Women's Empowerment and Mental Health: A Cross-sectional Study among Married Women in Delhi

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Despite global evidence linking empowerment to mental health, research on this relationship among Indian women is lacking. This study investigates the association between women’s empowerment and mental health outcomes (depression, anxiety, stress) among married women in Delhi, India. Methodology : A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted at urban and rural healthcare facilities in Delhi, including 200 married women (aged 18–59 years). Empowerment was assessed using the Women Empowerment Interview Schedule (WEIS), and mental health outcomes were measured via the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21). Data were collected using epicollect, and analyzed using R. Results : Overall, 63% of participants exhibited high empowerment, with the personal/family dimension scoring highest (82.5%), while participants were minimally empowered in the political and legal dimensions (1% and 6.5%, respectively). Mental health disorders were prevalent in 34.5% of participants (depression: 23.5%, anxiety: 24%, stress: 11.5%). Significant inverse associations were observed with women having poor empowerment having higher rates of depression. Conclusion : Higher empowerment is associated with improved mental health outcomes among married women in Delhi. Targeted interventions like community support groups, and mental health screening, initiatives to empower women economically are recommended to empower women and reduce their mental health problems. Mental Health Women Empowerment India Introduction Empowerment can be described as individuals or groups gaining the ability to exercise their own choices. It encompasses three dimensions: resources, agency, and achievements. 1 Women globally have been among the most deprived groups across various cultures, races, and religions. They have suffered from various forms of abuse and socio-economic deprivation, which have historically marginalized them. 2 Across the world, less than one percent of women live in countries with high women’s empowerment and a small gender gap. 3 The Women Empowerment Index (WEI) proposed by the UN Women and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) finds that, on average, only 60 percent of women are empowered to achieve their full potential. 4 In a country like India, there are diverse regional and cultural differences that play a crucial role in women's empowerment. Women empowerment across the different states varied, with northeastern states and Goa showing higher empowerment levels compared to states like West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana. 5 Gender discrimination, violence against women, lack of autonomy in decision-making, poverty, and socioeconomic disadvantages have been found to be contributing to poor mental health outcomes among women. 6 Mental health, an essential component in health, is a state of well-being that helps people deal with life’s difficulties, realize their potential, and contribute to their community. 7 Global trends reported by the World Health Organization (WHO) indicated that approximately 13% of the global population lives with mental health disorders, and higher rates were reported among women than men. 8 Studies conducted in India under different settings have also shown that women are two to three times more prone to common mental disorders (CMDs). 9 A study from Delhi reported the prevalence of CMDs to be 18.5%, with a higher prevalence among females (22.8%). 10 Several studies done globally evaluating the relationship between empowerment and mental health have found a negative correlation. 11,12 There is a lack of research studying the relationship between women’s empowerment and women’s mental health in India. Through this research, we aimed to determine the association between women's empowerment and different mental health outcomes (Depression, Anxiety, and Stress) among married women in Delhi, India. Materials and Methods Study setting and duration A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted at a rural and an urban healthcare facility under the Department of Community Medicine at a Government Medical College in Delhi. The study was conducted over one year. Study population Married women visiting the general outpatient departments of the healthcare facilities, in the age group of 18-59 years, and residing in Delhi for more than six months were included in the study. Participants with severe acute illness, who are unable to communicate, and who were divorced/ separated/ widowed were excluded. This criteria helps us include adult residents of Delhi to remove possible confounders due to migration. Divorced/ separated/ widowed women were excluded to focus on the dynamics and the problems faced by currently married women. Sample size Considering the proportion of empowered women to be 33%, as found in the study by Kundu et al. 13 at 80% power, an alpha error of 5%, an absolute error of 10%, a non-response rate of 10%, the sample size was calculated to be 100. Two hundred samples were collected, 100 each from urban and rural healthcare facilities, for better generalizability of the study outcomes. Practically all selected participants provided complete and valid responses, which were included in the analysis Sampling Systematic random sampling was done at urban and rural healthcare facilities. Each interview took approximately 30 minutes, allowing for five daily interviews. At both facilities, the first participant each day was selected using a lottery method with a random number generator from among registered patients. As per the center records, the urban facility had a footfall of approximately 30 patients (~ 10 meeting eligibility criteria) and used a sampling interval of two, selecting every alternate eligible patient. A sampling interval of four was selected at the rural facility, with an approximate footfall of 60 patients (~ 20 meeting eligibility criteria). Study tool The participants were interviewed using a semi-structured proforma, which was pre-designed and validated. The study tool had three parts, which collected the general demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the participants, their families, and their husbands. Women empowerment was measured using the Women Empowerment Interview Schedule (WEIS) developed by Kundu et al., 13 and the mental health status was assessed using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) - 21. 14 The WEIS developed by Kundu et al., is a 56-item questionnaire with a dichotomous response, coded as “0”, “1” and had been validated. There were four questions with a reverse scoring. The maximum score that can be attained is 56, and the scores obtained by the participants were transformed into percentages. They were arbitrarily categorized as having high, moderate, or poor empowerment if the patient scored more than 60%, 31% to 60%, and less than or equal to 30%, respectively. 13 The DASS-21 is a validated, self-reported assessment tool developed by S.H. Lovibond and P.F. Lovibond in 1995. The tool consists of 21 items divided into three scales, with seven items per scale, rated on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 0 ("Did not apply to me at all") to 3 ("Applies to me very much or most of the time"). The final scores for each subscale are calculated by summing the relevant items and multiplying them by 2. 14 Outcome measures i. The proportion of empowered women as per the Women Empowerment Interview Schedule (WEIS) scoring. ii. The proportion of selected mental health disorders, namely – Depression, Anxiety, and Stress, as per the DASS-21 scoring among the study participants. iii. The association between empowerment and mental health status. Operational definitions Women Empowerment : Women were considered to be empowered if the total score as per the WEIS questionnaire comes out to be more than 60%. Mental Health outcomes : Using the DASS-21 questionnaire the study participants were categorized as having: i. Depression, if scores were more than 9. ii. Anxiety, if scores were more than 7. iii. Stress, if scores were more than 14. The total and subscale scores of the DASS-21 must be multiplied by 2 to simulate the full-scale version scores. Ethical consideration This study was conducted as per the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee. The interviews were conducted after taking informed consent from the participants. Any participant found to be suffering from any form of mental illness was referred to a higher center, and any participant suffering any form of gender-based violence was referred to One-Stop Centres and was given proper guidance and counseling. Statistical analysis The data was collected using Epicollect 15 and analyzed using R v4.4.1. 16 The qualitative data were presented as frequencies and proportions, the quantitative data were presented as mean ± SD, median (interquartile range), and the confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Hypothesis testing of qualitative data was done using the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate, and quantitative data was tested using the Kruskal-Wallis test, as it followed a non-normal distribution. Logistic regression was used to study the association between overall women empowerment score and the odds of having any mental health disorder, depression, anxiety, and stress, each done separately. Results Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics Table 1 shows the distribution of the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the study participants, their families, and their husbands. It can be noted that the majority of the participants were aged 30-39 years (41.5%), with a mean age of 34.56 years. Education levels were low, with 20% being illiterate and only 27.5% completed post-high school education. Among the participants, 78.5% were unemployed, and only 21.5% were earning. The majority of the households were headed by husbands (66%). It was found that 28.5% of head of the households were illiterate, and most were employed in unskilled or semi-skilled jobs (30.5%). A majority of families had more than four members (61%), with 67% living in nuclear families. Socio-economically, most families belonged to the lower socioeconomic status (55%). The majority of the husbands of the participants were in the 30-39 age group (33.5%). Most of the husbands had completed primary school to high school (56%) education, while 16.5% were illiterate, and most were employed in skilled and clerical jobs (48%). Table 1: Distribution of demographic and Socio-Economic characteristics of the study participants, their families, and their husbands. Women empowerment Table 2 shows the distribution of levels of empowerment and the various dimensions of the study participants. The study revealed that 63% (CI: 56.3%, 69.7%) of the participants exhibited high levels of empowerment. The proportion of participants with high empowerment was highest in the personal/family dimension, with 82.5% (CI: 77.2%, 87.8%), while the economic dimension followed with 58.5% (CI: 51.7%, 65.3%) having high empowerment. Empowerment in the socio-cultural dimension was high in 23% (CI: 17.2%, 28.8%) of participants, while in the legal and political dimensions, only 6.5% (CI: 3.1%, 9.9%) and 1% (CI: -0.4%, 2.4%) achieved high levels of empowerment, respectively. Table 2: Levels of various dimensions of empowerment of the study participants Mental Health outcomes Table 3 shows the distribution of mental health disorders among the participants assessed using the DASS-21. The study revealed that 23.5% (CI: 17.6%, 29.4%), 24.0% (CI: 18.1%, 29.9%), and 11.5% (CI: 7.1%, 15.9%) of the participants reported Depression, Anxiety, and Stress, respectively. Mild to moderate symptoms were present in a smaller proportion. Severe and extremely severe cases were rare, with depression at 5%, anxiety at 6%, and stress at 2.5%. Overall, 34.5% (CI: 27.9%, 41.1%) of participants were identified as having a mental health disorder. Table 3: Mental health status of the study participants as per DASS-21 Association between Mental health outcomes - Depression, Anxiety, and stress with Women empowerment The analysis shown in Table 4 revealed significant associations between mental health outcomes (depression, anxiety, and stress) and women empowerment. Specifically, overall women empowerment and personal/family dimension of empowerment showed significant associations with all three mental health parameters, with higher empowerment levels correlating with better mental health outcomes. The economic dimension showed significant associations with depression (p=0.003) but did not show any significant association with anxiety or stress. The socio-cultural, legal, and political dimensions did not significantly affect the mental health outcomes of the participants. The findings consistently suggest that women with higher empowerment scores, particularly in the personal/family dimension and overall empowerment, tend to have better mental health outcomes across all three parameters (depression, anxiety, and stress). Table 4: Association between Depression, Anxiety, and Stress with Women Empowerment and its different dimensions. Association between presence of Mental health disorder with Women empowerment Table 5 shows the association between women empowerment and the presence of mental health disorders among the study participants. The Personal/Family dimension showed a highly significant association with mental health status (p=0.000), with all women reporting poor empowerment experiencing mental health disorders, compared to only 28.48% of those with high empowerment. Overall Women Empowerment (p=0.076) and Economic dimension (p=0.064) approached statistical significance, suggesting that high empowerment is associated with better mental health status. The Socio-cultural, Legal, and Political dimensions showed no statistically significant association with mental health status. Table 5: Women Empowerment and Mental health status of participants Logistic regression analysis Table 6 demonstrates significant associations between degree of women empowerment and mental health outcomes using logistic regression analysis. For depression, both moderate empowerment (OR=0.1469, p=0.029) and high empowerment (OR=0.0941, p=0.006) were significantly protective, with high empowerment reducing depression risk. For anxiety, only high empowerment showed a significant protective effect (OR=0.1856, p=0.034). Stress was significantly reduced with both moderate empowerment (OR=0.1808, p=0.045) and high empowerment (OR=0.1404, p=0.017). When examining the overall presence of mental health disorders, high empowerment significantly reduced risk (OR=0.1793, p=0.045). The negative β estimates across all categories confirm the inverse relationship between empowerment and mental health problems, demonstrating that women with higher levels of empowerment consistently experience lower odds of depression, anxiety, stress, and overall mental health disorders compared to those with poor empowerment. Table 6: Relationship between Women empowerment and mental health disorders. (Poor empowerment is used as the reference level) Discussion Women empowerment This cross-sectional study identified the proportion of women with high empowerment to be 63%. Our findings were similar to those of Al-Qahtani et al., who found that 69% and 62% of the academic and administrative staff had a high degree of empowerment, respectively. 17 In contrast, the study by Kundu et al. in West Bengal reported the prevalence of high empowerment to be 33%, which was lower than the findings from this study. 13 This finding could suggest the substantial variation in empowerment based on regional and cultural practices across the country. Also, the different study settings could be one of the factors, as our facility-based study yielded similar results to that by Al-Qahtani et al., while the study by Kundu et al. was community-based, and might have included participants who had restricted mobility and were not allowed to attend the healthcare facilities as compared to our study participants. Mental health outcomes This study reported that depression, anxiety, and stress were present among 23.5%, 24%, and 11.5% of the participants, respectively, with 34.5% experiencing at least one mental health disorder. The proportion of mental health disorders in this study is much higher than the data from the global trends reported by WHO, which indicated that approximately 13% of the global population lives with mental health disorders. 8 Our results add to the varied pattern of mental health problems found across different parts of South Asia. A study in Bangladesh reported that 44% of women experienced depressive symptoms, 20% reported anxiety symptoms, and 35% reported stress symptoms. 18 Similarly, a study in Sri Lanka found that 30% of participants had poor mental health outcomes. 19 Even within India, significant regional variations exist, in South India, a study reported a prevalence of common mental disorders at 44.8%, while a study in Delhi found a much lower prevalence rate of 12%. 20,21 These differences suggest that mental health problems might be affected by regional socioeconomic factors, access to healthcare, and cultural beliefs in different regions. Association between Mental health outcomes and Women empowerment On examination of the relationship between women's empowerment and their mental health status, it was found that women with poor empowerment had a significantly higher proportion of depression (71.43%), anxiety (57.14%), and stress (42.86%) compared to those with moderate or high empowerment. Median scores for depression, anxiety, and stress were also higher among women with poor degrees of empowerment, indicating severe mental health issues. Findings from this study demonstrate a strong inverse relationship between women's empowerment and mental health disorders. The high proportion of concurrent mental health disorders among women with poor empowerment suggests the detrimental effect of poor empowerment on mental well-being. This finding is particularly significant when considered alongside research from Burkina Faso, which found substantial negative correlations between empowerment scores and both maternal stress and depression. 11 The relationship between empowerment and mental health appears multifaceted, as demonstrated by recent research in Nepal. Shawon et al. found that while higher social independence was associated with better mental health outcomes, increased decision-making responsibility was paradoxically linked to higher rates of anxiety and depression. 12 The research from India examining gender discrimination in household practices by Hathi et al. found that women who ate last in their households exhibited significantly higher rates of mental health distress, even after controlling for education and asset ownership. 22 The study by Kermode et al. suggests that cultural and socio-economic factors, such as domestic violence and poverty, contribute to mental health issues, emphasizing the protective role of empowerment through income generation and education. 23 The study by Shooshtari et al. in their qualitative study found that key factors contributing to women's empowerment and mental health include welfare, access, knowledge, and participation. Welfare emphasizes the importance of adequate nutrition, physical activity, and a safe environment for mental health. Access refers to women's ability to obtain facilities, resources, and values, including employment, education, healthcare, and property. Knowledge empowers women by helping them understand the roots of inequalities and their rights, enabling them to tackle social factors that impact their mental health. Lastly, participation involves effective engagement in politics, decision-making, and societal roles, allowing women to influence change within their communities. 24 A comprehensive review of empowerment interventions in Canada over the past decade strongly supports the inverse relationship between women's empowerment and mental health challenges. The scoping review's analysis of 12 studies revealed that various empowerment interventions consistently showed positive outcomes in improving women's mental well-being. The interventions effectively reduced symptoms of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress and improved self-efficacy. 25 These results underscore the critical importance of implementing diverse empowerment strategies to support women's mental health and suggest that enhancing women's autonomy and control over their lives can significantly reduce the burden of mental health disorders. Strengths The study employed validated tools for assessing empowerment and mental health outcomes ensuring valid and reliable measurement. Utilizing a facility-based approach facilitated higher response rates and complete data collection, as privacy during interviews could be maintained effectively. A comprehensive analysis assessed the empowerment status, mental health outcomes, and their association. Notably, this is one of the few studies that determined the association between mental health outcomes and women’s empowerment. Limitations Limitations of this study include the cross-sectional nature of the study, which limits causal inferences, and facility-based sampling introduced selection bias, not representing women who do not or are not able to access healthcare. The data is self-reported and can be subjected to reporting bias. Recall bias may also affect responses given by the participants. The study is limited to only the Delhi region, and seasonal variations that might have affected the mental health outcomes were not studied. Also, the cultural and religious factors that might be associated have not been further explored. Conclusion This cross-sectional study conducted at Delhi's rural and urban healthcare facilities provides important insights into the complex relationship between women's empowerment and mental health. The study revealed that 63% of participants demonstrated high empowerment overall, though this varied significantly across different dimensions. The personal/family dimension showed the highest level of empowerment (82.5%), while the political and legal dimensions showed concerning levels of poor empowerment (95% and 51.5%, respectively). Mental health assessment revealed that 34.5% of participants had at least one mental health disorder, with 23.5% experiencing depression, 24% experiencing anxiety, and 11.5% experiencing stress. It was also found that 7% of participants had all three conditions. The study established a significant inverse relationship between women's empowerment and mental health disorders, with women having poor empowerment showing dramatically higher rates of depression (71.43%), anxiety (57.14%), and stress (42.86%). These findings underscore the importance of addressing women's empowerment as a key factor in improving mental health outcomes among married women in rural and urban settings. Recommendations Initiatives to economically empower women by promoting self-help groups and microfinance programs, creating skill development centers, and job placement services will further bolster women's confidence, aiding in making women more empowered and independent. Creating community-based women's support groups and establishing mentorship programs for less empowered women are some initiatives that can be undertaken at the community level to support women on their journey to being empowered. The findings of this study suggest that there is a need for more educational initiatives to strengthen adult education programs for married women and their family members. Routine screening at healthcare facilities for mental health conditions, identifying vulnerable women, and training healthcare workers to provide gender-sensitive care can go a long way, along with developing referral pathways for specialized support services. The authors attest that there was no use of generative artificial intelligence (AI) technology in the generation of text, figures, or other informational content of this manuscript. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical approval was provided by the Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC No: F.1/IEC/MAMC/MD/MS/96/02/2023/No.121). All study participants provided informed consent prior to their participation in this study. Clinical trial number: Not applicable. Name of the Approval Committee: Institutional Ethics Committee Maulana Azad Medical College. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Funding: Not applicable Competing interests: Not applicable Authors' contributions: AKJ (Akshithanand Kuzhikkat Jayaprakasan): Contributed to study conception and design, was involved in data acquisition, conducted statistical analysis and interpretation, drafted the initial manuscript, and approved the final version. BB (Bratati Banerjee): Contributed to study conception and design, supervised data interpretation, reviewed the manuscript, and approved the final version. RK (Rajesh Kumar): Contributed to study conception and design, supervised data interpretation, reviewed the manuscript, and approved the final version. NB (Nidhi Bhatnagar): Contributed to study conception and design, supervised data interpretation, reviewed the manuscript, and approved the final version. AS (Anjali Singh): Contributed to data acquisition, assisted in data analysis, helped draft the manuscript, and approved the final version. Acknowledgment I sincerely thank all the women who participated in the study and supported us in our journey to generate evidence to empower the women of our country. I would also like to thank Professor Purnima Kundu and her team for sharing the Women Empowerment Interview Schedule (WEIS), which aided me in carrying out this research. Availability of data and material The de-identified datasets generated from the study along with the statistical plan and analytic code will be available from the corresponding author on reasonable request five years after the end of the project when all planned manuscripts have been accepted for publication. References Kabeer N. Resources, agency, achievements: Reflections on the measurement of women’s empowerment. Development and Change. 1999;30(3):435-64. Mandal KC. Concept and types of women empowerment. International Forum of Teaching and studies. 2013;9(2):17-30. The paths to equal: Twin indices on women’s empowerment and gender equality [Internet]. UN Women – Headquarters. [cited 2024 Nov 23]. 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Variable Urban HCF * Rural HCF * Total (N=100) n (%) (N=100) n (%) (N=200) n (%) Age (years) 18-29 23(23.00) 40(40.00) 63(31.50) 30-39 41(41.00) 42(42.00) 83(41.50) 40-49 20(20.00) 11(11.00) 31(15.50) 50-59 16(16.00) 7(7.00) 23(11.50) Mean(SD) 35.56(9.31) 32.56(8.15) 34.56(8.96) Education of the study participant Illiterate 16(16.00) 24(24.00) 40(20.00) Primary school to High school 58(58.00) 47(47.00) 105(52.50) Post-high school and above 26(26.00) 29(29.00) 55(27.50) Occupation of the study participant Unemployed 81(81.00) 76(76.00) 157(78.50) Employed 19(19.00) 24(24.00) 43(21.50) Head of the household Husband 66(66.00) 66(66.00) 132(66.00) Self 11(11.00) 13(13.00) 24(12.00) Others 23(23.00) 21(21.00) 44(22.00) Education of the head of the household Illiterate 30(30.00) 27(27.00) 57(28.50) Primary school to High school 48(48.00) 43(43.00) 91(45.50) Post-high school and above 22(22.00) 30(30.00) 52(26.00) Occupation of the head of the household Unemployed 19(19.00) 17(17.00) 36(18.00) Unskilled & Semi-skilled 27(27.00) 34(34.00) 61(30.50) Skilled & Clerical Job 43(43.00) 34(34.00) 77(38.50) Semi-professional & Professional 11(11.00) 15(15.00) 26(13.00) Type of family Nuclear 69(69.00) 65(65.00) 134(67.00) Joint 31(31.00) 35(35.00) 66(33.00) Religion Hindu 36(36.00) 95(95.00) 131(65.50) Muslim 64(64.00) 5(5.00) 69(34.50) Socio-Economic Status Upper 19(19.00) 17(17.00) 36(18.00) Middle 24(24.00) 30(30.00) 54(27.00) Lower 57(57.00) 53(53.00) 110(55.00) Age of the husband (years) 18-29 11(11.00) 18(18.00) 29(14.50) 30-39 32(32.00) 45(45.00) 77(38.50) 40-49 25(25.00) 22(22.00) 47(23.50) ≥50 32(32.00) 15(15.00) 47(23.50) Education of the Husband Illiterate 21(21.00) 12(12.00) 33(16.50) Primary school to High school 55(55.00) 57(57.00) 112(56.00) Post-high school and above 24(24.00) 31(31.00) 55(27.50) Occupation of the Husband Unemployed to Semi-skilled 36(36.00) 40(40.00) 76(38.00) Skilled & Clerical Job 51(51.00) 45(45.00) 96(48.00) Semi-professional & Professional 13(13.00) 15(15.00) 28(14.00) * HCF = Healthcare facility Table 2: Levels of various dimensions of empowerment of the study participants Variable Urban HCF * Rural HCF * Total (N=100) n (%) (N=100) n (%) (N=200) n (%) Overall Women Empowerment High (>34) 67(67.00) 59(59.00) 126(63.00) Moderate (18-34) 31(31.00) 36(36.00) 67(33.50) Poor (≤17) 2(2.00) 5(5.00) 7(3.50) Mean ± SD 34.27 ± 6.46 32.01 ± 8.29 33.14 ± 7.50 Median(IQR) 35(32,38.25) 35(26.75,38) 35(30, 38) Personal/Family Dimension High (>14) 89(89.00) 76(76.00) 165(82.50) Moderate (8-14) 11(11.00) 21(21.00) 32(16.00) Poor (≤7) 0(0.00) 3(3.00) 3(1.50) Mean ± SD 17.89 ± 2.73 16.92 ± 4.33 17.41 ± 3.64 Median(IQR) 19(17,20) 19(15,20) 19(16, 20) Socio-cultural dimension High (>8) 25(25.00) 21(21.00) 46(23.00) Moderate (5-8) 66(66.00) 64(64.00) 130(65.00) Poor (≤4) 9(9.00) 15(15.00) 24(12.00) Mean ± SD 7.53 ± 2.10 7.08 ± 2.30 7.31 ± 2.20 Median(IQR) 8(6,8.25) 8(6,8) 8(6, 8) Economic dimension High (>5) 60(60.00) 57(57.00) 117(58.50) Moderate (3-5) 32(32.00) 30(30.00) 62(31.00) Poor (≤2) 8(8.00) 13(13.00) 21(10.50) Mean ± SD 5.57 ± 1.75 5.28 ± 1.95 5.43 ± 1.86 Median(IQR) 6(4.75,7) 6(4,7) 6(4, 7) Legal dimension High (>2) 9(9.00) 4(4.00) 13(6.50) Moderate (2) 43(43.00) 41(41.00) 84(42.00) Poor(≤1) 48(48.00) 55(55.00) 103(51.50) Mean ± SD 1.29 ± 1.21 0.99 ± 1.07 1.14 ± 1.15 Median(IQR) 2(0,2) 0(0,2) 1(0, 2) Political dimension High (>5) 2(2.00) 0(0.00) 2(1.00) Moderate (3-5) 4(4.00) 3(3.00) 7(3.50) Poor (≤2) 94(94.00) 97(97.00) 191(95.50) Mean ± SD 1.99 ± 1.05 1.74 ± 0.73 1.87 ± 0.91 Median(IQR) 2(2,2) 2(2,2) 2(2, 2) HCF = Healthcare facility Table 3: Mental health status of the study participants as per DASS-21 Variable Urban HCF * Rural HCF * Total (N=100) n (%) (N=100) n (%) (N=200) n (%) Depression Normal (0-9) 76(76.00) 77(77.00) 153(76.50) Mild (10-13) 8(8.00) 8(8.00) 16(8.00) Moderate (14-20) 9(9.00) 12(12.00) 21(10.50) Severe (21-27) 1(1.00) 1(1.00) 2(1.00) Extremely severe (28+) 6(6.00) 2(2.00) 8(4.00) Mean ± SD 5.66 ± 9.28 5.04 ± 6.84 5.35 ± 8.13 median(IQR) 0(0,8) 2(0,8) 2(0,8) Anxiety Normal (0-7) 77(77.00) 75(75.00) 152(76.00) Mild (8-9) 4(4.00) 9(9.00) 13(6.50) Moderate (10-14) 11(11.00) 12(12.00) 23(11.50) Severe (15-19) 4(4.00) 1(1.00) 5(2.50) Extremely severe (20+) 4(4.00) 3(3.00) 7(3.50) Mean ± SD 4.70 ± 7.28 4.58 ± 5.26 4.64 ± 6.34 median(IQR) 2(0,6) 3(0,7.5) 2(0,6) Stress Normal (0-14) 85(85.00) 92(92.00) 177(88.50) Mild (15-18) 4(4.00) 6(6.00) 10(5.00) Moderate (19-25) 6(6.00) 2(2.00) 8(4.00) Severe (26-33) 2(2.00) 0(0.00) 2(1.00) Extremely severe (34+) 3(3.00) 0(0.00) 3(1.50) Mean ± SD 6.90 ± 9.16 6.22 ± 5.96 6.56 ± 7.71 median(IQR) 4(0,10) 5(0,12) 4(0,10) Mental Health disorder No Mental Health Disorder 64(64.00) 67(67.00) 131(65.50) Mental Health Disorder Present 36(36.00) 33(33.00) 69(34.50) Only 1 Mental Health Disorder 19(19.00) 15(15.00) 34(17.00) Any 2 Mental Health Disorder 8(8.00) 13(13.00) 21(10.50) All 3 Mental Health Disorders 9(9.00) 5(5.00) 14(7.00) Table 4: Association between Depression, Anxiety, and Stress with Women Empowerment and its different dimensions. Depression and Women Empowerment Variable No Depression n = 153 n (%) Depression n = 47 n (%) Test value (p-value)* Depression Median score (IQR) Test value (p-value)# Overall Women Empowerment Poor 2 (28.57) 5 (71.43) 10.756 (0.005) 16 (7, 26 ) 7.18 ( 0.028 ) Moderate 49 (73.13) 18 (26.87) 2 (0, 10 ) High 102 (80.95) 24 (19.05) 0 (0, 7.5 ) Personal/Family Dimension Poor 0 (0.00) 3 (100.00) 19.661 (0.000) 28 (10, 34) 17.231 ( 0.000 ) Moderate 18 (56.25) 14 (43.75) 7 (0, 14) High 135 (81.82) 30 (18.18) 0 (0, 6) Socio-cultural dimension Poor 18 (75.00) 6 (25.00) 0.047 (0.977) 4 (0, 9) 2.016 ( 0.365 ) Moderate 100 (76.92) 30 (23.08) 0 (0, 8) High 35 (76.09) 11 (23.91) 2 (0, 8) Economic dimension Poor 10 (47.62) 11 (52.38) 11.766 (0.003) 12 (0, 14 ) 7.931 ( 0.019 ) Moderate 47 (75.81) 15 (24.19) 0 (0, 8 ) High 96 (82.05) 21 (17.95) 2 (0, 6 ) Legal dimension Poor 77 (74.76) 26 (25.24) 0.376 (0.829) 2 (0, 9 ) 0.411 ( 0.814 ) Moderate 66 (78.57) 18 (21.43) 0 (0, 8 ) High 10 (76.92) 3 (23.08) 2 (0, 4 ) Political dimension Poor 146 (76.44) 45 (23.56) 0.715 (0.699) 2 (0, 8 ) 2.155 ( 0.34 ) Moderate 5 (71.43) 2 (28.57) 2 (0, 13 ) High 2 (100.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0, 0 ) Anxiety and Women Empowerment Variable No Anxiety n= 152 n (%) Anxiety n=48 n (%) Test value (p-value)* Anxiety Median score (IQR) Test value (p-value)# Overall Women Empowerment Poor 3 (42.86) 4 (57.14) 6.108 (0.047) 14 (4, 18 ) 10.795 ( 0.005 ) Moderate 48 (71.64) 19 (28.36) 4 (0, 8 ) High 101 (80.16) 25 (19.84) 2 (0, 6 ) Personal/Family Dimension Poor 1 (33.33) 2 (66.67) 11.757 (0.003) 20 (13, 21 ) 15.049 ( 0.001 ) Moderate 18 (56.25) 14 (43.75) 5 (2, 12.5 ) High 133 (80.61) 32 (19.39) 2 (0, 6 ) Socio-cultural dimension Poor 17 (70.83) 7 (29.17) 0.874(0.646) 4 (1.5, 12.5 ) 2.525 (0.283) Moderate 98 (75.38) 32 (24.62) 2 (0, 6 ) High 37 (80.43) 9 (19.57) 2 (0, 6 ) Economic dimension Poor 13 (61.90) 8 (38.10) 3.178(0.204) 4 (2, 14 ) 5.493 (0.064) Moderate 46 (74.19) 16 (25.81) 2 (0, 7.5 ) High 93 (79.49) 24 (20.51) 2 (0, 6 ) Legal dimension Poor 79 (76.70) 24 (23.30) 0.356 (0.837) 2 (0, 6 ) 1.175 ( 0.556 ) Moderate 64 (76.19) 20 (23.81) 4 (0, 6 ) High 9 (69.23) 4 (30.77) 4 (0, 8 ) Political dimension Poor 146 (76.44) 45 (23.56) 2.016 (0.365) 2 (0, 6 ) 1.493 ( 0.474 ) Moderate 4 (57.14) 3 (42.86) 4 (1, 12 ) High 2 (100.00) 0 (0.00) 1 (0.5, 1.5 ) Stress and Women Empowerment Variable No Stress n= 177 n (%) Stress n=23 n (%) Test value (p-value)* Stress Median score (IQR) Test value (p-value)# Overall Women Empowerment Poor 4 (57.14) 3 (42.86) 0.7.259 (0.027) 14 (9, 20 ) 7.895 ( 0.019 ) Moderate 59 (88.06) 8 (11.94) 4 (0, 12 ) High 114 (90.48) 12 (9.52) 4 (0, 10 ) Personal/Family Dimension Poor 0 (0.00) 3 (100.00) 26.213 (0.000) 18 (17, 21 ) 19.915 (0.000) Moderate 26 (81.25) 6 (18.75) 10 (4, 14 ) High 151 (91.52) 14 (8.48) 4 (0, 8 ) Socio-cultural dimension Poor 21 (87.50) 3 (12.50) 0.199 (0.905) 6 (2, 12.5 ) 2.893 ( 0.235 ) Moderate 116 (89.23) 14 (10.77) 4 (0, 10 ) High 40 (86.96) 6 (13.04) 6 (0.5, 10 ) Economic dimension Poor 17 (80.95) 4 (19.05) 0.1.802 (0.406) 8 (4, 14 ) 4.504 ( 0.105 ) Moderate 54 (87.10) 8 (12.90) 4 (0, 10 ) High 106 (90.60) 11 (9.40) 4 (0, 10 ) Legal dimension Poor 88 (85.44) 15 (14.56) 0.2.709 (0.258) 4 (0, 12 ) 1.201 ( 0.549 ) Moderate 78 (92.86) 6 (7.14) 4 (0, 10 ) High 11 (84.62) 2 (15.38) 6 (4, 8 ) Political dimension Poor 169 (88.48) 22 (11.52) 0.0.313 (0.855) 4 (0, 10 ) 1.454 ( 0.483 ) Moderate 6 (85.71) 1 (14.29) 6 (3, 11 ) High 2 (100.00) 0 (0.00) 3 (2.5, 3.5 ) * Chi-squared test and Fisher exact test were used as appropriate #Kruskal-wallis test was used Table 5: Women Empowerment and Mental health status of participants Variable Mental Health disorders Test value (p value)* Absent (n=131) n (%) Present (n=69) n (%) Overall Women Empowerment Poor 2 (28.57) 5 (71.43) 5.161 (0.076) Moderate 42 (62.69) 25 (37.31) High 87 (69.05) 39 (30.95) Personal/Family Dimension Poor 0 (0.00) 3 (100.00) 17.1 (0.000) Moderate 13 (40.63) 19 (59.38) High 118 (71.52) 47 (28.48) Socio-cultural dimension Poor 16 (66.67) 8 (33.33) 0.508 (0.776) Moderate 83 (63.85) 47 (36.15) High 32 (69.57) 14 (30.43) Economic dimension Poor 9 (42.86) 12 (57.14) 5.496 (0.064) Moderate 41 (66.13) 21 (33.87) High 81 (69.23) 36 (30.77) Legal dimension Poor 67 (65.05) 36 (34.95) 0.15 (0.928) Moderate 56 (66.67) 28 (33.33) High 8 (61.54) 5 (38.46) Political dimension Poor 125 (65.45) 66 (34.55) 1.27 (0.53) Moderate 4 (57.14) 3 (42.86) High 2 (100.00) 0 (0.00) * Chi-squared test and Fisher exact test were used as appropriate Table 6: Relationship between Women empowerment and mental health disorders. (Poor empowerment is used as the reference level) Term β estimate (Confidence Interval) Odds Ratio (OR) (Confidence Interval) p-value Depression Intercept 0.9163 (-0.7235, 2.5561) - 0.273 Moderate empowerment -1.9177 (-3.6442, -0.1912) 0.1469 (0.0261, 0.8259) 0.029 High empowerment -2.3632 (-4.0623, -0.6642) 0.0941 (0.0172, 0.5147) 0.006 Anxiety Intercept 0.2877 (-1.2093, 1.7846) - 0.706 Moderate empowerment -1.2144 (-2.8029, 0.3740) 0.2969 (0.0606, 1.4535) 0.134 High empowerment -1.6839 (-3.2435, -0.1243) 0.1856 (0.0390, 0.8831) 0.034 Stress Intercept -0.2877 (-1.7846, 1.2093) - 0.7064 Moderate empowerment -1.7104 (-3.3796, -0.0412) 0.1808 (0.0341, 0.9596) 0.045 High empowerment -1.9636 (-3.5744, -0.3528) 0.1404 (0.0280, 0.7027) 0.017 Presence of mental health disorder Intercept 0.9163 (-0.7235, 3.5561) - 0.273 Moderate empowerment -1.4351 (-3.1480, 0.2778) 0.2381 (0.0429, 1.3203) 0.101 High empowerment -1.7186 (-3.4014, -0.0359) 0.1793 (0.0333, 0.9648) 0.045 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6154864","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":445362479,"identity":"cb39ac5d-d973-4a53-b69a-ecac778cf26c","order_by":0,"name":"Akshithanand Kuzhikkat Jayaprakasan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Maulana Azad Medical College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Akshithanand","middleName":"Kuzhikkat","lastName":"Jayaprakasan","suffix":""},{"id":445362484,"identity":"96143b0f-7f20-4be2-b99c-3d0e06c400f3","order_by":1,"name":"Bratati Banerjee","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Maulana Azad Medical College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bratati","middleName":"","lastName":"Banerjee","suffix":""},{"id":445362485,"identity":"30b57863-467d-4138-84e1-2d543672faa1","order_by":2,"name":"Rajesh Kumar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Maulana Azad Medical College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rajesh","middleName":"","lastName":"Kumar","suffix":""},{"id":445362486,"identity":"4762df67-2721-4269-8d94-f72c80b79815","order_by":3,"name":"Nidhi Bhatnagar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Maulana Azad Medical College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nidhi","middleName":"","lastName":"Bhatnagar","suffix":""},{"id":445362487,"identity":"e25e7cbe-e24f-450d-8ff0-0b02048cd2b1","order_by":4,"name":"Anjali Singh","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Maulana Azad Medical College","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anjali","middleName":"","lastName":"Singh","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-03-04 13:23:11","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6154864/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6154864/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":90584337,"identity":"87bc7978-ed37-4789-ab8e-0bd2ca432730","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-04 11:01:46","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2520139,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6154864/v1/58cb5b6f-bfc4-4180-b51e-71f8301972f4.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Women's Empowerment and Mental Health: A Cross-sectional Study among Married Women in Delhi","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eEmpowerment can be described as individuals or groups gaining the ability to exercise their own choices. It encompasses three dimensions: resources, agency, and achievements.\u003csup\u003e1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eWomen globally have been among the most deprived groups across various cultures, races, and religions. They have suffered from various forms of abuse and socio-economic deprivation, which have historically marginalized them.\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e Across the world, less than one percent of women live in countries with high women’s empowerment and a small gender gap.\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e The Women Empowerment Index (WEI) proposed by the UN Women and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) finds that, on average, only 60 percent of women are empowered to achieve their full potential.\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e In a country like India, there are diverse regional and cultural differences that play a crucial role in women's empowerment. Women empowerment across the different states varied, with northeastern states and Goa showing higher empowerment levels compared to states like West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana.\u003csup\u003e5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGender discrimination, violence against women, lack of autonomy in decision-making, poverty, and socioeconomic disadvantages have been found to be contributing to poor mental health outcomes among women.\u003csup\u003e6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eMental health, an essential component in health, is a state of well-being that helps people deal with life’s difficulties, realize their potential, and contribute to their community.\u003csup\u003e7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eGlobal trends reported by the World Health Organization (WHO) indicated that approximately 13% of the global population lives with mental health disorders, and higher rates were reported among women than men.\u003csup\u003e8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eStudies conducted in India under different settings have also shown that women are two to three times more prone to common mental disorders (CMDs).\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e A study from Delhi reported the prevalence of CMDs to be 18.5%, with a higher prevalence among females (22.8%).\u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeveral studies done globally evaluating the relationship between empowerment and mental health have found a negative correlation.\u003csup\u003e11,12\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eThere is a lack of research studying the relationship between women’s empowerment and women’s mental health in India. Through this research, we aimed to determine the association between women's empowerment and different mental health outcomes (Depression, Anxiety, and Stress) among married women in Delhi, India.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy setting and duration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted at a rural and an urban healthcare facility under the Department of Community Medicine at a Government Medical College in Delhi. The study was conducted over one year.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy population\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMarried women visiting the general outpatient departments of the healthcare facilities, in the age group of 18-59 years, and residing in Delhi for more than six months were included in the study. Participants with severe acute illness, who are unable to communicate, and who were divorced/ separated/ widowed were excluded. This criteria helps us include adult residents of Delhi to remove possible confounders due to migration. Divorced/ separated/ widowed women were excluded to focus on the dynamics and the problems faced by currently married women.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample size\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsidering the proportion of empowered women to be 33%, as found in the study by Kundu et al.\u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003e at 80% power, an alpha error of 5%, an absolute error of 10%, a non-response rate of 10%, the sample size was calculated to be 100. Two hundred samples were collected, 100 each from urban and rural healthcare facilities, for better generalizability of the study outcomes. Practically all selected participants provided complete and valid responses, which were included in the analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSampling\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSystematic random sampling was done at urban and rural healthcare facilities. Each interview took approximately 30 minutes, allowing for five daily interviews. At both facilities, the first participant each day was selected using a lottery method with a random number generator from among registered patients. As per the center records, the urban facility had a footfall of approximately 30 patients (~ 10 meeting eligibility criteria) and used a sampling interval of two, selecting every alternate eligible patient. A sampling interval of four was selected at the rural facility, with an approximate footfall of 60 patients (~ 20 meeting eligibility criteria).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy tool\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe participants were interviewed using a semi-structured proforma, which was pre-designed and validated. The study tool had three parts, which collected the general demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the participants, their families, and their husbands. Women empowerment was measured using the Women Empowerment Interview Schedule (WEIS) developed by Kundu et al.,\u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003e and the mental health status was assessed using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) - 21.\u003csup\u003e14\u003c/sup\u003e The WEIS developed by Kundu et al., is a 56-item questionnaire with a dichotomous response, coded as “0”, “1” and had been validated. There were four questions with a reverse scoring. The maximum score that can be attained is 56, and the scores obtained by the participants were transformed into percentages. They were arbitrarily categorized as having high, moderate, or poor empowerment if the patient scored more than 60%, 31% to 60%, and less than or equal to 30%, respectively.\u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003e The DASS-21 is a validated, self-reported assessment tool developed by S.H. Lovibond and P.F. Lovibond in 1995. The tool consists of 21 items divided into three scales, with seven items per scale, rated on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (\"Did not apply to me at all\") to 3 (\"Applies to me very much or most of the time\"). The final scores for each subscale are calculated by summing the relevant items and multiplying them by 2.\u003csup\u003e14\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOutcome measures\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ei. The proportion of empowered women as per the Women Empowerment Interview Schedule (WEIS) scoring.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eii. The proportion of selected mental health disorders, namely – Depression, Anxiety, and Stress, as per the DASS-21 scoring among the study participants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eiii. The association between empowerment and mental health status.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOperational definitions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWomen Empowerment\u003c/strong\u003e: Women were considered to be empowered if the total score as per\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ethe WEIS questionnaire comes out to be more than 60%.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMental Health outcomes\u003c/strong\u003e: Using the DASS-21 questionnaire the study participants were categorized as having:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ei. Depression, if scores were more than 9.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eii. Anxiety, if scores were more than 7.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eiii. Stress, if scores were more than 14.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe total and subscale scores of the DASS-21 must be multiplied by 2 to simulate the full-scale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eversion scores.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical consideration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted as per the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee. The interviews were conducted after taking informed consent from the participants. Any participant found to be suffering from any form of mental illness was referred to a higher center, and any participant suffering any form of gender-based violence was referred to One-Stop Centres and was given proper guidance and counseling.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data was collected using Epicollect\u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003e and analyzed using R v4.4.1.\u003csup\u003e16\u003c/sup\u003e The qualitative data were presented as frequencies and proportions, the quantitative data were presented as mean ± SD, \u0026nbsp;median (interquartile range), and the confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Hypothesis testing of qualitative data was done using the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate, and quantitative data was tested using the Kruskal-Wallis test, as it followed a non-normal distribution. Logistic regression was used to study the association between overall women empowerment score and the odds of having any mental health disorder, depression, anxiety, and stress, each done separately.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eDemographic and socioeconomic characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1 shows the distribution of the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the study participants, their families, and their husbands. It can be noted that the majority of the participants were aged 30-39 years (41.5%), with a mean age of 34.56 years. Education levels were low, with 20% being illiterate and only 27.5% completed post-high school education. Among the participants, 78.5% were unemployed, and only 21.5% were earning. The majority of the households were headed by husbands (66%). It was found that 28.5% of head of the households were illiterate, and most were employed in unskilled or semi-skilled jobs (30.5%). A majority of families had more than four members (61%), with 67% living in nuclear families. Socio-economically, most families belonged to the lower socioeconomic status (55%). The majority of the husbands of the participants were in the 30-39 age group (33.5%). Most of the husbands had completed primary school to high school (56%) education, while 16.5% were illiterate, and most were employed in skilled and clerical jobs (48%).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1: Distribution of demographic and Socio-Economic characteristics of the study participants, their families, and their husbands.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWomen empowerment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2 shows the distribution of levels of empowerment and the various dimensions of the study participants. The study revealed that 63% (CI: 56.3%, 69.7%) of the participants exhibited high levels of empowerment. The proportion of participants with high empowerment was highest in the personal/family dimension, with 82.5% (CI: 77.2%, 87.8%), while the economic dimension followed with 58.5% (CI: 51.7%, 65.3%) having high empowerment. Empowerment in the socio-cultural dimension was high in 23% (CI: 17.2%, 28.8%) of participants, while in the legal and political dimensions, only 6.5% (CI: 3.1%, 9.9%) and 1% (CI: -0.4%, 2.4%) achieved high levels of empowerment, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2: Levels of various dimensions of empowerment of the study participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMental Health outcomes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3 shows the distribution of mental health disorders among the participants assessed using the DASS-21. The study revealed that 23.5% (CI: 17.6%, 29.4%), 24.0% (CI: 18.1%, 29.9%), and 11.5% (CI: 7.1%, 15.9%) of the participants reported Depression, Anxiety, and Stress, respectively. Mild to moderate symptoms were present in a smaller proportion. Severe and extremely severe cases were rare, with depression at 5%, anxiety at 6%, and stress at 2.5%. Overall, 34.5% (CI: 27.9%, 41.1%) of participants were identified as having a mental health disorder.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3: Mental health status of the study participants as per DASS-21\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAssociation between Mental health outcomes - Depression, Anxiety, and stress with Women empowerment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe analysis shown in Table 4 revealed significant associations between mental health outcomes (depression, anxiety, and stress) and women empowerment. Specifically, overall women empowerment and personal/family dimension of empowerment showed significant associations with all three mental health parameters, with higher empowerment levels correlating with better mental health outcomes. The economic dimension showed significant associations with depression (p=0.003) but did not show any significant association with anxiety or stress. The socio-cultural, legal, and political dimensions did not significantly affect the mental health outcomes of the participants. The findings consistently suggest that women with higher empowerment scores, particularly in the personal/family dimension and overall empowerment, tend to have better mental health outcomes across all three parameters (depression, anxiety, and stress).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4: Association between Depression, Anxiety, and Stress with Women Empowerment and its different dimensions.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAssociation between presence of Mental health disorder with Women empowerment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 5 shows the association between women empowerment and the presence of mental health disorders among the study participants. The Personal/Family dimension showed a highly significant association with mental health status (p=0.000), with all women reporting poor empowerment experiencing mental health disorders, compared to only 28.48% of those with high empowerment. Overall Women Empowerment (p=0.076) and Economic dimension (p=0.064) approached statistical significance, suggesting that high empowerment is associated with better mental health status. The Socio-cultural, Legal, and Political dimensions showed no statistically significant association with mental health status.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 5: Women Empowerment and Mental health status of participants\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLogistic regression analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 6 demonstrates significant associations between degree of women empowerment and mental health outcomes using logistic regression analysis. For depression, both moderate empowerment (OR=0.1469, p=0.029) and high empowerment (OR=0.0941, p=0.006) were significantly protective, with high empowerment reducing depression risk. For anxiety, only high empowerment showed a significant protective effect (OR=0.1856, p=0.034). Stress was significantly reduced with both moderate empowerment (OR=0.1808, p=0.045) and high empowerment (OR=0.1404, p=0.017). When examining the overall presence of mental health disorders, high empowerment significantly reduced risk (OR=0.1793, p=0.045). The negative \u0026beta; estimates across all categories confirm the inverse relationship between empowerment and mental health problems, demonstrating that women with higher levels of empowerment consistently experience lower odds of depression, anxiety, stress, and overall mental health disorders compared to those with poor empowerment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 6: Relationship between Women empowerment and mental health disorders. (Poor empowerment is used as the reference level)\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWomen empowerment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis cross-sectional study identified the proportion of women with high empowerment to be 63%. Our findings were similar to those of Al-Qahtani et al., who found that 69% and 62% of the academic and administrative staff had a high degree of empowerment, respectively.\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e In contrast, the study by Kundu et al. in West Bengal reported the prevalence of high empowerment to be 33%, which was lower than the findings from this study.\u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003e This finding could suggest the substantial variation in empowerment based on regional and cultural practices across the country. Also, the different study settings could be one of the factors, as our facility-based study yielded similar results to that by Al-Qahtani et al., while the study by Kundu et al. was community-based, and might have included participants who had restricted mobility and were not allowed to attend the healthcare facilities as compared to our study participants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMental health outcomes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study reported that depression, anxiety, and stress were present among 23.5%, 24%, and 11.5% of the participants, respectively, with 34.5% experiencing at least one mental health disorder. The proportion of mental health disorders in this study is much higher than the data from the global trends reported by WHO, which indicated that approximately 13% of the global population lives with mental health disorders.\u003csup\u003e8\u003c/sup\u003e Our results add to the varied pattern of mental health problems found across different parts of South Asia. A study in Bangladesh reported that 44% of women experienced depressive symptoms, 20% reported anxiety symptoms, and 35% reported stress symptoms.\u003csup\u003e18\u003c/sup\u003e Similarly, a study in Sri Lanka found that 30% of participants had poor mental health outcomes.\u003csup\u003e19\u003c/sup\u003e Even within India, significant regional variations exist, in South India, a study reported a prevalence of common mental disorders at 44.8%, while a study in Delhi found a much lower prevalence rate of 12%.\u003csup\u003e20,21\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eThese differences suggest that mental health problems might be affected by regional socioeconomic factors, access to healthcare, and cultural beliefs in different regions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAssociation between Mental health outcomes and Women empowerment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn examination of the relationship between women's empowerment and their mental health status, it was found that women with poor empowerment had a significantly higher proportion of depression (71.43%), anxiety (57.14%), and stress (42.86%) compared to those with moderate or high empowerment. Median scores for depression, anxiety, and stress were also higher among women with poor degrees of empowerment, indicating severe mental health issues. Findings from this study demonstrate a strong inverse relationship between women's empowerment and mental health disorders.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe high proportion of concurrent mental health disorders among women with poor empowerment suggests the detrimental effect of poor empowerment on mental well-being. This finding is particularly significant when considered alongside research from Burkina Faso, which found substantial negative correlations between empowerment scores and both maternal stress and depression.\u003csup\u003e11\u003c/sup\u003e The relationship between empowerment and mental health appears multifaceted, as demonstrated by recent research in Nepal. Shawon et al. found that while higher social independence was associated with better mental health outcomes, increased decision-making responsibility was paradoxically linked to higher rates of anxiety and depression.\u003csup\u003e12\u003c/sup\u003e The research from India examining gender discrimination in household practices by Hathi et al. found that women who ate last in their households exhibited significantly higher rates of mental health distress, even after controlling for education and asset ownership.\u003csup\u003e22\u003c/sup\u003e The study by Kermode et al. suggests that cultural and socio-economic factors, such as domestic violence and poverty, contribute to mental health issues, emphasizing the protective role of empowerment through income generation and education.\u003csup\u003e23\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study by Shooshtari et al. in their qualitative study found that key factors contributing to women's empowerment and mental health include welfare, access, knowledge, and participation. Welfare emphasizes the importance of adequate nutrition, physical activity, and a safe environment for mental health. Access refers to women's ability to obtain facilities, resources, and values, including employment, education, healthcare, and property. Knowledge empowers women by helping them understand the roots of inequalities and their rights, enabling them to tackle social factors that impact their mental health. Lastly, participation involves effective engagement in politics, decision-making, and societal roles, allowing women to influence change within their communities.\u003csup\u003e24\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA comprehensive review of empowerment interventions in Canada over the past decade strongly supports the inverse relationship between women's empowerment and mental health challenges. The scoping review's analysis of 12 studies revealed that various empowerment interventions consistently showed positive outcomes in improving women's mental well-being. The interventions effectively reduced symptoms of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress and improved self-efficacy.\u003csup\u003e25\u003c/sup\u003eThese results underscore the critical importance of implementing diverse empowerment strategies to support women's mental health and suggest that enhancing women's autonomy and control over their lives can significantly reduce the burden of mental health disorders.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStrengths\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study employed validated tools for assessing empowerment and mental health outcomes ensuring valid and reliable measurement. Utilizing a facility-based approach facilitated higher response rates and complete data collection, as privacy during interviews could be maintained effectively. A comprehensive analysis assessed the empowerment status, mental health outcomes, and their association. Notably, this is one of the few studies that determined the association between mental health outcomes and women’s empowerment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLimitations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLimitations of this study include the cross-sectional nature of the study, which limits causal inferences, and facility-based sampling introduced selection bias, not representing women who do not or are not able to access healthcare. The data is self-reported and can be subjected to reporting bias. Recall bias may also affect responses given by the participants. The study is limited to only the Delhi region, and seasonal variations that might have affected the mental health outcomes were not studied. Also, the cultural and religious factors that might be associated have not been further explored.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis cross-sectional study conducted at Delhi\u0026apos;s rural and urban healthcare facilities provides important insights into the complex relationship between women\u0026apos;s empowerment and mental health. The study revealed that 63% of participants demonstrated high empowerment overall, though this varied significantly across different dimensions. The personal/family dimension showed the highest level of empowerment (82.5%), while the political and legal dimensions showed concerning levels of poor empowerment (95% and 51.5%, respectively). Mental health assessment revealed that 34.5% of participants had at least one mental health disorder, with 23.5% experiencing depression, 24% experiencing anxiety, and 11.5% experiencing stress. It was also found that 7% of participants had all three conditions. The study established a significant inverse relationship between women\u0026apos;s empowerment and mental health disorders, with women having poor empowerment showing dramatically higher rates of depression (71.43%), anxiety (57.14%), and stress (42.86%). These findings underscore the importance of addressing women\u0026apos;s empowerment as a key factor in improving mental health outcomes among married women in rural and urban settings.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommendations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInitiatives to economically empower women by promoting self-help groups and microfinance programs, creating skill development centers, and job placement services will further bolster women\u0026apos;s confidence, aiding in making women more empowered and independent. Creating community-based women\u0026apos;s support groups and establishing mentorship programs for less empowered women are some initiatives that can be undertaken at the community level to support women on their journey to being empowered. The findings of this study suggest that there is a need for more educational initiatives to strengthen adult education programs for married women and their family members. Routine screening at healthcare facilities for mental health conditions, identifying vulnerable women, and training healthcare workers to provide gender-sensitive care can go a long way, along with developing referral pathways for specialized support services.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors attest that there was no use of generative artificial intelligence (AI) technology in the generation of text, figures, or other informational content of this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eEthical approval was provided by the Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC No: F.1/IEC/MAMC/MD/MS/96/02/2023/No.121). All study participants provided informed consent prior to their participation in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical trial number:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eName of the Approval Committee:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eInstitutional Ethics Committee Maulana Azad Medical College.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAKJ (Akshithanand Kuzhikkat Jayaprakasan): \u0026nbsp;Contributed to study conception and design, was involved in data acquisition, conducted statistical analysis and interpretation, drafted the initial manuscript, and approved the final version. BB (Bratati Banerjee): Contributed to study conception and design, supervised data interpretation, reviewed the manuscript, and approved the final version. RK (Rajesh Kumar): Contributed to study conception and design, supervised data interpretation, reviewed the manuscript, and approved the final version. NB (Nidhi Bhatnagar): Contributed to study conception and design, supervised data interpretation, reviewed the manuscript, and approved the final version. AS (Anjali Singh): Contributed to data acquisition, assisted in data analysis, helped draft the manuscript, and approved the final version.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI sincerely thank all the women who participated in the study and supported us in our journey to generate evidence to empower the women of our country. I would also like to thank Professor Purnima Kundu and her team for sharing the Women Empowerment Interview Schedule (WEIS), which aided me in carrying out this research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and material\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe de-identified datasets generated from the study along with the statistical plan and analytic code will be available from the corresponding author on reasonable request five years after the end of the project when all planned manuscripts have been accepted for publication.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKabeer N. Resources, agency, achievements: Reflections on the measurement of women\u0026rsquo;s empowerment. Development and Change. 1999;30(3):435-64.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMandal KC. Concept and types of women empowerment. International Forum of Teaching and studies. 2013;9(2):17-30.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe paths to equal: Twin indices on women\u0026rsquo;s empowerment and gender equality [Internet]. UN Women \u0026ndash; Headquarters. [cited 2024 Nov 23]. Available from: https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2023/07/the-paths-to-equal-twin-indices-on-womens-empowerment-and-gender-equality\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePress release: Less than 1 percent of women and girls live in a country with high women\u0026rsquo;s empowerment and high gender parity [Internet]. UN Women \u0026ndash; Headquarters. [cited 2024 Dec 5]. Available from: https://www.unwomen.org/en/news-stories/press-release/2023/07/press-release-less-than-1-percent-of-women-and-girls-live-in-a-country-with-high-womens-empowerment-and-high-gender-parity\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVignitha B, Debnath A, PVS A, Sai TK, Charag S. Women\u0026rsquo;s empowerment in India: State-wise insights from the National Family Health Survey 5. Cureus. 2024;16(7):e65509.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKumar P, Supriti, Nehra DK, Dahiya S. Women Empowerment and Mental Health: A Psychosocial Aspect. Delhi Psychiatry Journal. 2013;16(1): 57-65.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMental health: strengthening our response [Internet]. World Health Organization; [cited 2024 Oct 08]. Available from: https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-strengthening-our-response\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Mental Health Report: Transforming mental health for all [Internet]. World Health Organization; [cited 2024 Nov 23] Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240049338\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMalhotra S, Shah R. Women and mental health in India: An overview. Indian J Psychiatry. 2015;57(Suppl 2):S205-11.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSingh G, Patra S, Upadhyay MK, Srivastava S. Prevalence of common mental disorders and perspective toward mental health in an urban resettlement colony of Delhi, India: A mixed-method study. J Educ Health Promot. 2024;13(1):370.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLeight J, Pedehombga A, Ganaba R, Gelli A. Women's empowerment, maternal depression, and stress: Evidence from rural Burkina Faso. SSM-Mental Health. 2022;2:100160.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShawon MSR, Hossain FB, Ahmed R, Poly IJ, Hasan M, Rahman MR. Role of women empowerment on mental health problems and care-seeking behavior among married women in Nepal: secondary analysis of nationally representative data. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2024;27(4):527-536.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKundu P, George LS, Yesodharan R. Quality of life and empowerment among women. J Educ Health Promot. 2022;11:185.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMarijanović I, Kraljević M, Buhovac T, Cerić T, Abazović AM, Alidžanović J, et al. Use of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) Questionnaire to Assess Levels of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress in Healthcare and Administrative Staff in 5 Oncology Institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina During the 2020 COVID-19 Pandemic. Med Sci Monit. 2021;27:e930812.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCentre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance. Epicollect5 [Internet]. 2025 [cited 2025 Feb 13]. Available from: https://five.epicollect.net\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eR Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing [Internet]. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2024 [cited 2025 Jan 2]. Available from: https://www.R-project.org/\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAl-Qahtani AM, Elgzar WT, Ibrahim HA, El-Houfy A, El Sayed HA. Women empowerment among academic and administrative staff in Saudi universities: A cross-sectional study. Afr J Reprod Health. 2021;25(s1):60\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSagar SK, Nusrat F, Rashid MU, Ghosh P, Sultana M, Ahsan A, et al. Mental health status of married women during COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study. Heliyon. 2022;8(1):e08785.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGunarathne L, Nedeljkovic M, Apputhurai P, Bhowmik J. Impact of Intimate Partner Violence on mental health among married women in Sri Lanka: a study based on Women\u0026rsquo;s Wellbeing Survey-2019. J Public Health (Oxf). 2024;46(3):e410\u0026ndash;8.\u003cbr /\u003e 20. Nair AR, Shivanna YKG, Illimoottil JP, Rachana A, Mahasampath GS, Abraham S, et al. Common mental disorders among women and its social correlates in an urban marginalized populace in South India. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2022;68(7):1394\u0026ndash;402.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVachher AS, Sharma A. Domestic violence against women and their mental health status in a colony in Delhi. Indian J Community Med. 2010;35(3):403\u0026ndash;5.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHathi P, Coffey D, Thorat A, Khalid N. When women eat last: Discrimination at home and women\u0026rsquo;s mental health. PLoS One. 2021;16(3):e0247065.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKermode M, Herrman H, Arole R, White J, Premkumar R, Patel V. Empowerment of women and mental health promotion: a qualitative study in rural Maharashtra, India. BMC Public Health. 2007;7(1):225.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShooshtari S, Abedi MR, Bahrami M, Samouei R. Empowerment of women and mental health improvement with a Preventive approach. J Educ Health Promot. 2018;7:31.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBandara NA, Al-Anzi SMF, Zhdanova A, Hirani S. Women\u0026rsquo;s empowerment and mental health: A scoping review. Women (Basel). 2024;4(3):277\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1: Distribution of demographic and Socio-Economic characteristics of the study participants, their families, and their husbands.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"594\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 267px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUrban HCF\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRural HCF\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(N=100)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(N=100)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(N=200)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 594px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge (years)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 267px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18-29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23(23.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40(40.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63(31.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 267px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30-39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41(41.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42(42.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83(41.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 267px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40-49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20(20.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(11.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31(15.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 267px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50-59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16(16.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(7.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23(11.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 267px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean(SD)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.56(9.31)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.56(8.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.56(8.96)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 594px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation of the study participant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 267px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16(16.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24(24.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40(20.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 267px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary school to High school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58(58.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47(47.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105(52.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 267px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePost-high school and above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26(26.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29(29.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55(27.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 594px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOccupation of the study participant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 267px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81(81.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76(76.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e157(78.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 267px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmployed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19(19.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24(24.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43(21.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 594px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHead of the household\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 267px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHusband\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66(66.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66(66.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e132(66.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 267px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(11.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13(13.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24(12.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 267px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOthers\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23(23.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21(21.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44(22.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 594px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation of the head of the household\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 267px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30(30.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27(27.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57(28.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 267px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary school to High school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48(48.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43(43.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91(45.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 267px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePost-high school and above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22(22.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30(30.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52(26.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 594px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOccupation of the head of the household\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 267px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19(19.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17(17.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36(18.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 267px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnskilled \u0026amp; Semi-skilled\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27(27.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34(34.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61(30.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 267px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSkilled \u0026amp; Clerical Job\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43(43.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34(34.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77(38.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 267px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSemi-professional \u0026amp; Professional\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(11.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15(15.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26(13.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 594px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eType of family\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 267px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNuclear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69(69.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65(65.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e134(67.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 267px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJoint\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31(31.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35(35.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66(33.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 267px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReligion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 267px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHindu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36(36.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95(95.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e131(65.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 267px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64(64.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(5.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69(34.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 594px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocio-Economic Status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 267px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUpper\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19(19.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17(17.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36(18.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 267px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMiddle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24(24.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30(30.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54(27.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 267px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLower\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57(57.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53(53.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110(55.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 594px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge of the husband (years)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 267px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18-29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(11.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(18.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29(14.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 267px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30-39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32(32.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45(45.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77(38.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 267px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40-49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(25.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22(22.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47(23.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 267px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32(32.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15(15.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47(23.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 594px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation of the Husband\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 267px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21(21.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12(12.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33(16.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 267px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary school to High school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55(55.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57(57.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112(56.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 267px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePost-high school and above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24(24.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31(31.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55(27.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 594px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOccupation of the Husband\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 267px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnemployed to Semi-skilled\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36(36.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40(40.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76(38.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 267px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSkilled \u0026amp; Clerical Job\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51(51.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45(45.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96(48.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 267px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSemi-professional \u0026amp; Professional\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13(13.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15(15.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28(14.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 594px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003eHCF = Healthcare facility\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2: Levels of various dimensions of empowerment of the study participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"569\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUrban HCF\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRural HCF\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(N=100) n (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(N=100) n (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(N=200) n (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 569px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall Women Empowerment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh (\u0026gt;34)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67(67.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59(59.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126(63.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerate (18-34)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31(31.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36(36.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67(33.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoor (\u0026le;17)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(2.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(5.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(3.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.27 \u0026plusmn; 6.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.01 \u0026plusmn; 8.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.14 \u0026plusmn; 7.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedian(IQR)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35(32,38.25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35(26.75,38)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35(30, 38)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 569px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePersonal/Family Dimension\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh (\u0026gt;14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89(89.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76(76.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e165(82.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerate (8-14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(11.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21(21.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32(16.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoor (\u0026le;7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(3.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(1.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.89 \u0026plusmn; 2.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.92 \u0026plusmn; 4.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.41 \u0026plusmn; 3.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedian(IQR)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19(17,20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19(15,20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19(16, 20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 569px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocio-cultural dimension\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh (\u0026gt;8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(25.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21(21.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46(23.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerate (5-8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66(66.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64(64.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130(65.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoor (\u0026le;4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(9.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15(15.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24(12.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.53 \u0026plusmn; 2.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.08 \u0026plusmn; 2.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.31 \u0026plusmn; 2.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedian(IQR)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(6,8.25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(6,8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(6, 8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 569px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEconomic dimension\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh (\u0026gt;5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60(60.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57(57.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117(58.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerate (3-5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32(32.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30(30.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62(31.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoor (\u0026le;2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(8.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13(13.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21(10.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.57 \u0026plusmn; 1.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.28 \u0026plusmn; 1.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.43 \u0026plusmn; 1.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedian(IQR)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(4.75,7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(4,7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(4, 7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 569px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLegal dimension\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh (\u0026gt;2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(9.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(4.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13(6.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerate (2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43(43.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41(41.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84(42.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoor(\u0026le;1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48(48.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55(55.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103(51.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.29 \u0026plusmn; 1.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.99 \u0026plusmn; 1.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.14 \u0026plusmn; 1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedian(IQR)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(0,2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0,2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(0, \u0026nbsp;2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 569px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePolitical dimension\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh (\u0026gt;5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(2.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(1.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerate (3-5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(4.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(3.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(3.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoor (\u0026le;2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94(94.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97(97.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e191(95.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.99 \u0026plusmn; 1.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.74 \u0026plusmn; 0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.87 \u0026plusmn; 0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedian(IQR)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(2,2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(2,2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(2, 2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 569px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHCF = Healthcare facility\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3: Mental health status of the study participants as per DASS-21\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"570\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 228px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUrban HCF\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRural HCF\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(N=100) n (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(N=100) n (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(N=200) n (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 570px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDepression\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 228px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNormal (0-9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76(76.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77(77.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e153(76.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 228px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMild (10-13)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(8.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(8.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16(8.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 228px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerate (14-20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(9.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12(12.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21(10.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 228px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSevere (21-27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(1.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(1.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(1.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 228px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExtremely severe (28+)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(6.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(2.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(4.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 228px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.66 \u0026plusmn; 9.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.04 \u0026plusmn; 6.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.35 \u0026plusmn; 8.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 228px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emedian(IQR)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0,8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(0,8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(0,8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 570px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnxiety\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 228px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNormal (0-7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77(77.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75(75.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152(76.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 228px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMild (8-9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(4.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(9.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13(6.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 228px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerate (10-14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(11.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12(12.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23(11.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 228px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSevere (15-19)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(4.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(1.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(2.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 228px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExtremely severe (20+)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(4.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(3.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(3.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 228px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.70 \u0026plusmn; 7.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.58 \u0026plusmn; 5.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.64 \u0026plusmn; 6.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 228px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emedian(IQR)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(0,6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(0,7.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(0,6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 570px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStress\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 228px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNormal (0-14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85(85.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92(92.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e177(88.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 228px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMild (15-18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(4.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(6.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(5.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 228px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerate (19-25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(6.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(2.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(4.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 228px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSevere (26-33)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(2.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(1.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 228px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExtremely severe (34+)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(3.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(1.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 228px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.90 \u0026plusmn; 9.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.22 \u0026plusmn; 5.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.56 \u0026plusmn; 7.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 228px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emedian(IQR)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(0,10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(0,12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(0,10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 570px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMental Health disorder\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 228px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo Mental Health Disorder\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64(64.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67(67.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e131(65.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 228px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMental Health Disorder Present\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36(36.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33(33.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69(34.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 228px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOnly 1 Mental Health Disorder\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19(19.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15(15.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34(17.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 228px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAny 2 Mental Health Disorder\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(8.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13(13.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21(10.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 228px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAll 3 Mental Health Disorders\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(9.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(5.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14(7.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4: Association between Depression, Anxiety, and Stress with Women Empowerment and its different dimensions.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"637\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 637px;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDepression and Women Empowerment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo Depression\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en = 153\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en (%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDepression\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en = 47\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(p-value)*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDepression\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMedian score (IQR)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(p-value)#\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"55\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"55\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 637px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall Women Empowerment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"28\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Poor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (28.57)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (71.43)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10.756\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(0.005)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (7, 26 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.18\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e( 0.028 )\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"28\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Moderate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49 (73.13)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (26.87)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0, 10 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"28\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; High\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102 (80.95)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 (19.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0, 7.5 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"28\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 637px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePersonal/Family Dimension\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Poor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (100.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e19.661\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(0.000)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (10, 34)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e17.231\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e( 0.000 )\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Moderate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (56.25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (43.75)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (0, 14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; High\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135 (81.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 (18.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0, 6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 637px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocio-cultural dimension\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Poor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (75.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (25.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.047\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.977)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (0, 9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e( 0.365 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Moderate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100 (76.92)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 (23.08)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0, 8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; High\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 (76.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (23.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0, 8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 637px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEconomic dimension\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Poor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (47.62)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (52.38)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11.766\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(0.003)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (0, 14 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.931\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e( 0.019 )\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Moderate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47 (75.81)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (24.19)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0, 8 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; High\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96 (82.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 (17.95)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0, 6 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 637px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLegal dimension\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Poor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77 (74.76)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (25.24)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.376\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.829)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0, 9 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.411\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e( 0.814 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Moderate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66 (78.57)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (21.43)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0, 8 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; High\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (76.92)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (23.08)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0, 4 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 637px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePolitical dimension\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Poor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e146 (76.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 (23.56)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.715\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.699)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0, 8 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.155\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e( 0.34 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Moderate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (71.43)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (28.57)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0, 13 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; High\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (100.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0, 0 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 637px;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnxiety and Women Empowerment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo Anxiety\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en= 152\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnxiety\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en=48\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(p-value)*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnxiety\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMedian score (IQR)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(p-value)#\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"55\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"55\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 637px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall Women Empowerment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Poor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (42.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (57.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.108\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(0.047)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (4, 18 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10.795\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e( 0.005 )\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Moderate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48 (71.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (28.36)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (0, 8 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; High\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101 (80.16)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 (19.84)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0, 6 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 637px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePersonal/Family Dimension\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Poor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (33.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (66.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11.757\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(0.003)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (13, 21 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e15.049\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e( 0.001 )\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Moderate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (56.25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (43.75)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (2, 12.5 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; High\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e133 (80.61)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (19.39)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0, 6 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 637px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocio-cultural dimension\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Poor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (70.83)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (29.17)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.874(0.646)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (1.5, 12.5 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.525 (0.283)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"28\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Moderate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98 (75.38)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (24.62)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0, 6 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; High\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37 (80.43)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (19.57)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0, 6 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 637px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEconomic dimension\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Poor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (61.90)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (38.10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.178(0.204)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (2, 14 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.493 (0.064)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Moderate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46 (74.19)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (25.81)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0, 7.5 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; High\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93 (79.49)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 (20.51)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0, 6 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 637px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLegal dimension\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Poor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79 (76.70)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 (23.30)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.356\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.837)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0, 6 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.175\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e( 0.556 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Moderate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64 (76.19)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (23.81)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (0, 6 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; High\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (69.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (30.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (0, 8 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 637px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePolitical dimension\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Poor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e146 (76.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 (23.56)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.365)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0, 6 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.493\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e( 0.474 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Moderate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (57.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (42.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (1, 12 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; High\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (100.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.5, 1.5 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 637px;\"\u003e\n \u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStress and Women Empowerment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo Stress\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en= 177\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStress\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en=23\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(p-value)*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStress\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMedian score (IQR)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(p-value)#\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"55\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"55\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 637px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall Women Empowerment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Poor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (57.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (42.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.7.259\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(0.027)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (9, 20 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.895\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e( 0.019 )\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Moderate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59 (88.06)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (11.94)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (0, 12 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; High\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114 (90.48)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (9.52)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (0, 10 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 637px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePersonal/Family Dimension\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Poor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (100.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e26.213\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(0.000)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (17, 21 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e19.915\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(0.000)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Moderate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (81.25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (18.75)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (4, 14 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; High\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e151 (91.52)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (8.48)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (0, 8 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 637px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocio-cultural dimension\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Poor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 (87.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (12.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.199\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.905)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (2, 12.5 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.893\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e( 0.235 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Moderate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116 (89.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (10.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (0, 10 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; High\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (86.96)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (13.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (0.5, 10 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 637px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEconomic dimension\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Poor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (80.95)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (19.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1.802 (0.406)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (4, 14 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.504\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e( 0.105 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Moderate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54 (87.10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (12.90)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (0, 10 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; High\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106 (90.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (9.40)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (0, 10 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 637px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLegal dimension\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Poor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88 (85.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (14.56)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2.709\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.258)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (0, 12 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.201\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e( 0.549 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Moderate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78 (92.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (7.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (0, 10 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; High\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (84.62)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (15.38)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (4, 8 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 637px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePolitical dimension\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Poor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e169 (88.48)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (11.52)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0.313\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.855)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (0, 10 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.454\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e( 0.483 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Moderate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (85.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (14.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (3, 11 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; High\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (100.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (2.5, 3.5 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 637px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e* Chi-squared test and Fisher exact test were used as appropriate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e#Kruskal-wallis test was used\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"23\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Table 5: Women Empowerment and Mental health status of participants\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"550\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 339px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMental Health disorders\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(p value)*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbsent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(n=131)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePresent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(n=69)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 550px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall Women Empowerment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Poor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (28.57)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (71.43)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.161\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.076)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Moderate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42 (62.69)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 (37.31)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; High\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87 (69.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39 (30.95)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 550px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePersonal/Family Dimension\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Poor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (100.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e17.1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(0.000)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Moderate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (40.63)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (59.38)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; High\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e118 (71.52)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47 (28.48)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 550px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocio-cultural dimension\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Poor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (66.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (33.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.508\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.776)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Moderate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83 (63.85)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47 (36.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; High\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (69.57)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (30.43)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 550px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEconomic dimension\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Poor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (42.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (57.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.496\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.064)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Moderate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 (66.13)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 (33.87)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; High\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81 (69.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36 (30.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 550px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLegal dimension\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Poor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67 (65.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36 (34.95)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.928)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Moderate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56 (66.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (33.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; High\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (61.54)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (38.46)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 550px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePolitical dimension\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Poor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125 (65.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66 (34.55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.53)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Moderate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (57.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (42.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; High\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (100.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 550px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e* Chi-squared test and Fisher exact test were used as appropriate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eTable 6: Relationship between Women empowerment and mental health disorders. (Poor empowerment is used as the reference level)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"628\" class=\"fr-table-selection-hover\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerm\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026beta; estimate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Confidence Interval)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOdds Ratio (OR)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Confidence Interval)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 628px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDepression\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntercept\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9163 (-0.7235, 2.5561)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.273\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eModerate empowerment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.9177 (-3.6442, -0.1912)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1469 (0.0261, 0.8259)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.029\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHigh empowerment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.3632 (-4.0623, -0.6642)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0941 (0.0172, 0.5147)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.006\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 628px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnxiety\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntercept\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2877 (-1.2093, 1.7846)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.706\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eModerate empowerment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.2144 (-2.8029, 0.3740)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2969 (0.0606, 1.4535)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.134\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHigh empowerment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.6839 (-3.2435, -0.1243)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1856 (0.0390, 0.8831)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.034\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 628px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStress\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntercept\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.2877 (-1.7846, 1.2093)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7064\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eModerate empowerment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.7104 (-3.3796, -0.0412) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1808 (0.0341, 0.9596)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.045\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHigh empowerment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.9636 (-3.5744, -0.3528)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1404 (0.0280, 0.7027)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.017\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 628px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePresence of mental health disorder\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntercept\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9163 (-0.7235, 3.5561)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.273\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eModerate empowerment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.4351 (-3.1480, 0.2778)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2381 (0.0429, 1.3203)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHigh empowerment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.7186 (-3.4014, -0.0359)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1793 (0.0333, 0.9648)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.045\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Mental Health, Women Empowerment, India","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6154864/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6154864/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c/strong\u003e: Women have been one of the most vulnerable groups globally. Despite global evidence linking empowerment to mental health, research on this relationship among Indian women is lacking. This study investigates the association between women’s empowerment and mental health outcomes (depression, anxiety, stress) among married women in Delhi, India.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethodology\u003c/strong\u003e: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted at urban and rural healthcare facilities in Delhi, including 200 married women (aged 18–59 years). Empowerment was assessed using the Women Empowerment Interview Schedule (WEIS), and mental health outcomes were measured via the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21). Data were collected using epicollect, and analyzed using R.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e: Overall, 63% of participants exhibited high empowerment, with the personal/family dimension scoring highest (82.5%), while participants were minimally empowered in the political and legal dimensions (1% and 6.5%, respectively). Mental health disorders were prevalent in 34.5% of participants (depression: 23.5%, anxiety: 24%, stress: 11.5%). Significant inverse associations were observed with women having poor empowerment having higher rates of depression.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c/strong\u003e: Higher empowerment is associated with improved mental health outcomes among married women in Delhi. Targeted interventions like community support groups, and mental health screening, initiatives to empower women economically are recommended to empower women and reduce their mental health problems.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Women's Empowerment and Mental Health: A Cross-sectional Study among Married Women in Delhi","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-21 20:36:14","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6154864/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"66ff85f5-d931-49b2-a27c-d4a65c740d41","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 21st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-17T08:53:43+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-04-21 20:36:14","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6154864","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6154864","identity":"rs-6154864","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}