Reinventing conventional participation: A model to mitigate political disaffection in Lambayeque, Peru

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Although efforts have been made to continue the participatory trend in democratic institutions, innovative proposals for social intervention in political processes and decision-making are still needed. The study aimed to propose a model of conventional participation to mitigate political disaffection in Lambayeque, Peru. Methods The research was quantitative, with a non-experimental, descriptive-propositional design. It employed a survey technique applied to a randomly selected sample of 506 citizens from a total universe of 19,342 voters. Results The results indicate that the implementation of a conventional participatory practice, tailored to the sociocultural peculiarities of the district, positively impacts the political perception of the population. The findings reveal that a large portion of the Lambayeque population has disconnected from politics in everyday life, registering a general malaise that may reflect in future elections, as interest that does not translate into action is meaningless. Conclusions General distrust in institutions, particularly the sentiment of corruption, has fostered this detachment; moreover, the results reflect a rejection of the political system. Despite many being informed about politics, the feeling of participation remains impotent. 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F1000Research 2025, 14 :302 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.162192.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article Reinventing conventional participation: A model to mitigate political disaffection in Lambayeque, Peru [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved] Gustavo Adolfo Ventura Seclén https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6153-1321 1 , Juan Amilcar Villanueva Calderón https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0815-6443 1 , Ida Blanca Pacheco Gonzales https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9118-149X 1 , [...] Rocio Desiret Yarlaque Muñoz 1 , Germán Auris Evangelista 2 , Segundo Roberto Vásquez Bravo 2 , Pilar Mercedes Cayllahua Dioses 2 , José Santos Ventura Sandoval 2 , Renato de Jesús Granados Rodríguez https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2006-4442 3 Gustavo Adolfo Ventura Seclén https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6153-1321 1 , Juan Amilcar Villanueva Calderón https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0815-6443 1 , [...] Ida Blanca Pacheco Gonzales https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9118-149X 1 , Rocio Desiret Yarlaque Muñoz 1 , Germán Auris Evangelista 2 , Segundo Roberto Vásquez Bravo 2 , Pilar Mercedes Cayllahua Dioses 2 , José Santos Ventura Sandoval 2 , Renato de Jesús Granados Rodríguez https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2006-4442 3 PUBLISHED 17 Mar 2025 Author details Author details 1 Trujillo, Universidad Cesar Vallejo, Trujillo, La Libertad, Peru 2 Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodriguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Amazonas, Peru 3 Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo, Lambayeque, Lambayeque, Peru Gustavo Adolfo Ventura Seclén Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Software Juan Amilcar Villanueva Calderón Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Software, Validation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Ida Blanca Pacheco Gonzales Roles: Conceptualization, Methodology Rocio Desiret Yarlaque Muñoz Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Writing – Review & Editing Germán Auris Evangelista Roles: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation Segundo Roberto Vásquez Bravo Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Pilar Mercedes Cayllahua Dioses Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Investigation José Santos Ventura Sandoval Roles: Data Curation, Funding Acquisition, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Renato de Jesús Granados Rodríguez Roles: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS This article is included in the Political Communications gateway. Abstract Background In a district of the Lambayeque province, considerable levels of political disaffection are evident, manifesting not only in the alienation from power but also in a significant gap between citizens and government institutions. Although efforts have been made to continue the participatory trend in democratic institutions, innovative proposals for social intervention in political processes and decision-making are still needed. The study aimed to propose a model of conventional participation to mitigate political disaffection in Lambayeque, Peru. Methods The research was quantitative, with a non-experimental, descriptive-propositional design. It employed a survey technique applied to a randomly selected sample of 506 citizens from a total universe of 19,342 voters. Results The results indicate that the implementation of a conventional participatory practice, tailored to the sociocultural peculiarities of the district, positively impacts the political perception of the population. The findings reveal that a large portion of the Lambayeque population has disconnected from politics in everyday life, registering a general malaise that may reflect in future elections, as interest that does not translate into action is meaningless. Conclusions General distrust in institutions, particularly the sentiment of corruption, has fostered this detachment; moreover, the results reflect a rejection of the political system. Despite many being informed about politics, the feeling of participation remains impotent. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords conventional participation, political disaffection, trust, perception actitud Corresponding Author(s) Ida Blanca Pacheco Gonzales ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Ida Blanca Pacheco Gonzales Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2025 Ventura Seclén GA et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Ventura Seclén GA, Villanueva Calderón JA, Pacheco Gonzales IB et al. Reinventing conventional participation: A model to mitigate political disaffection in Lambayeque, Peru [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :302 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.162192.1 ) First published: 17 Mar 2025, 14 :302 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.162192.1 ) Latest published: 20 Mar 2026, 14 :302 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.162192.3 )  There is a newer version of this article available. Suppress this message for one day. Introducción Traditional forms of participation, such as popular consultations, public hearings, and municipal councils, have proven to be unviable in actively involving citizens in both local and national politics ( Berlanga et al., 2023 ). This is specifically evident in Lambayeque, where geographical, socioeconomic, and technological barriers hinder access to these spaces for social engagement ( Díaz, 2022 ). The existing methods of citizen participation are not adapted to the realities of the population, leading to a disaffection from politics, where citizens negatively assess their authorities and distance themselves from political matters ( Duárez, 2022 ). In this regard, it is necessary to create a renewed model that leverages new forms of participation and high-tech tools to increase society’s interaction with authorities ( Jara et al., 2021 ). On the other hand, the inequalities between urban and rural areas still create a deep gap in accessing the political participation process. Rural communities, with their strong ties to the land and agriculture, often find themselves disconnected from political decision-making spaces, sinking into a sense of anti-political alienation ( Canaza, 2024 ). This phenomenon not only limits effective representation but also hinders the design of state policies that adequately respond to the specific needs of these communities. Therefore, in designing a new model of conventional participation through a more open and equitable system, social integration must be fulfilled ( Martínez et al., 2022 ). In this context, a fundamental point in remodeling the participation model is the fusion of digital technologies, which offer a unique opportunity to overcome the physical and social barriers inherent in conventional participation. However, bringing technological tools to rural areas poses significant challenges, such as limited internet access and digital literacy ( Jara et al., 2021 ). To some extent, the proposal to reinvent the participation model involves not only introducing new technologies but also broadening the approach to civic education ( Rodríguez, 2024 ). In this sense, the politics of disaffection is closely related to the lack of knowledge about how participation operates and exercising citizens’ rights. Therefore, it is essential to implement programs that strengthen not only political culture but also citizens’ civic sense ( Moyano & Solís, 2021 ). These programs should lead citizens not only to understand the importance of participation but also to provide them with concrete tools to interact effectively in both politics and society ( Megías & Moreno, 2022 ). Civic education should be part of the participatory process as a prior and ongoing step, thus ensuring informed and committed participation. Furthermore, equal opportunities must be guaranteed for all social classes, regardless of geographical location, educational level, or virtual access ( Freire, 2023 ). Methodologically, this study takes a quantitative approach with a non-experimental and descriptive proposal, allowing for the examination of various factors that increase the level of political disaffection among citizens. Political disaffection in Lambayeque requires a comprehensive response that includes not only changes in traditional participation mechanisms but also accessible technological tools and civic education programs that encourage citizens to engage with subnational politics. The reconstruction of the conventional participation model needs not only to be digitized but also to foster an inclusive mindset regarding participation, thus instilling greater credibility in political institutions ( González & Salvatierra, 2021 ). The study aimed to propose a model of conventional participation to mitigate political disaffection in Lambayeque, Peru. The specific objective was to determine the factors that lead to political disengagement in Lambayeque, Peru. Finally, the following hypothesis was proposed: The implementation of an innovative citizen participation model in Lambayeque, Peru, will contribute to mitigating political disengagement. Marco Teórico Regarding international background, the study by Neves (2024) was cited, which analyzed the democratic discontent of youth and how this behavior can lead to democratic deconsolidation in various European contexts. The results revealed that the discontent of young people has become institutionalized non-democratic patterns, which has diminished their commitment to democracy. The study by Megías and Moreno (2022) aimed to verify the impact of social participation on reducing political disaffection in urban municipalities or districts in Germany, France, and Spain, with results indicating that as the level of social participation increases, a defined segment of politics can benefit. Similarly, Cárdenas (2022) identified the different characteristics or peculiarities of the political culture of voters regarding municipal candidates in a city like Bogotá, resulting in the finding that limited political knowledge allowed unsuitable political representatives to be elected, generating a proven disaffection characterized by distrust and distancing from institutions. On the other hand, Alaminos et al. (2024) in their study propose characterizing political disaffection in a Latin American context, with results indicating that there are alternatives under which it is possible to define a historical-social subject, creating new patterns in democracy. In the Peruvian context, Núñez Lira et al. (2020) examine the functioning of the structural problems facing politics in Peru, with a special emphasis on how citizens confront representative democracy. The results showed that the level of distrust in political institutions is increasingly higher, leading to a phenomenon of political disaffection over the past few years. Finally, Murakami and Pozsgai (2024) examined the factors that have contributed to the growing crisis of trust and political discouragement in various regions of Peru, concluding that fewer people participate in politics in general, as a consequence of unmet electoral promises. Regarding the study variables, we have: Conventional participation Regarding the theoretical foundations of the conventional participation program, it aligns with the contribution of participatory democracy by Dahl (1989) , which states that in a democratic system, active participation by citizens is fundamental, as it improves policy formulation based on public decisions and the management of social issues. It also refers to an articulated set of activities or strategies aimed at stimulating the level of citizen participation in formal political procedures, using the means and institutionalized channels that operate within a democratic system ( Castellanos, 2020 ). This type of measures aims for citizens to engage in traditional participation mechanisms such as voting in elections, joining political parties, attending community meetings, supporting candidates, and public consultation ( Garrido and Sáenz, 2020 ). Political disaffection Regarding the theoretical foundation of political disengagement, it is based on the theory of the good citizen, which was inextricably linked to being well-informed and predominantly participating in conventional activities such as voting or empathizing with traditional political institutions ( Dalton, 2008 ). The theory argues that it has undergone a change over time, shifting to become the increasingly individualized modus operandi of citizens who participate mandatorily in traditional political avenues, showing complete disinterest in being part of government rotations ( Rodríguez, 2024 ). Conceptually, political disengagement is the process in which individuals and groups detach and interrupt their relationship with political and administrative institutions in a democratic system ( Witteveen et al., 2022 ). This type of participation is understood as following the formal procedures and channels established by the political-legislative framework of society; in other words, it involves citizen participation through the structures and mechanisms formally established by the government and public institutions, such as elections, public consultations, hearings, citizen committees, and other formal means of civic participation, yet it clashes with the preservation of what is established by the normative framework ( Angarita et al., 2021 ). Methodology Type, design, and scope According to the article, it was an applied inquiry, with a quantitative approach and a non-experimental, descriptive-propositional design ( Hernández & Mendoza, 2018 ). Population and sample The sample included 506 citizens who are part of the electoral roll of the context under study. The distribution of the sample is indicated according to the following data: Table 1. Characteristics of the sample by sex. Sex Process F % Male 327 65.4% Female 179 34.6% TOTAL 506 100% Table 2. Characteristics of the sample by residence area. Residence Process F % Rural 418 82.6% Urban 88 17.4% TOTAL 506 100% Procedure This process follows several stages to analyze the chosen study phenomenon within the study context. In the process, there are several important steps: starting with a general idea, formulating the problem, designing the methodology, sampling, collecting and processing the information, and interpreting-discussing the obtained results. Techniques and instruments for data collection It is important to highlight that the technique used in the study was the survey, which was administered through a questionnaire. Regarding political disaffection, 15 questions were taken (with 5 options structured according to the Likert Scale). Validity and reliability The survey instrument was validated by the experienced opinion of individuals with extensive credentials and legitimacy to provide information, evidence, and judgment. The reliability of the tool was assessed using Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient, where the questionnaire achieved a score of 0.720, considered very reliable. Data análisis The data analysis was carried out using IBM SPSS Statistics 26, which facilitated the acquisition of precise and detailed descriptive results for each variable. This approach also enabled the verification of the hypotheses proposed in the research, ensuring the robustness and validity of the obtained results. Ethical component During the research process, 506 selected individuals participated, all of whom had provided their authorization and informed consent, which allowed us to have the necessary data for the development of the study. This consent was obtained in accordance with the principles of intellectual honesty, transparency, respect for intellectual property, and responsibilityThis study has been approved by the Institutional Research Ethics Committee of the César Vallejo University, in accordance with the Code of Research Ethics of the UCV (Code: PP-DG-02.01, Version: 02, Date: 08-29-2024). The approval number assigned to the present study is RCU No. 0659-2024-UCV. The study was carried out in compliance with the principles established in the Declaration of Helsinki on research in human beings. All participants were informed about the objectives of the study and provided informed consent before participation. The confidentiality of the data, the right to privacy and the possibility of withdrawing from the study at any time without any consequences were guaranteed. For minor participants, informed consent was obtained from their parents or legal representatives, in addition to the consent of the minor, as stipulated in the current Clinical Trial Regulations of the National Institute of Health (INS, Peru). The study does not involve medical interventions or experimental procedures that put the integrity of the participants at risk. Likewise, the standards of protection and well-being of research subjects will be respected in accordance with institutional guidelines and applicable national and international regulations. Results Descriptive analysis Based on the data obtained from the survey applied to the sample, the following data were generated. Table 3. Frequencies and percentages for the variable political disaffection. Levels Political disaffection F % Low Level 185 36.6% Medium Level 177 35.0% High Level 144 28.5% Total 506 100.0% In the group of 506 people that made up this sample, the majority exhibited a Low level of political disaffection, with 36.6%, indicating that they are somewhat disconnected from the political life of their locality. A 28.5% showed high disaffection, suggesting a more distant or indifferent attitude toward politics, while only 35% displayed a medium level of disaffection, indicating that a small group still maintains commitment or interest in politics. The general trend is clearly toward political disaffection, but most subjects are positioned in moderate stances to better address or resolve these issues, leading to their participation being moderately null. Table 4. Level of distrust in institutions. Levels Distrust in institutions F % Perception of Corruption 174 34.4% Trust in the Judicial System 177 35.0% Trust in the Political System 155 30.6% Total 506 100.0 In the sample of 506 people, distrust in institutions is reflected as follows: 35% trust in the justice system, indicating a higher degree of distrust regarding this institution. In contrast, 30.6% trust in politics as represented by Congress and the president, which attests to a certain lack of confidence in this area. Finally, 34.4% distrust according to the perception of corruption, which shows a widespread negative perspective on democratic institutions. In summary, trust in the justice system prevails, while distrust is more pronounced in the political system, which is perceived as corrupt. Table 5. Level of Political-Social Distancing. Levels Political-social distancing F % Electoral Participation 178 35.2% Political Interest 223 44.1% Electoral Relevance 105 20.8% Total 506 100.0% The majority of people in the sample show a strong interest in politics, with 44.1% expressing concern, but only 35.2% are committed to actively participating in elections. This suggests that, while many people are drawn to political issues, few actually take action. Additionally, 20.8% believe that election results are not important. Thus, although political interest is high, the low electoral participation highlights a disconnect between enthusiasm for politics and the willingness to engage in electoral decisions. Figure 1. Illustration of technical proposals to mitigate Political Disaffection in Lambayeque. Note. Prepared based on the questionnaire data. The proposals to mitigate political disaffection in Lambayeque aim primarily to return the voice to citizens and create a closer and more transparent relationship with the authorities. These initiatives seek to make politics a more accessible space, where everyone has the opportunity to participate and feel heard. One of the ideas is the development of digital participation platforms, where this approach leverages technology so that citizens can engage more directly and easily. Through online consultations about government initiatives, anyone could express opinions and contribute ideas on projects that directly affect them. Electronic voting for popular consultations would also facilitate the participatory process, allowing people to vote from the comfort of their homes, without the physical barriers that often limit their participation. Additionally, notifications about political events and elections would keep citizens informed, fostering greater awareness and active participation in political processes. On the other hand, the system for monitoring electoral promises aims to ensure that politicians are held accountable for what they promise. This system would allow citizens to track the promises made during campaigns and see if they are being fulfilled. The creation of a tracking platform would enable anyone to check, in real-time, whether the promises of their representatives are being realized. An interactive visualization of compliance would help make the information accessible and understandable, while periodic notifications about the progress of those commitments would keep citizens informed and empowered to demand the fulfillment of promises. Finally, strengthening citizen training and empowerment programs seeks to educate the population and make them more aware of their role in democracy. This includes civic and political literacy workshops, where citizens would learn about their rights, the democratic system, and how to exercise them. Additionally, community leadership training would provide individuals with tools to take active roles in solving local problems, making them key actors in their community. Furthermore, the proposal includes creating mechanisms for citizens to report local issues in real-time, facilitating direct interaction with authorities and ensuring that solutions are quick and effective. Lastly, allowing citizens to propose solutions and evaluate their feasibility would strengthen the sense of belonging and collaboration, giving everyone an active role in improving their environments. Together, these proposals seek to create a space where politics is seen not as something distant or inaccessible, but as a tool to improve the daily lives of all. By focusing on transparency, participation, and civic education, the goal is to rebuild trust between citizens and their representatives, generating a stronger commitment and a closer relationship between both. With these initiatives, Lambayeque could become a model of citizen participation, where politics is understood as a means to solve common problems, rather than a distant or exclusive process. Discussion - Conclusions - Recommendations The results obtained in this research reflect a clear political disaffection among the population of the Lambayeque district. The majority of respondents show a medium level of political detachment, indicating a disconnection of citizens from the current political situation. However, a significant group also exhibits a high level of disaffection, reflecting a marked disinterest in political processes. This trend aligns with previous studies, such as Neves (2024) , which observed high levels of democratic discontent in Europe, especially among young people, which could have parallels in the Peruvian context, albeit with unique characteristics in provincial regions. The analysis of distrust in institutions reveals that the perception of corruption is one of the factors that most undermines citizens’ trust, affecting 23.3% of respondents. This perception coincides with the findings of Cárdenas (2022) , who indicated that both misinformation and distrust in political representatives contribute to political disaffection. Moreover, the judicial system and the presidential administration are viewed with skepticism, with a 44.9% distrust towards the judicial system. These data corroborate the widespread perception that political institutions do not meet citizens’ expectations, something that Alaminos et al. (2024) refer to as key in the disconnection between politics and citizens. Regarding electoral participation, the results show a low voting rate, indicating that many citizens feel demotivated or skeptical about the real impact of their vote on political decisions. This finding aligns with studies by Murakami and Pozsgai (2024) , which detected a similar phenomenon in various regions of Peru, where indifference towards politics seems to have grown, despite interest in political issues. It can be inferred that, in addition to a lack of interest or knowledge, disaffection is also profoundly influenced by the perception of corruption and the ineffectiveness of political and judicial institutions. Studies by Cazorla et al. (2022) on disaffection in Latin America highlight how media can influence the exacerbation or moderation of these feelings of disconnection. It is important to note that, although political interest remains high, the effectiveness of that interest in actual participation is limited. While citizens are informed about politics, many do not feel that their participation has a tangible impact, a phenomenon also observed in other contexts, as evidenced in Jiménez’s (2022) study on the relationship between social participation and political disaffection. This study indicated that increasing participation does not always reduce the gap between citizens and politics. In conclusion, the results reveal that a large part of the population in Lambayeque has disconnected from politics in daily life, recording a general discomfort that may be reflected in upcoming elections, as that interest that does not translate into action is meaningless. The general distrust in institutions, especially the feeling of corruption, has fostered this detachment. Moreover, the results indicate a rejection of the political system; however, although many are knowledgeable about politics, the feeling of participation is one of impotence. Ethics and consent In the research process, 506 individuals selected from the population participated. It all began with sending an email to each participant, requesting their informed consent, which we received in writing through the same channel. Additionally, each participant was provided with a detailed explanation of the study, its objectives, and the methodologies we would use. For data collection, we used various digital tools, such as live meetings via Zoom and surveys through Google Forms, ensuring the privacy of the responses at all times. All participants in this study provided their informed consent before their participation. A written informed consent form was provided, detailing the study objectives, the procedures to be followed, the benefits and potential risks, as well as the confidentiality conditions. Participants signed the document before completing the questionnaire. The study was conducted in accordance with the Institutional Research Ethics Committee of César Vallejo University, under approval number RCU No. 0659-2024-UCV, ensuring compliance with the ethical principles established in the Declaration of Helsinki and the applicable national regulations. No exemption from consent was granted by the ethics committee, as the study’s methodology involved data collection through a questionnaire. It was considered essential to ensure that each participant explicitly and formally provided their consent. Additionally, participants were guaranteed the right to withdraw at any time without repercussions, and the confidentiality of the provided information was ensured by using coded responses to prevent any possibility of personal identification. Data availability statement Zenodo. Reinventing Conventional Participation: A Model to Mitigate Political Disaffection in Lambayeque, Peru: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14900621 ( Villanueva et al., 2025 ). This article contains the following underlying data: Figure 1. Political_Disaffection.png Note: Created based on questionnaire data, Page 8 of 15 • data_base_506.xlsx • Data_F1000 (1).sav • RCU No. 0659-2024-UCV CODE OF ETHICS IN RESEARCH OF THE UCV V02 (2) (1).pdf This project includes the following expanded data: Political_Disaffection.png INFORMED CONSENT (1).pdf Research_Instrument_1000.pdf Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0). Reporting guideline Zenodo. Reinventing Conventional Participation: A Model to Mitigate Political Disaffection in Lambayeque, Peru. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14900621 ( Villanueva et al., 2025 ). Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0). Referencias Alaminos-Fernández AF, Francés García F, Santacreu-Fernández Ó: The influence of political efficacy and partisan identity on electoral participation in Spain: the links of citizens with the functioning of the political system. 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Publisher Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 3 VERSION 3 PUBLISHED 17 Mar 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Trujillo, Universidad Cesar Vallejo, Trujillo, La Libertad, Peru 2 Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodriguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Amazonas, Peru 3 Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo, Lambayeque, Lambayeque, Peru Gustavo Adolfo Ventura Seclén Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Software Juan Amilcar Villanueva Calderón Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Software, Validation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Ida Blanca Pacheco Gonzales Roles: Conceptualization, Methodology Rocio Desiret Yarlaque Muñoz Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Writing – Review & Editing Germán Auris Evangelista Roles: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation Segundo Roberto Vásquez Bravo Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Pilar Mercedes Cayllahua Dioses Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Investigation José Santos Ventura Sandoval Roles: Data Curation, Funding Acquisition, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Renato de Jesús Granados Rodríguez Roles: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (3) version 3 Revised Published: 20 Mar 2026, 14:302 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.162192.3 version 2 Revised Published: 16 Jan 2026, 14:302 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.162192.2 version 1 Published: 17 Mar 2025, 14:302 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.162192.1 Copyright © 2025 Ventura Seclén GA et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Ventura Seclén GA, Villanueva Calderón JA, Pacheco Gonzales IB et al. Reinventing conventional participation: A model to mitigate political disaffection in Lambayeque, Peru [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :302 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.162192.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 17 Mar 2025 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: López TG. Reviewer Report For: Reinventing conventional participation: A model to mitigate political disaffection in Lambayeque, Peru [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :302 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.178345.r391007 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-302/v1#referee-response-391007 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 24 Jul 2025 Teresa Gil López , Department of Communication, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Getafe, Community of Madrid, Spain Not Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.178345.r391007 Thank you for allowing me to review the article "Reinventing conventional participation: A model to mitigate political disaffection in Lambayeque, Peru. The study represents loable efforts to improve citizen participation in times of generalized disaffection and distrust of the institutions. ... Continue reading READ ALL Thank you for allowing me to review the article "Reinventing conventional participation: A model to mitigate political disaffection in Lambayeque, Peru. The study represents loable efforts to improve citizen participation in times of generalized disaffection and distrust of the institutions. The study aimed to propose a model of conventional participation to mitigate political disaffection in Lambayeque, Peru. The specific objective was to determine the factors that lead to political disengagement in Lambayeque, Peru. Some important contributions arise from this study, however, there are important shortcomings that prevent me from accepting the manuscript from indexing in its current form. I hope that the suggestions that follow can be helpful towards a revised version. In general, I think the writing could be improved. For instance, the theoretical framework should start with an introductory sentence or clause before any study is cited, so that the reader know what they are about to delve into, what part of the literature, dealing with wich concepts, etc. The structure of the theoretical framework could also be generally improved. The current text reads very schematic, as if each study was reviewed one by one. They are not integrated into a coherent argument. There are also some expressions left in Spanish which should be translated into English in accordance with the rest of the text. Central study constructs should be more explicitly defined. The authors do a good job in defining political disaffection but other concepts are not so clearly explained. Concrete participation models should also be identified in the literature so that the new factors proposed by the current study can be given the necessary emphasis and their novel contributions can be highlighted above and beyond what traditional models of participation offer. There is in principle nothing new with adding variables related to digital technologies to traditional models of conventional participation. Generally, there are expressions in the text which require better contextualization: “ Regarding the theoretical foundations of the conventional participation program, it aligns with the contribution…” what is “it”? And which theoretical foundations of which conventional participation model are the authors referring to, concretely? This goes back to explicitly referring to a set of models and clearly specify the concepts that are central to the main theoretical arguments of this study. The sampling procedure should be clearly explained. In the introduction, the authors mention that the study used a “randomly selected sample,” but the characteristics of the sample do not resemble those that would have been obtained via randomized selection. Regardless, how the sample was obtained/accessed to and contacted is a necessary piece of information to assess the study’s method. Some of this is explained in the section about consent but information on how those 506 participants where first chosen from a population/participant pool or panel is unclear. Also the instruments for data collection, primarily the scales used to measure participation and political disaffection: are those scales newly created or are they pre-existing scales? What items are they composed of? Finally, the technical proposal presented by the study seems disconnected to the study results, and just generally, it is absent from the article until the point it gets introduced. I would recommend the authors to give this proposal greater centrality from the beginning of the article, and even focus the literature review on propositional models rather than solely on a general discussion on conventional participation and disaffection. In all, the study’s objective was to determine the factors that lead to political disengagement in Lambayeque, Peru. However, the study fails to reflect what those factors are and the connections that they have to disengagement are not tested either. I would therefore recommend to reconsider the study’s objectives and propose ones that are more realistic given the study’s empirical design and limited scope. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? No Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? No Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Communication and media effects, political participation, digital media, communication processes and mechanisms. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT López TG. Reviewer Report For: Reinventing conventional participation: A model to mitigate political disaffection in Lambayeque, Peru [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :302 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.178345.r391007 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-302/v1#referee-response-391007 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Author Response 16 Jan 2026 IDA BLANCA PACHECO GONZALES , Trujillo, Universidad Cesar Vallejo, Trujillo, Peru 16 Jan 2026 Author Response Subject: Submission of Revised Manuscript and Response to Reviewer Comments Dear Review I hope this message finds you well. I am writing to inform you that I have thoroughly reviewed ... Continue reading Subject: Submission of Revised Manuscript and Response to Reviewer Comments Dear Review I hope this message finds you well. I am writing to inform you that I have thoroughly reviewed all the observations made regarding the manuscript “Reinventing Conventional Participation: A Model to Mitigate Political Disaffection in Lambayeque, Peru” and have fully addressed each of them. In the revised version, the writing has been strengthened, the theoretical framework has been reorganized into a more coherent and integrated structure, and the central concepts of the study have been defined with greater clarity. Additionally, the explanation of the sampling procedure has been corrected, specifying how access to the participant panel was obtained and detailing the composition and origin of the instruments used. Greater prominence has also been given to the technical proposal from the beginning of the article, clearly emphasizing that the main objective of the study was to propose a model of conventional participation to mitigate political disaffection, integrating its theoretical and empirical foundations in alignment with propositional models from the literature. Thank you for your valuable comments, which have significantly contributed to improving the quality of the manuscript. I remain at your disposal for any further observations. Subject: Submission of Revised Manuscript and Response to Reviewer Comments Dear Review I hope this message finds you well. I am writing to inform you that I have thoroughly reviewed all the observations made regarding the manuscript “Reinventing Conventional Participation: A Model to Mitigate Political Disaffection in Lambayeque, Peru” and have fully addressed each of them. In the revised version, the writing has been strengthened, the theoretical framework has been reorganized into a more coherent and integrated structure, and the central concepts of the study have been defined with greater clarity. Additionally, the explanation of the sampling procedure has been corrected, specifying how access to the participant panel was obtained and detailing the composition and origin of the instruments used. Greater prominence has also been given to the technical proposal from the beginning of the article, clearly emphasizing that the main objective of the study was to propose a model of conventional participation to mitigate political disaffection, integrating its theoretical and empirical foundations in alignment with propositional models from the literature. Thank you for your valuable comments, which have significantly contributed to improving the quality of the manuscript. I remain at your disposal for any further observations. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT Author Response 16 Jan 2026 IDA BLANCA PACHECO GONZALES , Trujillo, Universidad Cesar Vallejo, Trujillo, Peru 16 Jan 2026 Author Response Subject: Submission of Revised Manuscript and Response to Reviewer Comments Dear Review I hope this message finds you well. I am writing to inform you that I have thoroughly reviewed ... Continue reading Subject: Submission of Revised Manuscript and Response to Reviewer Comments Dear Review I hope this message finds you well. I am writing to inform you that I have thoroughly reviewed all the observations made regarding the manuscript “Reinventing Conventional Participation: A Model to Mitigate Political Disaffection in Lambayeque, Peru” and have fully addressed each of them. In the revised version, the writing has been strengthened, the theoretical framework has been reorganized into a more coherent and integrated structure, and the central concepts of the study have been defined with greater clarity. Additionally, the explanation of the sampling procedure has been corrected, specifying how access to the participant panel was obtained and detailing the composition and origin of the instruments used. Greater prominence has also been given to the technical proposal from the beginning of the article, clearly emphasizing that the main objective of the study was to propose a model of conventional participation to mitigate political disaffection, integrating its theoretical and empirical foundations in alignment with propositional models from the literature. Thank you for your valuable comments, which have significantly contributed to improving the quality of the manuscript. I remain at your disposal for any further observations. Subject: Submission of Revised Manuscript and Response to Reviewer Comments Dear Review I hope this message finds you well. I am writing to inform you that I have thoroughly reviewed all the observations made regarding the manuscript “Reinventing Conventional Participation: A Model to Mitigate Political Disaffection in Lambayeque, Peru” and have fully addressed each of them. In the revised version, the writing has been strengthened, the theoretical framework has been reorganized into a more coherent and integrated structure, and the central concepts of the study have been defined with greater clarity. Additionally, the explanation of the sampling procedure has been corrected, specifying how access to the participant panel was obtained and detailing the composition and origin of the instruments used. Greater prominence has also been given to the technical proposal from the beginning of the article, clearly emphasizing that the main objective of the study was to propose a model of conventional participation to mitigate political disaffection, integrating its theoretical and empirical foundations in alignment with propositional models from the literature. Thank you for your valuable comments, which have significantly contributed to improving the quality of the manuscript. I remain at your disposal for any further observations. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 3 VERSION 3 PUBLISHED 17 Mar 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 3 Version 3 (revision) 20 Mar 26 read Version 2 (revision) 16 Jan 26 read read Version 1 17 Mar 25 read Teresa Gil López , Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Getafe, Spain Victor Hugo Puican Rodríguez , Universidad Nacional Intercultural Fabiola Salazar Leguia de Bagua, Bagua, Peru Carla Angelica Reyes Reyes , Universidad Senor de Sipan, Chiclayo, Peru Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Puican Rodríguez V. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 02 Apr 2026 | for Version 3 Victor Hugo Puican Rodríguez , Universidad Nacional Intercultural Fabiola Salazar Leguia de Bagua, Bagua, Peru 0 Views copyright © 2026 Puican Rodríguez V. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Not Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions 1. METHODOLOGY • The clarity of the descriptive–propositional approach is appreciated; however, it is suggested that the coherence between the study’s objective (to propose a structured framework for participation) and the methodological scope be strengthened, given that the current design limits the explanatory power of the analysis. • In this regard, consideration could be given to incorporating a statistical modelling approach (SML) that would allow for the analysis of relationships between variables, moving beyond the strictly descriptive nature of the study. • In particular, it is recommended to evaluate the use of techniques such as PLS-SEM or multivariate regression, which would allow for the empirical validation of the conceptual structure proposed in the manuscript. • It is suggested that the data collection instrument be reorganized in terms of latent variables and observable indicators, which would facilitate its compatibility with structural models. • Furthermore, it would be appropriate to expand the description of the validation process, incorporating quantitative evidence (e.g., Aiken’s V), as well as reporting reliability by dimension, rather than a single overall value. 2. INCLUSION OF MEDIATING AND MODERATING VARIABLES (MAIN POINT) • Given that the study already has clearly defined main variables (political disaffection and conventional participation), it is suggested that the model be strengthened by including mediating and moderating variables, which would significantly enhance the analytical rigour of the study. �� Recommended mediating variables • It is suggested that the variable ‘perceived political efficacy’ be incorporated as a mediator between political disaffection and conventional participation. • This variable would help explain the underlying mechanism through which disaffection influences participatory behaviour, adding theoretical and empirical depth to the model. • The inclusion of this mediation would facilitate the analysis of indirect effects, which is highly valued in studies published in high-impact journals. �� Recommended moderating variables • It is recommended that contextual variables be taken into account that may alter the strength or direction of the relationships analysed. In particular: o Digital literacy / digital access, given that the study itself acknowledges the importance of technology in participatory processes. o Area of residence (rural/urban), taking into account the territorial divides highlighted in the contextual framework. • The inclusion of moderating variables would enable multi-group or interaction analyses, significantly enriching the interpretation of the results. 3. RESULTS • The results presented are based primarily on descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages), which constitutes a valid initial approach; however, it is limited in comparison with the analytical potential of the study. • It is strongly suggested that this section be reworked to incorporate results derived from statistical modelling (SML), such as: o coefficients of relationship between variables o direct and indirect effects o levels of explained variance (R²) o model fit indicators • The transition to this type of analysis would allow for the empirical substantiation of relationships that are currently only described implicitly. • Furthermore, a more in-depth analysis could be incorporated by comparing groups (for example, by area of residence), preferably within a multi-group analysis framework. • With regard to the model presented in the figure, it is suggested that it be transformed into an empirically validated model, avoiding its interpretation as a confirmed structure if it has not been subjected to statistical analysis. 4. DISCUSSION • It is recommended that the discussion be expanded to include an interpretation based on the analytical results, particularly with regard to the relationships between variables. • The discussion could be strengthened by addressing not only the description of the findings, but also the possible explanatory mechanisms underlying the phenomenon of political disaffection. • It is also suggested that the comparison with previous studies be reinforced through a more critical approach, highlighting similarities, differences and the specific contributions of the study. • It is important to maintain consistency with the methodological design, avoiding formulations that could be interpreted as causal if they have not been supported by inferential analysis. 5. CONCLUSIONS • It is suggested that the conclusions be strictly aligned with the level of empirical evidence presented, avoiding extrapolations that go beyond the results obtained. • If statistical modelling (SML) is incorporated, the conclusions could be significantly strengthened, allowing: o the identification of variables with greater explanatory power o establishing significant relationships between constructs o validating the proposed model • It is recommended to explicitly include a section on the study’s limitations, considering: o the type of sampling used o the descriptive nature of the current analysis o possible biases in data collection Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Political communication, citizen participation, and democratic governance. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Puican Rodríguez VH. Peer Review Report For: Reinventing conventional participation: A model to mitigate political disaffection in Lambayeque, Peru [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :302 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.197127.r469268) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-302/v3#referee-response-469268 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Reyes Reyes C. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 11 Feb 2026 | for Version 2 Carla Angelica Reyes Reyes , Universidad Senor de Sipan, Chiclayo, Lambayeque, Peru 0 Views copyright © 2026 Reyes Reyes C. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The article presents a clear, relevant, and coherent title that aligns with the developed content, adequately defining the phenomenon of conventional participation and political disaffection in Lambayeque. I. The introduction solidly contextualizes the problem, articulating recent background, territorial gaps, and technological challenges, thus enabling an understanding of the study's social and academic relevance. Likewise, the objectives and hypothesis are well-formulated and aligned with the research's propositional approach, demonstrating a consistent internal logic between the identified problem and the proposed solution. II. The theoretical framework is adequately structured, with classic and contemporary authors who conceptually support the central variables, achieving a suitable integration of democratic theory, citizen participation, and political disaffection. III. Methodologically, the study maintains a clear design with its descriptive-propositional purpose and is supported by understandable procedures. The characterization of the population, the use of quota sampling, and the explanation of the data collection instrument demonstrate an acceptable level of quality, reinforced by expert validation and adequate questionnaire reliability. The statistical analysis, although primarily descriptive, is relevant to the stated objectives and reveals clear trends in levels of disaffection, institutional distrust, and socio-political distancing. The ethical component is well-developed, with institutional support and adherence to informed consent standards, which strengthens the study's credibility. IV. Regarding the results, discussion, and proposal, the article establishes a suitable connection between the empirical findings and the proposed conventional participation model, which is one of its main contributions. The interpretation is consistent with the cited literature and aims to generate practical implications for public management and local governance. While it could be strengthened with more in-depth comparative analysis, the level achieved is consistent with the adopted approach. Overall, the manuscript presents a solid structure, a relevant contribution to the study of citizen participation in Peruvian subnational contexts, and adequate theoretical and methodological support. Therefore, it is considered suitable for indexing, with a consistently high academic level and the potential to impact research on local democracy and citizen participation policies. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Ciencias Sociales. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Reyes Reyes CA. Peer Review Report For: Reinventing conventional participation: A model to mitigate political disaffection in Lambayeque, Peru [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :302 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.192758.r455914) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-302/v2#referee-response-455914 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Puican Rodríguez V. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 10 Feb 2026 | for Version 2 Victor Hugo Puican Rodríguez , Universidad Nacional Intercultural Fabiola Salazar Leguia de Bagua, Bagua, Peru 0 Views copyright © 2026 Puican Rodríguez V. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (1) Not Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Title: The title is attractive and relevant; however, the use of “model” suggests robust empirical validation (e.g., multivariate analysis or statistical modeling). In the manuscript, the proposal is presented mainly as propositional/descriptive, so it would be advisable to adjust the title to avoid methodological expectations that are not subsequently fulfilled. Suggestion: replace “a model” with “a proposal” or “a propositional framework,” unless analytical validation of the model is incorporated. Abstract: A “random sample” is mentioned, while the methodology states that intentional non-probabilistic quota sampling was used. This inconsistency is critical because it affects the interpretation and generalization of the results. Action required: correct the abstract so that the type of sampling is consistent with the methodology section. The abstract states that participatory practice “has a positive impact.” With the analysis presented (descriptive), this wording is perceived as causal, when the reported evidence does not allow for attribution of effects. Style suggestion: use descriptive formulations (“is associated with,” “is observed,” “is reported”) or incorporate inferential analysis if you wish to maintain statements of impact. It is recommended to include, in one sentence, what specific dimensions of disaffection were measured (e.g., institutional distrust, political-social distancing) and how it was operationalized. Keywords They are relevant, but could be optimized for indexing: Include more “core” terms in Scopus such as political disengagement, institutional trust, political participation, civic education, depending on the final focus of the manuscript. “Perception attitude” is conceptually imprecise; it would be advisable to standardize it with a term that is more commonly used in the literature. Introduction The introduction provides a good contextualization of the problem, although three aspects could be strengthened: Spatial and conceptual delimitation: “Lambayeque” (province/district) is mentioned, but it should be made clear from the outset which territorial unit is being studied (specific district) and why that case is theoretically relevant. Literature gap: the need for innovative proposals is raised, but it is necessary to explain more precisely what specific gap the article fills (e.g., the absence of socioculturally adapted propositional models in rural/peri-urban districts of northern Peru). Objective-hypothesis consistency: a hypothesis is formulated in an explanatory tone (“will contribute to mitigating”), but the design and analysis are descriptive. It would be advisable to adjust the hypothesis or rethink it as a propositional assumption. 5. Theoretical framework 5.1. Background review The effort to include international and national background information is appreciated. However, the section is presented mainly as a list of studies. For a high-impact journal, it would be desirable to include: a comparative discussion (what coincides, what differs, and why), and a critical synthesis that leads directly to the model/proposal. It would be useful to include literature that clearly distinguishes between: conventional vs. unconventional participation, and between disaffection as distancing vs. as active criticism (critical citizens). This would help to better support the decision to focus the intervention on conventional participation. 5.2. Definition of constructs The definitions are reasonable, but the operationalization is not completely aligned: If disaffection is defined with components (distrust, cynicism/fatigue, emotional distancing), the instrument should show items or subscales corresponding to each component and demonstrate their internal consistency. It is suggested to clarify whether “institutional distrust” and “political-social distancing” are: internal dimensions of disaffection, or related variables (predictors/correlates). In this version, the conceptual structure is perceived as ambiguous. 6) Methodology 6.1. Type, design, and scope The label “descriptive-propositional” is used, which is valid; however: Care should be taken that the language of the manuscript (including discussion) does not adopt an explanatory/causal tone, because the design does not support it. If there is a hypothesis, some kind of contrast is expected; if the study is descriptive, it would be advisable to reformulate the hypothesis as an intervention premise or remove it. 6.2. Population and sample The text refers to non-probability quota sampling, but also mentions “random sampling” in other parts. Action required: standardize a single version throughout the manuscript. The recruitment procedure mentions a “panel of potential participants” who had previously expressed willingness to participate. This may introduce self-selection bias. Suggestion: include a brief discussion of potential biases and their implications. 6.3. Instrument Operational details are lacking: total number of items, distribution by modules/dimensions, examples of items per construct, criteria for categorizing levels (low/medium/high). “Expert validation” requires a minimum description: number of experts, profile, method, and criteria (ideally Aiken's V or another). 6.4. Reliability Reporting a single Cronbach's alpha (0.720) for the entire questionnaire is insufficient if there are dimensions. Action required: report reliability for each subscale or justify why it is treated as a unidimensional scale. 6.5. Data analysis It states “hypothesis testing,” but only descriptive results are presented. Action required: either incorporate consistent inferential analysis (e.g., chi-square, correlations, regressions), or adjust the text so that hypothesis testing is not claimed. It would be useful to report how the levels (cut-off points) were constructed and whether minimum assumptions were verified. 6.6. Ethics The ethics section is well on track, although somewhat redundant. It could be summarized without losing formality, maintaining: committee approval, informed consent, data protection. 7 ) Results 7.1. Tables The tables have truncated labels (“Politician...,” “Elected...”) that make them difficult to read. O Action required: Correct titles and headings, and ensure that the reader understands each category without ambiguity. The interpretation of percentages is inconsistent: o For example, it states “mostly low level of disaffection,” but then asserts “clear general political disaffection.” o It is suggested to separate more carefully: what the distribution shows and what interpretation is reasonable without exceeding the evidence. 7.2. Consistency with variables If “institutional distrust” is a component of disaffection, it should be integrated analytically as a dimension, not as a separate table without statistical articulation. It would be valuable to explore differences by rural/urban area or by gender, since quota sampling precisely preserves those proportions; this would provide interpretive depth. 8) Figure 1 and model proposal The figure is presented as an “integrated model,” but no empirical evidence is provided to support it as such (no multivariate analysis or validation). Action required: redefine it as a “proposed outline” or “intervention framework” based on descriptive findings. To strengthen the proposal, we suggest specifying which actors implement each axis (municipality, civil society, schools, etc.), what minimum resources are required, and what indicators would allow for evaluating its implementation (even if only conceptually). 9) Discussion The discussion is perceived as more narrative than analytical. For a high standard, it is recommended to: Discuss findings in terms of mechanisms (why the disconnect would occur). Differentiate between political interest and effective participation, with theoretical support. Avoid causal conclusions that are not supported. Some statements require numerical consistency: institutional mistrust mentions “23.3%” associated with corruption, but the table shows different percentages. It is advisable to review this correspondence to avoid internal contradictions. 10) Conclusions and recommendations Conclusions must be strictly aligned with the analysis: if the study is descriptive, the conclusions must be descriptive. It would be important to include an explicit section on limitations: non-probabilistic sampling, self-selection bias, instrument and construct validity, impossibility of causality. 11) Data availability (Zenodo ) This is a positive aspect and in line with open science. However, it is suggested that a brief description be provided of how the database is structured and what variables it contains. Ensure that file names are consistent and understandable (some appear with duplicates or “(1)”). 12) References In general, they are adequate, but there are some entries with irregular formatting. Action required: standardize APA style and verify metadata (year, volume, pages, publisher). For a high-impact journal, it would be helpful to incorporate some more core sources on political participation and disaffection in contemporary democracies (provided they are integrated critically, not as a list). Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Political communication, citizen participation, and democratic governance. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (1) Author Response 20 Mar 2026 IDA BLANCA PACHECO GONZALES, Trujillo, Universidad Cesar Vallejo, Trujillo, Peru First, the title was revised by replacing the term “model” with “A Propositional Framework” to avoid expectations of empirical validation inconsistent with the descriptive–propositional nature of the study. The abstract was also corrected to resolve the sampling inconsistency, specifying the use of a non-probabilistic intentional quota sampling rather than a random sample. In addition, the language was reformulated to avoid causal interpretations, replacing terms such as “impact” with descriptive and associative expressions. The dimensions of political disaffection, institutional distrust and political–social distancing, were clearly specified, along with their operationalization. Keywords were optimized by incorporating standardized terms to improve academic indexing and conceptual precision. Substantive revisions were also made to the introduction, theoretical framework, and methodology. The spatial scope was clearly defined as the district of Lambayeque, province of Lambayeque, Peru, and the literature gap was explicitly identified, emphasizing the lack of socioculturally contextualized propositional frameworks in northern Peru. The relationship between objective, hypothesis, and design was harmonized by reformulating the hypothesis as a propositional expectation and clarifying that no causal inference was intended. The theoretical framework was strengthened by distinguishing conventional and non-conventional participation and defining political disaffection as a multidimensional construct. Methodologically, the sampling approach was standardized, potential biases were acknowledged, and the instrument description was expanded, including items, modules, scale, and classification criteria. Finally, revisions addressed validity, reliability, analysis, and results presentation. The expert judgment validation process was clarified, and reliability was interpreted according to the instrument’s multidimensional structure. References to hypothesis testing were removed, the analysis was explicitly defined as descriptive, the figure was reframed as a conceptual proposal, and conclusions were aligned with the study’s scope, limitations, data availability, and APA reference standards. View more View less Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. reply Respond Report a concern Puican Rodríguez VH. Peer Review Report For: Reinventing conventional participation: A model to mitigate political disaffection in Lambayeque, Peru [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :302 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.192758.r455915) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-302/v2#referee-response-455915 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 López T. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 24 Jul 2025 | for Version 1 Teresa Gil López , Department of Communication, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Getafe, Community of Madrid, Spain 0 Views copyright © 2025 López T. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (1) Not Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Thank you for allowing me to review the article "Reinventing conventional participation: A model to mitigate political disaffection in Lambayeque, Peru. The study represents loable efforts to improve citizen participation in times of generalized disaffection and distrust of the institutions. The study aimed to propose a model of conventional participation to mitigate political disaffection in Lambayeque, Peru. The specific objective was to determine the factors that lead to political disengagement in Lambayeque, Peru. Some important contributions arise from this study, however, there are important shortcomings that prevent me from accepting the manuscript from indexing in its current form. I hope that the suggestions that follow can be helpful towards a revised version. In general, I think the writing could be improved. For instance, the theoretical framework should start with an introductory sentence or clause before any study is cited, so that the reader know what they are about to delve into, what part of the literature, dealing with wich concepts, etc. The structure of the theoretical framework could also be generally improved. The current text reads very schematic, as if each study was reviewed one by one. They are not integrated into a coherent argument. There are also some expressions left in Spanish which should be translated into English in accordance with the rest of the text. Central study constructs should be more explicitly defined. The authors do a good job in defining political disaffection but other concepts are not so clearly explained. Concrete participation models should also be identified in the literature so that the new factors proposed by the current study can be given the necessary emphasis and their novel contributions can be highlighted above and beyond what traditional models of participation offer. There is in principle nothing new with adding variables related to digital technologies to traditional models of conventional participation. Generally, there are expressions in the text which require better contextualization: “ Regarding the theoretical foundations of the conventional participation program, it aligns with the contribution…” what is “it”? And which theoretical foundations of which conventional participation model are the authors referring to, concretely? This goes back to explicitly referring to a set of models and clearly specify the concepts that are central to the main theoretical arguments of this study. The sampling procedure should be clearly explained. In the introduction, the authors mention that the study used a “randomly selected sample,” but the characteristics of the sample do not resemble those that would have been obtained via randomized selection. Regardless, how the sample was obtained/accessed to and contacted is a necessary piece of information to assess the study’s method. Some of this is explained in the section about consent but information on how those 506 participants where first chosen from a population/participant pool or panel is unclear. Also the instruments for data collection, primarily the scales used to measure participation and political disaffection: are those scales newly created or are they pre-existing scales? What items are they composed of? Finally, the technical proposal presented by the study seems disconnected to the study results, and just generally, it is absent from the article until the point it gets introduced. I would recommend the authors to give this proposal greater centrality from the beginning of the article, and even focus the literature review on propositional models rather than solely on a general discussion on conventional participation and disaffection. In all, the study’s objective was to determine the factors that lead to political disengagement in Lambayeque, Peru. However, the study fails to reflect what those factors are and the connections that they have to disengagement are not tested either. I would therefore recommend to reconsider the study’s objectives and propose ones that are more realistic given the study’s empirical design and limited scope. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? No Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? No Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Communication and media effects, political participation, digital media, communication processes and mechanisms. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (1) Author Response 16 Jan 2026 IDA BLANCA PACHECO GONZALES, Trujillo, Universidad Cesar Vallejo, Trujillo, Peru Subject: Submission of Revised Manuscript and Response to Reviewer Comments Dear Review I hope this message finds you well. I am writing to inform you that I have thoroughly reviewed all the observations made regarding the manuscript “Reinventing Conventional Participation: A Model to Mitigate Political Disaffection in Lambayeque, Peru” and have fully addressed each of them. In the revised version, the writing has been strengthened, the theoretical framework has been reorganized into a more coherent and integrated structure, and the central concepts of the study have been defined with greater clarity. Additionally, the explanation of the sampling procedure has been corrected, specifying how access to the participant panel was obtained and detailing the composition and origin of the instruments used. Greater prominence has also been given to the technical proposal from the beginning of the article, clearly emphasizing that the main objective of the study was to propose a model of conventional participation to mitigate political disaffection, integrating its theoretical and empirical foundations in alignment with propositional models from the literature. Thank you for your valuable comments, which have significantly contributed to improving the quality of the manuscript. I remain at your disposal for any further observations. View more View less Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. reply Respond Report a concern López TG. Peer Review Report For: Reinventing conventional participation: A model to mitigate political disaffection in Lambayeque, Peru [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :302 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.178345.r391007) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-302/v1#referee-response-391007 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. 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