Assessment of Macroinvertebrate Communities and Physico-Chemical Characteristics of a Tropical Stream in Relation to Anthropogenic Activities

Assessment of Macroinvertebrate Communities and Physico-Chemical Characteristics of a Tropical Stream in Relation to Anthropogenic Activities | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Assessment of Macroinvertebrate Communities and Physico-Chemical Characteristics of a Tropical Stream in Relation to Anthropogenic Activities Adepoju oluwasola, Amusan Babatunde This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8570101/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The study of water resources is a worldwide goal that requires regular monitoring so as to ensure the maintenance of good water quality especially waterbodies subjected to human activities. To access the impact of anthropogenic activities on waterbodies, many authors study the macroinvertebrate assemblage as well as the physico-chemical properties of water. This study used the approach to investigate the communities’ structure of macroinvertebrates and pollution status of the Ewure stream. Macroinvertebrates were collected from upstream and downstream using appropriate systematic sampling techniques using 500nm D-frame net. The macroinvertebrates were examined under a dissecting microscope and were identified using appropriate identification keys. Water quality parameters were assessed using standard and appropriate measures. A total of 350 individuals were recorded in upstream and 159 individual were recorded in downstream belonging mostly to moderately sensitive species. The stream was dominated by family of Notonectidae, Libellulidae, Gerridae, Belostomatidae and Naucordidae. Species pollution tolerances index recorded categorized the macroinvertebrates as ‘moderately tolerance species’. The result showed that the stream is ecological impaired but with limited impact as shown in the results obtained, due to the less agrochemical farming practices that was observed in the area. Thus, more awareness should be encouraged on the importance of less agrochemical farming so as to maintain and also improve water quality. Ewure Macroinvertebrate Physico-chemical Pollution index anthropogenic activities Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 1.0 Introduction Water quality is a multifaceted concept which encompasses the concentration and state of both dissolved and particulate inorganic and organic materials present in water, alongside its physical characteristics (Lessmann et al., 2019 ). Water covers 70% of earth’s surface, is undeniably one of the most valuable natural resources on the planet. It plays a fundamental role in the evolution of life and continues to be essential for all living organisms (Lessmann et al., 2019 ). No other resource has such a profound impact on various sectors of the economy, as well as human and environmental health, as water (Kattan et al., 2020 ). Continental waterbodies come in various forms, including flowing water, lakes, reservoir and groundwater. These waterbodies are all interconnected through the hydrological cycle, which links many natural and artificial intermediate waterbodies. Wetlands, such as floodplains, marshes, and alluvial aquifers, exhibit hydrological characteristics that are intermediate between those of lakes, stream, rivers and groundwater systems (Farley and Bremer, 2019 ). Surface water primarily originates from surface runoff and groundwater most especially rainfall. They include lakes, rivers, ponds and other small upland water that may arise from springs or collect runoff from surrounding watersheds (Farley and Bremer, 2019 ). Surface runoff quality is influenced by biological components, including living organisms, the mineral and organic matter it may have accumulated during its formation (Kattan et al., 2020 ). Aquatic macroinvertebrates are critical components of aquatic ecosystems. These include various groups such as worms; for example flat worms, segmented roundworms and eelworms; the mollusks such as bivalves, crustaceans and snails (e.g. crayfish, shrimps and other species), mites and notably insects. Aquatic macroinvertebrates are animals without backbones that inhabit freshwater ecosystems, where they contribute to the food web and they serve as o food source for other animals (Wang et al., 2019 ). Macroinvertebrates refers to these organisms because they are large enough to be seen with the naked eye. These organisms are typically defined operationally as organism’s that are retained by a sieve with a pore of 0.2 to 0.5 mm commonly used in streams. Immature stages of insects, such as stoneflies, mayflies, and water pennies, are particularly sensitive to oxygen levels and require high concentrations of dissolved oxygen to survive. In contrast, aquatic worms, leeches, and pond snails can tolerate low oxygen conditions. Due to variation in sensitivity of microorganisms, they are usually used as bio-indicators, providing valuable insight into the quality of the water they inhabit. Water quality is influenced by variety of factors affect aquatic macroinvertebrates diversity, composition, physiological and reproduction of both fauna and flora within any waterbody. These factors stem from a broad range of natural influences as well as anthropogenic activities (Zhang et al. , 2020). Macroinvertebrates are usually preferred for biological monitoring because of their high diversity, sensitivity to pollution, limited mobility, and presence across various aquatic environments (Wang et al., 2021 ). Biological monitoring is often considered more cost-effective than chemical monitoring, which can be expensive due to the need for specific chemicals and procedures. Additionally, chemical monitoring may fail to detect pollution from both non-point and point source due to temporal and spatial variation in pollutant concentrations. However, using biological indicators, such as macroinvertebrates, offers a feasible and reliable method for detecting pollution in aquatic environments (Zhang et al., 2019 ). Various methods have been developed to monitor waterbodies, and the use of macroinvertebrates has proven to be one of the most reliable approaches to monitoring the effects of specific pollutants on aquatic environments (Wang et al., 2021 ). Many studies have being done on urban waterbodies in Nigeria; however, there remain gaps of detailed information on the effects of various human activities on the water quality of key waterbodies, particularly in rural parts of Nigeria. This study aims to address this gap by examining the impacts of anthropogenic activities on the water quality of selected waterbodies in Ara, using macroinvertebrate community structure and physico-chemical parameters as indicators of water quality. 2.0 Materials and methods 2.1 The study site Ara is located in Ejigbo Local Government Area of Osun State, Southwestern Nigeria. Ara is a tropical region that experience two distinct seasons: dry and wet season. The area falls within lowland tropical rainforest zone dominated by trees and agricultural crops. The primary anthropogenic activities in the area are majorly agricultural activities. Its geographic location is 7°51'00" N and 4°23'00" E (Tripmondo, 2022 ). The region experiences a typical tropical climate, with temperatures ranging from 21°C to 28°C. There is two distinct seasons: wet season between the month of April to September and dry season between the month of November to March (Tripmondo, 2022 ). Among the streams in this area, one is Ewure stream serving as source of water for farming activities and domestic use. This stream flows through farmlands, where mixed farming activities were predominant. The major cash crops cultivated in the area include oil palm and cocoa, while other crops such as maize, tomatoes, yam, and cassava are also grown. The stream is bordered thick riparian vegetation, including; mangrove trees that form canopies along its banks, as well as a few cocoa and palm trees. 2.1: Map of the study site 2.2 Macroinvertebrates sampling and laboratory techniques Two sampling points (upstream and downstream) form Ewure stream. Sampling was conducted every two months covering the dry and raining season of the two annual cycles (April 2022 to February 2025). Macroinvertebrates were collected using a standard long-handle dip net with a mesh size of 500 µm. Replicate was done by collecting macroinvertebrates from three points (interval of 1.5m) from upstream and downstream, respectively. On-site sorting was performed immediately after collection. Macroinvertebrates were transferred into clean, well-labeled specimen plastic containers and transported to the laboratory for further processing. The sorted specimens were preserved in 70% ethanol in clearly labeled, covered containers (glass vials) to ensure proper storage for subsequent analysis. Macroinvertebrate specimens were identified in the laboratory under a dissecting microscope (Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH 37081 Gottingen, Germany). Specimens were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level using standard taxonomic keys (Day and de Moor, 2002; De Moor, 2015). 2.2.1 Biodiversity indices Measurement of diversity This is a measure of diversity of species within a community or habitat. The diversity index was calculated using the Shannon – Wiener diversity index (Wahizatul-Afzan, 2016). Diversity index = H = – ∑ Pi In Pi where Pi = S / N Where: S = number of individuals of one species N = total number of all individuals in the sample In = logarithm to base Measurement of Species Richness Species richness index was used as a simple measure of species richness (Carlo, 2006). R = S / √ N Where: S = the number of different species represented in the sample, N = the total number of individual organisms in the sample Measurement of Evenness For calculating the evenness of species, the Index (e) was used, (Wahizatul-Afzan 2006). e = H / In S Where: H = Shannon – Wiener diversity index. Macroinvertebrates Tolerance Level This was calculated using Family Biotic Index (HBI). (Hilsenhoff 1988 ) HBI = ∑ ( n i × a i )/N Where, n = number of specimens in taxa a = tolerance value of taxa N = total number specimens in the sample. Table 2.1 Biotic Pollution Index Values Index Water Quality Degree of Organic Pollution 0.00–3.50 Excellent No apparent organic pollution 3.51–4.50 Very good Possible slight organic pollution 4.51–5.50 Good Some organic pollution 5.51–6.50 Fair Fairly significant organic pollution 6.51–7.50 Fairly poor Significant organic pollution 7.51–8.50 Poor Very significant organic pollution 8.51 -10.00 Very poor Severe organic pollution Source: (Hilsenhoff, 1988 ) 2.2.2 Physico-chemical parameters collection and laboratory techniques Water samples were collected in clean plastic bottles, which had been pre-washed with detergent and rinsed thoroughly with distilled water. Prior to collection, each bottle was rinsed with the stream to minimize contamination. Water temperature was measured using a mercury-in-glass thermometer which was immersed in the water until the reading stabilized. Air temperature was recorded by holding the thermometer in the open air, steady before taking the readings (Wetzel et al. , 2001). Dissolved oxygen, pH, and conductivity were measured using multiple water quality parameters instrument. The Nitrate and sulphate concentration were determined in the laboratory using Spectrophotometer (Spectronic Instrument 20 D + ) (Golterman et al. , 1978). Biological Oxygen demand was determined in the laboratory after 5 days of incubation (APHA, 2005 ). 2.3 Data analysis Macroinvertebrates collected were analyzed using biodiversity indices to determine species diversity, richness and evenness. All data obtained were subjected to appropriate statistical analyses using SPSS statistical software (version 2023). ANOVA was used to compare the values physico-chemical parameters at downstream and upstream and correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between physicochemical parameters and macroinvertebrates. 3.0 Results 3.1 Macroinvertebrate community structure A total of 350 individuals represented by 7 orders and 22 families were recorded in Ewure upstream. Notonectidae was the family with the highest number, accounted for 25.14% while Corduliidae had the lowest number, accounted for 0.28% as shown in the Fig. 3.1 (Popoola et al., 2019 ). Ewure downstream accounted for 8 orders (Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Odonata, Hydrophila, Pleocyemeta, Diptera, Ephemeroptera and Tricoptera and 21 families. As presented in Fig. 3.2 , Belostomatidae was the family with the highest number, accounted for 20.12% while the least families were Batidae (0.63%), Thiaridae (0.63%) and Economidae (0.63%). The Simpson’s Richness (D) recorded shows moderate richness (D = 0.72) upstream and D = 0.62 downstream. Shannon-Wiener Index (H) values was relatively high with H = 3.36 upstream and H = 3.22 downstream. Both the downstream (E = 0.69) and upstream (E = 0.75) sites showed high evenness as shown in Table 3.1 The HBI value recorded at Ewure upstream was 3.30 which showed excellent biological conditions and downstream is 4.23 showing very good biological conditions as shown in table 3.3 Table 3.1 Diversity Indices of Macroinvertebrates Recorded in the Ewure Streams in Ara, Southwestern Nigeria Location Simpson’s richness (D) Shannon-Wiener (H) Evenness (E) Ewure upstream 0.72 3.36 0.75 Ewure downstream 0.62 3.22 0.65 Table 3.2 Biotic quality index of Ewure Streams Family Biotic Index (FBI) Ewure upstream Ewure downstream Macroinvertebrates Tolerance value of taxa No of individual in taxa ∑n i x a i No of individual in taxa ∑n i x a i Naucoridae 0 24 0 19 0 Dystiscidae 5 12 60 0 0 Gyrinidae 4 24 96 0 0 Caenidae 2 0 0 0 0 Corixidae 5 13 65 6 30 Baetidae 4 7 28 0 0 Gerridae 0 35 0 7 0 Veliidae 1 0 0 0 0 Belostomatidae 5 14 70 32 160 Baetiscidae 3 0 0 2 6 Elmidae 4 2 8 16 0 Libellulidae 8 34 272 19 152 Coenagronidae 8 5 40 10 80 Hydrophilidae 2 13 26 3 6 Caloptergidae 6 19 114 5 30 Caenis 2 0 0 0 0 Nepidae 4 3 12 0 0 Coenadrionidae 2 0 0 0 0 Gomphidae 1 1 1 5 5 Perlidae 1 0 0 0 0 Hydroptilidae 2 0 0 0 0 Limnephilidae 1 0 0 0 0 Hydrophychidae 1 0 0 0 0 Aeshnidae 4 4 16 1 4 Psychomyiidae 4 0 0 4 16 Physidae 8 29 232 13 104 Potamonautidae 4 10 40 5 20 Thiaridae 4 0 0 1 4 Corduliidaae 5 1 5 2 10 Economidae 4 3 12 1 4 Philopotamidae 3 0 0 2 6 Chironomidae 9 0 0 3 27 Goetopogonidae 3 0 0 3 9 Psephenidae 2 2 4 0 0 Pleidae 3 0 0 0 0 Culiculidae 8 7 56 0 0 Planorbiadae 4 0 0 0 0 Protoneuridae 2 0 0 0 0 Total 138 350 1157 159 673 3.30 4.23 FBI (Family Biotic Index) scores of families Hilsenhoff 3.3: Tolerance rate of biotic index of macroinvertebrates in Ewure Stream Locations HBI Values Biological conditions Ewure upstream 3.30 Excellent Ewure downstream 4.23 Very good 3.2 Physicochemical parameters Water temperature of Ewure upstream and downstream ranged between 23.00 to 28.00 o C and 24.40 to 28.30 respectively and the value of water temperature was 22.40 to 27.10 and 22.83 to 27.20 o C. The mean value (4.22 mg/L) of dissolved oxygen in Ewure upstream was higher than that recorded at downstream (4.05 mg/L). The pH value recorded was within the range of 8.00 -8.52 and downstream was 7.53 to 8.50. Mean value of biological oxygen demand (BOD) at downstream (2.66 mg/L) was higher than that of upstream (2.04 mg/L). The BOD level of the stream was within the range of 6.00 mg/L. The conductivity value of downstream (162.52 µm/S) was higher than that of upstream (161.97 µm/S). The nitrate value was 2.32 mg/L and 2.76 mg/L at downstream and upstream respectively. There was high sulphate level at downstream (2.71 mg/L) and 2.39 mg/L at downstream as shown in Table 3.4 . Oxygen demand are relatively correlated with all the organisms that were studied and there were variation in their correlation with other parameters as represented in Table 3.5 . Table 3.4 Mean values of physico-chemical parameters in Ewure Stream Sample Location Water Temperature ( 0 C) Air Temperature ( 0 C) Sulphate (mg/L) Nitrate (mg/L) Potential Hydrogen (pH) Conductivity (µm/S) Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (mg/L) Ewure upstream X ± S.E Range 25.78 ± 0.12 b 23.00–28.00 24.97 ± 0.12 a 22.40–27.10 2.39 ± 0.45 b 0.86–4.54 2.32 ± 0.66 b 1.00-4.99 8.27 ± 0.76 b 8.00-8.52 161.97 ± 0.54 ab 151.00-169.20 4.22 ± 0.64 a 2.60-6.00 2.04 ± 0.22 b 0.98–2.90 Ewure downstream X ± S.E Range 26.12 ± 0.13 b 23.40–28.30 25.29 ± 0.27 a 22.83–27.20 2.71 ± 0.55 ab 0.85–3.65 2.78 ± 0.34 b 1.10–4.97 8.27 ± 0.36 b 7.53–8.50 162.52 ± 0.91 ab 161.00-171.23 4.05 ± 0.18 ab 3.10–5.56 2.66 ± 3.3 ab 1.06–3.98 Means in each column followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different at the 5% level of probability by Turkey’s HSD Test Table 3.5 Relationship between physico-chemical parameters and macroinvertebrates of Ewure stream Hemiptera Coleoptera Hydrophilia Pleocyemeta Diptera Ephemeroptera Tricoptera Odonata Air 0.188 0.31 0.251 0.094 0.251 − .517** .349* -0.088 DO 0.266 0.051 0.038 0.214 0.142 0.006 0.012 0.26 BOD -0.221 -0.089 -0.079 0.016 -0.272 -0.262 -0.149 0.038 SULPHATE 0.001 − .339* -0.135 -0.249 -0.162 0.205 − .395* -0.01 NITRATE -0.17 -0.231 -0.063 -0.006 -0.215 0.273 -0.306 -0.039 pH -0.005 0.091 0.06 0.107 -0.028 0.171 0.068 0.106 Electrical conductivity (EC) -0.013 0.019 .700** 0.218 0.007 -0.078 0.021 0.032 4.0 Discussion The water and air temperature recorded in Ewure stream showed notable spatial variations across different sampling points. The water and air temperature values were consistent with the expected thermal range for tropical freshwater ecosystems as reported by Ayodele and Ajani ( 2019 ). The analysis of dissolved oxygen (DO) and Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) levels in Ewure revealed no significant differences (p > 0.05) between the two sampling points in Ewure, indicating uniform water quality throughout the stream. Sulphate levels at Ewure stream was within the expected range however the high value in downstream indicated localized sources such as agricultural inputs or organic waste discharges. The pH and nitrate concentrations are influenced by agricultural and domestic activities. The pH level of downstream was slightly lower than that of the upstream. In Ewure Stream, the highest nitrate levels were in downstream, corresponding with increased agricultural runoff. The result obtained in this study is in line with the finding of Akubugwo and Duru ( 2011 ) which also reported high levels of sulphate and nitrate in a waterbody and the observed was attributed to anthropogenic activities. The capability of water to transmit current is known as conductivity this also serves as tool to assess the purity of water. The conductivity value of upstream and downstream at Ewure showed that the downstream were higher than the upstream because the downstream is receiving more effluence due to run off compare to upstream. The result is in alignment with the report of Abida and Harikrishna, (2008) that a high conductivity could be indication of the presence of pollution load in a waterbody. Macroinvertebrates collected during the sampling period belonged to diverse taxonomic orders; both sampling points recorded the highest taxonomic richness. The presence of order such as Coleoptera, Diptera, Odonata, Hemiptera at Ewure upstream and downstream could possibly be considered to be an indication of different levels of pollution in the waterbody (Popoola et al., 2019 ). The Simpson’s richness at Ewure is moderate, with values of D = 0.72 upstream and D = 0.62 downstream. This suggested that Ewure maintains a fairly diverse aquatic community at both sites, although there was a slight decline in diversity downstream. The moderate richness in both locations of Ewure indicated a reasonably stable ecosystem, though the lower value downstream may be an indication of the influence of environmental factors such as; pollution or habitat degradation. The Shannon-Wiener index at Ewure is relatively moderate, with H = 3.36 upstream and H = 3.22 downstream. These values indicated a good and relatively diverse ecosystem, although there was a slight decrease in diversity downstream. The index values indicated that Ewure's ecosystem is balanced, but further monitoring is needed to understand the potential causes of the slight decline downstream. Ewure showed high evenness values, with E = 0.69 (downstream) and E = 0.75 (upstream). These values indicated that the stream is relatively good and a balanced distribution of species at both upstream and downstream sites. The HBI values recorded at Ewure Stream suggested that the stream ecological status is good; the upstream location yielded an HBI of 3.30 corresponding with excellent biological conditions and downstream had a slightly higher HBI of 4.23 and thus classified as very good while still reflective of a healthy ecosystem. The marginal increase in the HBI value may be an indication of minor organic enrichment or natural variability in microhabitat conditions. Table 4.6 showed that Hydrophilidae a positive relationship with electrical conductivity (r = .700, p < 0.01) which suggests possibly tolerance to organic load. Ephemeroptera showed a negative correlation with water and air temperature which showed that the family in this order such as mayflies decline with increase in temperature. This reflected their sensitivity to thermal and oxygen stress. Coleoptera and Tricoptera showed negative correlation with sulphate (r = -0.339, p < 0.05) which indicates that they intolerance to high sulphate levels. The high sensitivity of Coleoptera and Diptera to sulphate is in accordance to the finding of Amusan et al., 2018 . Sensitive taxa such as Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera showed negative correlations with the value of sulphate, nitrate, BOD results obtained and also, they showed negative correlation with temperature, affirming their use as bio-indicators in assessing water quality. Diptera showed positive associations with high conductivity and nutrients, indicating their proliferation under organic enrichment as reported by Amusat et al., 2019 . 5.0 Conclusions Based on the findings, the macroinvertebrates communities clearly reflect the impact of agricultural activities in the area. The moderately pollution tolerant macroinvertebrates recorded at upstream and downstream showed that there is limited degradation as a result of less chemical usage by the farmers in the area. Generally, the results of physicochemical properties and macroinvertebrates showed that the waterbody is moderately good and is able to support life forms, therefore the people in this area should be encourage to continue cultivating the habit of using less chemical farm products on the farm. Abbreviations pH Potential Hydrogen BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand APHA America Public Health Association ANOVA Analysis of Variance HBI Hilsenhoff Biotic Index Declarations Ethics declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate All experimental procedures complied with institutional and national guidelines for the care and use of animals. The conduct of the study adhered to applicable ethical codes and animal rights standards. Competing interests There is no competing interests Author Contribution Adepoju Oluwasola was responsible for the research design, data analysis, and manuscript preparation. Amusan Babatunde provided overall supervision of the research. Acknowledgements Not applicable Funding Disclosure This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or non-profit sectors Authors information Authors and Affiliations Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun state, Nigeria Adepoju Oluwasola and Amusan Babatunde Contributions Adepoju Oluwasola was responsible for the research design, data analysis, and manuscript preparation. Amusan Babatunde provided overall supervision of the research. Corresponding author Correspondence to Adepoju Oluwasola Data Availability The data and materials of this study will be available on request. References Abida, B. and Harikrishna, (2019): Study on the Quality of Water in Some Streams of Cauvery River, Journal of Chemistry, 5(2): 377-384. Akubugwo, E. I. and Duru, M. K. C. (2011): Human Activities and Water Quality: A case study of Otamiri River, Owerri, Imo State. Global Research Journal, 1:48-53. Amusan B. O., Idowu M. A., and Ogbogu S. S. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8570101","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":577630471,"identity":"41ec7ac5-422b-4290-95d1-eae28842aff0","order_by":0,"name":"Adepoju 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University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Amusan","middleName":"","lastName":"Babatunde","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-01-10 18:53:12","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8570101/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8570101/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":100916761,"identity":"ca5b410d-d0c2-4d1d-8dc3-01b45a9bc0c9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-22 18:46:25","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":539976,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ewure6705565202511032041103535.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8570101/v1/79195d9afbb6e4000c14cb8e.docx"},{"id":100951824,"identity":"ae0c2e9b-d47b-4fa0-976a-0bdc0ba27c90","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-23 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18:46:25","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":77188,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8570101/v1/161630f53aaaf0c4c69767ec.png"},{"id":100950391,"identity":"45bff932-6a1e-4454-a021-45b6cc8c96d4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-23 07:07:55","extension":"xml","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":92941,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"67d198eb00ea4fc794038ac55c024bfd1structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8570101/v1/d933fc48fd53dfdf301720c8.xml"},{"id":100916766,"identity":"5968b2fd-bea8-4154-b136-58f986aa7b57","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-22 18:46:25","extension":"html","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":103898,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8570101/v1/2d35515287f0a4a7bacc53d0.html"},{"id":100916758,"identity":"a36b340c-55d2-436e-b023-c572f52059bf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-22 18:46:25","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":476833,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e2.1: Map of the study site\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8570101/v1/8a71f74be3a66e78f66ec55e.png"},{"id":100916760,"identity":"a883a801-23f5-422a-b246-3e768f57521c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-22 18:46:25","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":172449,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 3.1: Taxonomic Composition (Families) of Macroinvertebrates in the Upstream Location of Ewure Stream, Ara, Southwestern Nigeria\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8570101/v1/7affec92e96509cc0a9a6fab.jpg"},{"id":100951041,"identity":"6aab488b-1a13-440a-be4a-138679f90a8f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-23 07:09:53","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":181231,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 3.2: Taxonomic Composition (Families) of Macroinvertebrates in the Downstream Location of Ewure Stream, Ara, Southwestern Nigeria\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8570101/v1/0ad830c6d029711d6d5fc164.jpg"},{"id":102297880,"identity":"ce2a4e7a-b2a2-4e85-8395-2037dca65f40","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-10 10:29:32","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1873923,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8570101/v1/9c66d5f2-8c44-49fd-8e05-47c82a162e54.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Assessment of Macroinvertebrate Communities and Physico-Chemical Characteristics of a Tropical Stream in Relation to Anthropogenic Activities","fulltext":[{"header":"1.0 Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eWater quality is a multifaceted concept which encompasses the concentration and state of both dissolved and particulate inorganic and organic materials present in water, alongside its physical characteristics (Lessmann et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Water covers 70% of earth\u0026rsquo;s surface, is undeniably one of the most valuable natural resources on the planet. It plays a fundamental role in the evolution of life and continues to be essential for all living organisms (Lessmann et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). No other resource has such a profound impact on various sectors of the economy, as well as human and environmental health, as water (Kattan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Continental waterbodies come in various forms, including flowing water, lakes, reservoir and groundwater. These waterbodies are all interconnected through the hydrological cycle, which links many natural and artificial intermediate waterbodies. Wetlands, such as floodplains, marshes, and alluvial aquifers, exhibit hydrological characteristics that are intermediate between those of lakes, stream, rivers and groundwater systems (Farley and Bremer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Surface water primarily originates from surface runoff and groundwater most especially rainfall. They include lakes, rivers, ponds and other small upland water that may arise from springs or collect runoff from surrounding watersheds (Farley and Bremer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Surface runoff quality is influenced by biological components, including living organisms, the mineral and organic matter it may have accumulated during its formation (Kattan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAquatic macroinvertebrates are critical components of aquatic ecosystems. These include various groups such as worms; for example flat worms, segmented roundworms and eelworms; the mollusks such as bivalves, crustaceans and snails (e.g. crayfish, shrimps and other species), mites and notably insects. Aquatic macroinvertebrates are animals without backbones that inhabit freshwater ecosystems, where they contribute to the food web and they serve as o food source for other animals (Wang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Macroinvertebrates refers to these organisms because they are large enough to be seen with the naked eye. These organisms are typically defined operationally as organism\u0026rsquo;s that are retained by a sieve with a pore of 0.2 to 0.5 mm commonly used in streams. Immature stages of insects, such as stoneflies, mayflies, and water pennies, are particularly sensitive to oxygen levels and require high concentrations of dissolved oxygen to survive. In contrast, aquatic worms, leeches, and pond snails can tolerate low oxygen conditions. Due to variation in sensitivity of microorganisms, they are usually used as bio-indicators, providing valuable insight into the quality of the water they inhabit. Water quality is influenced by variety of factors affect aquatic macroinvertebrates diversity, composition, physiological and reproduction of both fauna and flora within any waterbody. These factors stem from a broad range of natural influences as well as anthropogenic activities (Zhang \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2020). Macroinvertebrates are usually preferred for biological monitoring because of their high diversity, sensitivity to pollution, limited mobility, and presence across various aquatic environments (Wang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Biological monitoring is often considered more cost-effective than chemical monitoring, which can be expensive due to the need for specific chemicals and procedures. Additionally, chemical monitoring may fail to detect pollution from both non-point and point source due to temporal and spatial variation in pollutant concentrations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, using biological indicators, such as macroinvertebrates, offers a feasible and reliable method for detecting pollution in aquatic environments (Zhang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Various methods have been developed to monitor waterbodies, and the use of macroinvertebrates has proven to be one of the most reliable approaches to monitoring the effects of specific pollutants on aquatic environments (Wang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Many studies have being done on urban waterbodies in Nigeria; however, there remain gaps of detailed information on the effects of various human activities on the water quality of key waterbodies, particularly in rural parts of Nigeria. This study aims to address this gap by examining the impacts of anthropogenic activities on the water quality of selected waterbodies in Ara, using macroinvertebrate community structure and physico-chemical parameters as indicators of water quality.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2.0 Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 The study site\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAra is located in Ejigbo Local Government Area of Osun State, Southwestern Nigeria. Ara is a tropical region that experience two distinct seasons: dry and wet season. The area falls within lowland tropical rainforest zone dominated by trees and agricultural crops. The primary anthropogenic activities in the area are majorly agricultural activities. Its geographic location is 7\u0026deg;51'00\" N and 4\u0026deg;23'00\" E (Tripmondo, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The region experiences a typical tropical climate, with temperatures ranging from 21\u0026deg;C to 28\u0026deg;C. There is two distinct seasons: wet season between the month of April to September and dry season between the month of November to March (Tripmondo, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Among the streams in this area, one is Ewure stream serving as source of water for farming activities and domestic use. This stream flows through farmlands, where mixed farming activities were predominant. The major cash crops cultivated in the area include oil palm and cocoa, while other crops such as maize, tomatoes, yam, and cassava are also grown. The stream is bordered thick riparian vegetation, including; mangrove trees that form canopies along its banks, as well as a few cocoa and palm trees.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1: Map of the study site\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Macroinvertebrates sampling and laboratory techniques\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo sampling points (upstream and downstream) form Ewure stream. Sampling was conducted every two months covering the dry and raining season of the two annual cycles (April 2022 to February 2025). Macroinvertebrates were collected using a standard long-handle dip net with a mesh size of 500 \u0026micro;m. Replicate was done by collecting macroinvertebrates from three points (interval of 1.5m) from upstream and downstream, respectively. On-site sorting was performed immediately after collection. Macroinvertebrates were transferred into clean, well-labeled specimen plastic containers and transported to the laboratory for further processing. The sorted specimens were preserved in 70% ethanol in clearly labeled, covered containers (glass vials) to ensure proper storage for subsequent analysis. Macroinvertebrate specimens were identified in the laboratory under a dissecting microscope (Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH 37081 Gottingen, Germany). Specimens were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level using standard taxonomic keys (Day and de Moor, 2002; De Moor, 2015).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.1 Biodiversity indices\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasurement of diversity\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis is a measure of diversity of species within a community or habitat. The diversity index was calculated using the Shannon \u0026ndash; Wiener diversity index (Wahizatul-Afzan, 2016).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiversity index\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;H = \u0026ndash; \u0026sum; Pi In Pi where Pi\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;S / N\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere: S\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;number of individuals of one species\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;total number of all individuals in the sample\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn =\u0026thinsp;logarithm to base\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasurement of Species Richness\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecies richness index was used as a simple measure of species richness (Carlo, 2006).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;S / \u0026radic; N\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere: S\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;the number of different species represented in the sample,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;the total number of individual organisms in the sample\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasurement of Evenness\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor calculating the evenness of species, the Index (e) was used, (Wahizatul-Afzan 2006).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ee\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;H / In S\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Shannon \u0026ndash; Wiener diversity index.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMacroinvertebrates Tolerance Level\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis was calculated using Family Biotic Index (HBI). (Hilsenhoff \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHBI = \u0026sum; ( n\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026times; a\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e)/N\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;number of specimens in taxa\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;tolerance value of taxa\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;total number specimens in the sample.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2.1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiotic Pollution Index Values\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater Quality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDegree of Organic Pollution\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026ndash;3.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExcellent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo apparent organic pollution\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.51\u0026ndash;4.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery good\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePossible slight organic pollution\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.51\u0026ndash;5.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome organic pollution\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.51\u0026ndash;6.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFair\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFairly significant organic pollution\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.51\u0026ndash;7.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFairly poor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificant organic pollution\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.51\u0026ndash;8.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery significant organic pollution\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.51 -10.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery poor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSevere organic pollution\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003eSource: (Hilsenhoff, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.2 Physico-chemical parameters collection and laboratory techniques\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater samples were collected in clean plastic bottles, which had been pre-washed with detergent and rinsed thoroughly with distilled water. Prior to collection, each bottle was rinsed with the stream to minimize contamination. Water temperature was measured using a mercury-in-glass thermometer which was immersed in the water until the reading stabilized. Air temperature was recorded by holding the thermometer in the open air, steady before taking the readings (Wetzel \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2001). Dissolved oxygen, pH, and conductivity were measured using multiple water quality parameters instrument. The Nitrate and sulphate concentration were determined in the laboratory using Spectrophotometer (Spectronic Instrument 20 D\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e) (Golterman \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 1978). Biological Oxygen demand was determined in the laboratory after 5 days of incubation (APHA, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Data analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMacroinvertebrates collected were analyzed using biodiversity indices to determine species diversity, richness and evenness. All data obtained were subjected to appropriate statistical analyses using SPSS statistical software (version 2023). ANOVA was used to compare the values physico-chemical parameters at downstream and upstream and correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between physicochemical parameters and macroinvertebrates.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3.0 Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Macroinvertebrate community structure\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 350 individuals represented by 7 orders and 22 families were recorded in Ewure upstream. Notonectidae was the family with the highest number, accounted for 25.14% while Corduliidae had the lowest number, accounted for 0.28% as shown in the Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.1\u003c/span\u003e (Popoola et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Ewure downstream accounted for 8 orders (Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Odonata, Hydrophila, Pleocyemeta, Diptera, Ephemeroptera and Tricoptera and 21 families. As presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.2\u003c/span\u003e, Belostomatidae was the family with the highest number, accounted for 20.12% while the least families were Batidae (0.63%), Thiaridae (0.63%) and Economidae (0.63%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Simpson\u0026rsquo;s Richness (D) recorded shows moderate richness (D\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.72) upstream and D\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.62 downstream. Shannon-Wiener Index (H) values was relatively high with H\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.36 upstream and H\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.22 downstream. Both the downstream (E\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.69) and upstream (E\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.75) sites showed high evenness as shown in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe HBI value recorded at Ewure upstream was 3.30 which showed excellent biological conditions and downstream is 4.23 showing very good biological conditions as shown in table 3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3.1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiversity Indices of Macroinvertebrates Recorded in the Ewure Streams in Ara, Southwestern Nigeria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimpson\u0026rsquo;s richness (D)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShannon-Wiener (H)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvenness (E)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEwure upstream\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEwure downstream\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3.2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiotic quality index of Ewure Streams\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily Biotic Index (FBI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEwure upstream\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEwure downstream\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMacroinvertebrates\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTolerance value of taxa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo of individual in taxa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026sum;n\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e x a\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo of individual in taxa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026sum;n\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e x a\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNaucoridae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDystiscidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGyrinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaenidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorixidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBaetidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGerridae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVeliidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBelostomatidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBaetiscidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElmidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLibellulidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e272\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e152\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoenagronidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydrophilidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaloptergidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaenis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNepidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoenadrionidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGomphidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerlidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydroptilidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimnephilidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydrophychidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAeshnidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychomyiidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e232\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotamonautidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThiaridae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorduliidaae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEconomidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhilopotamidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChironomidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGoetopogonidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsephenidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePleidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCuliculidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlanorbiadae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtoneuridae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e350\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1157\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e159\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e673\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.30\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.23\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFBI (Family Biotic Index) scores of families Hilsenhoff\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3: Tolerance rate of biotic index of macroinvertebrates in Ewure Stream\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHBI Values\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiological conditions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEwure upstream\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExcellent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEwure downstream\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery good\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Physicochemical parameters\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater temperature of Ewure upstream and downstream ranged between 23.00 to 28.00 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC and 24.40 to 28.30 respectively and the value of water temperature was 22.40 to 27.10 and 22.83 to 27.20 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. The mean value (4.22 mg/L) of dissolved oxygen in Ewure upstream was higher than that recorded at downstream (4.05 mg/L). The pH value recorded was within the range of 8.00 -8.52 and downstream was 7.53 to 8.50. Mean value of biological oxygen demand (BOD) at downstream (2.66 mg/L) was higher than that of upstream (2.04 mg/L). The BOD level of the stream was within the range of 6.00 mg/L. The conductivity value of downstream (162.52 \u0026micro;m/S) was higher than that of upstream (161.97 \u0026micro;m/S). The nitrate value was 2.32 mg/L and 2.76 mg/L at downstream and upstream respectively. There was high sulphate level at downstream (2.71 mg/L) and 2.39 mg/L at downstream as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.4\u003c/span\u003e. Oxygen demand are relatively correlated with all the organisms that were studied and there were variation in their correlation with other parameters as represented in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.5\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3.4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean values of physico-chemical parameters in Ewure Stream\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample Location\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater Temperature (\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAir Temperature (\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSulphate\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNitrate\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotential\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydrogen (pH)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConductivity (\u0026micro;m/S)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDissolved Oxygen (mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiochemical Oxygen\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemand (mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEwure upstream\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eX\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;S.E\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRange\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.00\u0026ndash;28.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.40\u0026ndash;27.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.45\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.86\u0026ndash;4.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.66\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00-4.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.76\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.00-8.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e161.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.54\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e151.00-169.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.64\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.60-6.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.22\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98\u0026ndash;2.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEwure downstream\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eX\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;S.E\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRange\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.40\u0026ndash;28.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.27\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.83\u0026ndash;27.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.55\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85\u0026ndash;3.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.34\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10\u0026ndash;4.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.53\u0026ndash;8.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e162.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.91\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e161.00-171.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.18\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10\u0026ndash;5.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.3\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.06\u0026ndash;3.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeans in each column followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different at the 5% level of probability by Turkey\u0026rsquo;s HSD Test\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3.5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelationship between physico-chemical parameters and macroinvertebrates of Ewure stream\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHemiptera\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eColeoptera\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydrophilia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePleocyemeta\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiptera\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEphemeroptera\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTricoptera\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOdonata\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAir\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.188\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.251\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.094\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.251\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.517**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.349*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.088\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.266\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.051\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.214\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.142\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBOD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.221\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.089\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.079\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.272\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.262\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.149\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSULPHATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.339*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.135\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.249\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.162\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.205\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.395*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNITRATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.231\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.063\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.215\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.273\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.306\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.039\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.091\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.028\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.171\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.068\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectrical conductivity\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(EC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.700**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.218\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.078\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4.0 Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe water and air temperature recorded in Ewure stream showed notable spatial variations across different sampling points. The water and air temperature values were consistent with the expected thermal range for tropical freshwater ecosystems as reported by Ayodele and Ajani (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The analysis of dissolved oxygen (DO) and Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) levels in Ewure revealed no significant differences (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) between the two sampling points in Ewure, indicating uniform water quality throughout the stream. Sulphate levels at Ewure stream was within the expected range however the high value in downstream indicated localized sources such as agricultural inputs or organic waste discharges. The pH and nitrate concentrations are influenced by agricultural and domestic activities. The pH level of downstream was slightly lower than that of the upstream. In Ewure Stream, the highest nitrate levels were in downstream, corresponding with increased agricultural runoff. The result obtained in this study is in line with the finding of Akubugwo and Duru (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e) which also reported high levels of sulphate and nitrate in a waterbody and the observed was attributed to anthropogenic activities. The capability of water to transmit current is known as conductivity this also serves as tool to assess the purity of water. The conductivity value of upstream and downstream at Ewure showed that the downstream were higher than the upstream because the downstream is receiving more effluence due to run off compare to upstream. The result is in alignment with the report of Abida and Harikrishna, (2008) that a high conductivity could be indication of the presence of pollution load in a waterbody. Macroinvertebrates collected during the sampling period belonged to diverse taxonomic orders; both sampling points recorded the highest taxonomic richness. The presence of order such as Coleoptera, Diptera, Odonata, Hemiptera at Ewure upstream and downstream could possibly be considered to be an indication of different levels of pollution in the waterbody (Popoola et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The Simpson\u0026rsquo;s richness at Ewure is moderate, with values of D\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.72 upstream and D\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.62 downstream. This suggested that Ewure maintains a fairly diverse aquatic community at both sites, although there was a slight decline in diversity downstream. The moderate richness in both locations of Ewure indicated a reasonably stable ecosystem, though the lower value downstream may be an indication of the influence of environmental factors such as; pollution or habitat degradation. The Shannon-Wiener index at Ewure is relatively moderate, with H\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.36 upstream and H\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.22 downstream. These values indicated a good and relatively diverse ecosystem, although there was a slight decrease in diversity downstream. The index values indicated that Ewure's ecosystem is balanced, but further monitoring is needed to understand the potential causes of the slight decline downstream. Ewure showed high evenness values, with E\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.69 (downstream) and E\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.75 (upstream). These values indicated that the stream is relatively good and a balanced distribution of species at both upstream and downstream sites. The HBI values recorded at Ewure Stream suggested that the stream ecological status is good; the upstream location yielded an HBI of 3.30 corresponding with excellent biological conditions and downstream had a slightly higher HBI of 4.23 and thus classified as very good while still reflective of a healthy ecosystem. The marginal increase in the HBI value may be an indication of minor organic enrichment or natural variability in microhabitat conditions. Table\u0026nbsp;4.6 showed that Hydrophilidae a positive relationship with electrical conductivity (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.700, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) which suggests possibly tolerance to organic load. Ephemeroptera showed a negative correlation with water and air temperature which showed that the family in this order such as mayflies decline with increase in temperature. This reflected their sensitivity to thermal and oxygen stress. Coleoptera and Tricoptera showed negative correlation with sulphate (r = -0.339, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) which indicates that they intolerance to high sulphate levels. The high sensitivity of Coleoptera and Diptera to sulphate is in accordance to the finding of Amusan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e. Sensitive taxa such as Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera showed negative correlations with the value of sulphate, nitrate, BOD results obtained and also, they showed negative correlation with temperature, affirming their use as bio-indicators in assessing water quality. Diptera showed positive associations with high conductivity and nutrients, indicating their proliferation under organic enrichment as reported by Amusat et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5.0 Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eBased on the findings, the macroinvertebrates communities clearly reflect the impact of agricultural activities in the area. The moderately pollution tolerant macroinvertebrates recorded at upstream and downstream showed that there is limited degradation as a result of less chemical usage by the farmers in the area. Generally, the results of physicochemical properties and macroinvertebrates showed that the waterbody is moderately good and is able to support life forms, therefore the people in this area should be encourage to continue cultivating the habit of using less chemical farm products on the farm.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003epH\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotential Hydrogen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eBOD\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiochemical Oxygen Demand\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eAPHA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmerica Public Health Association\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eANOVA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of Variance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eHBI\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHilsenhoff Biotic Index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003e \u003cb\u003eEthics declarations\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll experimental procedures complied with institutional and national guidelines for the care and use of animals. The conduct of the study adhered to applicable ethical codes and animal rights standards.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere is no competing interests\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdepoju Oluwasola was responsible for the research design, data analysis, and manuscript preparation. Amusan Babatunde provided overall supervision of the research.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFunding\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisclosure\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or non-profit sectors\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAuthors information\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAuthors and Affiliations\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eObafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun state, Nigeria\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdepoju Oluwasola and Amusan Babatunde\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContributions\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdepoju Oluwasola was responsible for the research design, data analysis, and manuscript preparation. Amusan Babatunde provided overall supervision of the research.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorresponding author\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrespondence to Adepoju Oluwasola\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe data and materials of this study will be available on request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAbida, B. and Harikrishna, (2019): Study on the Quality of Water in Some Streams of Cauvery \u0026nbsp;River, Journal of Chemistry, 5(2): 377-384.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAkubugwo, E. I. and Duru, M. K. C. (2011): Human Activities and Water Quality: A case study of Otamiri River, Owerri, Imo State. \u003cem\u003eGlobal Research Journal, 1:48-53.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAmusan B. O., Idowu M. A., and Ogbogu S. S. (2018): Macroinvertebrate community composition and water quality of Ona and Opa rivers, Southwestern Nigeria. Department of Zoology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. \u003cem\u003eWest African Journal of Applied Ecology, volume.\u003c/em\u003e 26 (1).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAmusat A. I., Popoola K.O.K., Sowunmi A. (2019) Impact of physicochemical parameters on benthic macroinvertebrates assemblage of Erelu Reservior in Oyo, town, Nigera. Ssian Journal of Bilogical Science 12(2): 328-336\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAPHA. (2005): Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water. 21st Edition. APHA, Washington\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAyodele I. A., Ajani E.K., (2019): Essentials of fish farming (Aquacualture). Ibadan: Odufuwa Press. 166pp.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBaxer M., Hamid A.A., Amerian M.R., Ahmad G, Khavazi K. and Hamid S. 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(2019): Zonation and its influencing factors of a large subtropical reservoir (Danjiangkou Reservoir in central China), based on macroinvertebrates. \u003cem\u003eFresh Environment\u003c/em\u003e 22(6): 2095-2104.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Ewure, Macroinvertebrate, Physico-chemical, Pollution index, anthropogenic activities","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8570101/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8570101/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe study of water resources is a worldwide goal that requires regular monitoring so as to ensure the maintenance of good water quality especially waterbodies subjected to human activities. To access the impact of anthropogenic activities on waterbodies, many authors study the macroinvertebrate assemblage as well as the physico-chemical properties of water. This study used the approach to investigate the communities\u0026rsquo; structure of macroinvertebrates and pollution status of the Ewure stream. Macroinvertebrates were collected from upstream and downstream using appropriate systematic sampling techniques using 500nm D-frame net. The macroinvertebrates were examined under a dissecting microscope and were identified using appropriate identification keys. Water quality parameters were assessed using standard and appropriate measures. A total of 350 individuals were recorded in upstream and 159 individual were recorded in downstream belonging mostly to moderately sensitive species. The stream was dominated by family of Notonectidae, Libellulidae, Gerridae, Belostomatidae and Naucordidae. Species pollution tolerances index recorded categorized the macroinvertebrates as \u0026lsquo;moderately tolerance species\u0026rsquo;. The result showed that the stream is ecological impaired but with limited impact as shown in the results obtained, due to the less agrochemical farming practices that was observed in the area. Thus, more awareness should be encouraged on the importance of less agrochemical farming so as to maintain and also improve water quality.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Assessment of Macroinvertebrate Communities and Physico-Chemical Characteristics of a Tropical Stream in Relation to Anthropogenic Activities","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-22 18:46:14","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8570101/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"55f06596-501c-4f35-aa24-e7f161455102","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 22nd, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-09T17:40:45+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-22 18:46:14","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8570101","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8570101","identity":"rs-8570101","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}