First Report of Colletotrichum siamense Causing Anthracnose Disease of Coffee Berry in Indonesia

First Report of Colletotrichum siamense Causing Anthracnose Disease of Coffee Berry in Indonesia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article First Report of Colletotrichum siamense Causing Anthracnose Disease of Coffee Berry in Indonesia Khaerati Khaerati, Suryo Wiyono, Giyanto Giyanto, Efi Toding Tondok, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8836822/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Colletotrichum species are fungal pathogens that cause anthracnose in coffee berries across producing regions globally. These pathogens have been reported to infect both Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora , but the molecular identification of Colletotrichum species affecting coffee in Indonesia has remained largely uncharacterized. This study aimed to identify and characterize the Colletotrichum species associated with coffee crops. Colletotrichum isolates were obtained from symptomatic berries and leaves collected from C. arabica and C. canephora plantations in seven districts in Indonesia. Identification and characterization of Colletotrichum spp. consisted of morphological characterization, DNA sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), actin (ACT), and β-tubulin (TUB2) regions. Eleven Colletotrichum isolates were selected for further study based on their morphological characteristics and geographical origins. The results of the multi-locus phylogenetic analysis clustered all eleven isolates within the C. siamense species group. The morphological characteristics of C. siamense generally include grey to dark-grey colony pigmentation. Colony growth rates on potato dextrose agar (PDA) ranged from 7.28 to 12.88 mm/day, and colony diameters were approximately 52–89 mm. A pathogenicity assay confirmed that the isolates were virulent, successfully inducing symptoms on coffee tissues (leaves and berries of Arabica and Robusta coffee). By integrating morphological characterization, molecular identification, and pathogenicity testing, this study identifies C. siamense as the causative agent of coffee berry anthracnose disease in Indonesia. This study presents the first report of C. siamense infection in both Arabica ( C. arabica ) and Robusta ( C. canephora ) in Indonesia. characterization identification morphology pathogenicity Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 1. Introduction Coffee is a pivotal commodity for Indonesia, serving as a cornerstone of the plantation sector and a significant driver of national economic growth. Its contribution includes generating foreign exchange reserves, providing a primary source of livelihood for smallholder farmers, and creating extensive employment opportunities. Currently, Indonesia ranks as the world's fourth-largest coffee producer (after Brazil, Vietnam, and Colombia) [ 1 ]. Coffee cultivation in Indonesia is dominated by Coffea arabica, Coffea canephora , and Coffea liberica. According to [ 2 ], Indonesia has cultivated a variety of high-quality coffee varieties. Nevertheless, phytopathological challenges remain a significant constraint to cultivation. Specifically, infection by the fungi Colletotrichum spp., which cause anthracnose disease in coffee berries, represents a major bottleneck in coffee production [ 3 ]. Pathogenic fungi of the genus Colletotrichum can cause losses ranging from 50 to 100% in many hosts, particularly fruit and vegetable commodities [ 4 , 5 ]. This is especially true in tropical and subtropical regions [ 6 , 7 ]. The impact of this disease substantially curtails coffee production in many countries. In Africa, Colletotrichum kahawae subsp. kahawae can cause yield reductions of 60% to 80% [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. Reported losses in Kenya have exceeded 75% [ 12 ]. Similarly, C. gloeosporioides infestations in Catimor Arabica cultivars in Vietnam can result in losses ranging from 15% to 60% [ 13 ]. According to [ 14 ], without effective control measures—particularly during high rainfall in highland regions—pathogen infection rates can reach 100%. The broad distribution of Colletotrichum species has led to a high degree of genetic diversity across various countries. In Ethiopia, the etiological agent of coffee berry disease was identified as C. kahawae in 1971 [ 12 ]. Later studies reported various Colletotrichum species associated with coffee: C. coffeanum and C. gloeosporioides [ 15 ], C. acutatum, C. boninense, C. capsici, C. gloeosporioides, C. karstii , and C. walleri in Vietnam [ 13 ]; C. gloeosporioides and C. boninense in Brazil [ 16 ]; C. theobromicola, C. karstii, C. gloeosporioides, C. siamense , and C. gigasporum in Mexico [ 17 ]; C. aeschynomenes , C. siamense , C. karstii , C. phyllanthi , C. saudianum , and C. coffeae-arabicae in Saudi Arabia [ 18 ]; C. cuscutae and C. fragariae in Angola; C. asianum, C. siamense, and C. fructicola in Thailand [ 19 ]; and C. endophytica , C. fructicola, C. ledongense, C. siamense, C. tropicale, C. karstii, C. gigasporum , and C. brevisporum in China [ 20 ]. Additionally, single species have been reported in Australia ( C. theobromicola ), Colombia ( C. gigasporum ), Costa Rica ( C. costarricense ), Fiji ( C. queenslandicum ), and Kenya ( C. kahawae subsp. kahawae ) [ 19 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ]. To date, comprehensive research on the identification and characterization of Colletotrichum species infecting coffee in Indonesia remains limited. Nevertheless, field observations have revealed a high intensity of infection. This discrepancy underscores the urgent need for the present study. A primary challenge in identification stems from the high genetic diversity within the Colletotrichum genus, which often leads to taxonomic ambiguity when relying solely on morphological characteristics for species-level identification [ 25 ]. Therefore, the integration of molecular techniques is essential for overcoming the limitations of morphological traits and ensuring accurate species identification. Current identification of Colletotrichum species relies heavily on multilocus phylogenetic analyses utilizing a diverse suite of gene markers, including the Internal Transcribed Spacer region rDNA (ITS), actin (ACT), tubulin (TUB2), chitin synthase 1 (CHS-1), calmodulin (CAL), and glyceraldehyde - 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) [ 18 , 21 , 26 , 27 ]. Comprehensive characterization studies are crucial for elucidating the biological mechanisms of pathogen-host interactions, host range, geographical distribution, and potential risks [ 28 ], all of which are instrumental in designing effective disease management strategies. In addition to taxonomic identification, it is imperative to verify pathogenicity through the rigorous application of Koch’s postulates. Early detection and accurate identification are crucial for mitigating the spread and impact of the disease [ 29 ]. This study aims to characterize and identify Colletotrichum species that cause anthracnose disease in coffee crops across several regions in Indonesia. 2. Results 2.1 Disease Symptoms and Isolation of Colletotrichum spp. Anthracnose symptoms on coffee berries were characterized by the formation of dark brown to black lesions, which were either slightly raised or distinctly sunken (depressed). These symptoms were observed on both ripe (red) and immature (green) berries. As the disease progressed, the lesions expanded internally, leading to decay of the pericarp and seeds, eventually causing the entire berry to turn black and shrivel (Fig. 1 ). On coffee leaves, the symptoms initially appeared as small and irregular lesions. The lesions later coalesced to form large black necrotic patches. Symptom development typically originated from leaf margins. Isolation and distribution of fungal pathogens associated with coffee anthracnose were successfully conducted using symptomatic leaves and red berries of both C. arabica and C. canephora (Fig. 1 ). The samples were collected from seven districts in Java, Indonesia (Table 3 ). A total of 11 isolates resembling the genus Colletotrichum were recovered. Five isolates were obtained from red C. arabica berries (cultivars Gayo 3, Sigarar Utang, and Kartika), two from red C. canephora berries, and two from green C. arabica berries (cv. Yellow Catimor and Sigarar Utang). Additionally, two isolates were recovered from the leaves of C. arabica (cv. Sigarar Utang and Yellow Catimor). The selection of these 11 representative isolates was based on their distinct morphological characteristics, host variety, and geographical origin (Table 3 ). Table 3 Source of origin and host characteristics of the 11 selected Colletotrichum isolates No. Isolate Substrate and Host Location 1 KJ12 Red berry C. arabica var. Gayo 3 Cianjur, West Java 2 KJ14 Red berry C. arabica var. Sigarar Utang Banjarnegara, Central Java 3 KJ15 Red berry C. canephora Sukabumi, West Java 4 KJ25 Leaf C. arabica var Sigarar Utang Bogor, West Java 5 KJ27 Green berry C. arabica var. Yellow Catimor, Bandung, West Java 6 KJ10 Leaf C. arabica var. Yellow Catimor, Bandung, West Java 7 KJ37 Green berry C. arabica var.Sigarar Utang Bandung, West Java 8 KJ54 Red berry C. arabica var. Sigarar Utang Bogor, West Java 9 KJ75 Red berry C. arabica var. Kartika Temanggung, Central Java 10 KJ112 Red berry C. canephora Wonosobo, Central Java 11 KJ41 Red berry Coffea arabica var. Sigarar Utang Bandung, West Java 2.2 Morphological Characterization Macroscopic and microscopic observations of the 11 selected Colletotrichum isolates revealed significant morphological diversity. Statistical analysis showed significant variations (p < 0.05) in colony diameter, mycelial growth, and the dimensions (length and width) of both conidia and appressoria. In macroscopic observations after 7 days of incubation at 26°C on PDA, the isolates exhibited distinct growth patterns. Isolate KJ112 showed the highest colony diameter at 8.9 cm, with an average growth rate of 1.22 cm/day. In contrast, isolate KJ12 displayed the lowest growth, with a diameter of 5.6 cm and a mean growth rate of 0.73 cm/day (Table 4 ). Table 4 Morphological characteristics: colony diameter, culture color, and conidiomata of C. siamense No. Isolate Code Colony Diameter (7 days) (cm) Growth rate (mm) Coloni Color Conindiomata Obverse Color Reverse Color 1 KJ12 56 a 7.28 a Grey center with white margins Grey Absent 2 KJ14 85 bc 12.48 c Whitish-grey Light cream to grey Light brown 3 KJ15 74 b 8.32 ab Whitish grey with white margins Grey center with white margins Orange 4 KJ25 79 bc 10.8 bc Dark grey Dark grey Absent 5 KJ27 81 bc 12.2 c Dark grey with white margins Dark grey Absent 6 KJ10 85 bc 12.88 c Cream center with white margins Grey center with white margins Light brown to black 7 KJ37 78 bc 10.88 bc White with dark grey center Pale cream with a dark grey center Absent 8 KJ 41 78,4 bc 11.68 c Grey with white margins Grey Absent 9 KJ54 87 c 12 c Whitish grey Cream Brown 10 KJ75 85 bc 12.80 c Grey Grey Brown, acervuli present 11 KJ112 89 c 12.20 c Grey Grey Brown, Acervuli present Note: means followed by different letters within a column differ significantly at p < 0.05 (Tukey’s test). Colony coloration was predominantly within the grey spectrum, ranging from light grey and whitish-grey to dark grey (Table 4 ). The formation of conidiomata on the PDA surface generally occurred after 14 days of incubation. However, conidiomata production varied among the isolates; it was observed in isolates KJ14, KJ15, KJ10, KJ54, KJ75, and KJ112, but was absent in isolates KJ12, KJ25, KJ27, KJ37, and KJ41 during the observation period. Characteristics of the conidia of C. siamense isolates associated with coffee crops are typically cylindrical with obtuse ends, unicellular, and hyaline. The maximum average conidial length was observed in isolate KJ75 at 14.67 µm, while the shortest was 9.08 µm in isolate KJ12 (Table 5 ). The mycelium of C. siamense isolates from Indonesia is dense and cottony, with colors ranging from white to grayish and light brown. These characteristics align with those of C. siamense isolates found in Thailand, which also display grayish-white, dense, and cottony mycelium (Prihastuti et al . 2009). Table 5 Morphological characteristics of conidia and appressoria of C. siamense isolates No. Isolate Conidia Appresoria Shape Length (µm) Width (µm) Shape Length (µm) Width (µm) 1 KJ12 Cylindrical with obtuse ends (oblong) 9.08 ± 1.0 b 3.17 ± 0.63 b Oval, irregular, grey and cream center, black edge 10.57 ± 1.02 a 6.79 ± 0.45 bcde 2 KJ14 Cylindrical with obtuse ends) with slight narrowing at the center 13.84 ± 0.99 hi 3.94 ± 0.46 bcd Oval, yellow 9.06 ± 1.3 a 6.16 ± 0.67 aabcde 3 KJ15 Cylindrical with obtuse ends 12.24 ± 1.06 de 4.72 ± 0.49 h Oval, light yellow 9.60 ± 1.95 a 5.51 ± 0.88 abcd 4 KJ25 Cylindrical with obtuse ends 13.08 ± 2.49 efgh 4.33 ± 0.5 efg Oval, yellow 8.99 ± 0.88 aa 6.80 ± 0.57 5 KJ27 Cylindrical with obtuse ends) with slight narrowing at the center 13.30 ± 1.86 fgh 3.78 ± 0.73 bc Gray with black edge 9.35 ± 0.73 a 5.92 ± 0.18 abcde 6 KJ10 Cylindrical with obtuse ends 12.30 ± 0.67 def 4.67 ± 0.50 gh Round, oval, cream color 10.06 ± 0.49 a 4.85 ± 1.05 abc 7 KJ37 Cylindrical with obtuse ends 12.66 ± 1.29 efg 3.79 ± 0.73 bc Oval, irregular, cream 11.22 ± 1.9 a 4.48 ± 0.52 a 8 KJ41 Straight, cylindrical, obtuse end, and slightly tapered 13.20 ± 1.52 fgh 2.98 ± 0.41 a Oval, yellow 10.48 ± 1.0 a 5.96 ± 0.91 abcde 9 KJ54 Cylindrical with obtuse ends 13.57 ± 1.06 gh 4.60 ± 0.40 fgh Oval, round, light cream, 9.68 ± 0.60 a 7.78 ± 0.03 e 10 KJ75 Cylindrical with obtuse ends 14.67 ± 1.63 i 4.27 ± 0.56 def Oval, round to irregular, light brown color 8.35 ± 1.24 a 4.74 ± 0.89 a 11 KJ112 Cylindrical with obtuse ends 11.41 ± 0.75 cd 4.05 ± 0.62 cde Oval, irregular, light brown to dark brow with black edge 10.99 ± 1.56 a 4.86 ± 0.62 abc Note: means followed by different letters within a column differ significantly at p < 0.05 (Tukey’s test). In slide cultures, appressoria were predominantly formed from hyphae, although some originated from conidia. The appressoria of Indonesian C. siamense isolates measured 8.35–11.22 µm × 4.48–7.73 µm. These structures exhibited considerable morphological diversity, with shapes including round, oval, oblong, and irregular forms. Their pigmentation also varied, including grey, light brown, dark brown, yellow, and cream (Fig. 2 ). Acervuli were observed on the surface of PDA in isolates KJ14, KJ75, and KJ112 (Fig. 2 ), while setae were present exclusively in isolate KJ14. 2.3 Molecular Identification Isolates morphologically identified as Colletotrichum -like were further characterized at the species level using molecular techniques. PCR amplification was performed targeting three loci: ITS, ACT, and TUB2. The results of the multilocus molecular identification, based on BLAST sequence similarity searches, are presented in Table 6 . The analysis revealed that sequence homology ranges from 87.26% to 100% (Table 6 ). Three isolates (KJ12, KJ14, and KJ17) showed 99.85–100% homology with C. siamense from Kenya, originally isolated from coffee (Liu et al. 2015). Isolates KJ27 and KJ112 showed the highest homology, reaching 100% similarity with C. siamense strains from China. Table 6 Results of multilocus molecular identification based on BLAST searches Isolate Accession nimber Origin Homology (%) Species KJ12 KP703433.1 Kenya 100 C. siamense KJ14 KP703433.1 Kenya 99.85 C. siamense KJ75 KP703433.1 Kenya 99.85 C. siamense KJ25 KJ955227.1 China 99.85 C. siamense KJ54 KJ955227.1 China 99.85 C. siamense KJ27 MZ912873.1 China 100 C. siamense KJ10 MZ912873.1 China 99.44 C. siamense KJ37 MF143915.1 China 99.85 C. siamense KJ41 MF554909.1 China 87.26 C. siamense KJ15 PQ586293.1 China 99.45 C. siamense KJ112 MH351143.1 China 100 C. siamense 2.4 Phylogenetic Analysis The identities of the 11 isolates were further confirmed through phylogenetic analysis using three loci (ITS, ACT, and TUB2). According to Raja et al. (2017), sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree construction are essential techniques for analyzing relationships and identifying species. The phylogenetic analysis included the 11 isolates associated with coffee crops in Indonesia and 26 reference Colletotrichum sequences retrieved from GenBank (Table 7 ). The phylogenetic tree, constructed using the Maximum Likelihood (ML) method, showed that all isolates clustered within the C. siamense species complex (Fig. 3 ). Table 7 Colletotrichum species complexes sourced from GenBank for use in phylogenetic analysis No. Species No.cultur host Country GenBank Accession Numbers ITS ACT TUB2 1 C. brisbanense CBS:292.67 Capsicum annuum Australia JQ948291 JQ949612 JQ949942 2 C. nymphaeae C297 Olea europaea Italia MH540974 - MH547622 3 C. siamense SJSHLL18 Aucuba japonica China MH290842 MH290863 MH351143 4 C. siamense BL-1 Michelia alba China MW186173 MW161285 MW161300 5 C. siamense Yc20 Camellia oleifera China ON763370 ON783333 ON783303 6 C. nymphaeae ICMP 5111 Protea magnifica New Zealand PV350757 PV357543 PV357506 7 C. gloeosporioides C20 Robinia pseudoacacia China MF668110 MF668112 MF668116 9 C. aenigma GRAP 7 Vitis vinifera South Korea LC586811 LC586823 LC586814 10 C. kahawae ICMP:17816 C1266.1 Coffea arabica Kenya JX010231 JX009452 JX010444 11 C. saudianum PPDU28C Coffea arabica Saudi Arabia OR048774 OR050685 OR050782 12 C. karstii PPDU41K Coffea arabica Saudi Arabia OR048754 OR050665 OR050762 13 C. acutatum C1 peach China KY081663 KY049982 KY049984 14 C. asianum MFANT152 Mangifera indica Puerto Rico USA PQ811886 PQ815300 PQ815323 15 C. asianum INDES-AM1 Mangifera indica Peru OP425395 OP440442 OP440443 16 C. siamense IIHR_COL_C7 Carica papaya India OK356685 OQ079583 OQ079592 17 C. scovillei C-212 Mangifera indica Taiwan MK327142 MK462968 MK462970 18 C. nymphaeae APTW13 Apple South Korea PQ436454 PQ437626 PP471137 19 C. nymphaeae IBI1 Acca sellowiana Brazil MN264620 MN304867 MN304871 20 C. laticiphilum MLZZP3 Hevea brasiliensis China KY020279 KY020282 KY020283 21 C.siamense GB02 Dipterocarpus turbinatus Bangladesh OP223336 OQ511559 OP727287 22 C.siamense BRSP09 Strawberry Bangladesh LC420017.1 LC420019.1 LC420018.1 23 C.siamense SPL2136 Atractylodes ovata South Korea LC604497.1 LC604583.1 LC604529.1 23 C. aeschynomenes HPLS12 Clausena lansium China PX096409 PX120668 PX120794 24 C. asianum PC001 Mangifera indica Thailand MK212353 LC618298 LC635534 25 C.siamense 38a Coffea arabica Meksiko KT122938 KT122928 KT122918 26 C. theobromicola 8a Coffea arabica Meksiko KT122929 KT122919 KT122909 27 C. siamense CPC30209 UOM 13 Capsicum annuum Indonesia MH707471 MH781464 MH846547 28 C. siamense PPDU26A Coffea arabica Arab Saudi OR048780 OR050691 OR050788 29 C. queenslandicum ICMP 1778 Carica papaya Australia JX010276 JX009447 JX010414 Phylogenetic analysis using the Maximum Likelihood method showed that all 11 isolates obtained in this study clustered within the same clade as Colletotrichum siamense. Isolates KJ12, KJ14, KJ75, KJ41, KJ27, KJ54, KJ112, and KJ10 had the closest genetic affinity to C. siamense 38a from C. arabica in Mexico, and C. siamense Yc20 from Camellia oleifera in China. In addition, isolate KJ15 was most closely related to C. siamense CPC30209 from Capsicum annuum in Indonesia, while isolate KJ41 showed the highest similarity to C. siamense BRSP09 from strawberry in Bangladesh (Fig. 3 ). 2.5 Pathogenicity Assay on Coffee Berries Pathogenicity tests using Koch’s postulates were conducted on 11 C. siamense isolates. These tests demonstrated that all isolates were capable of inducing disease symptoms on the red berries of both Arabica and Robusta coffee. The lesion area and disease infection percentage varied among the isolates (Table 8 ). Table 8 Lesion area of C. siamense isolates on red berries and leaves of Arabica and Robusta coffee Isolates C. arabica C. robusta Sigarar Utang Yellow cattura Flores Bajawa Typica Gayo 3 Kartika BP42 Incidence Infection (%) Lesion area (mm) Incidence Infection (%) Lesion area (mm) Incidence Infection (%) Lesion area (mm) Incidence Infection (%) Lesion area (mm) Incidence Infection (%) Lesion area (mm) Incidence Infection (%) Lesion area (mm) Incidence Infection (%) Lesion area (mm) KJ12 7.45 abcd 30 0 a 0 a 50 3.63 ab 10 0.09 a 0 0 a 100 28.53 h 40 7.28 abcd KJ14 0.01 a 10 0 a 0 a 40 0.65 a 80 2.83 ab 0 0 a 10 0.64 a 50 17.86g KJ15 2.74 abc 20 4.25 ab 30 20 0.69 a 0 0 a 30 0.26 a 80 12.66 bcd 20 2.74ab KJ25 2.36 ab 10 0 a 0 a 20 1.29 ab 20 2.33 ab 0 0 a 80 5.82 abc 20 5.44 abc KJ27 5.44 abc 10 0 a 0 a 10 0.25 a 0 0 a 0 0 a 40 4.51 abc 0 0 a KJ10 15.09 ef 60 0 a 0 a 50 3.93 ab 30 8.25 abcd 0 0 a 20 1.49 ab 0 0 a KJ37 18.99 g 70 0 a 0 a 40 1.64 ab 0 0 a 60 3.76 ab 40 5.35 abc 0 0 a KJ54 15.56 fg 40 0 a 0 a 60 5.83 abc 80 4.20 ab 0 0 a 0 0 a 20 8.35 abcd KJ75 0.25 a 10 0 a 0 a 50 1.36 ab 0 0 a 0 0 a 60 7,28 abc 10 0,09 a KJ112 7.09 abcd 60 0 a 0 a 20 0.85 a 10 0,25 a 0 0 a 60 9,49 bcd 10 10 KJ41 14.6de 40 0 a 0 a 20 1.84 a 40 2,89 ab 50 7,21 abcd 20 3,13 ab 0 0 Note: means followed by different letters within a column differ significantly at p < 0.05 (Tukey’s test). Statistical analysis using Tukey’s post hoc test identified significant differences in lesion area (p < 0.05). Among the isolates tested, KJ15 exhibited the broadest host range. It infected Robusta berries (var. BP 42) and nearly all Arabica varieties evaluated (Sigarar Utang, Yellow Caturra, Flores Bajawa, Gayo 3, Kartika), except Typica (Table 8 ). The largest lesion area caused by KJ15 was observed on Kartika berries (12.66 mm), with a disease incidence of 80%. Conversely, the smallest lesion area was observed on Gayo 3 (0.26 mm). Notably, KJ15 was the only isolate capable of infecting the Yellow Caturra variety. Isolate KJ12 was the most destructive Colletotrichum isolate in this study. It produced the largest lesion area of 28.53 mm and achieved 100% infection on Kartika berries. However, this isolate failed to induce any infection symptoms on Yellow Caturra and Gayo 3 berries. In contrast, isolate KJ27 had the narrowest host range; it did not infect Robusta Coffee and only affected the Arabica varieties Sigarar Utang, Flores Bajawa, and Kartika. Similarly, isolate KJ75 showed limited pathogenicity, infecting only Sigarar Utang, Flores Bajawa, Kartika, and BP42. Seven C. siamense isolates (KJ12, KJ14, KJ15, KJ25, KJ54, KJ75, and KJ10) were capable of infecting the red berries of Robusta coffee var. BP42. Isolate KJ14 induced a large lesion area, measuring approximately 17.86 mm, with a disease incidence of 50% (Table 8 ). 2.6 Pathogenicity Assay on Coffee Leaves Since Colletotrichum species are often considered weak pathogens, pathogenicity tests were conducted under both wounded and non-wounded conditions. The results confirmed that all 11 C. siamense isolates were pathogenic on coffee leaves. Specifically, all isolates induced symptoms on wounded Robusta leaves, whereas only seven isolates (KJ14, KJ15, KJ25, JK27, KJ10, KJ37, and KJ112) were capable of infecting Arabica leaves. Tukey's test revealed a significant difference (p < 0.05), with isolate KJ12 producing the largest lesion area, approximately 101.1 mm, on wounded Robusta leaves, followed by KJ10 (67.33 mm) and KJ112 (64 mm). Isolate KJ10 showed the ability to infect young leaves across all treatments, with its highest lesion recorded on wounded Robusta leaves (Table 9 ). Table 9 Lesion area (mm) on young leaves of Arabica and Robusta coffee inoculated by C. siamense isolates under wounded and non-wounded conditions Isolate C. arabica var. Sigarar Utang C. canephora var. BP42 Wounded (mm) Non wounded (mm) Wounded (mm) Non wounded (mm) KJ12 0 a 0 a 101.1 e 0 a KJ14 7.46 ab 0 a 12 ab 0.83 a KJ15 3.86 a 0 a 45.4 bcd 0 a KJ25 13.93 ab 0 a 40.33 abcd 0 a KJ27 16.03 ab 0 a 37.86 abcd 9.8 ab KJ10 39.8 abcd 16 ab 67.3d 7.4 ab KJ37 7.67 ab 0 a 23.56 abc 0.67 a KJ54 0 a 0 a 33.03 abcd 0 a KJ75 0 a 0 a 20.73 abc 0 a KJ112 12 ab 0 a 64 d 14.67 ab KJ41 0 a 0 a 57.33 cd 0 a Note: means followed by different letters within a column differ significantly at p < 0.05 according to Tukey’s test. Methods 5.1 Sample Collection and Study Site The research was conducted from May 2023 to December 2024. Samples of coffee berries and leaves exhibiting typical anthracnose symptoms were systematically collected from C. arabica and C. canephora plantations. The sampling was collected from seven districts within the provinces of West Java and Central Java, Indonesia (Table 1). Table 1. Geographic coordinates and altitudes of the sampling sites in West Java and Central Java No. Districts Latitude (S) Longitude (E) Altitude (m asl) 1 Bandung 7°9'56" 107°35'18" 1362 7°9'40" 107°35'41" 1559 2 Bogor 6°36'39" 107°1'25" 613 3 Sukabumi 6°50'37" 106°45'5" 476 4 Cianjur 6°45'27" 107°0'26" 1535 5 Temanggung 7°19'32" 110°1'58" 1467 7°13'39" 110°7'46" 694 6 Banjarnegara 7°12'54" 109°39'42" 1069 7 Wonosobo 7°29'11" 109°59'4" 848 5.2 Isolation and Purification of Colletotrichum spp. Colletotrichum spp. was isolated from coffee berries and leaves exhibiting anthracnose symptoms using the method described by [20]. Symptomatic tissue was surface-sterilized by immersion in 70% ethanol for 30 seconds, followed by a 1 % sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution for 1 minute. After rinsing three times for 30 seconds each in sterile distilled water, the samples were dried on sterile paper. Tissue fragments of approximately 5 mm 2 were excised from the margin between the healthy and necrotic areas. These segments were placed onto Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and Water Agar (WA) in petri dishes and incubated at room temperature (approximately 26 °C). Hyphal tips emerging from the tissues were subcultured onto fresh PDA plates and incubated for 7 to 10 days. Isolates were purified using the single-spore isolation technique via the spore-suspension method to ensure genetic homogeneity. Pure cultures were then maintained on PDA plates and slants for further characterization. 5.3 Morphological Characterization The morphological characterization of Colletotrichum spp. isolates encompassed both macroscopic and microscopic observations. Macroscopic characterization. Isolates were cultured on PDA and incubated at room temperature. Mycelial growth was monitored by measuring the colony diameter daily for seven days [30]. The colony growth rate was determined by calculating the average daily growth (mm/day) over 3–7 days. After seven days of incubation, the color of the colony was recorded for both the obverse (top) and reverse (bottom) surfaces. The cultures were kept alive until conidiomata appeared. Microscopic characterization. Microscopic analysis focused on the morphology of conidia and appressoria. To study conidia, observations were made on cultures grown for 7 to 10 days. Conidia were collected with a sterile inoculation needle, placed on a glass slide with sterile distilled water, and covered with a coverslip. The shape, length, and width of the conidia were recorded. For each isolate, 50 conidia were randomly selected and measured using an Olympus DP27 microscope. Appressoria were examined using the slide culture method described by [19]. A small block of Water Agar (WA) (10 mm²) was set on a sterile coverslip. After incubating for 3 to7 days, the shape and size (length and width) of the appressoria were observed and recorded. 5.4 Molecular Characterization 5.4.1 DNA Extraction, PCR, Amplification, and Sequencing Colletotrichum isolates were cultured on PDA for 7–10 days [20]. Fungal mycelia were harvested by scraping the surface of the medium and transferring the material into 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes containing 200 µl of sterile distilled water. The mycelia were homogenized using a sterile plastic micropestle. Genomic DNA was extracted using the Quick-DNA TM Fungal/Bacterial Miniprep Kit (Zymo Research, USA), following the manufacturer’s instructions. The quality and concentration of the extracted DNA were visually estimated via gel electrophoresis (1% agarose) by comparing the band intensity with a 100 bp DNA ladder (Transgen Biotek ® ). PCR amplification was performed targeting three genomic regions: the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), actin (ACT), and β-tubulin (TUB2). The primer sets used for each target are summarized in Table 2. Each PCR reaction was carried out in a total volume of 25 µL, consisting of 1 µL of genomic DNA template, 1.5 µL of each forward and reverse primer, 10 µL of MyTaq TM HS Red PCR Mix (Bioline), and 11 µL of nuclease-free water [18]. Table 2. Primer sets and sequences used for the multilocus phylogenetic analysis of Colletotrichum isolates Gene Region Primer Sequence (5’-3’) Ta (°C) Reference ITS ITS-1F CTTGGTCATTTAGAGGAA GTAA 52 [31] ITS-4R TCC TCC GCT TAT TGA TATGC ACT ACT-512F ATG TGC AAG GCCGGT TTCGC 58 [32] ACT-783R TACGAGTCCTTCTGGCCCAT TUB2 T1F AACATG CGTGAGATTGTAAGT 52 [33] The PCR amplification for the ITS, ACT, and TUB2 loci was performed using a thermal cycler with the following parameters: an initial denaturation at 95 °C for 3 minutes, followed by 34 cycles of denaturation at 95 °C for 1 minute, annealing at 52 °C for 30 seconds, and extension at 72 °C for 1 minute. A final extension step was conducted at 72 °C for 10 minutes. The resulting PCR products were verified using agarose gel electrophoresis. A mixture containing 4 µL of the amplified product and 1µL of GelRed ® nucleic acid stain was loaded onto a 1% (w/v) agarose gel prepared in 10x Tris-Acetate-EDTA Buffer. Electrophoresis was carried out at a constant voltage of 80 V for 50 minutes. The DNA bands were visualized and documented using a UV transilluminator. Nucleotide sequencing. The PCR products were sent to PT Genetika Science Indonesia for bidirectional sequencing. The resulting raw sequences were inspected and edited using BioEdit v. 7.2. To determine the initial identity of the isolates, the ITS, ACT, and TUB2 sequences were compared against the NCBI GenBank database using the BLASTn algorithm ( http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ). 5.4.2 Phylogenetic Analysis For the phylogenetic construction, the sequences of the three loci (ITS, ACT, and TUB2) were aligned and trimmed using MEGA 12.0. A multilocus sequence analysis was performed by concatenating the sequences of the three markers for each isolate. These combined sequences were aligned with ex-type sequences of Colletotrichum species complexes retrieved from GenBank, following the taxonomic framework of [21]. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using the Maximum Likelihood (ML) method with 1000 bootstrap replications to assess branch support. All phylogenetic analyses and tree visualizations were conducted using MEGA 12 software [34]. 5.5 Pathogenicity Assay on Coffee berries and Leaves Pathogenicity tests were conducted following the method by [13]. Pure cultures of Colletotrichum isolates were incubated at room temperature for 7–10 days before inoculation. Plant Material and Preparation. Healthy, symptom-free berries and leaves were obtained from various coffee cultivars, including Coffea arabica (Sigarar Utang, Flores Bajawa, Typica, Yellow Caturra, Gayo 3, and Kartika) and C. canephora (BP 42). Eleven Colletotrichum isolates were tested using 10 red-ripe coffee berries and six leaves per treatment. Surface sterilization was performed by immersing the samples in 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for 1 minute, followed by three consecutive rinses in sterile distilled water. The samples were then air-dried. Inoculation Procedure. The sterilized berries and leaves were placed in plastic chambers lined with moistened sterile paper tissue to maintain high humidity. Inoculation was performed by placing a 4 mm diameter mycelial plug from the margin of an active colony onto the surface of the berry and leaf. For the leaves, two treatments were applied: wounded (using a sterile needle) and non-wounded. Control samples were inoculated with 10 µL of sterile distilled water. Incubation and Disease Assessment. Inoculated samples were incubated at room temperature in a sealed, sterile container. Pathogenicity was assessed by measuring the length and width of the necrotic lesions daily from 1 to 7 days after inoculation (DAI). The virulence of each isolate was evaluated based on the lesion area and the rate of symptom development. 5.6 Statistical Analysis Colony diameter, growth rate, lesion area, appressoria, and the length and width of colonies were subjected to statistical analysis using software version 22.0. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine differences between the isolates and treatments. When significant effects were detected, mean comparisons were conducted using Tukey's test at a significance level of p < 0.05 (95% confidence interval). Discussion A total of 11 isolates resembling Colletotrichum were obtained from Arabica and Robusta coffee berries and leaves exhibiting anthracnose symptoms. Multilocus molecular identification using ITS, ACT, and TUB2 sequences, followed by phylogenetic tree analysis, confirmed that all 11 isolates clustered within the C. siamense clade. Consequently, based on morphological and molecular characterization, as well as pathogenicity testing, this study identifies C. siamense as a causal agent of coffee anthracnose in Indonesia. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. siamense infecting both Arabica and Robusta coffee berries in Indonesia. Nevertheless, the presence of C. siamense on coffee has been documented globally, including its isolation and identification from Arabica coffee in Thailand [ 19 ], Australia [ 36 ], Mexico [ 17 ], Hainan, China [ 20 , 37 ], Saudi Arabia [18}, and Malaysia [ 38 ]. Furthermore, C. siamense is recognized as a cosmopolitan pathogen that causes severe disease in a wide range of economically important host plants [ 39 ]. Anthracnose caused by C. siamense on coffee leaves and berries in Indonesia shows clear necrotic lesions. Leaf symptoms start as small, irregular lesions that merge into larger brown or black areas. Field observations showed that these symptoms typically progress from the leaf margins toward the center of the lamina. On coffee berries, the symptoms manifest as small, irregular, sunken, or slightly raised lesions on both red and green coffee berries. As the disease advances, the berry tissue turns dark brown to black. Lesions on both leaves and berries can be circular or irregular in shape. These observations align with the typical anthracnose symptoms caused by Colletotrichum spp. previously reported in Saudi Arabia by [ 18 ]. According to [ 40 ]. Fungal infections in berries may develop during cultivation or post-harvest. The morphological characteristics of the 11 C. siamense isolates obtained from seven districts in Indonesia exhibited notable variation. The colonies generally appeared white initially, turning gray, grayish-white, or dark gray as the incubation period progressed. This differs from the colony characteristics of C. siamense in Thailand, which were reported to transition from white to brownish pink on PDA [ 19 ]. Furthermore, the growth rates of the Indonesian isolates were slightly higher, ranging from 7.28 to 12.88 mm/day, with colony diameters reaching 52–58 mm after seven days at 26°C. In comparison, C. siamense isolates from Thailand reached a maximum diameter of 82 mm within seven days at 28°C, with a growth rate of 6.58–11.5 mm/day [ 19 ]. The conidia of C. siamense isolates from Indonesia are typically characterized as unicellular, hyaline, and cylindrical with obtuse ends, measuring 9.08–14.6 × 2.98–4.72 µm. In comparison, C. siamense specimens in Australia exhibit slightly larger dimensions, 13.5–17.5 × 3.5–5 µm [ 36 ]. Furthermore, the color of C. siamense conidiomata in Indonesia shows a broad spectrum, ranging from light brown, yellow, and orange to black. This contrasts with the findings of [ 38 ], who observed orange conidiomata of C. siamense in Malaysia, while those identified in Thailand reportedly ranged from brown to dark brown. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that C. siamense isolates associated with coffee exhibit morphological variations in colony color, conidia dimensions, conidiomata pigmentation, and appressorial characteristics across different geographical origins. These results align with [ 6 ], who noted that C. siamense isolates exhibit divergent morphological characteristics, including varying growth rates and cultural traits, depending on their country of origin. Such high phenotypic and genetic diversity likely enhances the adaptive capacity of individuals within a population, enabling them to persist under fluctuating environmental conditions [ 41 ]. Pathogenicity assays on 11 C. siamense isolates demonstrated a range of virulence levels. Isolate KJ10 exhibited the highest virulence, indicated by significantly larger lesion areas in both berry and leaf treatments. In terms of host range, isolate KJ15 possessed the broadest spectrum, whereas isolates KJ27 and KJ75 had the narrowest. The symptoms observed during the pathogenicity assays closely resembled those recorded under field conditions. Specifically, pathogenesis began at the inoculation site, initially characterized by the emergence of brown lesions that progressed and expanded into extensive necrotic areas, eventually encompassing the entire pericarp. Additionally, the incubation period for C. siamense exhibited considerable variety. The initial manifestation of symptomatic lesions occurred between 1 and 4 days post-inoculation (dpi). C. siamense isolates exhibit varying degrees of lesion development during berry infection, ranging from restricted to rapid progression. In some instances, the infection remains localized, affecting only a small portion of the pericarp. This phenomenon is likely attributed to the pathogen entering a dormant or latent phase, a characteristic typical of the Colletotrichum genus. During this latency period, the anthracnose pathogen remains quiescent within host tissues until environmental conditions and host physiological states become conducive to further development [ 42 ]. The delayed symptoms in other cases may suggest a prolonged transition from the biotrophic to the necrotrophic phase. Conversely, in contrast to the limited lesion development seen in latent infection, highly aggressive isolates can induce total berry rot, with symptoms becoming prominent as early as 4 days post-inoculation (dpi). This aligns with the observations of [ 43 ], who reported that the entire fruit surface became affected approximately one week after inoculation, accompanied by the advancement of orange conidial masses on the fruit surface. These findings are also consistent with [ 18 ], who reported that orange conidial masses typically appear after 12 days. Furthermore, significant variations in infection incidence and lesion area were observed among C. siamense isolates, likely due to their diverse geographic origins. Pathogenicity assays demonstrated that all isolates obtained from coffee plants in Indonesia were pathogenic toward both Arabica and Robusta red coffee berries. These results align with the findings of [ 37 ], which establish that C. siamense can achieve a 100% infection rate on both Arabica and Robusta varieties. [ 18 ] also reported that C. siamense exhibits a more rapid rate of lesion development compared to C. karstii . Conclusion Multilocus molecular identification using ITS, ACT, and TUB2, followed by phylogenetic tree analysis, classified the 11 isolates within the C. siamense group. Morphological characterization of these isolates revealed variation in colony color, conidial size, conidiomata color, and appressorial size. Pathogenicity assays confirmed that all isolates were pathogenic to coffee. Isolate KJ10 exhibited the highest virulence, as indicated by the largest lesion area on berries and leaves. Isolate KJ15 showed the broadest host range, whereas isolates KJ27 and KJ75 exhibited the narrowest host ranges. Integrating morphological, molecular, and pathogenicity assays, the findings indicate that C. siamense is the causal agent of coffee berry disease in coffee plants in Indonesia. This study provides the first report of C. siamense infection on both Arabica and Robusta coffee berries in Indonesia. Declarations Competing interests : The authors have no conflict of interest to declare Author Contribution All authors participated in the concept, writing, and editing. All authors approved the submitted manuscript. Acknowledgement The authors are grateful to the Agency of Agricultural Assembly and Modernization, Ministry of Agriculture, for the funding support provided for this research. References USDA [US Department of Agriculture] (2025) Production Coffee. https://www.fas.usda.gov/data/production/commodity/0711100 Ashardiono F, Trihartono A (2024) Optimizing the potential of Indonesian coffee: a dual market approach. Cogent Social Sci 10(1):2340206. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2024.2340206 Avelino J, Allinne C, Cerda R, Willocquet L, Savary S (2018) Multiple-disease system in coffee: from crop loss assessment to sustainable management. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8836822","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":611822739,"identity":"e2373e90-37b2-4579-8353-2478483d6344","order_by":0,"name":"Khaerati Khaerati","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABDklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJCCg40NEMaBD2CKsYEZTDMzGGDXwAzTAmTMIFYLI0wLMw9cDAKwajFvP3/w4MwddnIgxmGbmjt58g3MbY8LGOzkGdiZN2DTInMmmeHgxjPJxiDG4Zxjz4oNDjC2G89gSDZsYGYrwKZFggGo5WEbcyJQEVAL2+HEDQyMbdI8DMwJQHdidZgE/2OQlvr6GUDGYYt/hxPnN4C11OPWIgFyWNvhBBDjMGPb4cSGA2Ath/FoeWxwcGbbccMZIEZvH9Avh0F+MThu2IbLL/yJjz/2tlXLgxgffnwDhlh7+7PHBRXV8vz8h7GGGDo4AHQPAxs4RtiIUQ/RQrziUTAKRsEoGCEAAMnYYPteI7hcAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"IPB University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Khaerati","middleName":"","lastName":"Khaerati","suffix":""},{"id":611822740,"identity":"e09139a1-5dc9-489b-bceb-f92153927a57","order_by":1,"name":"Suryo Wiyono","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"IPB University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Suryo","middleName":"","lastName":"Wiyono","suffix":""},{"id":611822741,"identity":"818ad930-29e3-4b19-8071-055081d4c7d3","order_by":2,"name":"Giyanto Giyanto","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"IPB University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Giyanto","middleName":"","lastName":"Giyanto","suffix":""},{"id":611822742,"identity":"820f602c-6e3b-4f53-b641-6b17e3324ea0","order_by":3,"name":"Efi Toding Tondok","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"IPB University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Efi","middleName":"Toding","lastName":"Tondok","suffix":""},{"id":611822743,"identity":"35c6b561-4b76-4380-9bfe-8a2c11727518","order_by":4,"name":"Suwarto Suwarto","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"IPB University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Suwarto","middleName":"","lastName":"Suwarto","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-02-10 05:53:21","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8836822/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8836822/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":105481685,"identity":"fdc4dd43-86f1-441a-a601-a0a50d44f8b4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-26 13:52:00","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":225383,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAnthracnose symptoms on coffee crops. a) Sunken necrotic lesions on green \u003cem\u003eC. arabica\u003c/em\u003eberries ;b) advanced black rot on red \u003cem\u003eC. canephora\u003c/em\u003e berries; c) Coalesced necrotic patches on \u003cem\u003eC. arabica\u003c/em\u003e cv. Yellow Catimor leaves.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8836822/v1/fce927929dda5a10aa1bab8e.jpg"},{"id":105481684,"identity":"42e9ccd1-2e4f-4ddb-9fd3-81a24913636f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-26 13:52:00","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":134978,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMorphological characteristics of \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e isolates on PDA: Colony morphology, Conidia, Appressoria, Conidiomata; Scale bars=10 µm.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8836822/v1/32921c65c8584d2263fb790a.jpg"},{"id":105481687,"identity":"b8c980a0-416e-4a75-8fa2-d1c55497b79f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-26 13:52:00","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":541535,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePhylogenetic tree generated by maximum likelihood analysis.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8836822/v1/1e74f934e5c86741efed910d.jpg"},{"id":105567402,"identity":"5958e499-9801-4e10-8c00-8dd0cb507d38","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-27 12:59:20","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2639798,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8836822/v1/cf447dfd-a55a-4f77-bee3-ac2f22c4f5f5.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"First Report of Colletotrichum siamense Causing Anthracnose Disease of Coffee Berry in Indonesia","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eCoffee is a pivotal commodity for Indonesia, serving as a cornerstone of the plantation sector and a significant driver of national economic growth. Its contribution includes generating foreign exchange reserves, providing a primary source of livelihood for smallholder farmers, and creating extensive employment opportunities. Currently, Indonesia ranks as the world's fourth-largest coffee producer (after Brazil, Vietnam, and Colombia) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Coffee cultivation in Indonesia is dominated by \u003cem\u003eCoffea arabica, Coffea canephora\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eCoffea liberica.\u003c/em\u003e According to [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e], Indonesia has cultivated a variety of high-quality coffee varieties. Nevertheless, phytopathological challenges remain a significant constraint to cultivation. Specifically, infection by the fungi \u003cem\u003eColletotrichum\u003c/em\u003e spp., which cause anthracnose disease in coffee berries, represents a major bottleneck in coffee production [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePathogenic fungi of the genus \u003cem\u003eColletotrichum\u003c/em\u003e can cause losses ranging from 50 to 100% in many hosts, particularly fruit and vegetable commodities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. This is especially true in tropical and subtropical regions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. The impact of this disease substantially curtails coffee production in many countries. In Africa, \u003cem\u003eColletotrichum kahawae\u003c/em\u003e subsp. \u003cem\u003ekahawae\u003c/em\u003e can cause yield reductions of 60% to 80% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Reported losses in Kenya have exceeded 75% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Similarly, \u003cem\u003eC. gloeosporioides\u003c/em\u003e infestations in Catimor Arabica cultivars in Vietnam can result in losses ranging from 15% to 60% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. According to [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e], without effective control measures\u0026mdash;particularly during high rainfall in highland regions\u0026mdash;pathogen infection rates can reach 100%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe broad distribution of \u003cem\u003eColletotrichum\u003c/em\u003e species has led to a high degree of genetic diversity across various countries. In Ethiopia, the etiological agent of coffee berry disease was identified as \u003cem\u003eC. kahawae\u003c/em\u003e in 1971 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Later studies reported various \u003cem\u003eColletotrichum\u003c/em\u003e species associated with coffee: \u003cem\u003eC. coffeanum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. gloeosporioides\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e], \u003cem\u003eC. acutatum, C. boninense, C. capsici, C. gloeosporioides, C. karstii\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eC. walleri\u003c/em\u003e in Vietnam [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]; \u003cem\u003eC. gloeosporioides\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. boninense\u003c/em\u003e in Brazil [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]; \u003cem\u003eC. theobromicola, C. karstii, C. gloeosporioides, C. siamense\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eC. gigasporum\u003c/em\u003e in Mexico [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]; \u003cem\u003eC. aeschynomenes\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. karstii\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. phyllanthi\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. saudianum\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eC. coffeae-arabicae\u003c/em\u003e in Saudi Arabia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]; \u003cem\u003eC. cuscutae\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. fragariae\u003c/em\u003e in Angola; \u003cem\u003eC. asianum, C. siamense, and C. fructicola\u003c/em\u003e in Thailand [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]; and \u003cem\u003eC. endophytica\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. fructicola, C. ledongense, C. siamense, C. tropicale, C. karstii, C. gigasporum\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eC. brevisporum\u003c/em\u003e in China [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, single species have been reported in Australia (\u003cem\u003eC. theobromicola\u003c/em\u003e), Colombia (\u003cem\u003eC. gigasporum\u003c/em\u003e), Costa Rica (\u003cem\u003eC. costarricense\u003c/em\u003e), Fiji (\u003cem\u003eC. queenslandicum\u003c/em\u003e), and Kenya (\u003cem\u003eC. kahawae\u003c/em\u003e subsp. \u003cem\u003ekahawae\u003c/em\u003e) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. To date, comprehensive research on the identification and characterization of \u003cem\u003eColletotrichum\u003c/em\u003e species infecting coffee in Indonesia remains limited. Nevertheless, field observations have revealed a high intensity of infection. This discrepancy underscores the urgent need for the present study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA primary challenge in identification stems from the high genetic diversity within the \u003cem\u003eColletotrichum\u003c/em\u003e genus, which often leads to taxonomic ambiguity when relying solely on morphological characteristics for species-level identification [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, the integration of molecular techniques is essential for overcoming the limitations of morphological traits and ensuring accurate species identification. Current identification of \u003cem\u003eColletotrichum\u003c/em\u003e species relies heavily on multilocus phylogenetic analyses utilizing a diverse suite of gene markers, including the \u003cem\u003eInternal Transcribed Spacer region\u003c/em\u003e rDNA (ITS), \u003cem\u003eactin\u003c/em\u003e (ACT), \u003cem\u003etubulin\u003c/em\u003e (TUB2), chitin \u003cem\u003esynthase\u003c/em\u003e 1 (CHS-1), \u003cem\u003ecalmodulin\u003c/em\u003e (CAL), and \u003cem\u003eglyceraldehyde\u003c/em\u003e-\u003cem\u003e3-phosphate dehydrogenase\u003c/em\u003e (GAPDH) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComprehensive characterization studies are crucial for elucidating the biological mechanisms of pathogen-host interactions, host range, geographical distribution, and potential risks [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e], all of which are instrumental in designing effective disease management strategies. In addition to taxonomic identification, it is imperative to verify pathogenicity through the rigorous application of Koch\u0026rsquo;s postulates. Early detection and accurate identification are crucial for mitigating the spread and impact of the disease [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. This study aims to characterize and identify \u003cem\u003eColletotrichum\u003c/em\u003e species that cause anthracnose disease in coffee crops across several regions in Indonesia.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Disease Symptoms and Isolation of \u003cem\u003eColletotrichum\u003c/em\u003e spp.\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnthracnose symptoms on coffee berries were characterized by the formation of dark brown to black lesions, which were either slightly raised or distinctly sunken (depressed). These symptoms were observed on both ripe (red) and immature (green) berries. As the disease progressed, the lesions expanded internally, leading to decay of the pericarp and seeds, eventually causing the entire berry to turn black and shrivel (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). On coffee leaves, the symptoms initially appeared as small and irregular lesions. The lesions later coalesced to form large black necrotic patches. Symptom development typically originated from leaf margins.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsolation and distribution of fungal pathogens associated with coffee anthracnose were successfully conducted using symptomatic leaves and red berries of both \u003cem\u003eC. arabica\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. canephora\u003c/em\u003e (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The samples were collected from seven districts in Java, Indonesia (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). A total of 11 isolates resembling the genus \u003cem\u003eColletotrichum\u003c/em\u003e were recovered. Five isolates were obtained from red \u003cem\u003eC. arabica\u003c/em\u003e berries (cultivars Gayo 3, Sigarar Utang, and Kartika), two from red \u003cem\u003eC. canephora\u003c/em\u003e berries, and two from green \u003cem\u003eC. arabica\u003c/em\u003e berries (cv. Yellow Catimor and Sigarar Utang). Additionally, two isolates were recovered from the leaves of \u003cem\u003eC. arabica\u003c/em\u003e (cv. Sigarar Utang and Yellow Catimor). The selection of these 11 representative isolates was based on their distinct morphological characteristics, host variety, and geographical origin (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource of origin and host characteristics of the 11 selected \u003cem\u003eColletotrichum\u003c/em\u003e isolates\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsolate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubstrate and Host\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRed berry\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. arabica\u003c/em\u003e var. Gayo 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCianjur, West Java\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRed berry\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. arabica\u003c/em\u003e var. Sigarar Utang\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBanjarnegara, Central Java\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRed berry\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. canephora\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSukabumi, West Java\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. arabica\u003c/em\u003e var Sigarar Utang\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBogor, West Java\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGreen berry\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. arabica\u003c/em\u003e var. Yellow Catimor,\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBandung, West Java\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. arabica\u003c/em\u003e var. Yellow Catimor,\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBandung, West Java\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGreen berry\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. arabica\u003c/em\u003e var.Sigarar Utang\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBandung, West Java\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRed berry\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. arabica\u003c/em\u003e var. Sigarar Utang\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBogor, West Java\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRed berry\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. arabica\u003c/em\u003e var. Kartika\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemanggung, Central Java\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRed berry\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. canephora\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWonosobo, Central Java\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRed berry\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoffea arabica\u003c/em\u003e var. Sigarar Utang\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBandung, West Java\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Morphological Characterization\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMacroscopic and microscopic observations of the 11 selected \u003cem\u003eColletotrichum\u003c/em\u003e isolates revealed significant morphological diversity. Statistical analysis showed significant variations (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) in colony diameter, mycelial growth, and the dimensions (length and width) of both conidia and appressoria. In macroscopic observations after 7 days of incubation at 26\u0026deg;C on PDA, the isolates exhibited distinct growth patterns. Isolate KJ112 showed the highest colony diameter at 8.9 cm, with an average growth rate of 1.22 cm/day. In contrast, isolate KJ12 displayed the lowest growth, with a diameter of 5.6 cm and a mean growth rate of 0.73 cm/day (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMorphological characteristics: colony diameter, culture color, and conidiomata of \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsolate Code\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eColony Diameter (7 days) (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrowth rate (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eColoni Color\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConindiomata\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObverse Color\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReverse Color\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.28\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrey center with white margins\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbsent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.48\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhitish-grey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLight cream to grey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLight brown\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.32\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhitish grey with white margins\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrey center with white margins\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrange\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDark grey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDark grey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbsent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDark grey with white margins\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDark grey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbsent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.88\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCream center with white margins\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrey center with white margins\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLight brown to black\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.88\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhite with dark grey center\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePale cream with a dark grey center\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbsent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ 41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78,4\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.68 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrey with white margins\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbsent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhitish grey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCream\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrown\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.80\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrown, acervuli present\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.20\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrown, Acervuli present\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eNote: means followed by different letters within a column differ significantly at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 (Tukey\u0026rsquo;s test).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eColony coloration was predominantly within the grey spectrum, ranging from light grey and whitish-grey to dark grey (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The formation of conidiomata on the PDA surface generally occurred after 14 days of incubation. However, conidiomata production varied among the isolates; it was observed in isolates KJ14, KJ15, KJ10, KJ54, KJ75, and KJ112, but was absent in isolates KJ12, KJ25, KJ27, KJ37, and KJ41 during the observation period.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics of the conidia of \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e isolates associated with coffee crops are typically cylindrical with obtuse ends, unicellular, and hyaline. The maximum average conidial length was observed in isolate KJ75 at 14.67 \u0026micro;m, while the shortest was 9.08 \u0026micro;m in isolate KJ12 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). The mycelium of \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e isolates from Indonesia is dense and cottony, with colors ranging from white to grayish and light brown. These characteristics align with those of \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e isolates found in Thailand, which also display grayish-white, dense, and cottony mycelium (Prihastuti \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. 2009).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMorphological characteristics of conidia and appressoria of \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e isolates\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsolate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConidia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppresoria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShape\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLength (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWidth (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShape\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLength (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWidth (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCylindrical with obtuse ends (oblong)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.63\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOval, irregular, grey and cream center, black edge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.45 \u003csup\u003ebcde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCylindrical with obtuse ends) with slight narrowing at the center\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.99\u003csup\u003ehi\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.46\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOval, yellow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.67 \u003csup\u003eaabcde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCylindrical with obtuse ends\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.06\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.49\u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOval, light yellow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.95\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.88\u003csup\u003eabcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCylindrical with obtuse ends\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.49\u003csup\u003eefgh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003csup\u003eefg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOval, yellow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.88\u003csup\u003eaa\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCylindrical with obtuse ends) with slight narrowing at the center\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.86\u003csup\u003efgh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.73\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGray with black edge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.73\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.18\u003csup\u003eabcde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCylindrical with obtuse ends\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.67\u003csup\u003edef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.50\u003csup\u003egh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRound, oval, cream color\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.49\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.05\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCylindrical with obtuse ends\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.29\u003csup\u003eefg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.73\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOval, irregular, cream\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.9\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.52\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStraight,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ecylindrical, obtuse end, and\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eslightly tapered\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.52\u003csup\u003efgh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.41\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOval, yellow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.91\u003csup\u003eabcde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCylindrical with obtuse ends\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.06\u003csup\u003egh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.40\u003csup\u003efgh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOval, round, light cream,\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.60\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCylindrical with obtuse ends\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.63\u003csup\u003ei\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.56\u003csup\u003edef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOval, round to irregular, light brown color\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.24\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.89\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCylindrical with obtuse ends\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.75\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.62\u003csup\u003ecde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOval, irregular, light brown to dark brow with black edge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.56 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.62 \u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eNote: means followed by different letters within a column differ significantly at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 (Tukey\u0026rsquo;s test).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn slide cultures, appressoria were predominantly formed from hyphae, although some originated from conidia. The appressoria of Indonesian \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e isolates measured 8.35\u0026ndash;11.22 \u0026micro;m \u0026times; 4.48\u0026ndash;7.73 \u0026micro;m. These structures exhibited considerable morphological diversity, with shapes including round, oval, oblong, and irregular forms. Their pigmentation also varied, including grey, light brown, dark brown, yellow, and cream (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Acervuli were observed on the surface of PDA in isolates KJ14, KJ75, and KJ112 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e), while setae were present exclusively in isolate KJ14.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Molecular Identification\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsolates morphologically identified as \u003cem\u003eColletotrichum\u003c/em\u003e-like were further characterized at the species level using molecular techniques. PCR amplification was performed targeting three loci: ITS, ACT, and TUB2. The results of the multilocus molecular identification, based on BLAST sequence similarity searches, are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. The analysis revealed that sequence homology ranges from 87.26% to 100% (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Three isolates (KJ12, KJ14, and KJ17) showed 99.85\u0026ndash;100% homology with \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e from Kenya, originally isolated from coffee (Liu \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2015). Isolates KJ27 and KJ112 showed the highest homology, reaching 100% similarity with \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e strains from China.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults of multilocus molecular identification based on BLAST searches\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsolate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccession nimber\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrigin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomology (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKP703433.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKenya\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKP703433.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKenya\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKP703433.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKenya\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ955227.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ955227.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMZ912873.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMZ912873.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMF143915.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMF554909.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ586293.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH351143.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4 Phylogenetic Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe identities of the 11 isolates were further confirmed through phylogenetic analysis using three loci (ITS, ACT, and TUB2). According to Raja \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2017), sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree construction are essential techniques for analyzing relationships and identifying species. The phylogenetic analysis included the 11 isolates associated with coffee crops in Indonesia and 26 reference \u003cem\u003eColletotrichum\u003c/em\u003e sequences retrieved from GenBank (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). The phylogenetic tree, constructed using the Maximum Likelihood (ML) method, showed that all isolates clustered within the \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e species complex (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eColletotrichum\u003c/em\u003e species complexes sourced from GenBank for use in phylogenetic analysis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.cultur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ehost\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenBank Accession Numbers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eITS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTUB2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. brisbanense\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCBS:292.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCapsicum annuum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAustralia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJQ948291\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJQ949612\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJQ949942\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. nymphaeae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC297\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOlea europaea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItalia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH540974\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH547622\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSJSHLL18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAucuba japonica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH290842\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH290863\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH351143\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBL-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMichelia alba\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMW186173\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMW161285\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMW161300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYc20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCamellia oleifera\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eON763370\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eON783333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eON783303\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. nymphaeae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eICMP 5111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProtea magnifica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNew Zealand\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePV350757\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePV357543\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePV357506\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. gloeosporioides\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRobinia pseudoacacia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMF668110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMF668112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMF668116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. aenigma\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGRAP 7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVitis vinifera\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSouth Korea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC586811\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC586823\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC586814\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. kahawae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eICMP:17816\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC1266.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoffea arabica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKenya\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJX010231\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJX009452\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJX010444\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. saudianum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePPDU28C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoffea arabica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaudi Arabia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR048774\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR050685\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR050782\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. karstii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePPDU41K\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoffea arabica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaudi Arabia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR048754\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR050665\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR050762\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. acutatum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003epeach\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKY081663\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKY049982\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKY049984\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. asianum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMFANT152\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMangifera indica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePuerto Rico\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUSA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ811886\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ815300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ815323\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. asianum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eINDES-AM1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMangifera indica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeru\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOP425395\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOP440442\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOP440443\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIIHR_COL_C7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCarica papaya\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOK356685\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOQ079583\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOQ079592\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. scovillei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC-212\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMangifera indica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTaiwan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMK327142\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMK462968\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMK462970\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. nymphaeae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAPTW13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eApple\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSouth Korea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ436454\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ437626\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePP471137\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. nymphaeae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIBI1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcca sellowiana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrazil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN264620\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN304867\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN304871\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. laticiphilum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMLZZP3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHevea brasiliensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKY020279\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKY020282\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKY020283\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC.siamense\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGB02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDipterocarpus turbinatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBangladesh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOP223336\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOQ511559\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOP727287\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC.siamense\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRSP09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStrawberry\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBangladesh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC420017.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC420019.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC420018.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC.siamense\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSPL2136\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAtractylodes ovata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSouth Korea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC604497.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC604583.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC604529.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. aeschynomenes\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHPLS12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClausena lansium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePX096409\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePX120668\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePX120794\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. asianum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePC001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMangifera indica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThailand\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMK212353\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC618298\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC635534\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC.siamense\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoffea arabica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeksiko\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKT122938\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKT122928\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKT122918\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. theobromicola\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoffea arabica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeksiko\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKT122929\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKT122919\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKT122909\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCPC30209 UOM 13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCapsicum annuum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndonesia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH707471\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH781464\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH846547\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePPDU26A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoffea arabica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArab Saudi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR048780\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR050691\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR050788\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. queenslandicum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eICMP\u0026nbsp;1778\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCarica papaya\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAustralia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJX010276\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJX009447\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJX010414\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhylogenetic analysis using the Maximum Likelihood method showed that all 11 isolates obtained in this study clustered within the same clade as \u003cem\u003eColletotrichum siamense.\u003c/em\u003e Isolates KJ12, KJ14, KJ75, KJ41, KJ27, KJ54, KJ112, and KJ10 had the closest genetic affinity to \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e 38a from \u003cem\u003eC. arabica\u003c/em\u003e in Mexico, and \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e Yc20 from \u003cem\u003eCamellia oleifera\u003c/em\u003e in China. In addition, isolate KJ15 was most closely related to \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e CPC30209 from \u003cem\u003eCapsicum annuum\u003c/em\u003e in Indonesia, while isolate KJ41 showed the highest similarity to \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e BRSP09 from strawberry in Bangladesh (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5 Pathogenicity Assay on Coffee Berries\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePathogenicity tests using Koch\u0026rsquo;s postulates were conducted on 11 \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e isolates. These tests demonstrated that all isolates were capable of inducing disease symptoms on the red berries of both Arabica and Robusta coffee. The lesion area and disease infection percentage varied among the isolates (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLesion area of \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e isolates on red berries and leaves of Arabica and Robusta coffee\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"15\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c15\" colnum=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsolates\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"12\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. arabica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. robusta\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSigarar Utang\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYellow cattura\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlores Bajawa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypica\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGayo 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKartika\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBP42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncidence Infection (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLesion area (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncidence Infection (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLesion area (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncidence Infection (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLesion area (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncidence Infection (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLesion area (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncidence Infection (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLesion area (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncidence Infection (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLesion area (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncidence Infection (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLesion area (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.45\u003csup\u003eabcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.63\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.53\u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.28 \u003csup\u003eabcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.83\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.86g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.74\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.25 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.66 \u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.74ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.36\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.29 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.33 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.82 \u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.44 \u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.44 \u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.51\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.09\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.93 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.25 \u003csup\u003eabcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.49 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.99\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.64 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.76 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.35 \u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.56\u003csup\u003efg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.83 \u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.20 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.35 \u003csup\u003eabcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.36 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,28 \u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,09 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.09\u003csup\u003eabcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,25 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,49 \u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.84 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,89 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,21 \u003csup\u003eabcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,13 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"15\"\u003eNote: means followed by different letters within a column differ significantly at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 (Tukey\u0026rsquo;s test).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical analysis using Tukey\u0026rsquo;s post hoc test identified significant differences in lesion area (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Among the isolates tested, KJ15 exhibited the broadest host range. It infected Robusta berries (var. BP 42) and nearly all Arabica varieties evaluated (Sigarar Utang, Yellow Caturra, Flores Bajawa, Gayo 3, Kartika), except Typica (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). The largest lesion area caused by KJ15 was observed on Kartika berries (12.66 mm), with a disease incidence of 80%. Conversely, the smallest lesion area was observed on Gayo 3 (0.26 mm). Notably, KJ15 was the only isolate capable of infecting the Yellow Caturra variety.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsolate KJ12 was the most destructive \u003cem\u003eColletotrichum\u003c/em\u003e isolate in this study. It produced the largest lesion area of 28.53 mm and achieved 100% infection on Kartika berries. However, this isolate failed to induce any infection symptoms on Yellow Caturra and Gayo 3 berries. In contrast, isolate KJ27 had the narrowest host range; it did not infect Robusta Coffee and only affected the Arabica varieties Sigarar Utang, Flores Bajawa, and Kartika. Similarly, isolate KJ75 showed limited pathogenicity, infecting only Sigarar Utang, Flores Bajawa, Kartika, and BP42.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeven \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e isolates (KJ12, KJ14, KJ15, KJ25, KJ54, KJ75, and KJ10) were capable of infecting the red berries of Robusta coffee var. BP42. Isolate KJ14 induced a large lesion area, measuring approximately 17.86 mm, with a disease incidence of 50% (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.6 Pathogenicity Assay on Coffee Leaves\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSince \u003cem\u003eColletotrichum\u003c/em\u003e species are often considered weak pathogens, pathogenicity tests were conducted under both wounded and non-wounded conditions. The results confirmed that all 11 \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e isolates were pathogenic on coffee leaves. Specifically, all isolates induced symptoms on wounded Robusta leaves, whereas only seven isolates (KJ14, KJ15, KJ25, JK27, KJ10, KJ37, and KJ112) were capable of infecting Arabica leaves. Tukey's test revealed a significant difference (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), with isolate KJ12 producing the largest lesion area, approximately 101.1 mm, on wounded Robusta leaves, followed by KJ10 (67.33 mm) and KJ112 (64 mm). Isolate KJ10 showed the ability to infect young leaves across all treatments, with its highest lesion recorded on wounded Robusta leaves (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLesion area (mm) on young leaves of Arabica and Robusta coffee inoculated by \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e isolates under wounded and non-wounded conditions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIsolate\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. arabica\u003c/em\u003e var. Sigarar Utang\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. canephora\u003c/em\u003e var. BP42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWounded (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon wounded (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWounded (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon wounded (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101.1 \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.46 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.83 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.86 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.4 \u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.93 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.33 \u003csup\u003eabcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.03 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.86 \u003csup\u003eabcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.8 \u003csup\u003eabcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.3d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.67 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.56 \u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.03 \u003csup\u003eabcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.73 \u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64 \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.67 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.33 \u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eNote: means followed by different letters within a column differ significantly at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 according to Tukey\u0026rsquo;s test.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.1\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Sample Collection and Study Site\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research was conducted from May 2023 to December 2024. Samples of coffee berries and leaves exhibiting typical anthracnose symptoms were systematically collected from \u003cem\u003eC. arabica\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. canephora\u003c/em\u003e plantations. The sampling was collected from seven districts within the provinces of West Java and Central Java, Indonesia (Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1. Geographic coordinates and altitudes of the sampling sites in West Java and Central Java\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"535\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDistricts\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLatitude (S)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLongitude (E)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAltitude (m asl)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBandung\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u0026deg;9\u0026apos;56\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107\u0026deg;35\u0026apos;18\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1362\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u0026deg;9\u0026apos;40\u0026quot;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107\u0026deg;35\u0026apos;41\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1559\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBogor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u0026deg;36\u0026apos;39\u0026quot;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107\u0026deg;1\u0026apos;25\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e613\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSukabumi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u0026deg;50\u0026apos;37\u0026quot;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106\u0026deg;45\u0026apos;5\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e476\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCianjur\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u0026deg;45\u0026apos;27\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107\u0026deg;0\u0026apos;26\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1535\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTemanggung\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u0026deg;19\u0026apos;32\u0026quot; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110\u0026deg;1\u0026apos;58\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1467\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u0026deg;13\u0026apos;39\u0026quot;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110\u0026deg;7\u0026apos;46\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e694\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBanjarnegara\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u0026deg;12\u0026apos;54\u0026quot;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109\u0026deg;39\u0026apos;42\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1069\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWonosobo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u0026deg;29\u0026apos;11\u0026quot;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109\u0026deg;59\u0026apos;4\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e848 \u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.2 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Isolation and Purification of \u003cem\u003eColletotrichum\u003c/em\u003e spp.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eColletotrichum\u003c/em\u003e spp. was isolated from coffee berries and leaves exhibiting anthracnose symptoms using the method described by [20]. Symptomatic tissue was surface-sterilized by immersion in 70% ethanol for 30 seconds, followed by a 1 % sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution for 1 minute. After rinsing three times for 30 seconds each in sterile distilled water, the samples were dried on sterile paper. Tissue fragments of approximately 5 mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp; were excised from the margin between the healthy and necrotic areas. These segments were placed onto Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and Water Agar (WA) in petri dishes and incubated at room temperature (approximately 26 \u0026deg;C). Hyphal tips emerging from the tissues were subcultured onto fresh PDA plates and incubated for 7 to 10 days. Isolates were purified using the single-spore isolation technique via the spore-suspension method to ensure genetic homogeneity. Pure cultures were then maintained on PDA plates and slants for further characterization.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.3\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Morphological Characterization\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe morphological characterization of \u003cem\u003eColletotrichum\u003c/em\u003e spp. isolates encompassed both macroscopic and microscopic observations.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMacroscopic characterization.\u003c/strong\u003e Isolates were cultured on PDA and incubated at room temperature. Mycelial growth was monitored by measuring the colony diameter daily for seven days [30]. The colony growth rate was determined by calculating the average daily growth (mm/day) over 3\u0026ndash;7 days. After seven days of incubation, the color of the colony was recorded for both the obverse (top) and reverse (bottom) surfaces. The cultures were kept alive until conidiomata appeared.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMicroscopic characterization.\u003c/strong\u003e Microscopic analysis focused on the morphology of conidia and appressoria. To study conidia, observations were made on cultures grown for 7 to 10 days. Conidia were collected with a sterile inoculation needle, placed on a glass slide with sterile distilled water, and covered with a coverslip. The shape, length, and width of the conidia were recorded. For each isolate, 50 conidia were randomly selected and measured using an Olympus DP27 microscope. Appressoria were examined using the slide culture method described by [19]. A small block of Water Agar (WA) (10 mm\u0026sup2;) was set on a sterile coverslip. After incubating for 3 to7 days, the shape and size (length and width) of the appressoria were observed and recorded.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.4\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Molecular Characterization\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.4.1\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;DNA Extraction, PCR, Amplification, and Sequencing\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eColletotrichum\u003c/em\u003e isolates were cultured on PDA for 7\u0026ndash;10 days [20]. Fungal mycelia were harvested by scraping the surface of the medium and transferring the material into 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes containing 200 \u0026micro;l of sterile distilled water. The mycelia were homogenized using a sterile plastic micropestle. Genomic DNA was extracted using the Quick-DNA\u003csup\u003eTM\u003c/sup\u003e Fungal/Bacterial Miniprep Kit (Zymo Research, USA), following the manufacturer\u0026rsquo;s instructions. The quality and concentration of the extracted DNA were visually estimated via gel electrophoresis (1% agarose) by comparing the band intensity with a 100 bp DNA ladder (Transgen Biotek\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePCR amplification was performed targeting three genomic regions: the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), actin (ACT), and \u0026beta;-tubulin (TUB2). The primer sets used for each target are summarized in Table 2. Each PCR reaction was carried out in a total volume of 25 \u0026micro;L, consisting of 1 \u0026micro;L of genomic DNA template, 1.5 \u0026micro;L of each forward and reverse primer, 10 \u0026micro;L of MyTaq\u003csup\u003eTM\u003c/sup\u003e HS Red PCR Mix (Bioline), and 11 \u0026micro;L of nuclease-free water [18].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2. \u0026nbsp;Primer sets and sequences used for the multilocus phylogenetic analysis of \u003cem\u003eColletotrichum isolates\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGene Region\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSequence (5\u0026rsquo;-3\u0026rsquo;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTa (\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eITS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eITS-1F\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCTTGGTCATTTAGAGGAA GTAA\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[31]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eITS-4R\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTCC TCC GCT TAT TGA TATGC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eACT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eACT-512F\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;ATG TGC AAG GCCGGT TTCGC\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[32]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eACT-783R\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTACGAGTCCTTCTGGCCCAT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTUB2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT1F\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAACATG CGTGAGATTGTAAGT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[33]\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe PCR amplification for the ITS, ACT, and TUB2 loci was performed using a thermal cycler with the following parameters: an initial denaturation at 95 \u0026deg;C for 3 minutes, followed by 34 cycles of denaturation at \u0026nbsp;95 \u0026deg;C for 1 minute, annealing at 52 \u0026deg;C for 30 seconds, and extension at 72 \u0026deg;C for 1 minute. A final extension step was conducted at 72 \u0026deg;C for 10 minutes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe resulting PCR products were verified using agarose gel electrophoresis. A mixture containing 4 \u0026micro;L of the amplified product and 1\u0026micro;L of GelRed\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e nucleic acid stain was loaded onto a 1% (w/v) agarose gel prepared in 10x Tris-Acetate-EDTA Buffer. Electrophoresis was carried out at a constant voltage of 80 V for 50 minutes. The DNA bands were visualized and documented using a UV transilluminator.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNucleotide sequencing.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe PCR products were sent to PT Genetika Science Indonesia for bidirectional sequencing. The resulting raw sequences were inspected and edited using BioEdit v. 7.2. To determine the initial identity of the isolates, the ITS, ACT, and TUB2 sequences were compared against the NCBI GenBank database using the BLASTn algorithm (\u003ca href=\"http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\"\u003ehttp://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.4.2\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Phylogenetic Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor the phylogenetic construction, the sequences of the three loci (ITS, ACT, and TUB2) were aligned and trimmed using MEGA 12.0. A multilocus sequence analysis was performed by concatenating the sequences of the three markers for each isolate. These combined sequences were aligned with ex-type sequences of \u003cem\u003eColletotrichum\u003c/em\u003e species complexes retrieved from GenBank, following the taxonomic framework of [21].\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe phylogenetic tree was constructed using the Maximum Likelihood (ML) method with 1000 bootstrap replications to assess branch support. All phylogenetic analyses and tree visualizations were conducted using MEGA 12 software [34].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.5\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Pathogenicity Assay on Coffee berries and Leaves\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePathogenicity tests were conducted following the method by [13]. Pure cultures of \u003cem\u003eColletotrichum\u003c/em\u003e isolates were incubated at room temperature for 7\u0026ndash;10 days before inoculation.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlant Material and Preparation.\u003c/strong\u003e Healthy, symptom-free berries and leaves were obtained from various coffee cultivars, including \u003cem\u003eCoffea arabica\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Sigarar Utang, Flores Bajawa, Typica, Yellow Caturra, Gayo 3, and Kartika) and \u003cem\u003eC. canephora\u003c/em\u003e (BP 42). Eleven \u003cem\u003eColletotrichum\u003c/em\u003e isolates were tested using 10 red-ripe coffee berries and six leaves per treatment. Surface sterilization was performed by immersing the samples in 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for 1 minute, followed by three consecutive rinses in sterile distilled water. The samples were then air-dried.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInoculation Procedure.\u003c/strong\u003e The sterilized berries and leaves were placed in plastic chambers lined with moistened sterile paper tissue to maintain high humidity. Inoculation was performed by placing a 4 mm diameter mycelial plug from the margin of an active colony onto the surface of the berry and leaf. For the leaves, two treatments were applied: wounded (using a sterile needle) and non-wounded. Control samples were inoculated with 10 \u0026micro;L of sterile distilled water.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIncubation and Disease Assessment.\u003c/strong\u003e Inoculated samples were incubated at room temperature in a sealed, sterile container. Pathogenicity was assessed by measuring the length and width of the necrotic lesions daily from 1 to 7 days after inoculation (DAI). The virulence of each isolate was evaluated based on the lesion area and the rate of symptom development.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.6\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Statistical Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eColony diameter, growth rate, lesion area, appressoria, and the length and width of colonies were subjected to statistical analysis using software version 22.0. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine differences between the isolates and treatments. When significant effects were detected, mean comparisons were conducted using Tukey\u0026apos;s test at a significance level of p \u0026lt; 0.05 (95% confidence interval).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eA total of 11 isolates resembling \u003cem\u003eColletotrichum\u003c/em\u003e were obtained from Arabica and Robusta coffee berries and leaves exhibiting anthracnose symptoms. Multilocus molecular identification using ITS, ACT, and TUB2 sequences, followed by phylogenetic tree analysis, confirmed that all 11 isolates clustered within the \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e clade. Consequently, based on morphological and molecular characterization, as well as pathogenicity testing, this study identifies \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e as a causal agent of coffee anthracnose in Indonesia. To our knowledge, this is the first report of \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e infecting both Arabica and Robusta coffee berries in Indonesia. Nevertheless, the presence of \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e on coffee has been documented globally, including its isolation and identification from \u003cem\u003eArabica coffee\u003c/em\u003e in Thailand [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e], Australia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e], Mexico [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e], Hainan, China [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e], Saudi Arabia [18}, and Malaysia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e is recognized as a cosmopolitan pathogen that causes severe disease in a wide range of economically important host plants [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnthracnose caused by \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e on coffee leaves and berries in Indonesia shows clear necrotic lesions. Leaf symptoms start as small, irregular lesions that merge into larger brown or black areas. Field observations showed that these symptoms typically progress from the leaf margins toward the center of the lamina. On coffee berries, the symptoms manifest as small, irregular, sunken, or slightly raised lesions on both red and green coffee berries. As the disease advances, the berry tissue turns dark brown to black. Lesions on both leaves and berries can be circular or irregular in shape. These observations align with the typical anthracnose symptoms caused by \u003cem\u003eColletotrichum\u003c/em\u003e spp. previously reported in Saudi Arabia by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. According to [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. Fungal infections in berries may develop during cultivation or post-harvest.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe morphological characteristics of the 11 \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e isolates obtained from seven districts in Indonesia exhibited notable variation. The colonies generally appeared white initially, turning gray, grayish-white, or dark gray as the incubation period progressed. This differs from the colony characteristics of \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e in Thailand, which were reported to transition from white to brownish pink on PDA [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, the growth rates of the Indonesian isolates were slightly higher, ranging from 7.28 to 12.88 mm/day, with colony diameters reaching 52\u0026ndash;58 mm after seven days at 26\u0026deg;C. In comparison, \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e isolates from Thailand reached a maximum diameter of 82 mm within seven days at 28\u0026deg;C, with a growth rate of 6.58\u0026ndash;11.5 mm/day [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe conidia of \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e isolates from Indonesia are typically characterized as unicellular, hyaline, and cylindrical with obtuse ends, measuring 9.08\u0026ndash;14.6 \u0026times; 2.98\u0026ndash;4.72 \u0026micro;m. In comparison, \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e specimens in Australia exhibit slightly larger dimensions, 13.5\u0026ndash;17.5 \u0026times; 3.5\u0026ndash;5 \u0026micro;m [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, the color of \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e conidiomata in Indonesia shows a broad spectrum, ranging from light brown, yellow, and orange to black. This contrasts with the findings of [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e], who observed orange conidiomata of \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e in Malaysia, while those identified in Thailand reportedly ranged from brown to dark brown.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on these findings, it can be concluded that \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e isolates associated with coffee exhibit morphological variations in colony color, conidia dimensions, conidiomata pigmentation, and appressorial characteristics across different geographical origins. These results align with [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e], who noted that \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e isolates exhibit divergent morphological characteristics, including varying growth rates and cultural traits, depending on their country of origin. Such high phenotypic and genetic diversity likely enhances the adaptive capacity of individuals within a population, enabling them to persist under fluctuating environmental conditions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePathogenicity assays on 11 \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e isolates demonstrated a range of virulence levels. Isolate KJ10 exhibited the highest virulence, indicated by significantly larger lesion areas in both berry and leaf treatments. In terms of host range, isolate KJ15 possessed the broadest spectrum, whereas isolates KJ27 and KJ75 had the narrowest. The symptoms observed during the pathogenicity assays closely resembled those recorded under field conditions. Specifically, pathogenesis began at the inoculation site, initially characterized by the emergence of brown lesions that progressed and expanded into extensive necrotic areas, eventually encompassing the entire pericarp. Additionally, the incubation period for \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e exhibited considerable variety. The initial manifestation of symptomatic lesions occurred between 1 and 4 days post-inoculation (dpi).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e isolates exhibit varying degrees of lesion development during berry infection, ranging from restricted to rapid progression. In some instances, the infection remains localized, affecting only a small portion of the pericarp. This phenomenon is likely attributed to the pathogen entering a dormant or latent phase, a characteristic typical of the \u003cem\u003eColletotrichum\u003c/em\u003e genus. During this latency period, the anthracnose pathogen remains quiescent within host tissues until environmental conditions and host physiological states become conducive to further development [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]. The delayed symptoms in other cases may suggest a prolonged transition from the biotrophic to the necrotrophic phase. Conversely, in contrast to the limited lesion development seen in latent infection, highly aggressive isolates can induce total berry rot, with symptoms becoming prominent as early as 4 days post-inoculation (dpi). This aligns with the observations of [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e], who reported that the entire fruit surface became affected approximately one week after inoculation, accompanied by the advancement of orange conidial masses on the fruit surface. These findings are also consistent with [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e], who reported that orange conidial masses typically appear after 12 days.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, significant variations in infection incidence and lesion area were observed among \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e isolates, likely due to their diverse geographic origins. Pathogenicity assays demonstrated that all isolates obtained from coffee plants in Indonesia were pathogenic toward both Arabica and Robusta red coffee berries. These results align with the findings of [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e], which establish that \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e can achieve a 100% infection rate on both Arabica and Robusta varieties. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] also reported that \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e exhibits a more rapid rate of lesion development compared to \u003cem\u003eC. karstii\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eMultilocus molecular identification using ITS, ACT, and TUB2, followed by phylogenetic tree analysis, classified the 11 isolates within the \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e group. Morphological characterization of these isolates revealed variation in colony color, conidial size, conidiomata color, and appressorial size. Pathogenicity assays confirmed that all isolates were pathogenic to coffee. Isolate KJ10 exhibited the highest virulence, as indicated by the largest lesion area on berries and leaves. Isolate KJ15 showed the broadest host range, whereas isolates KJ27 and KJ75 exhibited the narrowest host ranges. Integrating morphological, molecular, and pathogenicity assays, the findings indicate that \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e is the causal agent of coffee berry disease in coffee plants in Indonesia. This study provides the first report of \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e infection on both Arabica and Robusta coffee berries in Indonesia.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e \u003cb\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors have no conflict of interest to declare\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll authors participated in the concept, writing, and editing. All authors approved the submitted manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors are grateful to the Agency of Agricultural Assembly and Modernization, Ministry of Agriculture, for the funding support provided for this research.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eUSDA [US Department of Agriculture] (2025) Production Coffee. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.fas.usda.gov/data/production/commodity/0711100\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.fas.usda.gov/data/production/commodity/0711100\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAshardiono F, Trihartono A (2024) Optimizing the potential of Indonesian coffee: a dual market approach. 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Discover Life 55:12. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s11084-025-09690-9\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s11084-025-09690-9\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003eAccess 24 November 2025\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":false,"email":"","identity":"current-microbiology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Current Microbiology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":false,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"VoR Journals","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"characterization, identification, morphology, pathogenicity","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8836822/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8836822/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eColletotrichum\u003c/em\u003e species are fungal pathogens that cause anthracnose in coffee berries across producing regions globally. These pathogens have been reported to infect both \u003cem\u003eCoffea arabica\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCoffea canephora\u003c/em\u003e, but the molecular identification of \u003cem\u003eColletotrichum\u003c/em\u003e species affecting coffee in Indonesia has remained largely uncharacterized. This study aimed to identify and characterize the \u003cem\u003eColletotrichum\u003c/em\u003e species associated with coffee crops. \u003cem\u003eColletotrichum\u003c/em\u003e isolates were obtained from symptomatic berries and leaves collected from \u003cem\u003eC. arabica\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. canephora\u003c/em\u003e plantations in seven districts in Indonesia. Identification and characterization of \u003cem\u003eColletotrichum\u003c/em\u003e spp. consisted of morphological characterization, DNA sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), actin (ACT), and β-tubulin (TUB2) regions. Eleven \u003cem\u003eColletotrichum\u003c/em\u003e isolates were selected for further study based on their morphological characteristics and geographical origins. The results of the multi-locus phylogenetic analysis clustered all eleven isolates within the \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e species group. The morphological characteristics of \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e generally include grey to dark-grey colony pigmentation. Colony growth rates on potato dextrose agar (PDA) ranged from 7.28 to 12.88 mm/day, and colony diameters were approximately 52\u0026ndash;89 mm. A pathogenicity assay confirmed that the isolates were virulent, successfully inducing symptoms on coffee tissues (leaves and berries of Arabica and Robusta coffee). By integrating morphological characterization, molecular identification, and pathogenicity testing, this study identifies \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e as the causative agent of coffee berry anthracnose disease in Indonesia. This study presents the first report of \u003cem\u003eC. siamense\u003c/em\u003e infection in both Arabica (\u003cem\u003eC. arabica\u003c/em\u003e) and Robusta (\u003cem\u003eC. canephora\u003c/em\u003e) in Indonesia.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"First Report of Colletotrichum siamense Causing Anthracnose Disease of Coffee Berry in Indonesia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-26 13:51:55","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8836822/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-20T06:53:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-17T03:26:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-16T13:10:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"15765429710019602183877528166229111257","date":"2026-03-27T12:16:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"220644510705334491288612858870991805586","date":"2026-03-27T07:43:23+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"332038948734320916290968490187874463927","date":"2026-03-25T07:31:48+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-03-25T07:22:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-02-16T14:06:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-02-11T03:02:41+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Current Microbiology","date":"2026-02-10T05:40:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":false,"email":"","identity":"current-microbiology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Current Microbiology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":false,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"VoR Journals","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"c8314d6e-5d72-43ce-a8b6-9d8d270da224","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 26th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-26T13:51:55+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-26 13:51:55","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8836822","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8836822","identity":"rs-8836822","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}