Very-Large-Scale Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces for Dynamic Control of Terahertz and Millimetre Waves

Abstract Unlocking the potential of terahertz (THz) and millimetre (mm) waves for next generation communications1–4 and imaging 5,6 applications requires reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) with programmable elements that can manipulate the waves in real-time7. Realization of this technology has been hindered by the lack of efficient THz electro-optical materials and THz semiconductor platform. Here, by merging graphene-based THz modulators and the thin-film transistor (TFT) technology, we demonstrate mega-scale spatial light modulator arrays with individually addressable subwavelength pixels. We demonstrate electronically programmable patterns of intensity and phase of THz light over a large area with unprecedent levels of uniformity and reproducibility. To highlight the potential of these devices, we demonstrate a single pixel mm-wave camera capable of imaging metallic objects. We anticipate that these results will provide realistic pathways to structure THz waves for applications in non-invasive THz imaging and next generation THz communications.