safety Management Strategies in Selected Shopping Malls in Abuja, Nigeria [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :471 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.179709.r403113 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-471/v1#referee-response-403113 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 29 Apr 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 Version 1 29 Apr 25 read MEHMET AKİF YILDIZ , Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 YILDIZ M. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 19 Aug 2025 | for Version 1 MEHMET AKİF YILDIZ , Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey 0 Views copyright © 2025 YILDIZ M. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Not Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Is the background of he case’s history and progression described in sufficient detail? Partly: The introduction section successfully presents the general context of fire safety and examples from Nigeria. However, the evaluation criteria for active/passive measures and references to national/international legislation are completely missing. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly: The literature review is comprehensive, but direct comparisons with international standards (NFPA, BS, ISO, and national regulations) are lacking. An assessment based on these standards would strengthen the study. If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? No: The study is qualitative in nature and does not use quantitative evaluation criteria (e.g., number of exits, door/corridor width, furthest escape distance, user load, compartment areas, etc.). Quantitative analysis should be added using on-site measurements and project data. Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly: Photos and tables are available; however, measurement values, observation forms, and criteria lists should be provided as supplementary data. This will facilitate replication of the study by other researchers. Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly: The findings are supported by field observations, but the strength of the results would be enhanced if the deficiencies were quantified based on regulatory compliance. In addition, fire analyses of vertical voids (atrium, gallery, double skin façade voids, etc.) that are frequently used in shopping center designs are significantly lacking. Is the case presented with sufficient detail to be useful for teaching or other practitioners? Partly, but it will be more useful in terms of education and practice when the above shortcomings are addressed. Recommendations Evaluation Table Development: Present active and passive fire safety criteria in a point-by-point comparison table based on national and international regulations. In addition, evaluations related to load-bearing structures, facades, interior materials, vertical voids, and compartments should also be included. The following sources are recommended for facade and vertical void analyses. Yıldız, M.A.; Yıldız, M.E. Numerical Analysis of the Effect of Double Skin Façade Types on Fire Behaviour. Građevinar 2024, 76, 1017–1028. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14256/JCE.4001.2024 Yıldız, M.A.; Beyhan, F. Evaluation of Vertical Interior Voids in Green Building Designs in the Context of Smoke Extraction. J. Fac. Eng. Archit. Gazi Univ. 2024, 39, 1485–1498. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17341/gazimmfd.1136022 Quantitative Measurements: Add the number of exits, exit widths, travel distances, and occupancy calculations from on-site measurements or project data. Material and Construction Analysis: The fire resistance classes of the structural system, facade, partition elements, fire compartments, and interior cladding materials should be specified. Data Sharing: The observation form, measurement data, photographs, and raw plans should be shared as supplementary files. Compliance Analysis with Standards: Findings should be coded as “compliant/partially compliant/non-compliant” for each criterion, and the compliance percentage should be provided. Visual and Table Optimization: Schematic visuals showing measurement and standard comparisons can be added instead of repetitive photographs. Is the background of the case’s history and progression described in sufficient detail? Partly Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? No Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Is the case presented with sufficient detail to be useful for teaching or other practitioners? Partly References 1. Yıldız M, Beyhan F: Yeşil bina tasarımlarındaki düşey iç boşlukların duman tahliyesi açısından değerlendirilmesi. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi . 2024; 39 (3): 1485-1498 Publisher Full Text 2. Yıldız M, Yıldız M: Numerical analysis of the effect of double-skin façade types on fire behaviour. Journal of the Croatian Association of Civil Engineers . 2024; 76 (11): 1017-1028 Publisher Full Text Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Fire safety, Computational Fluid Dynamics, Building design I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) YILDIZ MA. Peer Review Report For: Evaluation of Fire Safety Management Strategies in Selected Shopping Malls in Abuja, Nigeria [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :471 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.179709.r403113) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. 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