Geospatial Assessment of Urban Heat Island and Land Use Land Cover Dynamics in Khulna City Corporation, Bangladesh

Geospatial Assessment of Urban Heat Island and Land Use Land Cover Dynamics in Khulna City Corporation, Bangladesh | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Geospatial Assessment of Urban Heat Island and Land Use Land Cover Dynamics in Khulna City Corporation, Bangladesh Naeem Sheikh, Shamsunnahar Popy, Md. Akik Tanjil Jihan, Golam Rasul, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7813484/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Urban sustainability and thermal comfort in developing countries are increasingly threatened by the intensification of the Urban Heat Island phenomenon. This study investigates the spatial dynamics of UHI effects and Land Use and Land Cover changes in Khulna City Corporation, Bangladesh, from 2000 to 2025, using geospatial data to assess the correlation. Six temporal Landsat images—Landsat 5 and Landsat 8—were analyzed, with LULC classification performed in Google Earth Engine using maximum likelihood algorithms. Biophysical indices including NDVI, NDBI, and NDWI were applied to estimate land surface temperature, while correlation and regression provided statistical analysis. The results reveal significant LULC modifications over the 25-year period: built-up areas expanded by 133% from 10.20 km² to 23.76 km², vegetation declined by 41% from 24.45 km² to 14.46 km², and water bodies decreased by 24%. Mean land surface temperature rose from 28.21°C in 2000 to 33°C in 2010, with an extreme peak of 45.26°C recorded that year. Urban Thermal Field Variance Index values ranged from 0.0849 to 0.3013, indicating escalating thermal stress. Strong negative correlations were observed between land surface temperature and NDVI − 0.78 to − 0.85 and NDWI − 0.31 to − 0.44, while NDBI showed positive correlations 0.65 to 0.78. Rapid urban expansion, vegetation loss, and impervious surface growth have intensified UHI effects. The study highlights the urgent need for green infrastructure, water conservation, and climate-sensitive urban planning to mitigate UHI impacts in Bangladesh. Land Surface Temperature (LST) Urban Heat Island (UHI) Land Use Land Cover (LULC) Urban Thermal Field Variance Index (UTFVI) Khulna City Corporation (KCC) Bangladesh Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7813484","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":527069334,"identity":"eb837f49-2c0d-40e7-8999-e2e61cc2f8c9","order_by":0,"name":"Naeem Sheikh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science \u0026 Technology University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Naeem","middleName":"","lastName":"Sheikh","suffix":""},{"id":527069335,"identity":"35d2d6e8-314a-4995-acfd-9e66ff4af936","order_by":1,"name":"Shamsunnahar Popy","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science \u0026 Technology University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shamsunnahar","middleName":"","lastName":"Popy","suffix":""},{"id":527069336,"identity":"d996aa7d-0d42-4343-95e5-82163bb29bc0","order_by":2,"name":"Md. 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Bangladesh","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Land Surface Temperature (LST), Urban Heat Island (UHI), Land Use Land Cover (LULC), Urban Thermal Field Variance Index (UTFVI), Khulna City Corporation (KCC), Bangladesh","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7813484/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7813484/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eUrban sustainability and thermal comfort in developing countries are increasingly threatened by the intensification of the Urban Heat Island phenomenon. This study investigates the spatial dynamics of UHI effects and Land Use and Land Cover changes in Khulna City Corporation, Bangladesh, from 2000 to 2025, using geospatial data to assess the correlation. Six temporal Landsat images\u0026mdash;Landsat 5 and Landsat 8\u0026mdash;were analyzed, with LULC classification performed in Google Earth Engine using maximum likelihood algorithms. Biophysical indices including NDVI, NDBI, and NDWI were applied to estimate land surface temperature, while correlation and regression provided statistical analysis. The results reveal significant LULC modifications over the 25-year period: built-up areas expanded by 133% from 10.20 km\u0026sup2; to 23.76 km\u0026sup2;, vegetation declined by 41% from 24.45 km\u0026sup2; to 14.46 km\u0026sup2;, and water bodies decreased by 24%. Mean land surface temperature rose from 28.21\u0026deg;C in 2000 to 33\u0026deg;C in 2010, with an extreme peak of 45.26\u0026deg;C recorded that year. Urban Thermal Field Variance Index values ranged from 0.0849 to 0.3013, indicating escalating thermal stress. Strong negative correlations were observed between land surface temperature and NDVI \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.78 to \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.85 and NDWI \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.31 to \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.44, while NDBI showed positive correlations 0.65 to 0.78. Rapid urban expansion, vegetation loss, and impervious surface growth have intensified UHI effects. The study highlights the urgent need for green infrastructure, water conservation, and climate-sensitive urban planning to mitigate UHI impacts in Bangladesh.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Geospatial Assessment of Urban Heat Island and Land Use Land Cover Dynamics in Khulna City Corporation, Bangladesh","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-14 04:04:27","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7813484/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"bee62d76-e469-4d8a-a027-d358ac0f259d","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 14th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-18T15:23:44+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-14 04:04:27","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7813484","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7813484","identity":"rs-7813484","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}