Analysis of Near-Fault Ground Motions in the February 2023 Kahramanmaras, Türkiye, Earthquake Sequence

Analysis of Near-Fault Ground Motions in the February 2023 Kahramanmaras, Türkiye, Earthquake Sequence | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Analysis of Near-Fault Ground Motions in the February 2023 Kahramanmaras, Türkiye, Earthquake Sequence Zhiwang Chang, Haoran Wu, Wanheng Li, Zhenxu Yan, Longqiang Peng, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4282319/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 04 Feb, 2025 Read the published version in Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The southern Türkiye and northern Syria areas were hit on February 2023 by a large earthquake with Mw=7.8, followed by another large aftershock with Mw=7.5. The two-earthquake sequence, coupled with a series of smaller aftershocks, caused severe structural and geotechnical damage and fatalities. The objective of this study is to investigate the characteristics of near-fault ground motions observed in the earthquake sequence. To this end, the ground motion intensity measures are firstly compared with existing models; it is shown that PGA and spectral accelerations from both the non-pulse-like and the pulse-like motions can be well captured by the Zhao et al. (2006) model. Subsequently, the velocity pulses in near-fault ground motions are not only quantitatively identified, but are also parameterized using the progressive iterative approach. The identified pulses are then empirically categorized into two groups of records with different causative effects according to the criterion of whether or not non-zero displacements could be visually inspected at the end of the integrated pulse displacement traces. Pulse-like ground motions containing baseline offset are also corrected, and final permanent displacements due to fling-step effects are accordingly derived. To determine the orientations at which the strongest pulses can be observed, two different approaches are employed. It is revealed that the indirect method by seeking the orientation of the maximum PGV appears to be not reliable if it is to find the strongest pulse, at least with respect to the 2023 Türkiye earthquake sequence. The 2023 Kahramanmaras earthquake sequence Near-fault ground motion Fling-step effect Velocity pulses Permanent displacement Strongest pulse Full Text Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 04 Feb, 2025 Read the published version in Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major Revisions Needed 19 May, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 18 Apr, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 18 Apr, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 18 Apr, 2024 First submitted to journal 17 Apr, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4282319","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":292742784,"identity":"a0830b46-5b9d-4cfb-9cb5-23c3a32a4e5a","order_by":0,"name":"Zhiwang Chang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA8UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCcYGKANEVEjIyZOo5YyFsWEDQS3IDMa2ikSGAwR0yM9ubpP4uaOWgX9287OHX+dJJDA2MD98dAOPFsY5B9ske88cZ5C4c8zcWHabRB47A5uxcQ4eLcwSiW03eNuOMRhIJJhJS26TKGZs4GGTxqeFDajl5l+wlvRv0pJzJBIbDhDQwgPUcpu3rQaoJcdM8mMDEVokJBLbf8u2HWCQuJFTJs1wTMLYsJmAX+RnpD82fNtWx8A/I32b5I+aOjl59uaHj/FpgYLD9Q1AkpkHxGYmrBwE6sAk4w/iVI+CUTAKRsEIAwA/30iFgm/YQQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7985-2932","institution":"Southwest Jiaotong University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhiwang","middleName":"","lastName":"Chang","suffix":""},{"id":292742785,"identity":"1fb18b83-de29-48c4-ba88-e88f8585076c","order_by":1,"name":"Haoran Wu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Southwest Jiaotong University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Haoran","middleName":"","lastName":"Wu","suffix":""},{"id":292742786,"identity":"bda43116-3df5-44f1-af6f-d005556987c7","order_by":2,"name":"Wanheng Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Southwest Jiaotong University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wanheng","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":292742787,"identity":"ee9b610c-3c8b-4ac1-baa3-a8564ef94120","order_by":3,"name":"Zhenxu Yan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Southwest Jiaotong University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhenxu","middleName":"","lastName":"Yan","suffix":""},{"id":292742788,"identity":"12c6d268-9cd5-42ee-9d40-a35c6c1b0cb4","order_by":4,"name":"Longqiang Peng","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Southwest Jiaotong University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Longqiang","middleName":"","lastName":"Peng","suffix":""},{"id":292742789,"identity":"ba5da228-8ee5-478f-881b-0b7dcda8da55","order_by":5,"name":"Ge Zhu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Southwest Jiaotong University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ge","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-04-17 13:45:29","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4282319/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4282319/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-025-02101-4","type":"published","date":"2025-02-04T15:57:55+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":75930477,"identity":"ba4554d3-bf60-4d35-96b5-30eea5a4d4fe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-10 16:12:16","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3735920,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OriginalManuscripttoBEE20240417.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4282319/v1_covered_aa874807-daad-44ce-982b-2aab2f90fa29.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Analysis of Near-Fault Ground Motions in the February 2023 Kahramanmaras, Türkiye, Earthquake Sequence","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bulletin-of-earthquake-engineering","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"beee","sideBox":"Learn more about [Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering](https://www.springer.com/journal/10518)","snPcode":"10518","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10518/3","title":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"The 2023 Kahramanmaras earthquake sequence, Near-fault ground motion, Fling-step effect, Velocity pulses, Permanent displacement, Strongest pulse","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4282319/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4282319/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"The southern Türkiye and northern Syria areas were hit on February 2023 by a large earthquake with Mw=7.8, followed by another large aftershock with Mw=7.5. The two-earthquake sequence, coupled with a series of smaller aftershocks, caused severe structural and geotechnical damage and fatalities. The objective of this study is to investigate the characteristics of near-fault ground motions observed in the earthquake sequence. To this end, the ground motion intensity measures are firstly compared with existing models; it is shown that PGA and spectral accelerations from both the non-pulse-like and the pulse-like motions can be well captured by the Zhao et al. (2006) model. Subsequently, the velocity pulses in near-fault ground motions are not only quantitatively identified, but are also parameterized using the progressive iterative approach. The identified pulses are then empirically categorized into two groups of records with different causative effects according to the criterion of whether or not non-zero displacements could be visually inspected at the end of the integrated pulse displacement traces. Pulse-like ground motions containing baseline offset are also corrected, and final permanent displacements due to fling-step effects are accordingly derived. To determine the orientations at which the strongest pulses can be observed, two different approaches are employed. It is revealed that the indirect method by seeking the orientation of the maximum PGV appears to be not reliable if it is to find the strongest pulse, at least with respect to the 2023 Türkiye earthquake sequence.","manuscriptTitle":"Analysis of Near-Fault Ground Motions in the February 2023 Kahramanmaras, Türkiye, Earthquake Sequence","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-04-22 05:40:22","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4282319/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major Revisions Needed","date":"2024-05-19T15:09:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2024-04-18T11:16:15+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-04-18T10:53:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-04-18T10:13:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","date":"2024-04-17T09:45:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bulletin-of-earthquake-engineering","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"beee","sideBox":"Learn more about [Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering](https://www.springer.com/journal/10518)","snPcode":"10518","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10518/3","title":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5402bc73-fb21-473a-a7ed-724beb27711e","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 22nd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-02-10T16:03:40+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4282319","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-025-02101-4","journal":{"identity":"bulletin-of-earthquake-engineering","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering"},"publishedOn":"2025-02-04 15:57:55","publishedOnDateReadable":"February 4th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-04-22 05:40:22","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02101-4","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-025-02101-4","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4282319","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4282319","identity":"rs-4282319","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}