Conversion of Biochar from Chicken Manure with good Adsorption and Electro-catalytic performance

Conversion of Biochar from Chicken Manure with good Adsorption and Electro-catalytic performance | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Conversion of Biochar from Chicken Manure with good Adsorption and Electro-catalytic performance Zhangjie Ban, Qianmin Cong, Xingxing Zhu, Yuetong Chang, Mengyan Pei, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7337730/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 23 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology → Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Chicken manure was converted to biochar by a simple oxygen-free sintering route. The obtained chicken manure biochar (CMBC) was confirmed by X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrum and Raman spectrum. Amorphous CMBC exhibits irregular particle morphology and size of less than 10 µm. CMBC can be used as an efficient adsorbent for rhodamine B (RhB) and methylene blue (MB) removal. Adsorption time, dose of the CMBC and pH value have important influences on the adsorption efficiency. 10 mg·L − 1 dye (RhB or MB) can be totally adsorbed when the dose of the CMBC is higher than 1.25 mg·mL − 1 . CMBC adsorbent has good anti-ion interference ability and re-usability. Glassy carbon electrode was modified by CMBC and applied for catechol detection by square wave voltammetry (SWV) method in KCl solution. The proposed CMBC-modified electrode exhibits good sensing performance for catechol detection in terms of good stability, selectivity, reproducibility and practical applicability. The linear range for catechol detection is 0.001 − 1000 µM and limit of detection (LOD) is 0.88 nM. Real sample analysis was performed considering local tap water and lake water. The developed CMBC-modified electrode shows admirable electro-catalytic properties towards catechol which can be used for real-time monitoring. Biochar Chicken manure Adsorption Organic pollutants Catechol Electro-catalytic performance Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Introduction Biochar is a kind of carbon-rich materials with low cost which can be prepared from the pyrolysis of biomass, such as agricultural waste, food waste and wood products under anoxic conditions [ 1 ]. And biochar exhibits great application promising in the fields of renewable energy, wastewater treatment, ceramics, agriculture, catalysis and carbon sequestration owing to large specific surface area, high cation exchange capacity, adsorption and catalytic performance, multi-pore structure, and oxygen-rich functional groups [2 − 6]. Soil performance and sequesters carbon can also be enhanced using biochar as an amendment [ 7 ]. But biochar used solely to soil also hinders plant development owing to the production of toxic by-products. Yang et al. [ 8 ] reported that the biochar-poly( m -phenylenediamine) composites possessed distinct skeletal structure and could extract Cr(VI) in aqueous solution. The proposed composites had a maximum Cr(VI) removal efficiency of 775 mg·g − 1 . The adsorption performance of the biochar is considered as a green, environmentally, efficient, sustainable, and low cost method for removing organic pollutants [ 9 ]. Organic pollutants including methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB) which take great harm to human and environment, are difficult to be degraded under natural environment [10 − 12]. It is essential to remove organic pollutants for protecting environment and human health. Catechol (1, 2 dihydroxybenzene) is an important phenolic compound which is widely applied in the antioxidant, dyes, cosmetics, rubber curing agent, fungicide and skin anti-septic fields [ 13 ]. However, catechol is toxic to organism and environment, and causes human health including high blood pressure, kidney damage and upper respiratory tract irritation, even cancer [ 14 , 15 ]. Therefore, it is essential to detect catechol. Spectroscopic technology [ 16 ], chromatographic method [ 17 ], chemiluminescence detection [ 18 ], and fluorescence method [ 19 ] are usually efficient for detecting catechol. However, present methods are time-consuming and complicated limiting their application. Electrochemical method using different species of electrode is more efficient for the determination of catechol owing to simple measurement process, high sensitivity and low cost [20 − 22]. Besides the adsorbent, BC is also expected to be used as electrode materials for detecting organic pollutants, such as catechol. Chicken manure (CM), as a common agricultural waste, contains a large amount of organic carbon. Chicken manure attracts vermin and rodents owing to emitting offensive odor which brings great damage to environments and human beings [23 − 25]. Therefore, it is an essential to convert chicken manure into biochar for practical application. In the present work, biochar was fabricated from chicken manure by an inert atmosphere sintering technology. The synthesized chicken manure biochar (Abbreviated as CMBC) has been characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrum and Raman spectrum. The adsorption properties of the CMBC for removing organic pollutants including MB and RhB were investigated in detail. The proposed CMBC was also used as electrode materials for catechol determination. Tap water and lake water provided actual samples to show the practical application of the CMBC-modified electrode. CMBC can be used as the adsorbents and electrode materials for the removal and determination of organic pollutants. Materials and Methods Chemicals CM powder were collected from the countryside of Ma’anshan city of P. R. China and dried under sunlight for 24 h. Hydrofluoric acid (analytical grade) was gained from Nanhua Reagent Co., Ltd. of China. RhB, MB, catechol and potassium ferricyanide were analytical grade and purchased from Sinopharm Reagent Co., Ltd. of China. Fabrication of Biochar from CM CMBC was fabricated using CM as the sources in a tube furnace (LC-SK4-35-14TP, Zhejiang Lichen Co., Ltd. of China) by a solid sintering process under Ar atmosphere. A typical preparation process of CMBC was as follows: 3 g of CM powder was placed into a corundum crucible with a lid, and transferred into the corundum tube of the tube furnace. The length, width and height of the corundum crucible were 50 mm, 20 mm and 15 mm, respectively. The furnace was maintained at 800℃ for 60 min with the Ar gas flowing rate of 50 mL·min –1 . After the furnace was cooled to room temperature, CM powder was transferred to black precipitates. The obtained black precipitates were treated by hydrofluoric acid for 24 hours removing silica and impurities, and followed by washed for several times with de-ionized water, dried at 60 ℃ for 24 hours under vacuum atmosphere. Finally the black CMBC powders were used as the adsorbents and electro-catalytic materials for organic pollutants removal and detection of catechol. Analytical Methods The phase of CMBC was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) (Bruker AXS D8 Advance, Germany) in 2θ range of 10–80°. The morphology of CMBC was measured via a field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (nova nanoSEM FEI 430, Japan). The element mapping of the CMBC was recorded usingan energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS)attached to the SEM. Raman spectrum of the CMBC was analyzed using a Raman spectrometer (Renishaw Invia confocal, Britian) with the excitation wavelength of 532 nm, exposure time of 10 s, respectively. The zeta potential of the CMBC was recorded using a Zeta potential analyzer (90Plus PALS, USA). Adsorption Experiments The adsorption experiments of the CMBC for RhB and MB, respectively were performed in a quartz tube at room temperature. The typical adsorption experiments were as follows: 20 mg CMBC and 20 mL of RhB (or MB) dye with the concentration 10 mg·L – 1 were dropped into a quartz tube with the stirring rate of 200 rpm for different times. After different adsorption times, the treated dye solution was collected and centrifuged at 10000 rpm to remove CMBC. The treated dye concentration and adsorption efficiency of the CMBC were calculated by analyzing the maximum UV–vis absorption peak intensity using a Youke UV756 spectrophotometer (Shanghai Yoke Co., Ltd., China). Each adsorption measurement experiment was repeated for three times confirming the accuracy. The role of the adsorption time, dose, solution pH value, and ion species on the adsorption activity of the CMBC was analyzed to assess the optimum adsorption parameters. 200 mg of CMBC and 200 mL dye solution were applied for analyzing the re-usability of the CMBC. And CMBC powder was washed by de-ionized water for several times, followed dried after each adsorption measurement. Electrochemical Measurements The fabrication of the CMBC-modified electrode was as follows: Before the CMBC modification, mirror-like surface of the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) (diameter of 3 mm) was polished using 0.05 μmalumina powder and washed in de-ionized water for 15 min. CMBC slurry was fabricated by mixing 10 mg CMBC in 10 mL N, N-Dimethylformamide, and sonicated for 60 min. 10 μL CMBC slurry was dropped over electrode, and dried under infrared lamp. Electrochemical measurements on the detection of catechol using the CMBC-modified electrode were performed in a three-electrode system (CMBC working electrode) on CHI660E workstation (Chenhua, China). Cyclic voltammetry curves (CVs) of the CMBC-modified electrode with or without catechol were measured in –1.0 ~ +1.0 V. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of CMBC-modified electrode was analyzed in 1 mM potassium ferricyanide solution. The square wave voltammetry curves (SWVs) of catechol in 0.1 M KCl solution were measured using CMBC-modified electrode in 10 Hz frequency and 0.15 V pulse amplitude. Results and Discussion Structure, Morphology, Composition of the CMBC XRD technology was firstly used to analyze the structure of the CMBC. There are no diffraction peaks in the XRD pattern of the CMBC obtained from 800 ℃ with the duration time of 60 min (Fig. 1). The XRD characterization shows that the CMBC consists of amorphous structure. The amorphous structure is similar to that reported by different literatures [26−28]. SEM observation shows that the CMBC sample (Figs. 2a and 2b) exhibits irregular particle morphology and size of less than 10 μm which is similar to that reported by different literatures [29−32]. Element mapping of the CMBC (Fig. 3) indicates that the CMBC sample is comprised of element C. Dye Adsorption Performance of the CMBC Point of Zero Charge (pH PZC ) The relationship of zeta potential against the solution pH value of the CMBC in dyes (RhB or MB) solution is shown in Fig. 4. The surface charge of the CMBC adsorbent is negative when the pH value is higher than the pH PZC [33]. The adsorption of dye (RhB or MB) using the CMBC absorbent improves when pH is higher than 7. When solution pH value of dye (RhB or MB) solution is less than pH value of 7, the charge on the CMBC is positive. And the repulsion is produced between the dye (RhB or MB) and adsorbent CMBC. Therefore, the dye (RhB or MB) adsorption efficiency decreases obviously. The interaction between the dye (RhB or MB) and negatively charged surface of the CMBC is the strongest when the pH value is higher than pH PZC . When the pH value is lower than pH PZC , dye (RhB or MB) adsorption efficiency decreases obviously. The dye (RhB or MB) repels the surface of the CMBC which possesses same charges as the dye. Therefore, the adsorption process of the dye (RhB or MB) on the CMBC can be explained by an ion exchange mechanism [34]. Influence of the Adsorption Time, Dose and pH value Fig. 5a shows the role of the adsorption time on the dye removal efficiency using the CMBC. The dye concentration is 10 mg·L −1 . CMBC dose is 1.25 mg·mL −1 dye solution. Obviously, the adsorption efficiency of the dyes increases with increasing adsorption time. CMBC adsorbent can totally adsorb the dyes RhB and MB when the adsorption time is 12 min and 15 min, respectively. Thus, CMBC has excellent adsorption ability for organic pollutants removal. Fig. 5b shows dye adsorption efficiency against the CMBC dose using the CMBC. The dye concentration is 10 mg·L −1 . The dye adsorption efficiency of the CMBC is significantly improved with prolonging the dose of the CMBC. The RhB adsorption efficiency increases from 52.7% to 91.2% with increasing the CMBC dose from 0.25 to 1.0 mg·mL −1 . And MB adsorption efficiency increases from 44.8% to 88.9% with increasing the CMBC dose from 0.25 to 1.0 mg·mL −1 . The dye (RhB or MB) can be totally adsorbed when the dose of the CMBC is higher than 1.25 mg·mL −1 . Therefore, the optimum CMBC dose is 1.25 mg·mL −1 . The surface charge state of the CMBC can be changed by adjusting dye solution pH which has an important influence on dye removal efficiency of the CMBC. Fig. 6 shows the relationship between the pH value and dye removal efficiency using the CMBC. Obviously, the dye removal efficiency improves with increasing the pH from 2 to 12. The dye concentration is 10 mg·L −1 . CMBC dose is 1.25 mg·mL −1 . The result shows that the CMBC has the highest dye adsorption efficiency. CV and EIS of CMBC-modified Electrode CMBC-modified electrode was firstly applied for electrochemical oxidation of catechol using CV technology. There is no current response at the bare GCE in 0.1 M KCl solution with 1 mM catechol at 50 mV·s -1 scan rate (Fig. 7). The result is consistent to that reported by Krishnamoorthy et al. [14]. There is also no current signal of the CMBC-modified electrode in KCl solution. Compared with above CVs, CMBC-modified electrode shows strong current response in 0.1 M KCl solution with 1 mM catechol at 50 mV·s -1 scan rate. A pair of quasi-reversible redox CV peak are located at +0.38 V and +0.28 V with the current of 28.2 μA and 15.1 μA, respectively. The observed high current response of the CMBC-modified electrode towards electrocatalytic oxidation and reduction of catechol is contributed to the electrocatalytic activity of CMBC. Electrochemical Sensing Performance of the CMBC-modified Electrode for Catechol Detection Electrochemical Response of Catechol on the CMBC-modified Electrode SWV technology is applied for quantitative electrochemical analysis of catechol in water environment owing to higher sensitivity than CV technology using same electrolyte [35, 36]. Fig. 8 shows SWV electrochemical properties of bare GCE, CMBC-modified electrode in 0.1 M KCl solution with or without 1 mM catechol by applying a potential range from −0.3 V ~ +0.9 V with a step increment of 4 mV and pulse period of 0.2 s. No SWV peaks are observed on the bare GCE with or without 1 mM catechol, CMBC-modified electrode in KClsolution. Different from above results, the CMBC-modified electrode has a strong and well-defined SWV peak at the potential of +0.34 V with peak current of 34.3μA. The produced anodic SWV peak at +0.34 V only exists in 0.1 M KCl and 1 mM catechol solution showing that SWV peak signal is caused from CMBC. The CMBC possesses high conductivity, good adsorption performance and large specific surface area, which provides a large amount of available adsorption and electro-catalytic active adsorption sites for the catechol. High SWV peak current originates from strong adsorption ability and electrostatic interaction between CMBC and catechol. During electrochemical detection of catechol at CMBC-modified electrode, catechol molecules are adsorbed and diffused to modified electrode owing to strong adsorption activity of CMBC. Adsorbed catechol is oxidized to be benzoquinone by electro-catalytic role of the CMBC. And the SWV anodic peak is produced. The possible catechol electrocalytic detection mechanism of the CMBC-modified electrode is demonstrated in Fig. 9. Large number of adsorption and electro-catalytic active sites, large specific surface area, high conductivity are essential for the enrichment and electrocatalytic reaction of the catechol. Catechol Detection The catechol detection properties of the CMBC-modified electrode were carried out under above optimized measurement parameters. Fig. 10 shows SWV response of different concentrations of catechol in 0.001−1000 μM in 0.1 M KCl solution. The catechol concentration-dependent results show that the anodic SWV peak current of the catechol at the potential of +0.34 V is proportional to the catechol concentration. The linear range of the catechol is 0.001−1000 μM (Correlation coefficient (R 2 ) = 0.998). The linearization equation is I p (μA) = 9.683 + 0.076 C (nM), where I p and C represent anodic SWV peak current at +0.34 V and catechol concentration. Limit of detection (LOD) is 0.88 nM according to signal to noise of 3. Comparison of the proposed CMBC-modified electrode with other methods and electrodes for catechol detection is listed in Table 1. CMBC-modified electrode shows low detection range and wide LOD. Comparing with the LaNiO 3 [14], N-doping carbon nanotube film [38], In-ZnO nanosheet–modified carbon nanotube–polyimide film [39], carbon nanotubes and silica nanoparticle-based laccase [42], Mg-doped ZnO nanoparticlesmodified electrodes by electrochemical methods [45], the CMBC-modified electrode shows lower LOD. Although CuS-based micro-flower loaded with carbon dots/laccase by colorimetric method [38], Langmuir–Blodgett film with phospholipid and phthalocyanines [40], clay-modified electrodes [43] and phosphate-modified TiO 2 nanoparticles by fluorescence method [44] possess lower LOD, the proposed CMBC-modified electrode exhibits wider linear range. Interference Role, Reproducibility and Stability Some common interference species, such as Cr 3+ , Fe 3+ , Ni 2+ and citric acid were used for analyzing selectivity of CMBC-modified electrode for catechol detection. As shown in Fig. S5, it is found that the SWV peak potential is same under optimum measurement parameters. And there is only a slight variation of the SWV peak response to catechol using the CMBC-modified electrode and different interference species. CMBC-modified electrode exhibits good anti-interference ability for catechol determination. The reproducibility of the CMBC-modified electrode for catechol detection was evaluated at five independent electrodes which were fabricated under same conditions. The anodic peak potential is similar. There is no obvious reduction of the anodic peak current response towards catechol (Fig. S6). The stability of CMBC-modified electrode for catechol detection was examined by measuring the electrochemical response to 1 mM catechol solution for twenty successive measurements. Anodic SWV peak current is slightly reduced for initial current (Fig. S7). The low relative standard deviation (RSD) is 1.31%. Therefore, CMBC-modified electrode is promising for catechol detection with acceptable anti-interference ability, reproducibility and stability. Real Sample Analysis For further estimation of the application of CMBC-modified electrode, tap water and lake water samples were applied for quantitative analysis in real water environment. Catechol was not found in the samples. Recovery experiments were carried out by measuring SWV response to the samples in which the known catechol concentrations were added. The concentration of the catechol in the real water samples is estimated by calibration method and corresponding results are listed in Table 2. Recoveries for catechol detection are 95.8−102.4% at the CMBC-modified electrode. The result confirms the practical applicability of CMBC-modified electrode for accurate detection of catechol in practical water samples. Conclusion In summary, chicken manure was conversed to amorphous biochar with the particle size of less than 10 µm via a simple oxygen-free sintering route at 800℃. CMBC can be used as a good adsorbent for the adsorption of RhB and MB. Adsorption measurement results show that the adsorption efficiency of the CMBC is enhanced with increasing the adsorption time, dose and pH value. 10 mg·L − 1 RhB and MB can be totally adsorbed when the CMBC dose is higher than 1.25 mg·mL − 1 . CMBC possesses good anti-ion interference ability and re-usability for RhB and MB adsorption. The proposed CMBC also acts as good electron transfer interface elevating the active sites and electro-catalytic response for catechol detection. CMBC-modified electrode shows a well-defined SWV peak at the potential of + 0.34 V in 0.1 KCl solution with 1 mM catechol. pH value of 7, deposition potential of + 1.5 V, deposition time of 120 s and standing time of 60 s are determined to be the optimum measurement parameters. The detection range is 0.001 − 1000 µM and LOD is 0.88 nM. The CMBC-modified electrode possesses good selectivity, reproducibility and stability which is successful to detect catechol in real samples. The good adsorption and electro-catalytic performance make the CMBC a promising candidate as the adsorption and electrode materials for removal of organic pollutants and electrochemical detection of catechol. Declarations Author Contribution Zhangjie Ban: methodology, data curation, investigation, writing – original draft. Qianming Cong: methodology, data curation, investigation, writing – review & editing. Xingxing Zhu: methodology, investigation, writing – review & editing. Yuetong Chang: investigation, writing – review & editing. Mengyan Pei: methodology, data curation. Zhengyu Cai: investigation, resources, writing – review & editing. Yong Zhang: conceptualization, resources, writing – review & editing. Lizhai Pei: conceptualization, supervision, resources, writing – review & editing, writing – original draft, funding acquisition. Funding The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the Science and Technology Foundation of Ma’anshan of Anhui Province of P. R. China (XXCN202301), Natural Science Foundation of the Education Bureau of Anhui Province of P. R. China (2024AH050151), Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of P. R. 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Facile fabrication of porous waste-derived carbon-polyethylene terephthalate composite sorbent for separation of free and emulsified oil from water. Separation and Purification Technology , 279 , 119664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119664 Tai, M., Mohan, B., Yao, Z., & Wang, C. H. (2022). Superhydrophobic leached carbon black/poly(vinyl) alcohol aerogel for selective removal of oils and organic compounds from water. Chemosphere , 286 , 131520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131520 Homagai, P., Poudel, R., Poudel, S., & Bhattarai, A. (2022). Adsorption and removal of crystal violet dye from aqueous solution by modified rice husk. Heliyon , 8 , e09261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09261 Wang, M. T., Fang, D., Yin, Q., Yi, J., Zeng, T., Ruzimuradov, Q., Wang, M., Peng, S., & Yao, D. (2022). Adsorption properties of methylene blue and gentian violet of sodium vanadate nanowire arrays synthesized by hydrothermal method. 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Multifunctional CuS-based micro-flower loaded with carbon dots/laccase for effectively detection and removal of catechol. Journal of Clean Production , 434 , 139939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139939 Guo, Q., Zhang, M., Zhou, G., Zhu, L., Feng, Y., Wang, H., Zhong, B., & Hou, H. (2016). Highly sensitive simultaneous electrochemical detection of hydroquinone and catechol with three-dimensional N-doping carbon nanotube film electrode. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry , 760 , 15−23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.11.034 Alessio, P., Pavinatto, F., Jr, O., Saez, J., Constantino, C. J. L., & Rodríguez-Méndez, M. (2010). Detection of catechol using mixed Langmuir–Blodgett films of a phospholipid and phthalocyanines as voltammetric sensors. Analyst , 135 , 2591−2599. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0an00159g Jiang, Y., Jia, L., Yu, S., & Wang, C. (2014). An In-ZnO nanosheet–modified carbon nanotube–polyimide film sensor for catechol detection. Journal of Materials Chemistry A , 2 , 6656. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3TA15436J Deniz, S., Goker, S., & Soylemez, L. (2022). Fabrication of D–A–D type conducting polymer, carbon nanotubes and silica nanoparticle-based laccase biosensor for catechol detection. New Journal of Chemistry, 46 , 15521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D2NJ02147A Zen, J., & Chen, P. (1998). An ultrasensitive voltammetric method for dopamine and catechol detection using clay-modified electrodes. Electroanalysis , 1 , 12−15. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-4109(199801)10:1%3C12::AID-ELAN12%3E3.0.CO;2-5 Wu, H., Cheng, T., & Tseng, W. (2007). Phosphate-modified TiO 2 nanoparticles for selective detection of dopamine, levodopa, adrenaline, and catechol based on fluorescence quenching. Langmuir , 23 , 7880−7885. https://doi.org/10.1021/la700555y Naik, E., Naik, T., Pradeepa, E., Singh, S., & Naik, H. (2022). Design and fabrication of an innovative electrochemical sensor based on Mg-doped ZnO nanoparticles for the detection of toxic catechol. Materials Chemistry Physics , 281 , 125860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2022.125860 Tables Table 1 Catechol detection parameters comparison using the CMBC-modified electrode with those reported methods Sensing materials Technique Detection range (μM) LOD (nM) Reference LaNiO 3 CV 5−2000 600 [14] Poly(dimethylsiloxane)/glass capillary Amperometricmethod 20−100 8000 [37] CuS-based micro-flower loaded with carbon dots/laccase Colorimetric method 0−100 490 [38] N-doping carbon nanotube film Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) 0.1−425 20 [39] Langmuir–Blodgett films of the phospholipid and phthalocyanines CV 3−144 0.334 [40] In-ZnO nanosheet–modified carbon nanotube–polyimide film CV 1.0−1600 390 [41] Carbon nanotubes and silica nanoparticle-based laccase CV 10−400 1110 [42] Clay SWV 0−15 0.1 [43] Phosphate-modified TiO 2 nanoparticles Fluorescence method 1−500 92.1 [44] Mg-doped ZnO nanoparticles CV 10−100 690 [45] CMBC SWV 0.001−1000 0.88 This work Table 2 Catechol detection in real samples using the CMBC-modified electrode. Samples Added (μM) Detected (μM) (average value of five times) Recovery (%) ( Detected/Added )×100 Tap water 5 4.89±0.16 97.8 20 19.72±0.27 98.6 40 40.72±0.28 101.8 Lake water 5 4.79±0.18 95.8 20 19.51±0.24 97.9 40 40.96±0.29 102.4 Supplementary Files SupplementaryMaterial.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 23 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology → Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Aug, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 12 Aug, 2025 Editor invited by journal 11 Aug, 2025 First submitted to journal 10 Aug, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7337730","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":499197130,"identity":"21a967ba-428f-4d30-8b3f-81827aaef961","order_by":0,"name":"Zhangjie Ban","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Anhui University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhangjie","middleName":"","lastName":"Ban","suffix":""},{"id":499197131,"identity":"6135fc7b-988f-4600-8b23-e3ab36e32504","order_by":1,"name":"Qianmin Cong","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Anhui University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Qianmin","middleName":"","lastName":"Cong","suffix":""},{"id":499197132,"identity":"38c6484e-50b9-4fa8-a526-97833dceffa0","order_by":2,"name":"Xingxing Zhu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Anhui University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xingxing","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhu","suffix":""},{"id":499197133,"identity":"61dca6ea-1e53-4c04-b073-f654cddac97a","order_by":3,"name":"Yuetong Chang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Anhui University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yuetong","middleName":"","lastName":"Chang","suffix":""},{"id":499197134,"identity":"0df08721-732f-46ff-84ef-c8cf1b3fa3fd","order_by":4,"name":"Mengyan Pei","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Anhui University of 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Pei","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAz0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACPhCRYGBTv/94Y+PDD8RoYQNrKUhjbDhzuNlYgmgtDB8OMzbcSG8T4CFKC//Zgw8eGBxmZpz5sI1BgsFOTreBoC3nkg0SDNLZmKUT2x4UMCQbmx0gpIWxx0wiwcCah006sd1AguFA4jaCWph5zH8kGDBL8EgebJPgIUoLG48ZMJCdDSQkGInVwsOXDHRYWoIBTyIwkA2I8As/MMQ+/vhjk2DAfvzhww8VdnIEtTAwoMSFAUHlGFpGwSgYBaNgFGABAGOaPCjpHsfKAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8046-6622","institution":"Anhui University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lizhai","middleName":"","lastName":"Pei","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-10 08:45:55","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7337730/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7337730/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-025-05487-8","type":"published","date":"2025-12-23T15:57:57+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":89491659,"identity":"28e5b9c8-63c6-48bc-87d6-614345e5ab6b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 14:02:12","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":74719,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eXRD pattern of CMBC\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7337730/v1/bd446979936cf71c0f201a03.png"},{"id":89491429,"identity":"c558adaa-224c-4ec8-9edd-8b4334ffd188","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 13:54:12","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":306219,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSEM images of CMBC\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7337730/v1/aba18c778d97a4656f2c5fce.png"},{"id":89491433,"identity":"1d46c5ab-f11d-41d8-94a6-ad6f4f660588","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 13:54:12","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":589594,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSEM image and element mapping of CMBC.\u003cstrong\u003e a\u003c/strong\u003e) SEM, \u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e) C mapping\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7337730/v1/ae839b8da604920223d5b417.png"},{"id":89492456,"identity":"d4290f21-07b7-49c5-b87f-8e6d8c2a2883","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 14:10:12","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":85624,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRelationship between zeta potential and pH of CMBC in RhB and MB solution, respectively\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7337730/v1/a2f8020d9ab13a2c41d11c7b.png"},{"id":89491661,"identity":"74089102-8d28-42f4-90cf-e3c0f71f1f11","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 14:02:12","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":85047,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe role of the time and dose of the CMBC on the removal rate of the dyes. \u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c/strong\u003e) Role of the time, CMBC dosage, 1.25 mg·mL\u003csup\u003e−1\u003c/sup\u003e dye solution, \u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e) Role of the dosage, time: CMBC-RhB, 15 min, CMBC-MB, 12 min. RhB or MB concentration, 10 mg·L\u003csup\u003e−1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7337730/v1/a29a1efa45474b29b0ced287.png"},{"id":89491438,"identity":"e2bb3963-39a3-456e-9103-f59f1f00167e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 13:54:12","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":87334,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRole of pH value on the dyes removal rate using the CMBC. RhB or MB concentration, 10 mg·L\u003csup\u003e−1\u003c/sup\u003e. CMBC dosage, 1.25 mg·mL\u003csup\u003e−1\u003c/sup\u003e dye solution.Time: CMBC-RhB, 15 min, CMBC-MB, 12 min\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7337730/v1/4bc80aea955ad429aafb33d3.png"},{"id":89491663,"identity":"381129c2-63f5-4547-bfa1-f6fcec25e9d9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 14:02:12","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":107480,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCVs of different electrodes in KCl solution at CMBC-modified electrode with or without 1 mM catechol\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7337730/v1/e4a06cd0bdc2ed258114c77e.png"},{"id":89492457,"identity":"a2147653-f8b2-448d-ab1d-1782ad254283","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 14:10:12","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":90294,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSWVs of bare GCE and CMBC-modified electrode in 0.1 M KCl solution without or with 1 mM catechol. Measurement parameters: pH value of 7, deposition potential of –1.5 V, deposition time of 120 s, standing time of 60 s\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7337730/v1/6090f7b83ccfa45b233f198d.png"},{"id":89491666,"identity":"ee1486cf-30ce-4b9c-b570-5fd931465e4c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 14:02:12","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":139757,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eElectrochemical detection schematic for catechol detection using the CMBC-modified electrode\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7337730/v1/ab31b74d838bab94dc7bdf2d.png"},{"id":89491443,"identity":"7b76cf27-6c7e-4865-8e0d-a8cbeec1888b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 13:54:12","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":138735,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSWVs of catechol in concentration range of 0.001–1000 μM in 0.1 M KCl solution at the CMBC-modified electrode. The inset is relationship between peak current and catechol concentration\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7337730/v1/b97e06f5ec753bed06bbbc28.png"},{"id":99172303,"identity":"ab8f4aed-0022-4b97-9d28-bc37526ef844","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-29 16:07:35","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2316706,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7337730/v1/a12bf127-011b-4317-af19-82bf834b9f38.pdf"},{"id":89492856,"identity":"1d59f288-4d47-4bee-9799-a72ebdc21832","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 14:18:12","extension":"docx","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":4167145,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryMaterial.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7337730/v1/2346eb71c11f8643a179b176.docx"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Conversion of Biochar from Chicken Manure with good Adsorption and Electro-catalytic performance","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eBiochar is a kind of carbon-rich materials with low cost which can be prepared from the pyrolysis of biomass, such as agricultural waste, food waste and wood products under anoxic conditions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. And biochar exhibits great application promising in the fields of renewable energy, wastewater treatment, ceramics, agriculture, catalysis and carbon sequestration owing to large specific surface area, high cation exchange capacity, adsorption and catalytic performance, multi-pore structure, and oxygen-rich functional groups [2\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6]. Soil performance and sequesters carbon can also be enhanced using biochar as an amendment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. But biochar used solely to soil also hinders plant development owing to the production of toxic by-products. Yang \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e] reported that the biochar-poly(\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e-phenylenediamine) composites possessed distinct skeletal structure and could extract Cr(VI) in aqueous solution. The proposed composites had a maximum Cr(VI) removal efficiency of 775 mg\u0026middot;g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. The adsorption performance of the biochar is considered as a green, environmentally, efficient, sustainable, and low cost method for removing organic pollutants [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Organic pollutants including methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB) which take great harm to human and environment, are difficult to be degraded under natural environment [10\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;12]. It is essential to remove organic pollutants for protecting environment and human health.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCatechol (1, 2 dihydroxybenzene) is an important phenolic compound which is widely applied in the antioxidant, dyes, cosmetics, rubber curing agent, fungicide and skin anti-septic fields [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. However, catechol is toxic to organism and environment, and causes human health including high blood pressure, kidney damage and upper respiratory tract irritation, even cancer [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, it is essential to detect catechol. Spectroscopic technology [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e], chromatographic method [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e], chemiluminescence detection [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e], and fluorescence method [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e] are usually efficient for detecting catechol. However, present methods are time-consuming and complicated limiting their application. Electrochemical method using different species of electrode is more efficient for the determination of catechol owing to simple measurement process, high sensitivity and low cost [20\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;22]. Besides the adsorbent, BC is also expected to be used as electrode materials for detecting organic pollutants, such as catechol.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChicken manure (CM), as a common agricultural waste, contains a large amount of organic carbon. Chicken manure attracts vermin and rodents owing to emitting offensive odor which brings great damage to environments and human beings [23\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;25]. Therefore, it is an essential to convert chicken manure into biochar for practical application.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the present work, biochar was fabricated from chicken manure by an inert atmosphere sintering technology. The synthesized chicken manure biochar (Abbreviated as CMBC) has been characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrum and Raman spectrum. The adsorption properties of the CMBC for removing organic pollutants including MB and RhB were investigated in detail. The proposed CMBC was also used as electrode materials for catechol determination. Tap water and lake water provided actual samples to show the practical application of the CMBC-modified electrode. CMBC can be used as the adsorbents and electrode materials for the removal and determination of organic pollutants.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChemicals\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCM powder were collected from the countryside of Ma\u0026rsquo;anshan city of P. R. China and dried under sunlight for 24 h. Hydrofluoric acid (analytical grade) was gained from Nanhua Reagent Co., Ltd. of China. RhB, MB, catechol and potassium ferricyanide were analytical grade and purchased\u0026nbsp;from\u0026nbsp;Sinopharm Reagent Co., Ltd. of China.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFabrication of Biochar from CM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCMBC was fabricated using CM as the sources in a tube furnace (LC-SK4-35-14TP, Zhejiang Lichen Co., Ltd. of China) by a solid sintering process under Ar atmosphere. A typical preparation process of CMBC was as follows: 3 g of CM powder was placed into a corundum crucible with a lid, and transferred into the corundum tube of the tube furnace. The length, width and height of the corundum crucible were 50 mm, 20 mm and 15 mm, respectively. The furnace was maintained at 800℃ for 60 min with the\u0026nbsp;Ar gas flowing rate of 50 mL\u0026middot;min\u003csup\u003e\u0026ndash;1\u003c/sup\u003e. After the furnace was cooled to room temperature, CM powder was transferred to black precipitates. The obtained black precipitates were treated by hydrofluoric acid for 24 hours removing silica and impurities, and followed by washed for several times with de-ionized water, dried at 60 ℃ for 24 hours under vacuum atmosphere. Finally the black CMBC powders were used as the adsorbents and electro-catalytic materials for organic pollutants removal and detection of catechol.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnalytical Methods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe phase of CMBC was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) (Bruker AXS D8\u0026nbsp;Advance, Germany) in 2\u0026theta; range of 10\u0026ndash;80\u0026deg;.\u0026nbsp;The morphology of CMBC was measured via a field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (nova nanoSEM FEI 430,\u0026nbsp;Japan). The element mapping of the CMBC was recorded usingan energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS)attached to the SEM. Raman spectrum of the CMBC was analyzed using a Raman spectrometer (Renishaw Invia confocal, Britian) with the excitation wavelength of 532 nm, exposure time of 10 s, respectively. The zeta potential of the CMBC was recorded using a Zeta potential analyzer (90Plus PALS, USA).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdsorption Experiments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe adsorption experiments of the CMBC for RhB and MB, respectively were performed in a quartz tube at room temperature. The typical adsorption experiments were as follows: 20 mg CMBC and 20 mL of RhB (or MB) dye with the concentration\u0026nbsp;10\u0026nbsp;mg\u0026middot;L\u003csup\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003ewere dropped into a quartz tube with the stirring rate of 200 rpm for different times. After different adsorption times, the treated dye solution was collected and centrifuged at 10000 rpm to remove CMBC. The treated dye concentration and adsorption efficiency of the CMBC\u0026nbsp;were calculated by analyzing the maximum UV\u0026ndash;vis absorption peak intensity using a\u0026nbsp;Youke UV756 spectrophotometer (Shanghai Yoke\u0026nbsp;Co., Ltd.,\u0026nbsp;China). Each adsorption measurement experiment was repeated for three times confirming the accuracy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe role of the adsorption time, dose, solution pH value, and ion species on the adsorption activity of the CMBC was analyzed to assess the optimum adsorption parameters.\u0026nbsp;200 mg of\u0026nbsp;CMBC and\u0026nbsp;200 mL\u0026nbsp;dye\u0026nbsp;solution were applied for analyzing the re-usability of the\u0026nbsp;CMBC.\u0026nbsp;And CMBC powder was\u0026nbsp;washed by de-ionized water for several times, followed dried after each adsorption measurement.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eElectrochemical Measurements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe fabrication of the CMBC-modified electrode was as follows: Before the CMBC modification, mirror-like surface of the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) (diameter of 3 mm) was polished using 0.05 \u0026mu;malumina powder and washed in de-ionized water for 15 min. CMBC slurry was fabricated by mixing 10 mg CMBC in 10 mL N, N-Dimethylformamide, and sonicated for 60 min. 10 \u0026mu;L CMBC slurry was dropped over electrode, and dried under infrared lamp.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eElectrochemical measurements on the detection of catechol using the CMBC-modified electrode were performed in a three-electrode system (CMBC working electrode) on CHI660E workstation (Chenhua, China). Cyclic voltammetry curves (CVs) of the CMBC-modified electrode with or without catechol were measured in \u0026ndash;1.0 ~ +1.0 V. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of CMBC-modified electrode was analyzed in 1 mM potassium ferricyanide solution. The square wave voltammetry curves (SWVs) of catechol in 0.1 M KCl solution were measured using CMBC-modified electrode in 10 Hz frequency and 0.15 V pulse amplitude.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStructure, Morphology, Composition of the CMBC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eXRD technology was firstly used to analyze the structure of the CMBC. There are no diffraction peaks in the XRD pattern of the CMBC obtained from 800\u0026nbsp;℃\u0026nbsp;with the duration time of 60 min (Fig. 1). The XRD characterization shows that the CMBC consists of amorphous structure. The amorphous structure is similar to that reported by different literatures [26\u0026minus;28].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSEM observation shows that the CMBC sample (Figs. 2a and 2b) exhibits irregular particle morphology and size of less than 10 \u0026mu;m which is similar to that reported by different literatures [29\u0026minus;32]. Element mapping of the CMBC (Fig. 3) indicates that the CMBC sample is comprised of element C.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDye Adsorption Performance of the CMBC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePoint of Zero Charge (pH\u003csub\u003ePZC\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe relationship of zeta potential against the solution pH value of the CMBC in dyes (RhB or MB) solution is shown in Fig. 4. The surface charge of the CMBC adsorbent is negative when the pH value is higher than the \u003cem\u003epH\u003csub\u003ePZC\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e[33]. The adsorption of dye (RhB or MB) using the CMBC absorbent improves when pH is higher than 7. When solution pH value of dye (RhB or MB) solution is less than pH value of 7, the charge on the CMBC is positive. And the repulsion is produced between the dye (RhB or MB) and adsorbent CMBC. Therefore, the dye (RhB or MB) adsorption efficiency decreases obviously. The interaction between the dye (RhB or MB) and negatively charged surface of the CMBC is the strongest when the pH value is higher than \u003cem\u003epH\u003csub\u003ePZC\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e. When the pH value is lower than \u003cem\u003epH\u003csub\u003ePZC\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, dye (RhB or MB) adsorption efficiency decreases obviously. The dye (RhB or MB) repels the surface of the CMBC which possesses same charges as the dye. Therefore, the adsorption process of the dye (RhB or MB) on the CMBC can be explained by an ion exchange mechanism [34].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInfluence of the Adsorption Time, Dose and pH value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFig. 5a shows the role of the adsorption time on the dye removal efficiency using the CMBC. The dye concentration is 10 mg\u0026middot;L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e. CMBC dose is 1.25 mg\u0026middot;mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003edye solution. Obviously, the adsorption efficiency of the dyes increases with increasing adsorption time. CMBC adsorbent can totally adsorb the dyes RhB and MB when the adsorption time is 12 min and 15 min, respectively. Thus, CMBC has excellent adsorption ability for organic pollutants removal. Fig. 5b shows dye adsorption efficiency against the CMBC dose using the CMBC. The dye concentration is 10 mg\u0026middot;L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e. The dye adsorption efficiency of the CMBC is significantly improved with prolonging the dose of the CMBC. The RhB adsorption efficiency increases from 52.7% to 91.2% with increasing the CMBC dose from 0.25 to 1.0 mg\u0026middot;mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e. And\u0026nbsp;MB adsorption efficiency increases from 44.8% to 88.9% with increasing the CMBC dose from 0.25 to 1.0 mg\u0026middot;mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e. The dye (RhB or MB) can be totally adsorbed when the dose of the CMBC is higher than 1.25 mg\u0026middot;mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e. Therefore, the optimum CMBC dose is 1.25 mg\u0026middot;mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe surface charge state of the CMBC can be changed by adjusting dye solution pH which has an important influence on dye removal efficiency of the CMBC. Fig. 6 shows the relationship between the pH value and dye removal efficiency using the CMBC. Obviously, the dye removal efficiency improves with increasing the pH from 2 to 12. The dye concentration is 10 mg\u0026middot;L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e. CMBC dose is 1.25 mg\u0026middot;mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e. The result shows that the CMBC has the highest dye adsorption efficiency.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCV and EIS of CMBC-modified Electrode\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCMBC-modified electrode was firstly applied for electrochemical oxidation of catechol using CV technology. There is no current response at the bare GCE in 0.1 M KCl solution with 1 mM catechol at 50 mV\u0026middot;s\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e scan rate (Fig. 7). The result is consistent to that reported by Krishnamoorthy \u003cem\u003eet al.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e[14]. There is also no current signal of the CMBC-modified electrode in KCl solution. Compared with above CVs, CMBC-modified electrode shows\u0026nbsp;strong current response\u0026nbsp;in 0.1 M KCl solution with 1 mM catechol at 50 mV\u0026middot;s\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e scan rate. A pair of quasi-reversible redox CV peak are located at +0.38 V and +0.28 V with the current of 28.2 \u0026mu;A and 15.1 \u0026mu;A, respectively. The observed high current response of the\u0026nbsp;CMBC-modified electrode towards electrocatalytic oxidation and reduction of catechol is contributed to the electrocatalytic activity of CMBC.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eElectrochemical Sensing Performance of the CMBC-modified Electrode for Catechol Detection\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eElectrochemical Response of Catechol on the\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCMBC-modified Electrode\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSWV technology is applied for quantitative electrochemical analysis of catechol in water environment owing to higher sensitivity than CV technology using same electrolyte [35, 36]. Fig. 8 shows SWV electrochemical properties of bare GCE, CMBC-modified electrode in 0.1 M KCl solution with or without 1 mM catechol by applying a potential range from\u0026nbsp;\u0026minus;0.3 V ~ +0.9 V with a step increment of 4 mV and pulse period of 0.2 s. No SWV peaks are observed on the bare GCE with or without 1 mM catechol, CMBC-modified electrode in KClsolution. Different from above results, the CMBC-modified electrode has a strong and well-defined SWV peak at the potential of +0.34 V with peak current of 34.3\u0026mu;A. The produced anodic SWV peak at +0.34 V only exists in 0.1 M KCl and 1 mM catechol solution showing that SWV peak signal is caused from CMBC. The CMBC possesses high conductivity, good adsorption performance and large specific surface area, which provides a large amount of available adsorption and electro-catalytic active adsorption sites for the catechol. High SWV peak current originates from strong adsorption ability and electrostatic interaction between CMBC and catechol.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring electrochemical detection of catechol at CMBC-modified electrode, catechol molecules are adsorbed and diffused to modified electrode owing to strong adsorption activity of CMBC. Adsorbed catechol is oxidized to be benzoquinone by electro-catalytic role of the CMBC. And the SWV anodic peak is produced. The possible catechol electrocalytic detection mechanism of the CMBC-modified electrode is demonstrated in Fig. 9. Large number of adsorption and electro-catalytic active sites, large specific surface area, high conductivity are essential for the enrichment and electrocatalytic reaction of the catechol.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCatechol Detection\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe catechol detection properties of the CMBC-modified electrode were carried out under above optimized measurement parameters. Fig. 10 shows SWV response of different concentrations of catechol in \u0026nbsp;0.001\u0026minus;1000\u0026nbsp;\u0026mu;M\u0026nbsp;in 0.1 M KCl solution. The catechol concentration-dependent results show that the anodic SWV peak current of the catechol at the potential of\u0026nbsp;+0.34 V\u0026nbsp;is proportional to the catechol concentration. The linear range of the catechol is 0.001\u0026minus;1000\u0026nbsp;\u0026mu;M\u0026nbsp;(Correlation coefficient (R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) = 0.998). The linearization equation is\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eI\u003csub\u003ep\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e (\u0026mu;A) = 9.683 + 0.076\u003cem\u003eC\u003c/em\u003e (nM), where \u003cem\u003eI\u003csub\u003ep\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC\u003c/em\u003e represent anodic SWV peak current at +0.34 V and catechol concentration. Limit of detection (LOD) is 0.88 nM according to signal to noise of 3. Comparison of the proposed CMBC-modified electrode with other methods and electrodes for catechol detection is listed in Table 1. CMBC-modified electrode shows low detection range and wide LOD. Comparing with the\u0026nbsp;LaNiO\u003csub\u003e3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e[14],\u0026nbsp;N-doping carbon nanotube film [38],\u0026nbsp;In-ZnO nanosheet\u0026ndash;modified carbon nanotube\u0026ndash;polyimide film [39],\u0026nbsp;carbon nanotubes and silica nanoparticle-based laccase [42],\u0026nbsp;Mg-doped ZnO nanoparticlesmodified electrodes by electrochemical methods [45], the CMBC-modified electrode shows lower LOD.\u0026nbsp;Although CuS-based micro-flower loaded with carbon dots/laccase by colorimetric method [38],\u0026nbsp;Langmuir\u0026ndash;Blodgett film with phospholipid and phthalocyanines\u0026nbsp;[40], clay-modified electrodes [43] and\u0026nbsp;phosphate-modified TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003enanoparticles\u0026nbsp;by fluorescence method [44]\u0026nbsp;possess lower LOD, the proposed CMBC-modified electrode exhibits wider linear range.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInterference Role, Reproducibility and Stability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSome common interference species, such as Cr\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e, Fe\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e, Ni\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e and citric acid were used for analyzing selectivity of CMBC-modified electrode for catechol detection. As shown in Fig. S5, it is found that the SWV peak potential is same under optimum measurement parameters. And there is only a slight variation of the SWV peak response to catechol using the CMBC-modified electrode and different interference species. CMBC-modified electrode exhibits good anti-interference ability for catechol determination.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe reproducibility of the CMBC-modified electrode for catechol detection was evaluated at five independent electrodes which were fabricated under same conditions. The anodic peak potential is similar. There is no obvious reduction of the anodic peak current response towards catechol (Fig. S6). The stability of CMBC-modified electrode for catechol detection was examined by measuring the electrochemical response to 1 mM catechol solution for twenty successive measurements. Anodic SWV peak current is slightly reduced for initial current\u0026nbsp;(Fig. S7). The\u0026nbsp;low relative standard deviation (RSD) is 1.31%. Therefore, CMBC-modified electrode is promising for catechol detection with acceptable anti-interference ability, reproducibility and stability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReal Sample Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor further estimation of the application of CMBC-modified electrode, tap water and lake water samples were applied for quantitative analysis in real water environment. Catechol was not found in the samples. Recovery experiments were carried out by measuring SWV response to the samples in which the known catechol concentrations were added. The concentration of the catechol in the real water samples is estimated by calibration method and corresponding results are listed in Table 2. Recoveries for catechol detection are 95.8\u0026minus;102.4% at the CMBC-modified electrode. The result confirms the practical applicability of CMBC-modified electrode for accurate detection of catechol in practical water samples.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn summary, chicken manure was conversed to amorphous biochar with the particle size of less than 10 \u0026micro;m via a simple oxygen-free sintering route at 800℃. CMBC can be used as a good adsorbent for the adsorption of RhB and MB. Adsorption measurement results show that the adsorption efficiency of the CMBC is enhanced with increasing the adsorption time, dose and pH value. 10 mg\u0026middot;L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e RhB and MB can be totally adsorbed when the CMBC dose is higher than 1.25 mg\u0026middot;mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. CMBC possesses good anti-ion interference ability and re-usability for RhB and MB adsorption. The proposed CMBC also acts as good electron transfer interface elevating the active sites and electro-catalytic response for catechol detection. CMBC-modified electrode shows a well-defined SWV peak at the potential of +\u0026thinsp;0.34 V in 0.1 KCl solution with 1 mM catechol. pH value of 7, deposition potential of +\u0026thinsp;1.5 V, deposition time of 120 s and standing time of 60 s are determined to be the optimum measurement parameters. The detection range is 0.001\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1000 \u0026micro;M and LOD is 0.88 nM. The CMBC-modified electrode possesses good selectivity, reproducibility and stability which is successful to detect catechol in real samples. The good adsorption and electro-catalytic performance make the CMBC a promising candidate as the adsorption and electrode materials for removal of organic pollutants and electrochemical detection of catechol.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contribution\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eZhangjie Ban: methodology, data curation, investigation, writing \u0026ndash; original draft. Qianming Cong: methodology, data curation, investigation, writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing. Xingxing Zhu: methodology, investigation, writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing. Yuetong Chang: investigation, writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing. Mengyan Pei: methodology, data curation. Zhengyu Cai: investigation, resources, writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing. Yong Zhang: conceptualization, resources, writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing. Lizhai Pei: conceptualization, supervision, resources, writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing, writing \u0026ndash; original draft, funding acquisition.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the\u0026nbsp;Science and Technology Foundation of Ma\u0026rsquo;anshan of Anhui Province of P. R. China\u0026nbsp;(XXCN202301), Natural Science Foundation of the Education Bureau of Anhui Province of P. R. China (2024AH050151), Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of P. R. China (2023J011451) and Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program of Anhui Province of P. R. China.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eData will be made available on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval\u003c/strong\u003e This research project has not involved any unethical work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e The authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhao, R., Wang, B., Zhang, X., Lee, X., Chen, M., Feng, Q., \u0026amp; Chen, S. (2022). Insights into Cr(VI) removal mechanism in water by facile one-step pyrolysis prepared coal gangue-biochar composite. \u003cem\u003eChemosphere\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e299\u003c/em\u003e, 134334. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4018818\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLong, Y., Song, Y., Jia, J., Tang, L., Shen, D. S., \u0026amp; Gu, F. (2024). 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Design and fabrication of an innovative electrochemical sensor based on Mg-doped ZnO nanoparticles for the detection of toxic catechol. \u003cem\u003eMaterials Chemistry Physics\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e281\u003c/em\u003e, 125860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2022.125860\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eCatechol detection parameters comparison using the CMBC-modified electrode with those reported methods\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003eSensing materials\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTechnique\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDetection range\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(\u0026mu;M)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLOD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(nM)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLaNiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u0026minus;2000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[14]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoly(dimethylsiloxane)/glass capillary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmperometricmethod\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u0026minus;100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[37]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCuS-based micro-flower loaded with carbon dots/laccase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eColorimetric method\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u0026minus;100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e490\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[38]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN-doping carbon nanotube film\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDifferential pulse voltammetry (DPV)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u0026minus;425\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[39]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLangmuir\u0026ndash;Blodgett films of the phospholipid and phthalocyanines\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026minus;144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.334\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[40]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn-ZnO nanosheet\u0026ndash;modified carbon nanotube\u0026ndash;polyimide film\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u0026minus;1600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e390\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[41]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCarbon nanotubes and silica nanoparticle-based laccase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u0026minus;400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[42]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClay\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSWV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u0026minus;15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[43]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhosphate-modified TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003enanoparticles\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFluorescence method\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u0026minus;500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[44]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMg-doped ZnO nanoparticles\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u0026minus;100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e690\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[45]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCMBC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSWV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u0026minus;1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis work\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eCatechol detection in real samples using the CMBC-modified electrode.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"619\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSamples\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdded\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(\u0026mu;M)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDetected\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(\u0026mu;M)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(average value of five times)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRecovery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003eDetected/Added\u003c/em\u003e)\u0026times;100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTap water\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.89\u0026plusmn;0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.72\u0026plusmn;0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.72\u0026plusmn;0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLake water\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.79\u0026plusmn;0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.51\u0026plusmn;0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.96\u0026plusmn;0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"applied-biochemistry-and-biotechnology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"abab","sideBox":"Learn more about [Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology](https://www.springer.com/journal/12010)","snPcode":"12010","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12010/3","title":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Biochar, Chicken manure, Adsorption, Organic pollutants, Catechol, Electro-catalytic performance","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7337730/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7337730/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eChicken manure was converted to biochar by a simple oxygen-free sintering route. The obtained chicken manure biochar (CMBC) was confirmed by X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrum and Raman spectrum. Amorphous CMBC exhibits irregular particle morphology and size of less than 10 \u0026micro;m. CMBC can be used as an efficient adsorbent for rhodamine B (RhB) and methylene blue (MB) removal. Adsorption time, dose of the CMBC and pH value have important influences on the adsorption efficiency. 10 mg\u0026middot;L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e dye (RhB or MB) can be totally adsorbed when the dose of the CMBC is higher than 1.25 mg\u0026middot;mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. CMBC adsorbent has good anti-ion interference ability and re-usability. Glassy carbon electrode was modified by CMBC and applied for catechol detection by square wave voltammetry (SWV) method in KCl solution. The proposed CMBC-modified electrode exhibits good sensing performance for catechol detection in terms of good stability, selectivity, reproducibility and practical applicability. The linear range for catechol detection is 0.001\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1000 \u0026micro;M and limit of detection (LOD) is 0.88 nM. Real sample analysis was performed considering local tap water and lake water. The developed CMBC-modified electrode shows admirable electro-catalytic properties towards catechol which can be used for real-time monitoring.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Conversion of Biochar from Chicken Manure with good Adsorption and Electro-catalytic performance","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-20 13:54:07","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7337730/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2025-08-12T15:27:06+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-08-12T06:58:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","date":"2025-08-12T01:35:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","date":"2025-08-10T04:45:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"applied-biochemistry-and-biotechnology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"abab","sideBox":"Learn more about [Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology](https://www.springer.com/journal/12010)","snPcode":"12010","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12010/3","title":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e549f00b-ba5b-42f0-b5b6-3b5813a717cf","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 20th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-29T16:01:56+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7337730","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-025-05487-8","journal":{"identity":"applied-biochemistry-and-biotechnology","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology"},"publishedOn":"2025-12-23 15:57:57","publishedOnDateReadable":"December 23rd, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-20 13:54:07","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s12010-025-05487-8","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-025-05487-8","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7337730","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7337730","identity":"rs-7337730","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}