Knowledge and Attitude towards Fortified Food among Women and its Associated Factors in Yeka Sub City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2024.

Knowledge and Attitude towards Fortified Food among Women and its Associated Factors in Yeka Sub City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2024. | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Knowledge and Attitude towards Fortified Food among Women and its Associated Factors in Yeka Sub City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2024. Chala Getaneh, Jelalu kedir, Oliyad kuma, Mulgeta tayeble, Dawit tsegaye This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6361612/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background : Micronutrient deficiencies are a significant public health issue globally, including in Ethiopia. Fortified foods have emerged as a viable solution to combat these deficiencies. Women play a critical role in their families' nutritional health by making dietary choices and food-related decisions. Therefore, understanding women's knowledge and attitudes toward fortified foods is essential for the effective implementation of food fortification programs. This study aimed to assess women's knowledge and attitudes toward fortified foods in Yeka Sub City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in 2024, along with exploring the associated factors. Methods : A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among women in Yeka Sub City, Addis Ababa. The study employed multi-stage cluster sampling method to select representative HHs from selected woredas. A total of 521 women were included in the study. The data was collected by pre-tested interview-administered questionnaire. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Descriptive and analytic analyses were estimated. Both Crude and adjusted odds ratio were estimated using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression model respectively. Variables with P value less than 0.05 in final model were reported as significant factor associated with Knowledge and Attitude. Result : In this study, 521 women were participated with response rate of 94%. 31.5% (CI: 27.3-35.7) of the respondents had good knowledge and 52% (CI: 48-58.6) had a positive attitude towards fortified food. Age, education, occupation, having young children, and having one's own income were predictors of knowledge of fortified foods. Income and knowledge were associated with a positive attitude towards fortified foods. The most common sources of information on fortified foods were radio, TV and the internet. Conclusion : The level of knowledge and attitude regarding fortified food among women was low. Education, occupation and having young children may increase women's exposure to information about fortified foods and their health benefits, while having one's own income may provide more autonomy in food purchasing decisions. Public education and awareness campaigns, targeted towards specific groups, and leveraging media platforms could be effective in improving knowledge and attitude towards fortified foods. Nutrition & Dietetics level of knowledge attitude fortified food Addis Ababa cross-sectional study Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Introduction Food fortification refers to the deliberate addition of essential micronutrients, such as vitamins and minerals, to a food in order to enhance its nutritional value and offer a health advantage without posing a significant risk to one's well-being( 1 ). The aim of food fortification is to boost the intake of vitamins and minerals, ultimately improving one's nutritional health and decreasing the occurrence of dietary deficiencies and related health issues( 2 ). Micronutrient deficiency, also known as "hidden hunger," is considered a major cause of the worldwide disease burden( 3 ). Approximately 2 billion individuals are affected by deficiency of vitamin A, iron, iodine, folate, and zinc, also suffer from this condition( 4 ). Micronutrient deficiency poses a significant public health concern in Ethiopia, particularly for women and children who are most vulnerable. In the year 2016, it was found that 14% of children under the age of five in Ethiopia had a deficiency in vitamin A, suggesting that the issue of vitamin A deficiency is a moderate public health concern in the country. Furthermore, it was discovered that 35% of pre-school children and 34% of women in Ethiopia were deficient in zinc. Anemia affects over half of children and a quarter of adult women, while almost 40% of children lack vitamin A. Factors contributing to this issue include insufficient nutrients in diets, low absorption of essential micronutrients from plant-based food, and prevalent infections in the country ( 5 ). Consequently, the nation faces an annual decrease in GDP of almost half a billion dollars, along with over 50 thousand child deaths resulting from deficiencies in vitamin A, iron, and folic acid. These losses hinder progress towards national goals of reducing mortality, poverty, malnutrition, and economic development( 5 , 6 ). Acknowledging the persistent challenge of micronutrient deficiency in hindering overall national development, the government has implemented the Food and Nutrition Policy, which includes food fortification as a crucial strategy ( 7 ). This policy includes various strategic interventions in nutrition, such as promoting dietary diversity, providing vitamin A supplements to children, implementing public health measures like deworming, and fortifying food. While all of these interventions are complementary, food fortification is specifically considered a crucial and cost-effective strategy to combat micronutrient malnutrition. Ethiopia also launched National food fortification program in 2017( 8 ), for adoption and enforcement of fortification standards for certain staple foods such as salt, wheat flour, and vegetable oils in aimed to address the ongoing issue of micronutrient deficiency hindering national development. Ethiopia has made substantial progress in fortifying food vehicles to combat micronutrient deficiencies. In 2011, Universal Salt Iodization (USI) was made mandatory, resulting in improved salt iodization. Similar steps have been taken to fortify other food vehicles. On June 10, 2022, the Ethiopian Standard Council endorsed the compulsory edible oil and wheat flour fortification. The National Nutrition Policy emphasizes the significance of food fortification in addressing micronutrient deficiencies, prioritizing the fortification of flour and edible oil( 7 , 8 ). A study conducted by the World Bank in 2011 determined that fortifying flour with iron and folic acid, alongside oil fortification with vitamin A, would be feasible and economically viable options for Ethiopia, resulting in significant nutritional benefits for the population at large( 9 ). There is limited documented information or previous studies on the level of knowledge and attitude towards fortified foods among women; however, it would be beneficial to conduct an investigation specifically focusing on the awareness, knowledge and attitudes towards fortified foods. This research aimed to explore consumers' awareness of fortified foods, including their understanding of micronutrients, the benefits of consuming fortified foods, the health advantages of vitamins and minerals, and the types of staple foods that are fortified in Ethiopia. The study's findings could provide valuable information on public awareness, which can generate demand for fortified foods, increase their production, and ultimately help address micronutrient deficiencies. Method Study Area & Period The study was conducted in Yeka sub city, which is located in Addis Ababa, between July 1 and August 30, 2024. Addis Ababa covers a land area of 527 km2 and is comprised of 11 sub-cities and 116 woreda (districts). As of 2024, the estimated population of Addis Ababa is approximately 5,703.( 48 ). Yeka sub city, inhabiting 497,624 people, is one of the expansion areas of the city situated at the north part of Addis Ababa. Yeka sub city covers an area of about 8598 hectares and an average density of 57.87 people per hectare. Currently the sub city is divided in to 12 woreda. Yeka sub city was chosen as the study area due to its diverse population and representation of different communities within the city. Source Population The source population were women residing in Yeka sub city, Addis Ababa. Study Population The study targeted women aged 18 years and above in selected woreda. Study Unit The study targeted women aged 18 years and above in selected households from representative woreda as women play a crucial role in the nutritional well-being of children and other household members, and they are typically responsible for making dietary choices, preparing food, and purchasing food in their households. Eligibility Criteria Inclusion criteria : Women aged 18 years and above are responsible for food purchasing and preparation in their households Permanent residents in Yeka sub city, Addis Ababa, live for at least six months before the study. Exclusion criteria : Women with severe illness or disability that prevents them from participating in the study Sample Size Determination The sample size required for the study was determined using a formula for a single population proportion. n = (Z² (p*(1-p)) / d² n = sample size Z = Z-score (1.96 for a 95% confidence interval) p = estimated prevalence of the outcome of interest (69% for knowledge and 68% for attitude) adapted from a recent study done to examine KAP micronutrient deficiency and vitamin A Bio-fortified orange-fleshed sweet potato among male and female farmers in Ethiopia( 50 ). d = desired level of precision (± 5%) To calculate the sample size for an estimated prevalence rate of 69% for knowledge and 68% for attitude, the sample size for each variable with Zα/2 critical value of 95% Confidence level 1.96, d of 5%, using the above formula(Table 1 ). Therefore, the maximum sample size for all three variables with a non-response rate (10%) is 368. Sample size calculation for the independent variables revealed as associated factors from the previous studies by using two population proportions by Epi Info 7.2.6.0. . Finally, to conduct this study, with design effect of 1.5 the maximum sample size of 552 was revealed from the single population proportion result and used for this study. Sampling Technique The study employed a multi-stage cluster sampling method to ensure representative data collection. Yeka sub city was purposely chosen due to its larger and relatively diverse population compared to other sub-cities. From the total of 12 woreda in the sub-city, simple random sampling technique is used to select 4 woreda as study clusters, which accounted for 30% of the woreda in the sub-city. Within each woreda, three ketenas (clusters) will be chosen using a simple random sampling method. To determine the sample size for each ketenas, it was allocated proportionally in each cluster. The study subjects within each cluster selected using systematic sampling. This involve using household lists provided by the woreda office to ensure proper representation and random selection of participants for the study. (Fig. 3 Schematic representation of the sample procedure). Data Collection Tool and Procedures A pretested questionnaire were administered in an electronic based format by kobo collect to gather data on the socio-demographic characteristics, awareness, knowledge and attitudes related to fortified foods among women in Yeka sub city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from July 1 to August 30, 2024. Data was collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire that was adapted from a previously published study with a similar focus, where the cultural and socioeconomic characteristics of the participants were comparable to the target population of this study. The questionnaire covers various aspects, including socio-demographic characteristics, awareness, knowledge, attitudes, and consumption practices related to fortified food. Initially, the questionnaire was developed in English and subsequently translated into Amharic, the local language. To ensure consistency, the translated questionnaire was then back-translated to English by an expert fluent in both languages. The final version of the questionnaire in Amharic was used for data collection. nowledge : The extent of understanding and familiarity of respondents in the study that have regarding fortified food. Knowledge was assessed based on participants' ability to correctly answer questions related to the purpose, benefits, and sources of fortified food and its potential impact on health and nutrition. The participants answered 6 specifically on knowledge of food fortification questions on a range of different scales such as "True," "False," or "Don't know." Descriptive analysis was conducted to describe the overall level of knowledge among the participants and knowledge scoring to individual responses based on their correctness, and composite of knowledge score for each participant by assigning higher scores for correct answers and lower scores for incorrect or uncertain answers was used in analysis. Median split was used to calculate the median of the knowledge and scoring above the median are categorized as had "good knowledge," while those below are categorized as had "poor knowledge."( 51 ) Attitude : The overall evaluation and perception of individuals in the study population toward fortified food. Attitudes was measured through participants' responses to statements or Likert-scale items regarding their beliefs, preferences, and opinions about consuming fortified food and their willingness to recommend it to others. The participants was answered 5 specific on attitude questions on a range of different scales such as "Strongly agree" "Agree" "Neutral" “Disagree” “Strongly disagree.” Descriptive analysis and Likert scale analysis was used to calculate the proportion of participants in each category (strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree) and mean or median score for each item or constructing attitude scales by combining multiple items. Responses below the median were coded as “negative” and responses at or above the median were coded as “positive” attitude.( 52 ). Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC) : women’s belief in their ability to consume fortified foods, including barriers and facilitators to doing so. Responses to statements about barriers and facilitators to consuming fortified foods using a Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree)( 46 ). Subjective Norms : Women's perceptions of social pressure to consume fortified foods, including the expectations and opinions of important others. Responses to statements about the expectations and opinions of important others using a Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree) Fortified food : Food products like wheat, edible oil and food salt that are compulsory in Ethiopia that have been intentionally enriched with specific nutrients, such as vitamin A, vitamin B groups and minerals like iron, zinc and iodine, to improve their nutritional content and address nutrient deficiencies. Data Analysis The collected data was undergone multiple checks to ensure its completeness and consistency. Subsequently, the data was coded and entered to SPSS version 20 for further analysis. Descriptive and analytic analyses including frequency distribution, and summary measures were performed on the collected data. Both Crude Odds Ratio (COR) and Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) were estimated using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis respectively to assess the association between the dependent variable with each independent variable. Thus, independent variables with p-value less than 0.25 in bivariate logistic regression were considered in the final model. Finally, statistical significance level was declared at a P-value of less than 0.05 in multivariate logistic regression model. Model fitness was assessed using the Hosmer and Lemeshow test, with (p > 0.05) suggesting that the model provides a good fit to the data aiming for a non-significant level in the multivariable analysis. Result Sociodemographic characteristics of the Households The study interviewed a total of 521 respondents, with a response rate of 94%. (Table 2 ) shows the distribution of respondents by age, education level, and occupation status. 41% of participants were house heads and the mean age was 33 years. A majority of respondents (75%) were between 18 to 45 years old, and about (49.4%) had attained at least secondary education. Most respondents (62%) were married, and 41.5% of households had one or more under-five children. Primary occupation for 40.9% of the respondents were housewife. Main source of income for 50.9% household is husband and average income was Birr 15,226. The average household size was 5 and 52.2% of the housing type were owned(Table 3 ) Knowledge of Women towards Fortified Foods (Table 3 ) shows majority of the participants 352(67.6%) had not heard about fortified food before, while only 169(32.4%) had heard about it. When asked whether fortified foods are foods that have nutrients added to them to increase their nutritional value, only 193(37.0%) responded correctly, while 13(2.5%) answered incorrectly, and 328(60.5%) were unsure. Similarly, only 194(37.2%) of the respondents knew that fortified foods can help prevent nutrient deficiencies, while 11(2.1%) answered incorrectly, and 316(60.7%) were unsure(Table 4 ). Health Benefits Associated with Consuming Fortified Food Among those who have heard about fortified food, the majority of respondents 160(94.64%) associated consuming fortified food with a reduced risk of anemia and improved vision 156(92.6%). 151(89.3%) of the respondents also associated it with enhanced bone health, while 141(83.43%) believed it could lower the risk of birth defects(Fig. 1 ) Nutrients Commonly Fortified in Food Products Among those who have heard about fortified food, the most commonly known nutrient that is fortified in food products is Vitamin A 149(88.1%) followed by Iron 131(77%)(Fig. 2 ). Knowledge on Mandatory Fortification of some Foods. Majority of respondents 291(55.9%) do not think that the Ethiopian Government has made it mandatory for food manufacturers to add vitamins or minerals to some types of food. For those who think it is mandatory, the types of foods that are required by law to be fortified in Ethiopia are food salt 280(96.25%), edible oil 87(30%), and wheat flour(Fig. 3). Sources of information about fortified foods Among the respondents who were aware of food fortification, the most commonly reported source of information was radio, mentioned by 157(92.9%) of these respondents. This was followed by the television 151(89.4%) and internet 139(82.3%). Other sources of information on food fortification that were identified by the respondents include health professionals and family or friends(Fig. 4). Awareness of micronutrients and health risks associated with their deficiencies Most of the respondents 359(68.9%) were aware of micronutrient deficiencies before the study. Furthermore, among the respondents who were aware of micronutrient deficiencies, most 356(93.5%) respondents acknowledged iron deficiency and 316(88%) of the respondents were aware of vitamin A deficiency. The results also showed that 313(87.1%) of the respondents were aware of vitamin D deficiency(Fig. 5 ). Attitude of Women towards Fortified Food The study found that (Table 4 ) the majority of respondents agreed that fortified foods are beneficial for improving nutritional health 214(41.1%) and safe to consume 209(40.1%). However, only 213(40.9%) of respondents enjoyed the taste of fortified food, and 195(37.4%) were willing to pay a higher price for fortified food(Table 5 ) Subjective Norm of Women towards Fortified Food. The results of the subjective norm questions shows that (Table 5 ) the majority of respondents 255(48.9%) agreed that their family and friends think they should consume fortified foods(Table 6 ). Perceived Behavioral Control of women towards fortified Food The results of the PBC questions shows that (Table 6 ) majority of respondents 265(50.9%) disagreed with the statement that fortified foods are affordable for them. Significant proportion 255(48.9%) disagreed with the statement that fortified foods are easily accessible in their local area(Table 7). Potential Barriers and Facilitators women's KAP of fortified foods. The study found that(Table 7) 367(70.54%) of respondents have tried to consume fortified food but faced challenges in doing so, with high price 313(85.3%) being the most common reason. Lack of awareness 245(66.75%) and availability 238(64.85%) were also significant barriers. While 374(71.79%) of respondents indicated that increased awareness of benefits would motivate them to consume fortified food more regularly, affordability 345(66.2%) and availability 365(70.54%) were also important (Table 8 ). Overall Level of knowledge and Attitude of Women towards Fortified Food From the total respondents, 164(32.5%) had good knowledge and 270(52%) had positive attitude toward fortified foods(Fig. 6). Factors Affecting Women Knowledge of Fortified Foods Bivariate and multivariate analysis for associated factors showed that(Table 8 ) older age, higher education level, occupation, having one or more under 5 children, and having own income as the main source of household income were significantly associated with higher knowledge of fortified foods. Women aged 46–65 years were 81.7% less likely to be aware of fortified foods compared to those aged 18–29 years (AOR = 0.183, 95% CI: 0.059–0.566, p = 0.001). This suggests that younger women are more likely to have knowledge of fortified foods than older women. Women with no formal education were 77.6% less likely to be aware of fortified foods compared to those with primary education (AOR = 0.224, 95% CI: 0.054–0.934, p = 0.040). Women with a college education or higher were 3.5 times more likely to be aware of fortified foods compared to those with no formal education (AOR = 3.533, 95% CI: 0.696–17.930, p = 0.028). Students were 10.37 more likely to be aware of fortified foods compared to domestic workers (COR = 10.37, 95% CI: 2.26–47.59, p = 0.003). Government employees were 5.6 times more likely to be aware of fortified foods compared to domestic workers (AOR = 5.613, 95% CI: 1.044–30.168, p = 0.044). Women with one or more children under 5 years were 4.3 times more likely to be aware of fortified foods compared to those without children under 5 years (AOR = 4.300, 95% CI: 2.400−7.705, p = 0.00). Women who had their own income were 8.1 times more likely to be aware of fortified foods compared to those whose primary source of income was their husband or partner (AOR = 8.144, 95% CI: 3.891–17.048, p = 0.000)(Table 9 ). Factors Affecting Women Attitude of Fortified Foods The results of bivariate and multivariate analysis showed that (Table 10 ) average income of the household, maG.T source of household income, and knowledge of fortified foods were found to be significant predictors of a positive attitude towards fortified foods. Women from households with medium income status were 4.06 times more likely to have a positive attitude towards fortified foods than those from households with very low income status (AOR = 4.060, 95% CI: 1.929–8.546, p = 0.000). Women from households with high income status were 5.77 times more likely to have a positive attitude towards fortified foods than those from households with very low income status (AOR = 5.769, 95% CI: 1.549–21.492, p = 0.009). Women who had their own income were 1.73 times more likely to have a positive attitude towards fortified foods than those whose main source of household income was their husband or partner (AOR = 1.732, 95% CI: 1.157–2.591, p = 0.008). Finally, women with good knowledge of fortified foods were 8.16 times more likely to have a positive attitude towards fortified foods than those with poor knowledge (AOR = 8.162, 95% CI: 4.744–14.040, p = 0.000)(Table 11 ). Discussion The primary objective of this study was to assess the level of knowledge and attitude regarding fortified food among women. Based on the findings, it was observed that only 164(31.5%) of the respondents had good knowledge, and 270(52%) had a positive attitude towards fortified food. The study results indicate a low level of knowledge of fortified foods among the majority of respondents 351(68.5%). The finding of this study is consistent with studies conducted in other developing countries, such as Kenya and Nigeria, where only 38.5% and 35% of consumers respectively, were aware of fortified foods ( 13 , 53 ). Low level of knowledge of fortified foods suggests a broader trend across regions where nutritional education on fortified foods is insufficient. This is may be due to several factors. Firstly, this may be lack of comprehensive public health campaigns and government policies promoting fortification. This is evident in the contrasting findings of the South African study, where higher awareness levels were reported, possibly due to more comprehensive public health campaigns and government policies promoting fortification(( 54 ). Secondly, this may be limited access to information about fortified foods, especially in low-income communities. Thirdly, cultural beliefs and attitudes towards fortified foods may also contribute to low levels of knowledge. For example, some communities may perceive fortified foods as being less nutritious or natural than traditional foods. Among those aware of fortified foods, a significant majority associated them with health benefits such as reduced risk of anemia (94.64%) and improved vision (92.6%). The finding is consistent with other research conducted in India, where consumers recognized the benefits of fortified foods in preventing micronutrient deficiencies, particularly in vulnerable populations( 14 ). The high recognition of health benefits in this study indicates that once women are informed about fortified foods, they can appreciate their importance in improving health outcomes. However, the challenge remains in reaching those who are currently uninformed or skeptical about the role of fortified foods in their diets. Vitamin A (88.1%) and Iron (77.3%) were the most recognized nutrients commonly fortified in food products. This aligns with global trends, as Vitamin A and Iron are widely recognized as critical nutrients in combating malnutrition, particularly in developing countries( 2 , 15 ). However, the recognition of these nutrients does not necessarily translate into consumption practices. A study in Bangladesh demonstrated that while knowledge of fortified foods was high, actual consumption rates remained low due to factors such as affordability and accessibility( 55 ). Therefore, increasing knowledge alone may not suffice; practical measures must be taken to promote the consumption of fortified foods. Education, age, occupation, having young children, and having one's own income as the main source of household income were found to be significant predictors of knowledge of fortified foods among women (Table ‎5.8). Women with a college education or higher were 3.5 times more likely to be aware of fortified foods compared to those with no formal education. This finding underscores the critical role of education in enhancing knowledge of health-related topics. Higher education levels often correlate with improved critical thinking skills and better access to information, enabling educated individuals to understand and prioritize nutritional needs effectively( 37 ). Older women aged 46–65 years were 81.7% less likely to be aware of fortified foods compared to younger women aged 18–29 years. This suggests a generational gap in awareness, possibly due to differing exposure to health education and nutrition information. Younger women may have better access to educational resources, including media campaigns and community health programs emphasizing the importance of fortified foods. Previous research has shown that younger individuals are often more engaged with health information, which may explain their higher levels of awareness( 9 , 13 ). Government employees were 5.6 times more likely to be aware of fortified foods compared to domestic workers. This suggest government employees may often have better access to workplace training and health education initiatives, while domestic workers may lack such resources. Women with young children were 4.3 times more likely to be aware of fortified foods compared to those without children under 5 years. This finding suggests that mothers may seek out nutritional information to improve the health of their children, driven by a desire to provide the best nutrition during critical developmental stages. Healthcare interactions, including pediatric visits, may also encourage mothers to learn about fortified foods, thereby improving their overall knowledge. Women who had their own income were 8.1 times more likely to be aware of fortified foods compared to those whose primary source of income was their husband or partner. This findings suggest that having one's own income may provide more autonomy in food purchasing decisions. Regarding mandatory fortification policies, the majority of respondents (55.9%) were unaware that the government requires fortification of certain food products. This contrasts with findings from South Africa, where 87% of consumers were aware of the mandatory fortification of maize meal and wheat flour. This may be comprehensive public health campaigns and government policies promoting fortification can be effective in increasing awareness of mandatory fortification policies. The South African government has implemented a mandatory fortification policy for maize meal and wheat flour since 2003, and has conducted extensive public education campaigns to raise awareness of the policy and its benefits( 54 ). Among those who believe fortification is mandatory, a substantial majority (96.25%) identified food salt as a required fortified product. This aligns with the Ethiopian government's focus on salt iodization to combat iodine deficiency, which is a critical public health issue. But, the recognition of edible oil (30%) and wheat flour (14.6%) as fortified foods is considerably lower. This suggests that while there is some awareness of these products, it is not as widespread as that for food salt and there is a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding the scope of the policy. The lower recognition rates may also reflect less public visibility or marketing of fortified edible oil and wheat flour compared to iodized salt. The study found that the overall attitude towards fortified foods was moderately positive, with 52% of respondents. This is not consistent with other research that has examined consumer attitudes towards fortified foods relatively high. For example, a study in India found that 70% of consumers had a positive attitude towards fortified foods( 14 ), while a study in Kenya found that 62% of consumers had a positive attitude towards fortified foods( 13 ). The difference in findings may be attributed to several factors, including differences in the study population, cultural beliefs, and perceptions towards fortified foods. One possible explanation for the moderate attitude towards fortified foods in the study population could be the lack of knowledge and awareness about fortified foods. The study found that only 31.5% of respondents had good knowledge about fortified foods, and women who had good knowledge were 7.987 times more likely to have a positive attitude towards fortified food compared to those with poor knowledge. Factors such as average income of the household, main source of household income, and knowledge were found to be significant predictors of attitude towards fortified foods (Table ‎5.9). Women with a medium income status were 4.06 times more likely to have a positive attitude towards fortified food compared to women with a very low income status. Similarly, women with a high income status were 5.77 times more likely to have a positive attitude towards fortified food compared to women with a very low income status. Higher income levels may facilitate access to better-quality fortified products and health information, reinforcing positive attitudes towards nutrition( 37 ). Women whose main source of household income was from their own income were 1.73 times more likely to have a positive attitude towards fortified food compared to women whose main source of household income was from their husband or partner. This finding suggests that women who are financially independent are more likely to have a positive attitude towards fortified foods. This could be attributed to the fact that these women have more control over their food choices and are more likely to prioritize their own health and nutritional needs. Finally, women who had good knowledge were 7.987 times more likely to have a positive attitude towards fortified food compared to those with poor knowledge. Thsis implies that knowledge plays a crucial role in shaping women's attitudes towards fortified food. Women who have a better understanding of the benefits of fortified food are more likely to view them positively and be willing to incorporate them into their diets. In terms of sources of information on fortified foods, the survey found that radio, TV, and the internet were the most common channels (Fig. 5.4). This aligns with studies in other developing countries, such as Kenya, where mass media was the primary source of information about fortified foods for consumers( 13 ). Leveraging these media platforms could be an effective way to raise awareness about fortified foods and their benefits. Strengths : The use of a structured questionnaire ensured standardization and reliability in data collection, enhancing the validity of the study findings. The inclusion of a wide range of variables, such as demographic, socioeconomic, and educational factors, allowed for a comprehensive analysis of the factors associated with knowledge and attitudes towards fortified food. The study identified several factors associated with knowledge and attitude towards fortified food, which can inform the development of targeted interventions to improve the uptake of fortified foods among women in Yeka sub-city. Limitations : The generalizability of the findings may be limited as the study was conducted in only one sub-city of Addis Ababa. The reliance on self-reported data from the participants may be subject to social desirability bias, which may affect the accuracy of the reported knowledge and attitudes towards fortified foods. The study did not assess the actual consumption or utilization of fortified foods among the women, which may not necessarily correlate with their knowledge and attitudes towards fortified foods. Therefore, further research is needed to assess the actual use of fortified foods among women in Yeka sub-city. Conclusion In this study, it was estimated that 31.5% (CI: 27.3–35.7) of the respondents had good knowledge and 52% (CI: 48−58.6) had a positive attitude towards fortified foods. The findings revealed that the level of knowledge and attitude regarding fortified food among women was low. Age, education, occupation, and having young children were identified as significant predictors of knowledge, while income and knowledge were found to be associated with attitude. It is possible that education, occupation, and having young children may increase women's exposure to information about fortified foods and their health benefits, while having one's own income may provide more autonomy in food purchasing decisions. However, it is concerning that a majority of respondents were unaware of the government's mandatory fortification policies, highlighting the need for better dissemination of this information. Leveraging media platforms such as radio, TV, and the internet could be an effective way to raise awareness about fortified foods and their benefits. Abbreviations AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome DALYs Disability Adjusted Life Years EDHS Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey EPHI Ethiopian Public Health Institute FAO Food and Agricultural Organization GDP Gross Domestic product GNP Global Nutrition Report GAIN Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition HHDs Households HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus IDA Iron Deficiency Anemia KAP Knowledge Attitude and Practices MND Micronutrient Deficiency NTDs Neural Tube Defects SBCC Social and Behavioral Change Communication TPB Theory of Planned Behavior VAD Vitamin A Deficiency Declarations Ethical approval and consent to participate ; the ethical clearance was obtained from Institutional Review Board of menlik II Medical and Health Sciences college and official letters was submitted to respective sub-city health office .After explaining the objectives of the study, informed written consent was obtained from all respondents, and anonymity and confidentiality of the data were kept. Respondents have the right not to participate or withdraw from the study at any stage, and all study methods were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Consent for publication ; Not applicable. Availability of data and materials; The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request Competing interests; The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest Funding ; Not applicable. Author contributions; C.G; Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Visualization, Writing – original draf G.k; Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Resources, Software, Visualization, Writing and original draft O.k; Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Resources, Software, Visualization, Writing and original draft M.T; Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Visualization, Writing – original draft D.T; Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Supervision, Writing, review & editing Acknowledgements ; The authors would like to express their gratitude to respective health office, data collectors, supervisors and study participants for their diligence and dedication in the collecting and inputting high quality data used in the study. 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Global health action 13(1):1776507 Ethiopia FDRo (2018) Food and Nutrition Policy, November 2018. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia FBPIDI (2017) National Food Fortification Program Plan of Action. Food, Beverage and Pharmaceutical Industry Development Institute Rajkumar AS, Gaukler C, Tilahun J (2011) Combating malnutrition in Ethiopia: an evidence-based approach for sustained results. World Bank NNPII, National Nutrition Program (2016) II 2016–2020. FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA Friesen V, Jungjohann S, Mbuya M, Harb J, Visram A, Hug J et al (2019) Fortification Assessment Coverage Toolkit (FACT) manual [Internet]. Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (Geneva) and Oxford Policy Management. Oxford Pounis GD, Makri S, Gougias L, Makris H, Papakonstantinou M, Panagiotakos DB et al (2011) Consumer perception and use of iron fortified foods is associated with their knowledge and understanding of nutritional issues. 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Table 1 Sample size determination for each variables using single population formula Variables Confidence level desired level of precision prevalence Sample size n n including non -response rate (10%) Knowledge 95% (±5%) 69% 329 361 Attitude 95% (±5%) 68% 334 368 Table 2 Sample size calculation for associated factors by using two population proportions among women in Yeka sub city, Addis Ababa, 2024 Factors Confidence interval Power(1-β) Ratio The proportion of awareness among the Exposed group The proportion of awareness among the Unexposed group Sample size N n including non -response rate (10%) Income status 95% 80% 1 70% 28% 54 60 Educational status 95% 80% 1 62% 33% 66 73 Table 3 Sociodemographic characteristics of the Households, Yeka subcity, Addis Ababa 2024. Variables Frequency Percent Age groups 18 years - 29 years 112 21.5 30 years - 45 years 279 53.6 46 years - 65 years 128 24.6 65 years above 2 0.4 Marital status: Married 323 62.0 Single 130 25.0 Divorced 49 9.4 Widowed 19 3.6 Occupation: Housewife 213 40.9 Domestic worker 35 6.7 Student 57 10.9 Government employment 126 24.2 Merchant 58 11.1 Retired 7 1.3 Unemployed 25 4.8 Education level No formal education 47 9.0 Primary school 217 41.7 Secondary school 189 36.3 College graduate and above 68 13.1 Number of under-five children in household No under 5 children 305 58.5 One or more under 5 children 216 41.5 Main source of household income: Husband/partner 265 50.9 Own income 165 31.7 Family support 51 9.8 Remittances 40 7.7 Type of housing: Owned 272 52.2 Rented 232 44.5 Live with relatives 17 3.3 Household size 5 or less house members 374 71.8 >6 house members 147 28.2 Table 4 Knowledge of women towards fortified foods, Yeka sub-city, Addis Ababa 2024 Statement Yes or True n (%) No or False n (%) Unsure/Don’t know n (%) Have you heard about fortified food before? 32.4 67.6 Fortified foods are foods that have nutrients added to them to increase their nutritional value. 37.0 2.5 60.5 Fortified foods can help prevent nutrient deficiencies. 37.2 2.1 60.7 Is there a way of knowing if a food is fortified or not? 37.0 63.0 Table 5; Attitude of women towards fortified foods, Yeka sub city, Addis Ababa 2024 Question Strongly disagree % Disagree % Neutral % Agree % Strongly agree % Fortified foods are beneficial for improving nutritional health. 0.2 10 44.7 41.1 3.8 Fortified foods are safe to consume. 1.0 20.7 34.4 40.1 3.8 I enjoy the taste of fortified food. 0.4 17.3 37.6 40.9 3.8 I am willing to pay a higher price for fortified food. 1.9 26.9 30.9 37.4 2.9 Table 6 ; Subjective norm of women towards fortified foods, Yeka sub city, Addis Ababa 2024 Question Strongly disagree % Disagree % Neutral % Agree % Strongly agree % My family and friends thinks that I should consume fortified food. 1.2 11.7 34.9 48.9 4.2 I get encourage and counsel from health professional to consume fortified foods. 2.5 28 22.1 43.8 3.6 My religious or cultural beliefs support the consumption of fortified food. 1.3 12.5 37.4 45.7 3.1 Table ‑7 ;PBC of women towards fortified foods, Yeka sub city, Addis Ababa 2024 Question Strongly disagree % Disagree % Neutral % Agree % Strongly agree % Fortified foods are affordable for me. 2.9 50.9 22.8 20.3 3.1 Fortified foods are easily accessible in my local area. 3.6 48.9 21.3 27.6 1.5 I have enough knowledge and skill about fortified food to make informed decisions to consuming it. 3.3 22.6 30.9 40.7 2.5 I am confident to incorporate fortified foods into my daily diet. 3.2 22.3 28 45.1 1.4 Table 8; Potential barriers women's KAP of fortified foods, Yeka sub city, Addis Ababa 2024. Potential barriers Frequency Percentage High price 313 85.3 Lack of awareness 245 66.75 Lack of availability 238 64.85 Lack of trust in quality and safety 145 39.5 Lack of knowledge about benefits 78 21.25 Table 9; Potential facilitators women's KAP of fortified foods, Yeka sub city 2024. Potential facilitators Frequency Percentage Increased awareness of the benefits of fortified food 402 71.79 Greater availability of fortified food options 395 70.54 More affordable pricing 371 66.25 Recommendations from healthcare providers or nutritionists 230 41.07 Improved taste or palatability 137 24.46 Encouragement from family or friends 54 9.64 Table 10 ;Bivariate and Multivariate analysis for associated factors affecting women knowledge knowledge of fortified foods, Yeka sub city, Addis Ababa 2024 Characteristic Knowledge of Fortified food Poor n (%) Good n (%) COR (95%CI) P-value AOR (95%CI) P-value Age groups 18 - 29 years 74(66.1%) 38(33.9%) Ref .000 Ref .000 30 - 45 years 159(57%) 120(43%) 1.470(0.930 - 2.322) .099 1.539(0.730 - 3.247) .255 46 - 65 years 122(95.3%) 6(4.7%) 0.096(0.039 - 0.237) .000 0.183(0.059 - 0.566) .001 >65 years 2(100%) 0 .000 .999 .000 .999 Education level No formal education 43(91.5%) 4(8.5%) Ref .000 Ref .000 Primary school 196(90.3%) 21(9.7%) 1.152(0.376 - 3.527) .805 0.224(0.054 - 0.934) .040 Secondary school 107(56.6%) 82(43.4%) 8.238(2.842 - 23.87) .000 1.53(5.397 - 5.941) .535 College graduate and more 11(16.2%) 57(83.8%) 35.70(16.59 - 96.97) .000 3.533(0.696 - 17.930) .028 Occupation Domestic worker 33(94.3%) 2(5.7%) Ref .000 Ref .000 Student 35(61.4%) 22(38.6%) 10.37(2.260 - 47.59) .003 5.066(0.915 - 28.040) .063 Government employment 41(32.5%) 85(67.5%) 14.20(7.825 - 79.54) .000 5.613(1.044 - 30.168) .044 Housewife 176(82.6%) 37(17.4%) 3.47(0.707 - 16.715) .097 2.677(.509 - 14.089) .245 Merchant 48(82.8%) 10(17.2%) 3.43(0.214 - 35.332) .126 0.513(0.084 - 3.145) .470 Retired 6(75%) 2(25%) 2.75(0.214 - 35.332) .437 4.098(0.241 - 69.667) .329 Unemployed 18(72%) 7(28%) 6.41(1.204 - 34.193) .029 2.232(0.284 - 17.559) .446 Under 5 children in HH No under 5 children 247(81%) 58(19%) Ref Ref .000 One or more under 5 children 110(50.9%) 106(49.1%) 4.104(2.775 - 6.068) .000 4.300(2.400 - 7.705) .000 Main source of HH income Husband/partner 226(85.3%) 39(14.7%) Ref .000 Ref .000 Own income 55(33.3%) 110(66.7%) 11.59(7.249 - 18.53) .000 8.144(3.891 - 17.048) .000 Family support 38(74.5%) 13(25.5%) 1.982(0.969 - 4.055) .061 2.202(0.784 - 6.185) .134 Remittances 38(95%) 2(5%) .305(0.071 - 1.316) .111 0.825(0.158 - 4.298) .819 Ref: Reference; COR: Crud Odds Ratio; AOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio Table 11; Bivariate and multivariate analysis for associated factors affecting women attitude of fortified foods, Yeka sub city, Addis Ababa 2024 Attitude of fortified food Characteristic Negative n (%) Positive n (%) COR (95%CI) P-value AOR (95%CI) P-value Age groups 18 - 29 years 42(37.5%) 70(62.5%) Ref .000 .238 30 - 45 years 121(43.4%) 158(56.6%) 0.783(0.500 - 1.229) .288 0.819(0.476 - 1.40) .470 46 - 65 years 87(68.0%) 41(32.0%) 0.283(0.166 - 0.482) .000 0.52(0.272 - 0.995) .048 >65 years 00 2(100.0%) 00 .999 00 .999 Education level No formal education 26(55.3%) 21(44.7%) Ref .001 .199 Primary school 117(53.9%) 100(46.1%) 1.058(0.561 - 1.995) .861 0.838 (0.381-1.84) .662 Secondary school 90(47.6%) 99(52.4%) 1.362(0.717 - 2.588) .346 0.554(0.239-1.280) .167 College graduate and more 17(25.0%) 51(75.0%) 3.714(1.677 - 8.225) .001 0.411(0.138-1.225) .111 Average income of HH Very low Income status 25(65.8%) 13(34.2%) .000 Ref .000 Low Income status 167(55.9%) 132(41.9%) 1.520(.749 - 3.086) .246 1.52(0.749 - 3.086 .047 Medium Income status 54(32.1%) 114(67.9%) 4.060(1.929 - 8.546) .000 4.06(1.929 - 8.546) .000 High Income status 4(25%) 12(75%) 5.769(1.55 - 21.49) .009 5.76(1.549 - 21.49) .009 Main source of HH income Husband/partner 169(63.8%) 96(36.2%) .000 Ref .000 Own income 52(31.5%) 113(68.5%) 3.826(2.531 - 5.782) .000 1.73(1.157 - 2.591) .008 Family support 14(27.5%) 37(72.5%) 4.653(2.395 - 9.038) .000 3.77(1.961 -7.247 ) .000 Remittances 15(37.5%) 25(62.5%) 2.934(1.475 - 5.834) .002 2.463 (1.25 - 4.81 ) .008 Knowledge Poor 222(62.2%) 135(37.8%) .000 Ref Good 28(17.1%) 136(82.9%) 7.98(5.04 - 12.64) .000 8.162(4.74 - 14.04) .00 COR: Crud Odds Ratio; AOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. 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micronutrients and health risks associated with their deficiencies, Yeka sub city, Addis Ababa 2024\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinedrawingimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6361612/v1/207198f62b19a69c4108eda6.png"},{"id":80049244,"identity":"be766e60-5279-4ac2-bd1b-fe6ba20f5733","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-07 10:08:54","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":7926,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eOverall Level of knowledge and Attitude of Women towards Fortified Food, Yeka sub city\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinedrawingimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6361612/v1/fb4179dc8fe83183a1cb151c.png"},{"id":80050032,"identity":"07266ab9-97b4-4a9f-8bd8-a7aa66b87d21","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-07 10:16:54","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1687550,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6361612/v1/fb75f1d4-178b-4d63-82a2-521d1868a983.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eKnowledge and Attitude towards Fortified Food among Women and its Associated Factors in Yeka Sub City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2024.\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eFood fortification refers to the deliberate addition of essential micronutrients, such as vitamins and minerals, to a food in order to enhance its nutritional value and offer a health advantage without posing a significant risk to one's well-being(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The aim of food fortification is to boost the intake of vitamins and minerals, ultimately improving one's nutritional health and decreasing the occurrence of dietary deficiencies and related health issues(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMicronutrient deficiency, also known as \"hidden hunger,\" is considered a major cause of the worldwide disease burden(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Approximately 2\u0026nbsp;billion individuals are affected by deficiency of vitamin A, iron, iodine, folate, and zinc, also suffer from this condition(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMicronutrient deficiency poses a significant public health concern in Ethiopia, particularly for women and children who are most vulnerable. In the year 2016, it was found that 14% of children under the age of five in Ethiopia had a deficiency in vitamin A, suggesting that the issue of vitamin A deficiency is a moderate public health concern in the country. Furthermore, it was discovered that 35% of pre-school children and 34% of women in Ethiopia were deficient in zinc. Anemia affects over half of children and a quarter of adult women, while almost 40% of children lack vitamin A. Factors contributing to this issue include insufficient nutrients in diets, low absorption of essential micronutrients from plant-based food, and prevalent infections in the country (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConsequently, the nation faces an annual decrease in GDP of almost half a billion dollars, along with over 50 thousand child deaths resulting from deficiencies in vitamin A, iron, and folic acid. These losses hinder progress towards national goals of reducing mortality, poverty, malnutrition, and economic development(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcknowledging the persistent challenge of micronutrient deficiency in hindering overall national development, the government has implemented the Food and Nutrition Policy, which includes food fortification as a crucial strategy (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). This policy includes various strategic interventions in nutrition, such as promoting dietary diversity, providing vitamin A supplements to children, implementing public health measures like deworming, and fortifying food. While all of these interventions are complementary, food fortification is specifically considered a crucial and cost-effective strategy to combat micronutrient malnutrition. Ethiopia also launched National food fortification program in 2017(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e), for adoption and enforcement of fortification standards for certain staple foods such as salt, wheat flour, and vegetable oils in aimed to address the ongoing issue of micronutrient deficiency hindering national development.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEthiopia has made substantial progress in fortifying food vehicles to combat micronutrient deficiencies. In 2011, Universal Salt Iodization (USI) was made mandatory, resulting in improved salt iodization. Similar steps have been taken to fortify other food vehicles. On June 10, 2022, the Ethiopian Standard Council endorsed the compulsory edible oil and wheat flour fortification. The National Nutrition Policy emphasizes the significance of food fortification in addressing micronutrient deficiencies, prioritizing the fortification of flour and edible oil(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). A study conducted by the World Bank in 2011 determined that fortifying flour with iron and folic acid, alongside oil fortification with vitamin A, would be feasible and economically viable options for Ethiopia, resulting in significant nutritional benefits for the population at large(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere is limited documented information or previous studies on the level of knowledge and attitude towards fortified foods among women; however, it would be beneficial to conduct an investigation specifically focusing on the awareness, knowledge and attitudes towards fortified foods. This research aimed to explore consumers' awareness of fortified foods, including their understanding of micronutrients, the benefits of consuming fortified foods, the health advantages of vitamins and minerals, and the types of staple foods that are fortified in Ethiopia. The study's findings could provide valuable information on public awareness, which can generate demand for fortified foods, increase their production, and ultimately help address micronutrient deficiencies.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Method","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStudy Area \u0026amp; Period\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted in Yeka sub city, which is located in Addis Ababa, between July 1 and August 30, 2024. Addis Ababa covers a land area of 527 km2 and is comprised of 11 sub-cities and 116 woreda (districts). As of 2024, the estimated population of Addis Ababa is approximately 5,703.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e). Yeka sub city, inhabiting 497,624 people, is one of the expansion areas of the city situated at the north part of Addis Ababa. Yeka sub city covers an area of about 8598 hectares and an average density of 57.87 people per hectare. Currently the sub city is divided in to 12 woreda. Yeka sub city was chosen as the study area due to its diverse population and representation of different communities within the city.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSource Population\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe source population were women residing in Yeka sub city, Addis Ababa.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStudy Population\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study targeted women aged 18 years and above in selected woreda.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStudy Unit\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study targeted women aged 18 years and above in selected households from representative woreda as women play a crucial role in the nutritional well-being of children and other household members, and they are typically responsible for making dietary choices, preparing food, and purchasing food in their households.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEligibility Criteria\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInclusion criteria\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWomen aged 18 years and above are responsible for food purchasing and preparation in their households\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePermanent residents in Yeka sub city, Addis Ababa, live for at least six months before the study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExclusion criteria\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWomen with severe illness or disability that prevents them from participating in the study\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSample Size Determination\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe sample size required for the study was determined using a formula for a single population proportion.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003en = (Z² (p*(1-p)) / d²\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003en = sample size\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eZ = Z-score (1.96 for a 95% confidence interval)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep = estimated prevalence of the outcome of interest (69% for knowledge and 68% for attitude) adapted from a recent study done to examine KAP micronutrient deficiency and vitamin A Bio-fortified orange-fleshed sweet potato among male and female farmers in Ethiopia(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ed = desired level of precision (± 5%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo calculate the sample size for an estimated prevalence rate of 69% for knowledge and 68% for attitude, the sample size for each variable with Zα/2 critical value of 95% Confidence level 1.96, d of 5%, using the above formula(Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTherefore, the maximum sample size for all three variables with a non-response rate (10%) is 368.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSample size calculation for the independent variables revealed as associated factors from the previous studies by using two population proportions by Epi Info 7.2.6.0. .\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinally, to conduct this study, with design effect of 1.5 the maximum sample size of 552 was revealed from the single population proportion result and used for this study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSampling Technique\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study employed a multi-stage cluster sampling method to ensure representative data collection. Yeka sub city was purposely chosen due to its larger and relatively diverse population compared to other sub-cities. From the total of 12 woreda in the sub-city, simple random sampling technique is used to select 4 woreda as study clusters, which accounted for 30% of the woreda in the sub-city. Within each woreda, three ketenas (clusters) will be chosen using a simple random sampling method. To determine the sample size for each ketenas, it was allocated proportionally in each cluster. The study subjects within each cluster selected using systematic sampling. This involve using household lists provided by the woreda office to ensure proper representation and random selection of participants for the study. (Fig.\u0026nbsp;3 Schematic representation of the sample procedure).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eData Collection Tool and Procedures\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA pretested questionnaire were administered in an electronic based format by kobo collect to gather data on the socio-demographic characteristics, awareness, knowledge and attitudes related to fortified foods among women in Yeka sub city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from July 1 to August 30, 2024. Data was collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire that was adapted from a previously published study with a similar focus, where the cultural and socioeconomic characteristics of the participants were comparable to the target population of this study. The questionnaire covers various aspects, including socio-demographic characteristics, awareness, knowledge, attitudes, and consumption practices related to fortified food. Initially, the questionnaire was developed in English and subsequently translated into Amharic, the local language. To ensure consistency, the translated questionnaire was then back-translated to English by an expert fluent in both languages. The final version of the questionnaire in Amharic was used for data collection.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003enowledge\u003c/b\u003e: The extent of understanding and familiarity of respondents in the study that have regarding fortified food. Knowledge was assessed based on participants' ability to correctly answer questions related to the purpose, benefits, and sources of fortified food and its potential impact on health and nutrition. The participants answered 6 specifically on knowledge of food fortification questions on a range of different scales such as \"True,\" \"False,\" or \"Don't know.\" Descriptive analysis was conducted to describe the overall level of knowledge among the participants and knowledge scoring to individual responses based on their correctness, and composite of knowledge score for each participant by assigning higher scores for correct answers and lower scores for incorrect or uncertain answers was used in analysis. Median split was used to calculate the median of the knowledge and scoring above the median are categorized as had \"good knowledge,\" while those below are categorized as had \"poor knowledge.\"(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAttitude\u003c/b\u003e: The overall evaluation and perception of individuals in the study population toward fortified food. Attitudes was measured through participants' responses to statements or Likert-scale items regarding their beliefs, preferences, and opinions about consuming fortified food and their willingness to recommend it to others. The participants was answered 5 specific on attitude questions on a range of different scales such as \"Strongly agree\" \"Agree\" \"Neutral\" “Disagree” “Strongly disagree.” Descriptive analysis and Likert scale analysis was used to calculate the proportion of participants in each category (strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree) and mean or median score for each item or constructing attitude scales by combining multiple items. Responses below the median were coded as “negative” and responses at or above the median were coded as “positive” attitude.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePerceived Behavioral Control (PBC)\u003c/b\u003e: women’s belief in their ability to consume fortified foods, including barriers and facilitators to doing so. Responses to statements about barriers and facilitators to consuming fortified foods using a Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree)(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSubjective Norms\u003c/b\u003e: Women's perceptions of social pressure to consume fortified foods, including the expectations and opinions of important others. Responses to statements about the expectations and opinions of important others using a Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFortified food\u003c/b\u003e: Food products like wheat, edible oil and food salt that are compulsory in Ethiopia that have been intentionally enriched with specific nutrients, such as vitamin A, vitamin B groups and minerals like iron, zinc and iodine, to improve their nutritional content and address nutrient deficiencies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eData Analysis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe collected data was undergone multiple checks to ensure its completeness and consistency. Subsequently, the data was coded and entered to SPSS version 20 for further analysis. Descriptive and analytic analyses including frequency distribution, and summary measures were performed on the collected data. Both Crude Odds Ratio (COR) and Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) were estimated using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis respectively to assess the association between the dependent variable with each independent variable. Thus, independent variables with p-value less than 0.25 in bivariate logistic regression were considered in the final model. Finally, statistical significance level was declared at a P-value of less than 0.05 in multivariate logistic regression model. Model fitness was assessed using the Hosmer and Lemeshow test, with (p \u0026gt; 0.05) suggesting that the model provides a good fit to the data aiming for a non-significant level in the multivariable analysis.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Result","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSociodemographic characteristics of the Households\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study interviewed a total of 521 respondents, with a response rate of 94%. (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) shows the distribution of respondents by age, education level, and occupation status. 41% of participants were house heads and the mean age was 33 years. A majority of respondents (75%) were between 18 to 45 years old, and about (49.4%) had attained at least secondary education. Most respondents (62%) were married, and 41.5% of households had one or more under-five children. Primary occupation for 40.9% of the respondents were housewife. Main source of income for 50.9% household is husband and average income was Birr 15,226. The average household size was 5 and 52.2% of the housing type were owned(Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eKnowledge of Women towards Fortified Foods\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) shows majority of the participants 352(67.6%) had not heard about fortified food before, while only 169(32.4%) had heard about it. When asked whether fortified foods are foods that have nutrients added to them to increase their nutritional value, only 193(37.0%) responded correctly, while 13(2.5%) answered incorrectly, and 328(60.5%) were unsure. Similarly, only 194(37.2%) of the respondents knew that fortified foods can help prevent nutrient deficiencies, while 11(2.1%) answered incorrectly, and 316(60.7%) were unsure(Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHealth Benefits Associated with Consuming Fortified Food\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmong those who have heard about fortified food, the majority of respondents 160(94.64%) associated consuming fortified food with a reduced risk of anemia and improved vision 156(92.6%). 151(89.3%) of the respondents also associated it with enhanced bone health, while 141(83.43%) believed it could lower the risk of birth defects(Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNutrients Commonly Fortified in Food Products\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmong those who have heard about fortified food, the most commonly known nutrient that is fortified in food products is Vitamin A 149(88.1%) followed by Iron 131(77%)(Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eKnowledge on Mandatory Fortification of some Foods.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMajority of respondents 291(55.9%) do not think that the Ethiopian Government has made it mandatory for food manufacturers to add vitamins or minerals to some types of food. For those who think it is mandatory, the types of foods that are required by law to be fortified in Ethiopia are food salt 280(96.25%), edible oil 87(30%), and wheat flour(Fig.\u0026nbsp;3).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSources of information about fortified foods\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmong the respondents who were aware of food fortification, the most commonly reported source of information was radio, mentioned by 157(92.9%) of these respondents. This was followed by the television 151(89.4%) and internet 139(82.3%). Other sources of information on food fortification that were identified by the respondents include health professionals and family or friends(Fig.\u0026nbsp;4).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAwareness of micronutrients and health risks associated with their deficiencies\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMost of the respondents 359(68.9%) were aware of micronutrient deficiencies before the study. Furthermore, among the respondents who were aware of micronutrient deficiencies, most 356(93.5%) respondents acknowledged iron deficiency and 316(88%) of the respondents were aware of vitamin A deficiency. The results also showed that 313(87.1%) of the respondents were aware of vitamin D deficiency(Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAttitude of Women towards Fortified Food\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study found that (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) the majority of respondents agreed that fortified foods are beneficial for improving nutritional health 214(41.1%) and safe to consume 209(40.1%). However, only 213(40.9%) of respondents enjoyed the taste of fortified food, and 195(37.4%) were willing to pay a higher price for fortified food(Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSubjective Norm of Women towards Fortified Food.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results of the subjective norm questions shows that (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e) the majority of respondents 255(48.9%) agreed that their family and friends think they should consume fortified foods(Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePerceived Behavioral Control of women towards fortified Food\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results of the PBC questions shows that (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e) majority of respondents 265(50.9%) disagreed with the statement that fortified foods are affordable for them. Significant proportion 255(48.9%) disagreed with the statement that fortified foods are easily accessible in their local area(Table\u0026nbsp;7).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePotential Barriers and Facilitators women's KAP of fortified foods.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study found that(Table\u0026nbsp;7) 367(70.54%) of respondents have tried to consume fortified food but faced challenges in doing so, with high price 313(85.3%) being the most common reason. Lack of awareness 245(66.75%) and availability 238(64.85%) were also significant barriers. While 374(71.79%) of respondents indicated that increased awareness of benefits would motivate them to consume fortified food more regularly, affordability 345(66.2%) and availability 365(70.54%) were also important (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOverall Level of knowledge and Attitude of Women towards Fortified Food\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom the total respondents, 164(32.5%) had good knowledge and 270(52%) had positive attitude toward fortified foods(Fig.\u0026nbsp;6).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFactors Affecting Women Knowledge of Fortified Foods\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBivariate and multivariate analysis for associated factors showed that(Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e) older age, higher education level, occupation, having one or more under 5 children, and having own income as the main source of household income were significantly associated with higher knowledge of fortified foods. Women aged 46–65 years were 81.7% less likely to be aware of fortified foods compared to those aged 18–29 years (AOR = 0.183, 95% CI: 0.059–0.566, p = 0.001). This suggests that younger women are more likely to have knowledge of fortified foods than older women. Women with no formal education were 77.6% less likely to be aware of fortified foods compared to those with primary education (AOR = 0.224, 95% CI: 0.054–0.934, p = 0.040). Women with a college education or higher were 3.5 times more likely to be aware of fortified foods compared to those with no formal education (AOR = 3.533, 95% CI: 0.696–17.930, p = 0.028). Students were 10.37 more likely to be aware of fortified foods compared to domestic workers (COR = 10.37, 95% CI: 2.26–47.59, p = 0.003). Government employees were 5.6 times more likely to be aware of fortified foods compared to domestic workers (AOR = 5.613, 95% CI: 1.044–30.168, p = 0.044). Women with one or more children under 5 years were 4.3 times more likely to be aware of fortified foods compared to those without children under 5 years (AOR = 4.300, 95% CI: 2.400−7.705, p = 0.00). Women who had their own income were 8.1 times more likely to be aware of fortified foods compared to those whose primary source of income was their husband or partner (AOR = 8.144, 95% CI: 3.891–17.048, p = 0.000)(Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFactors Affecting Women Attitude of Fortified Foods\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results of bivariate and multivariate analysis showed that (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e) average income of the household, maG.T source of household income, and knowledge of fortified foods were found to be significant predictors of a positive attitude towards fortified foods. Women from households with medium income status were 4.06 times more likely to have a positive attitude towards fortified foods than those from households with very low income status (AOR = 4.060, 95% CI: 1.929–8.546, p = 0.000). Women from households with high income status were 5.77 times more likely to have a positive attitude towards fortified foods than those from households with very low income status (AOR = 5.769, 95% CI: 1.549–21.492, p = 0.009). Women who had their own income were 1.73 times more likely to have a positive attitude towards fortified foods than those whose main source of household income was their husband or partner (AOR = 1.732, 95% CI: 1.157–2.591, p = 0.008). Finally, women with good knowledge of fortified foods were 8.16 times more likely to have a positive attitude towards fortified foods than those with poor knowledge (AOR = 8.162, 95% CI: 4.744–14.040, p = 0.000)(Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe primary objective of this study was to assess the level of knowledge and attitude regarding fortified food among women. Based on the findings, it was observed that only 164(31.5%) of the respondents had good knowledge, and 270(52%) had a positive attitude towards fortified food. The study results indicate a low level of knowledge of fortified foods among the majority of respondents 351(68.5%). The finding of this study is consistent with studies conducted in other developing countries, such as Kenya and Nigeria, where only 38.5% and 35% of consumers respectively, were aware of fortified foods (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e). Low level of knowledge of fortified foods suggests a broader trend across regions where nutritional education on fortified foods is insufficient. This is may be due to several factors. Firstly, this may be lack of comprehensive public health campaigns and government policies promoting fortification. This is evident in the contrasting findings of the South African study, where higher awareness levels were reported, possibly due to more comprehensive public health campaigns and government policies promoting fortification((\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e). Secondly, this may be limited access to information about fortified foods, especially in low-income communities. Thirdly, cultural beliefs and attitudes towards fortified foods may also contribute to low levels of knowledge. For example, some communities may perceive fortified foods as being less nutritious or natural than traditional foods.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmong those aware of fortified foods, a significant majority associated them with health benefits such as reduced risk of anemia (94.64%) and improved vision (92.6%). The finding is consistent with other research conducted in India, where consumers recognized the benefits of fortified foods in preventing micronutrient deficiencies, particularly in vulnerable populations(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). The high recognition of health benefits in this study indicates that once women are informed about fortified foods, they can appreciate their importance in improving health outcomes. However, the challenge remains in reaching those who are currently uninformed or skeptical about the role of fortified foods in their diets. Vitamin A (88.1%) and Iron (77.3%) were the most recognized nutrients commonly fortified in food products. This aligns with global trends, as Vitamin A and Iron are widely recognized as critical nutrients in combating malnutrition, particularly in developing countries(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e). However, the recognition of these nutrients does not necessarily translate into consumption practices. A study in Bangladesh demonstrated that while knowledge of fortified foods was high, actual consumption rates remained low due to factors such as affordability and accessibility(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, increasing knowledge alone may not suffice; practical measures must be taken to promote the consumption of fortified foods.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEducation, age, occupation, having young children, and having one's own income as the main source of household income were found to be significant predictors of knowledge of fortified foods among women (Table ‎5.8). Women with a college education or higher were 3.5 times more likely to be aware of fortified foods compared to those with no formal education. This finding underscores the critical role of education in enhancing knowledge of health-related topics. Higher education levels often correlate with improved critical thinking skills and better access to information, enabling educated individuals to understand and prioritize nutritional needs effectively(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e). Older women aged 46–65 years were 81.7% less likely to be aware of fortified foods compared to younger women aged 18–29 years. This suggests a generational gap in awareness, possibly due to differing exposure to health education and nutrition information. Younger women may have better access to educational resources, including media campaigns and community health programs emphasizing the importance of fortified foods. Previous research has shown that younger individuals are often more engaged with health information, which may explain their higher levels of awareness(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e). Government employees were 5.6 times more likely to be aware of fortified foods compared to domestic workers. This suggest government employees may often have better access to workplace training and health education initiatives, while domestic workers may lack such resources. Women with young children were 4.3 times more likely to be aware of fortified foods compared to those without children under 5 years. This finding suggests that mothers may seek out nutritional information to improve the health of their children, driven by a desire to provide the best nutrition during critical developmental stages. Healthcare interactions, including pediatric visits, may also encourage mothers to learn about fortified foods, thereby improving their overall knowledge. Women who had their own income were 8.1 times more likely to be aware of fortified foods compared to those whose primary source of income was their husband or partner. This findings suggest that having one's own income may provide more autonomy in food purchasing decisions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegarding mandatory fortification policies, the majority of respondents (55.9%) were unaware that the government requires fortification of certain food products. This contrasts with findings from South Africa, where 87% of consumers were aware of the mandatory fortification of maize meal and wheat flour. This may be comprehensive public health campaigns and government policies promoting fortification can be effective in increasing awareness of mandatory fortification policies. The South African government has implemented a mandatory fortification policy for maize meal and wheat flour since 2003, and has conducted extensive public education campaigns to raise awareness of the policy and its benefits(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e). Among those who believe fortification is mandatory, a substantial majority (96.25%) identified food salt as a required fortified product. This aligns with the Ethiopian government's focus on salt iodization to combat iodine deficiency, which is a critical public health issue. But, the recognition of edible oil (30%) and wheat flour (14.6%) as fortified foods is considerably lower. This suggests that while there is some awareness of these products, it is not as widespread as that for food salt and there is a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding the scope of the policy. The lower recognition rates may also reflect less public visibility or marketing of fortified edible oil and wheat flour compared to iodized salt.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study found that the overall attitude towards fortified foods was moderately positive, with 52% of respondents. This is not consistent with other research that has examined consumer attitudes towards fortified foods relatively high. For example, a study in India found that 70% of consumers had a positive attitude towards fortified foods(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e), while a study in Kenya found that 62% of consumers had a positive attitude towards fortified foods(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e). The difference in findings may be attributed to several factors, including differences in the study population, cultural beliefs, and perceptions towards fortified foods. One possible explanation for the moderate attitude towards fortified foods in the study population could be the lack of knowledge and awareness about fortified foods. The study found that only 31.5% of respondents had good knowledge about fortified foods, and women who had good knowledge were 7.987 times more likely to have a positive attitude towards fortified food compared to those with poor knowledge.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFactors such as average income of the household, main source of household income, and knowledge were found to be significant predictors of attitude towards fortified foods (Table ‎5.9). Women with a medium income status were 4.06 times more likely to have a positive attitude towards fortified food compared to women with a very low income status. Similarly, women with a high income status were 5.77 times more likely to have a positive attitude towards fortified food compared to women with a very low income status. Higher income levels may facilitate access to better-quality fortified products and health information, reinforcing positive attitudes towards nutrition(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e). Women whose main source of household income was from their own income were 1.73 times more likely to have a positive attitude towards fortified food compared to women whose main source of household income was from their husband or partner. This finding suggests that women who are financially independent are more likely to have a positive attitude towards fortified foods. This could be attributed to the fact that these women have more control over their food choices and are more likely to prioritize their own health and nutritional needs. Finally, women who had good knowledge were 7.987 times more likely to have a positive attitude towards fortified food compared to those with poor knowledge. Thsis implies that knowledge plays a crucial role in shaping women's attitudes towards fortified food. Women who have a better understanding of the benefits of fortified food are more likely to view them positively and be willing to incorporate them into their diets.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn terms of sources of information on fortified foods, the survey found that radio, TV, and the internet were the most common channels (Fig.\u0026nbsp;5.4). This aligns with studies in other developing countries, such as Kenya, where mass media was the primary source of information about fortified foods for consumers(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e). Leveraging these media platforms could be an effective way to raise awareness about fortified foods and their benefits.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStrengths\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe use of a structured questionnaire ensured standardization and reliability in data collection, enhancing the validity of the study findings.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe inclusion of a wide range of variables, such as demographic, socioeconomic, and educational factors, allowed for a comprehensive analysis of the factors associated with knowledge and attitudes towards fortified food.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study identified several factors associated with knowledge and attitude towards fortified food, which can inform the development of targeted interventions to improve the uptake of fortified foods among women in Yeka sub-city.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLimitations\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe generalizability of the findings may be limited as the study was conducted in only one sub-city of Addis Ababa.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe reliance on self-reported data from the participants may be subject to social desirability bias, which may affect the accuracy of the reported knowledge and attitudes towards fortified foods.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study did not assess the actual consumption or utilization of fortified foods among the women, which may not necessarily correlate with their knowledge and attitudes towards fortified foods. Therefore, further research is needed to assess the actual use of fortified foods among women in Yeka sub-city.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, it was estimated that 31.5% (CI: 27.3–35.7) of the respondents had good knowledge and 52% (CI: 48−58.6) had a positive attitude towards fortified foods. The findings revealed that the level of knowledge and attitude regarding fortified food among women was low. Age, education, occupation, and having young children were identified as significant predictors of knowledge, while income and knowledge were found to be associated with attitude. It is possible that education, occupation, and having young children may increase women's exposure to information about fortified foods and their health benefits, while having one's own income may provide more autonomy in food purchasing decisions. However, it is concerning that a majority of respondents were unaware of the government's mandatory fortification policies, highlighting the need for better dissemination of this information. Leveraging media platforms such as radio, TV, and the internet could be an effective way to raise awareness about fortified foods and their benefits.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eAIDS \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDALYs \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Disability Adjusted Life Years\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEDHS \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEPHI \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Ethiopian Public Health Institute\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFAO \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Food and Agricultural Organization\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGDP \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Gross Domestic product\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGNP \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Global Nutrition Report\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGAIN \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHHDs \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Households\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHIV \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Human Immunodeficiency Virus\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIDA \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Iron Deficiency Anemia\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKAP \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Knowledge Attitude and Practices\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMND \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Micronutrient Deficiency\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNTDs \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Neural Tube Defects\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSBCC \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Social and Behavioral Change Communication\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTPB \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Theory of Planned Behavior\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVAD \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Vitamin A Deficiency\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eapproval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ethe ethical \u0026nbsp;clearance was obtained from Institutional Review Board of menlik II Medical and Health Sciences college and official letters was submitted to \u0026nbsp;respective sub-city health office .After explaining the objectives of the study, informed written consent was obtained from all respondents, and anonymity and confidentiality of the data were kept. Respondents have the right not to participate or withdraw from the study at any stage, and all study methods were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e; Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests;\u003c/strong\u003e The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e; Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eC.G; Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Visualization, Writing \u0026ndash; original draf\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eG.k; Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Resources, Software, Visualization, Writing and original draft\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eO.k; Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Resources, Software, Visualization, Writing and original draft\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM.T; Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Visualization, Writing \u0026ndash; original draft\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eD.T; Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Supervision, Writing, review \u0026amp; editing\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc98510384\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors would like to express their gratitude to respective health office, data collectors, supervisors and study participants for their diligence and dedication in the collecting and inputting high quality data used in the study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAllen LH (2006) New approaches for designing and evaluating food fortification programs. 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J Res Med sciences: official J Isfahan Univ Med Sci 19(2):164\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLopez A, Cacoub P, Macdougall IC, Peyrin-Biroulet L (2016) Iron deficiency anaemia. Lancet 387(10021):907\u0026ndash;916\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDe Benoist B, Cogswell M, Egli I, McLean E (2008) Worldwide prevalence of anaemia 1993\u0026ndash;2005; WHO Global Database of anaemia\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRoohani N, Hurrell R, Kelishadi R, Schulin R (2013) Zinc and its importance for human health: An integrative review. J Res Med sciences: official J Isfahan Univ Med Sci 18(2):144\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMurphy EW, Willis B, Watt BK (1975) Provisional tables on the zinc content of foods. J Am Diet Assoc 66(4):345\u0026ndash;355\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWessells KR, Brown KH (2012) Estimating the global prevalence of zinc deficiency: results based on zinc availability in national food supplies and the prevalence of stunting. PLoS ONE 7(11):e50568\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eParveen N, Ansari MO, Ahmad MF, Jameel S, Shadab G, Zinc (2017) An element of extensive medical importance. Curr Med Res Pract 7(3):90\u0026ndash;98\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eInitiative M (2009) Investing in the future: A united call to action on vitamin and mineral deficiencies. Ottawa, Canada: Micronutrient Initiative. ;96(3):790\u0026ndash;812\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBrown KH, Hambidge KM, Ranum P (2010) Zinc fortification of cereal flours: current recommendations and research needs. FoodNutr Bull 31(1suppl1):S62\u0026ndash;S74\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShane B (2001) Folate chemistry and metabolism. Clin Res Regul Affairs 18(3):137\u0026ndash;159\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAllen LH (2008) Causes of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency. FoodNutr Bull 29(2suppl1):S20\u0026ndash;S34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMcDowell MA (2008) Blood folate levels: the latest NHANES results\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMannar MV, Hurrell RF (2018) Food fortification: past experience, current status, and potential for globalization. Food fortification in a globalized world. Elsevier, pp 3\u0026ndash;11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTewes-Gradl C, Gilbert R, Nelson J (2023) Fortifying Food Markets Unlocking the potential of food fortification\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMoench-Pfanner R, Van Ameringen M (2012) The Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN): A decade of partnerships to increase access to and affordability of nutritious foods for the poor. FoodNutr Bull 33(4suppl3):S373\u0026ndash;S80\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSubuh N (2022) Beliefs, practices, and knowledge of food handlers in households regarding electricity outage effect on food safety. national cross-sectional study in Lebanon\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlShehri NM, AlMarzooqi MA (2022) Consumers' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Toward Calorie Labeling in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Assessment. Front Public Health 10:893978\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWanjuu C, Bocher T, Abong\u0026rsquo; G, Low J, Mbogo D, Heck S et al (2019) Consumer knowledge and attitude towards orange-fleshed sweetpotato (OFSP) Puree Bread in Kenya. Open Agric 4(1):616\u0026ndash;622\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChen MF (2013) Influences of health consciousness on consumers' modern health worries and willingness to use functional foods. J Appl Soc Psychol 43:E1\u0026ndash;E12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMohan BC (2019) A Study on Consumer Acceptance of Branded Fortified Foods \u0026amp; Beverages in India. National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlibabić V, Šertović E, Mujić I, Živković J, Blažić M, Zavadlav S (2016) The level of nutrition knowledge and dietary iron intake of Bosnian women. Procedia-Social Behav Sci 217:1071\u0026ndash;1075\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFila SA, Smith C (2006) Applying the theory of planned behavior to healthy eating behaviors in urban Native American youth. Int J Behav Nutr Phys activity 3(1):1\u0026ndash;10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKalergis M, MacDonald A (2009) Discretionary food fortification: implications of consumer attitudes. Can J Diet Pract Res 70(4):e26\u0026ndash;e31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAl-Swidi A, Mohammed Rafiul Huque S, Haroon Hafeez M, Noor Mohd Shariff M (2014) The role of subjective norms in theory of planned behavior in the context of organic food consumption. Br food J 116(10):1561\u0026ndash;1580\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVallerand RJ, Deshaies P, Cuerrier J-P, Pelletier LG, Mongeau C (1992) Ajzen and Fishbein's theory of reasoned action as applied to moral behavior: A confirmatory analysis. J Personal Soc Psychol 62(1):98\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSun X, Guo Y, Wang S, Sun J (2006) Predicting iron-fortified soy sauce consumption intention: application of the theory of planned behavior and health belief model. J Nutr Educ Behav 38(5):276\u0026ndash;285\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAASA AAP (2022) (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)- \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/addis-ababa-population\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/addis-ababa-population\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBerhanu M, Raghuvanshi T, Suryabhagavan K, Web-Based GIS (2017) Approach for Tourism Development in Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia. Malaysian J Remote Sens GIS 6:13\u0026ndash;24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGebre GG, Chefebo DE, Kacharo DK (2023) Knowledge, attitude and practice towards malnutrition and micronutrient deficiency among male and female farmers in Ethiopia. BMC Nutr 9(1):130\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHajian-Tilaki K (2018) The choice of methods in determining the optimal cut-off value for quantitative diagnostic test evaluation. Stat Methods Med Res 27(8):2374\u0026ndash;2383\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHarpe SE (2015) How to analyze Likert and other rating scale data. Currents Pharm Teach Learn 7(6):836\u0026ndash;850\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOguizu A, Ikpeazu I (2022) Knowledge and utilization of vitamin A rich foods among households in Umuahia North Local Government Area Abia State, Nigeria\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDanster-Christians N (2015) The knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding food fortification among mill managers and the contribution of maize meal to the micronutrient intake of a national sample of South African adults. Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDe Brauw A, Waid J, Meisner CA, Akter F, Khan BF (2020) Food systems for healthier diets in Bangladesh: Towards a research agenda\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTables 5.8 and 5.9 are not available with this version.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1 Sample size determination for each variables using single population formula\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"651\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConfidence level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edesired level of precision\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eprevalence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample size\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en including non -response rate (10%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnowledge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(\u0026plusmn;5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e329\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e361\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAttitude\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(\u0026plusmn;5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e334\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e368\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2 Sample size calculation for associated factors by using two population proportions among women in Yeka sub city, Addis Ababa, 2024\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"732\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFactors\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConfidence \u0026nbsp;interval\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePower(1-\u0026beta;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRatio\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe proportion of awareness among the\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExposed group\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe proportion of awareness \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;among the\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnexposed group\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample size\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en including non -response rate (10%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIncome status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducational status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc178702243\"\u003eTable 3 Sociodemographic characteristics of the Households, Yeka subcity, Addis Ababa 2024.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"114%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge groups\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 years - 29 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 years - 45 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e279\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46 years - 65 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65 years above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital status:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e323\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWidowed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOccupation:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHousewife\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e213\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDomestic worker\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGovernment employment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMerchant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRetired\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation level\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo formal education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e217\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e189\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCollege graduate and above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNumber of under-five children in household\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo under 5 children\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e305\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOne or more under 5 children\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e216\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMain source of household income:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHusband/partner\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e265\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOwn income\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e165\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFamily support\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRemittances\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eType of housing:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOwned\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e272\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRented\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e232\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLive with relatives\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHousehold size\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 or less house members\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e374\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;6 house members\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc178702244\"\u003eTable 4 Knowledge of women towards fortified foods, Yeka sub-city, Addis Ababa 2024\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"696\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 390px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes or True\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo or False n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnsure/Don\u0026rsquo;t know n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 390px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHave you heard about fortified food before?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 390px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFortified foods are foods that have nutrients added to them to increase their nutritional value.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 390px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFortified foods can help prevent nutrient deficiencies.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 390px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIs there a way of knowing if a food is fortified or not?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable \u0026nbsp;5; Attitude of women towards fortified foods,\u0026nbsp;Yeka sub city, Addis Ababa 2024\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"726\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 370px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuestion\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrongly disagree %\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisagree %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeutral %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgree %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrongly agree %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 370px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFortified foods are beneficial for improving nutritional health.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 370px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFortified foods are safe to consume.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 370px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI enjoy the taste of fortified food.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 370px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI am willing to pay a higher price for fortified food.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc178702246\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 6 ; Subjective norm of women towards fortified foods, Yeka sub city, Addis Ababa 2024\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"726\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 370px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuestion\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrongly disagree %\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisagree %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeutral %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgree %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrongly agree %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 370px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMy family and friends thinks that I should consume fortified food.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 370px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI get encourage and counsel from health professional to consume fortified foods.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 370px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMy religious or cultural beliefs support the consumption of fortified food.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc178702247\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable ‑7 ;PBC of women towards fortified foods, Yeka sub city, Addis Ababa 2024\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"726\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 370px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuestion\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrongly disagree %\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisagree %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeutral %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgree %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrongly agree %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 370px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFortified foods are affordable for me.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 370px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFortified foods are easily accessible in my local area.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 370px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI have enough knowledge and skill about fortified food to make informed decisions to consuming it.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 370px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI am confident to incorporate fortified foods into my daily diet.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc178702248\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 8; Potential barriers women\u0026apos;s KAP of fortified foods, Yeka sub city, Addis Ababa 2024.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"648\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 300px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePotential \u0026nbsp;barriers\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercentage\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 300px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh price\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e313\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 300px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLack of awareness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e245\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 300px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLack of availability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e238\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 300px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLack of trust in quality and safety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 300px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLack of knowledge about benefits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 300px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 9; Potential facilitators women\u0026apos;s KAP of fortified foods, Yeka sub city 2024.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"666\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 438px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePotential \u0026nbsp;facilitators\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercentage\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 438px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIncreased awareness of the benefits of fortified food\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e402\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 438px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGreater availability of fortified food options\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e395\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 438px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMore affordable pricing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e371\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 438px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRecommendations from healthcare providers or nutritionists\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e230\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 438px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImproved taste or palatability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e137\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 438px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEncouragement from family or friends\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 10 ;Bivariate and Multivariate analysis for associated factors affecting \u0026nbsp;women knowledge knowledge of fortified foods, Yeka sub city, Addis Ababa 2024\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"780\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKnowledge of Fortified food\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePoor n (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGood n (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCOR (95%CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAOR (95%CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge groups\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 - 29 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74(66.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38(33.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 - 45 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e159(57%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120(43%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.470(0.930 - 2.322)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.099\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.539(0.730 - 3.247)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.255\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46 - 65 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122(95.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(4.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.096(0.039 - 0.237)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.183(0.059 - 0.566)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;65 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation level\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo formal education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43(91.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(8.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e196(90.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21(9.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.152(0.376 - 3.527)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.805\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.224(0.054 - 0.934)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.040\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107(56.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82(43.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.238(2.842 - 23.87)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.53(5.397 - 5.941)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.535\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCollege graduate and more\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(16.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57(83.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.70(16.59 - 96.97)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.533(0.696 - 17.930)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.028\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOccupation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDomestic worker\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33(94.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(5.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35(61.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22(38.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.37(2.260 - 47.59)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.066(0.915 - 28.040)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.063\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGovernment employment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41(32.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85(67.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.20(7.825 - 79.54)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.613(1.044 - 30.168)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.044\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHousewife\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e176(82.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37(17.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.47(0.707 - 16.715)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.097\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.677(.509 - 14.089)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.245\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMerchant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48(82.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(17.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.43(0.214 - 35.332)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.126\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.513(0.084 - 3.145)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.470\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRetired\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(75%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(25%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.75(0.214 - 35.332)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.437\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.098(0.241 - 69.667)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.329\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(72%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(28%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.41(1.204 - 34.193)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.029\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.232(0.284 - 17.559)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.446\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnder 5 children in HH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo under 5 children\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e247(81%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58(19%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOne or more under 5 children\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110(50.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106(49.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.104(2.775 - 6.068)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.300(2.400 - 7.705)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMain source of HH income\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHusband/partner\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e226(85.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39(14.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOwn income\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55(33.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110(66.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.59(7.249 - 18.53)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.144(3.891 - 17.048)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFamily support\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38(74.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13(25.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.982(0.969 - 4.055)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.061\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.202(0.784 - 6.185)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.134\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRemittances\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38(95%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.305(0.071 - 1.316)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.825(0.158 - 4.298)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.819\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eRef: Reference;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eCOR: Crud Odds Ratio; AOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 11; Bivariate and multivariate analysis for associated factors affecting women attitude of fortified foods, Yeka sub city, Addis Ababa 2024\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"776\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u003cstrong\u003eAttitude of fortified food\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 373px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNegative n\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePositive n (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCOR (95%CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAOR (95%CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge groups\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 - 29 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42(37.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70(62.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.238\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 - 45 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121(43.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e158(56.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.783(0.500 - 1.229)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.288\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.819(0.476 - 1.40)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.470\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46 - 65 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87(68.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41(32.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.283(0.166 - 0.482)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52(0.272 - 0.995)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;65 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(100.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation level\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo formal education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26(55.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21(44.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.199\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117(53.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100(46.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.058(0.561 - 1.995)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.861\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.838 (0.381-1.84)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.662\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90(47.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99(52.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.362(0.717 - 2.588)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.346\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.554(0.239-1.280)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.167\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCollege graduate and more\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17(25.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51(75.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.714(1.677 - 8.225)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.411(0.138-1.225)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAverage income of HH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVery low Income status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(65.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13(34.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow Income status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167(55.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e132(41.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.520(.749 - 3.086)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.246\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.52(0.749 - 3.086\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.047\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium Income status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54(32.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114(67.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.060(1.929 - 8.546)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.06(1.929 - 8.546)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh Income status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(25%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12(75%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.769(1.55 - 21.49)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.76(1.549 - 21.49)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMain source of HH income\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHusband/partner\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e169(63.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96(36.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOwn income\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52(31.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113(68.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.826(2.531 - 5.782)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.73(1.157 - 2.591)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFamily support\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14(27.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37(72.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.653(2.395 - 9.038)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.77(1.961 -7.247 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRemittances\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15(37.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(62.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.934(1.475 - 5.834)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.463 (1.25 - 4.81 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKnowledge\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoor\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e222(62.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135(37.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGood\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28(17.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e136(82.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.98(5.04 - 12.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.162(4.74 - 14.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCOR: Crud Odds Ratio; AOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Menlik II Medical and Health Sciences College ","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"level of knowledge, attitude, fortified food, Addis Ababa, cross-sectional study","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6361612/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6361612/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c/strong\u003e: Micronutrient deficiencies are a significant public health issue globally, including in Ethiopia. Fortified foods have emerged as a viable solution to combat these deficiencies. Women play a critical role in their families' nutritional health by making dietary choices and food-related decisions. Therefore, understanding women's knowledge and attitudes toward fortified foods is essential for the effective implementation of food fortification programs. This study aimed to assess women's knowledge and attitudes toward fortified foods in Yeka Sub City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in 2024, along with exploring the associated factors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among women in Yeka Sub City, Addis Ababa. The study employed multi-stage cluster sampling method to select representative HHs from selected woredas. A total of 521 women were included in the study. The data was collected by pre-tested interview-administered questionnaire. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Descriptive and analytic analyses were estimated. Both Crude and adjusted odds ratio were estimated using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression model respectively. Variables with P value less than 0.05 in final model were reported as significant factor associated with Knowledge and Attitude.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResult\u003c/strong\u003e: In this study, 521 women were participated with response rate of 94%. 31.5% (CI: 27.3-35.7) of the respondents had good knowledge and 52% (CI: 48-58.6) had a positive attitude towards fortified food. Age, education, occupation, having young children, and having one's own income were predictors of knowledge of fortified foods. Income and knowledge were associated with a positive attitude towards fortified foods. The most common sources of information on fortified foods were radio, TV and the internet.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c/strong\u003e: The level of knowledge and attitude regarding fortified food among women was low. Education, occupation and having young children may increase women's exposure to information about fortified foods and their health benefits, while having one's own income may provide more autonomy in food purchasing decisions. Public education and awareness campaigns, targeted towards specific groups, and leveraging media platforms could be effective in improving knowledge and attitude towards fortified foods.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Knowledge and Attitude towards Fortified Food among Women and its Associated Factors in Yeka Sub City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2024.","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-07 09:52:49","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6361612/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"bd29b658-5134-42da-87a7-3cad0a249d5b","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 7th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":46580744,"name":"Nutrition \u0026 Dietetics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-04-07T09:52:49+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-04-07 09:52:49","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6361612","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6361612","identity":"rs-6361612","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}