Brassinosteroid treatment reveals the importance of xyloglucan transglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) genes in growth habit determination of twining common bean vines

Summary Brassinosteroids impact the development of G-fibers —specialized cells that generate tension in plants. To explore the functional and genetic relationships between G-fibers and twining stems of common bean, we applied an active brassinosteroid and a brassinosteroid inhibitor to perturb G-fiber development and probed these phenotypes through gene expression and anatomical analyses. Brassinosteroid treatment generated phenotypes that aKected the three key features of twining: elongation, circumnutation, and G-fiber development. We examined anatomical and biochemical changes in the G-fibers through cross-sections, macerations, and immunohistochemistry. RNA sequencing and differential gene expression analysis allowed us to identify unique gene expression patterns for each treatment. Brassinosteroid treatment led to significantly elongated internodes with disrupted circumnutation and long, thin-walled G-fibers. In contrast, inhibitor treatment produced short internodes with thick G-fibers. These phenotypes corresponded with significant differential expression of XTH genes, both at the onset of elongation and later, during G-layer deposition. Detection of xyloglucan epitopes in the G-layer, along with in situ hybridization, confirmed active xyloglucan remodeling after twining. Our results confirm the presence of xyloglucan in the G-layer of common bean, underscoring its importance in G-fiber function, and suggests a regulatory role for XTH genes in shaping the twining growth habit through modulation of cell wall properties. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.