Evaluation of the effect of two conventional and one herbal mouthwash on the modulus of elasticity of three orthodontic wires: an in vitro study.

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The study investigated the impact of conventional mouthwashes on orthodontic archwires' Modulus of Elasticity (MoE). Methods It was an in vitro study that tested MoE of stainless steel (SS), nickel-titanium (NiTi), and β-titanium (β-Ti) archwires after immersing them in chlorhexidine (CHX), sodium fluoride (NaF), and HiORA mouthwashes along with distilled water (control) for one minute daily over three months. The wires were then subjected to a three-point bending test to measure their flexural modulus of elasticity (MoE) while applying loading and unloading forces at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 mm deflections. Statistical analysis included two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s Post Hoc test at significant α≤0.05. Results NaF reduced MoE for SS (loading 172.99 ± 7.71 GPa, unloading 148.88 ± 14.65 GPa), NiTi (Loading: 48.42 ± 6.13 GPa, unloading 30.60 ± 4.29 GPa), β-Ti wires (unloading 79.51 ± 1.62 GPa) than Control (loading 185.35 ± 8.06 GPa, unloading 199.78 ± 9.49 GPa) with p<0.05. CHX mouthwash reduced SS (loading -158.58 ± 4.47 GPa, unloading-138.54 ± 6.12 GPa), NiTi (unloading 37.05 ± 2.58 GPa), β-Ti (unloading 81.58 ± 7.94 GPa) with p<0.05. HiORA showed no significant differences in MoE for SS (loading 190.28 ± 7.54 GPa, unloading 185.58 ± 5.35 GPa), NiTi (loading 58.85 ± 2.39, unloading 37.05 ± 2.58), or β-Ti archwire (loading 89.92 ± 2.20, unloading 104.22 ± 5.00) compared to the controls with p<0.05. Conclusion HiORA herbal mouthwash is safe for NiTi, SS, and β-Ti archwires at all stages. Chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash should be prescribed briefly to prevent MoE degradation in NiTi and β-Ti archwires. NaF-based rinses should be cautiously used and monitored in SS, NiTi, and β-Ti archwires patients. 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F1000Research 2025, 14 :336 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.156706.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article Evaluation of the effect of two conventional and one herbal mouthwash on the modulus of elasticity of three orthodontic wires: an in vitro study. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] Neharika Kapur 1 * , Ritesh Singla https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1215-5988 1 * , Nishu Singla https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9007-8092 2 , Madhumitha Natarajan 1 Neharika Kapur 1 * , Ritesh Singla https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1215-5988 1 * , Nishu Singla https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9007-8092 2 , Madhumitha Natarajan 1 * Equal contributors PUBLISHED 27 Mar 2025 Author details Author details 1 Department of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India 2 Department of Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India Neharika Kapur Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Visualization Ritesh Singla Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing Nishu Singla Roles: Formal Analysis, Methodology, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Madhumitha Natarajan Roles: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Visualization OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS This article is included in the Manipal Academy of Higher Education gateway. Abstract Background During fixed appliance therapy, maintaining good oral hygiene is crucial; however, certain mouthwashes can negatively impact orthodontic treatment by altering the mechanical properties of archwires. The study investigated the impact of conventional mouthwashes on orthodontic archwires' Modulus of Elasticity (MoE). Methods It was an in vitro study that tested MoE of stainless steel (SS), nickel-titanium (NiTi), and β-titanium (β-Ti) archwires after immersing them in chlorhexidine (CHX), sodium fluoride (NaF), and HiORA mouthwashes along with distilled water (control) for one minute daily over three months. The wires were then subjected to a three-point bending test to measure their flexural modulus of elasticity (MoE) while applying loading and unloading forces at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 mm deflections. Statistical analysis included two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s Post Hoc test at significant α≤0.05. Results NaF reduced MoE for SS (loading 172.99 ± 7.71 GPa, unloading 148.88 ± 14.65 GPa), NiTi (Loading: 48.42 ± 6.13 GPa, unloading 30.60 ± 4.29 GPa), β-Ti wires (unloading 79.51 ± 1.62 GPa) than Control (loading 185.35 ± 8.06 GPa, unloading 199.78 ± 9.49 GPa) with p<0.05. CHX mouthwash reduced SS (loading -158.58 ± 4.47 GPa, unloading-138.54 ± 6.12 GPa), NiTi (unloading 37.05 ± 2.58 GPa), β-Ti (unloading 81.58 ± 7.94 GPa) with p<0.05. HiORA showed no significant differences in MoE for SS (loading 190.28 ± 7.54 GPa, unloading 185.58 ± 5.35 GPa), NiTi (loading 58.85 ± 2.39, unloading 37.05 ± 2.58), or β-Ti archwire (loading 89.92 ± 2.20, unloading 104.22 ± 5.00) compared to the controls with p<0.05. Conclusion HiORA herbal mouthwash is safe for NiTi, SS, and β-Ti archwires at all stages. Chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash should be prescribed briefly to prevent MoE degradation in NiTi and β-Ti archwires. NaF-based rinses should be cautiously used and monitored in SS, NiTi, and β-Ti archwires patients. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Modulus of Elasticity (MoE), stiffness, orthodontics archwires, Stainless steel, nickel-titanium, Beta titanium, Mouthwash, chlorhexidine, sodium fluoride, herbal, HiORA. Corresponding Author(s) Nishu Singla ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Nishu Singla Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2025 Kapur N et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Kapur N, Singla R, Singla N and Natarajan M. Evaluation of the effect of two conventional and one herbal mouthwash on the modulus of elasticity of three orthodontic wires: an in vitro study. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :336 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.156706.1 ) First published: 27 Mar 2025, 14 :336 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.156706.1 ) Latest published: 25 Nov 2025, 14 :336 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.156706.2 )  There is a newer version of this article available. Suppress this message for one day. Introduction Fixed orthodontic appliances create areas where plaque can accumulate more quickly, especially around brackets and wires. Plaque build-up around orthodontic appliances usually leads to gingival inflammation and bleeding. If the plaque is not removed correctly, it can also lead to the demineralization of tooth enamel and the development of white spot lesions, which can be permanent and aesthetically displeasing. Orthodontic patients must maintain oral hygiene to promote gingival health and prevent white spot lesions or tooth decay, leading to healthier and more successful orthodontic treatment outcomes. Hence, patients are often advised to use mouthwash as it can help reduce plaque accumulation in areas that are difficult to clean with a toothbrush or floss. It can also aid in remineralizing white spots and preventing tooth decay. 1 Mouthwashes often contain various chemicals, including alcohol, chlorhexidine, fluoride, and other antimicrobial agents. Prolonged exposure to the chemicals in the mouth can corrode or degrade orthodontic wires made of metal alloys such as stainless steel, nickel-titanium, or beta-titanium and alter their mechanical properties. 2 – 5 This can increase surface roughness, promoting bacterial adhesion and plaque accumulation. 6 Changes in the surface properties of orthodontic wires can also affect friction between the wires and brackets, impacting tooth movement and treatment efficiency. 7 The Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) measures a material's stiffness or rigidity. Certain mouthwashes can affect the MOE of orthodontic wires, making them more susceptible to deformation or breakage when subjected to applied forces during orthodontic treatment. 2 This can complicate orthodontic treatment by causing discomfort or delaying the treatment. Many studies have shown that using mouthwashes that contain active ingredients like NaF/CHX while undergoing orthodontic treatment can degrade the mechanical properties of the archwires. 2 – 14 An archwire's modulus of elasticity is directly proportional to the magnitude of force delivered by an appliance. 15 Alloys with a high modulus of elasticity, such as stainless steel, are more rigid. Those with a low modulus of elasticity, such as nickel-titanium (NiTi), are more flexible. 16 Nickel-titanium alloys used as archwires have mechanical properties that allow them to exert gentle, continuous forces with a broader range than those of stainless steel. During the alignment phase, low-stiffness archwires like NiTi are preferred as they permit the application of less and a more consistent force over some time, and they maintain accuracy while applying a given force. On the other hand, a wire with a high stiffness and high spring back can resist distortion due to extra and intra-oral fractional forces, as seen in SS wires. This enables its use for significant tooth movements, including closure of spaces. However, when the clinical situation requires a wire with stiffness lower than SS while resisting deformation, i.e., more than NiTi, the β-Ti archwire can be used in the orthodontic treatment's finishing and detailing stage. 5 , 16 Thus, precise knowledge of the MoE of the archwire is helpful during treatment. Orthodontic patients should be careful when choosing mouthwashes for their treatment. It is crucial to consult with an orthodontist to receive recommendations on how to avoid any negative impacts. Orthodontists may suggest using alcohol-free, non-abrasive mouthwashes explicitly formulated for orthodontic patients to minimize adverse effects on treatment outcomes. 17 Herbal mouthwashes can be a good option for orthodontic patients due to their natural ingredients, such as herbs, essential oils, and plant-based extracts, which make them safer than mouthwashes that contain chemicals. HiOra mouthwash (a product by Himalaya Wellness) is an herbal mouthwash intended to improve oral hygiene. 18 It comprises herbal extracts of (Belleric myrobalan (Bibhitaki), Salvadora persica (Meswak), Tulsi, Oaktree Triphala (a mixture of Amalaki, Haritaki, Vibhitaki), Charmomile, Ocimum, Terminalia chebula, Celery, Licorice, Spearmint, Neem, Yavani, Satva, Nagavalli, Gandhapura taila, pilu, Peppermint satva, Bakula, Katha (astringent) ela, etc. 19 However, it's essential to review the ingredients to ensure that no components in this herbal mouthwash may interfere with orthodontic treatment. Currently, no research has been conducted to determine the impact of this herbal mouthwash on orthodontic wires. This study was conducted to identify a safe preventive agent for regular use in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. This study aimed to examine the influence of conventional mouthwashes such as Chlorhexidine, Sodium Fluoride, and HiORA herbal mouthwash while Distilled water as a control on the stiffness of routinely used preformed orthodontic archwires made of stainless steel (SS), β-titanium (β-Ti), and nickel-titanium (NiTi). Modulus of Elasticity (MoE) is an essential metric for evaluating the stiffness or rigidity and load-deflection properties of orthodontic archwires, which may impact the clinical performance of the wires. The study findings are valuable for orthodontic treatment and research. Methods This was an in vitro study conducted to examine the influence of conventional mouthwashes on the stiffness of routinely used preformed orthodontic archwires. The study was approved by the Kasturba Hospital Ethics Committee, Kasturba Hospital, Manipal, Karnataka (IEC 869/2019) on 13 th November 2019. The study tested three pre-formed orthodontic archwires of SS, β-Ti, and NiTi. The sample size was calculated based on the prior research, considering a 95% significance level, 95% confidence level, and 80% power. 2 There were six specimens for each of the three wire types across four test groups, resulting in 96 specimens for testing. Twenty-four specimens of each kind of wire (0.016” Niti, 0.019*0.025” SS, and 0.019*0.025” β-Ti- AO Sheboygan USA), 30 mm in length were cut from the straight part of the prefabricated maxillary orthodontic arch-wires. Six specimens of each of the three wire types were immersed in glass test tubes containingfour different test solutions of 7ml each ( Figure 1 ). Figure 1. Borosil Glass Test tubes with wire specimens immersed. Test Group I: 0.2% Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) mouthwash, ICPA Health products, India Test Group II: 0.05% Sodium Fluoride (NaF) mouthwash, Colgate Oral Pharmaceuticals Inc., USA Test Group III: HiOra herbal mouthwash, The Himalaya Drug Company, India Test group IV: Distilled water (the control). As per Walker et al., the specimens were immersed in the mouthwashes in glass test tubes for 1-minute daily application (30 seconds in the daytime followed by 30 seconds at night) for three months. 4 , 5 After the immersion, each wire sample was removed from its respective solution, washed with distilled water, dried, and set aside in clean individual plastic Ziploc covers with the personal name tag and stored at room temperature. After three months of repeated immersion, a customized jig was made for the wires based on a study conducted by Aghili et al. 2 It consisted of 2 cylindrical metal rods bonded on top with two MBT stainless-steel brackets of 0.022 x 0.028” dimension with an inter-bracket distance of 15.5 mm. The wires were placed in the brackets and fixed with ligatures (3M Alastik TM modules) to keep them stable. It was mounted on top of rectangular acrylic blocks ( Figure 2 ). The 3-point fixture had a 15.5 mm support span, with the wire deflected in the middle, per Wilkinson's model. 20 In a male permanent dentition, It resembles the space between the maxillary central incisor bracket and the maxillary canine bracket on the same side. 2 Figure 2. Customized Jig. All wire samples were subjected to a three-point bending test on the universal testing machine (Instron 336). Mechanical testing was based on American National Standard/American Dental Association Specification No. 32 for Orthodontic Wires ( Figure 3 ). 21 Blue Hill software recorded the loading values for each sample at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5-mm deflections. Keeping the crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min, the individual specimen was loaded to a maximum deflection of 2.5 mm and subsequently unloaded to zero deflection, taking 5 minutes for loading and 5 minutes for emptying. For loading and unloading, force in Newtons and deflection in millimeters were recorded for each specimen with a computer software program Bluehill. Using the specimen proportions and load-deflection curve, the slope of each archwire was determined at the first linearmost portion of the load-deflection curve (N/m). Figure 3. Universal Testing Machine (INSTRON 336). The slopes of Force-Deflection curves were utilized to measure the parameter of MoE for the examined wire samples (( Figures 4 , 5 , 6 ) The MoE for each wire sample was calculated using the following formulae. The formula for the rectangular archwires (namely SS and β-Ti) used was (L 3 m)/4bd 3, and the formula for the round NiTi archwires was L 3 m/(6r 3 d) where: Figure 4. Load deflection curve of SS archwire samples. Figure 5. Load deflection curve of NiTi archwire samples. Figure 6. Load deflection curve of β-Ti archwire samples. m= Load Deflection Curve of a given sample. L = The distance between the 2 rods used to fix the sample archwire (mm). b= width of archwire sample (mm). d= depth of archwire sample (mm). r = radius of round cross-section archwire (mm). Statistical analysis Statistical software SPSS version 29 was used for the statistical analysis. The mean and standard deviation of loading forces (N) in all groups of the archwire in different displacement intervals at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 mm complied with descriptive statistics. The data's normality was evaluated using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, indicating a normal distribution (P>0.05), allowing for parametric tests. The loading forces and flexural MoE data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tuckey’s Post Hoc test. The significance level was kept at α ≤ 0.05. Results Tables 1 and 2 contain the values of the flexural MoE of each orthodontic wire, which varies depending on the composition of the wire and the mouthwash used. Table 3 compares the Mean and standard deviation of loading forces (N) in orthodontic archwires in different displacement intervals (mm) between the test and control groups. Table 1. Comparison of Mean and standard deviation of MoE of Loading samples (in GPa) between the study groups. Archwire Mouthwash (Test) Distilled Water (Control) Mean difference P value SS CHX 158.58 ± 4.47 185.35 ± 8.06 - 26.77 <0.001 NaF 172.99 ± 7.71 185.35 ± 8.06 - 12.36 0.041 HiORA 190.28 ± 7.54 185.35 ± 8.06 4.94 1 NiTi CHX 71.02 ± 3.45 63.58 ± 4.52 7.44 0.05 NaF 48.42 ± 6.13 63.58 ± 4.52 - 15.16 <0.001 HiORA 58.85 ± 2.39 63.58 ± 4.52 - 4.73 0.444 β-Ti CHX 85.17 ± 7.08 90.77 ± 5.02 - 5.61 0.996 NaF 85.98 ± 10.12 90.77 ± 5.02 - 4.80 1 HiORA 89.92 ± 2.20 90.77 ± 5.02 -0.85 1 Table 2. Comparison of Mean and standard deviation of MoE of Unloading samples (in GPa) between the study groups. Archwire Mouthwash (Test) Distilled Water (Control) Mean difference P value SS CHX 138.54 ± 6.12 199.78 ± 9.49 - 61.24 <0.001 NaF 148.88 ± 14.65 199.78 ± 9.49 - 50.90 <0.001 HiORA 185.58 ± 5.35 199.78 ± 9.49 -14.20 0.113 NiTi CHX 37.05 ± 2.58 63.33 ± 1.56 - 26.28 <0.001 NaF 30.60 ± 4.29 63.33 ± 1.56 -32.72 <0.001 HiORA 65.33 ± 1.85 63.33 ± 1.56 2.01 1 β-Ti CHX 81.58 ± 7.94 95.52 ± 5.78 -13.94 0.002 NaF 79.51 ± 1.62 95.52 ± 5.78 -16.00 <0.001 HiORA 104.22 ± 5.00 95.52 ± 5.78 8.70 0.81 Table 3. Compares Mean and standard deviation of loading forces (N) in SS, NiTi, β-Ti archwire in different displacement intervals (mm) between the test and control groups. Archwire Mouthwash (Test) Distilled Water (Control) Mean difference P value SS CHX 0.5mm 20.07±1.78 24.16±2.99 - 4.09 0.02 1mm 25.60±2.49 28.97±0.95 - 3.37 0.01 1.5mm 30.20±2.72 33.64±3.95 - 3.44 0.1 2mm 31.20±2.71 34.07±4.56 - 2.87 0.2 2.5mm 30.52±2.68 35.49±5.36 - 4.97 0.07 NaF 0.5mm 18.42±2.30 24.16±2.99 - 5.74 0.004 1mm 27.92±2.98 28.97±0.95 - 1.05 0.43 1.5mm 34.03±2.49 33.64±3.95 0.39 0.85 2mm 34.71±2.60 34.07±4.56 0.64 0.77 2.5mm 34.97±2.73 35.49±5.36 - 0.52 0.84 HiORA 0.5mm 23.13±3.55 24.16±2.99 - 1.03 0.60 1mm 29.44±1.92 28.97±0.95 0.47 0.60 1.5mm 32.45±2.00 33.64±3.95 - 1.19 0.53 2mm 33.12±2.44 34.07±4.56 - 0.95 0.66 2.5mm 35.95±2.70 35.49±5.36 0.46 0.85 NiTi CHX 0.5mm 1.35±0.50 1.30 ±2.0 0.05 0.95 1mm 2.33±0.45 2.03 ±1.6 0.3 0.67 1.5mm 3.02±0.52 2.60 ±1.54 0.42 0.54 2mm 3.52±0.60 2.94 ±2.04 0.58 0.52 2.5mm 3.86±0.59 3.21 ±1.9 0.65 0.44 NaF 0.5mm 1.15±0.14 1.30 ±2.0 - 0.15 0.86 1mm 1.93±0.41 2.03 ±1.6 - 0.1 0.86 1.5mm 2.39±0.51 2.60 ±1.54 - 0.21 0.76 2mm 2.73±0.54 2.94 ±2.04 - 0.21 0.81 2.5mm 2.90±0.58 3.21 ±1.9 - 0.31 0.71 HiORA 0.5mm 1.28±0.05 1.30 ±2.0 - 0.02 0.98 1mm 2.13±0.04 2.03 ±1.6 0.1 0.88 1.5mm 2.76±0.01 2.60 ±1.54 0.16 0.80 2mm 3.12±0.01 2.94 ±2.04 0.18 0.83 2.5mm 3.30±0.13 3.21 ±1.9 0.09 0.91 β-Ti CHX 0.5mm 7.37±0.83 10.79 ±1.50 - 3.42 0.0006 1mm 11.22±1.34 17.61 ±2.0 - 6.39 0.0001 1.5mm 12.72±1.63 19.15 ±2.1 - 6.43 0.0001 2mm 13.06±1.49 20.19 ±1.7 - 7.13 < 0.0001 2.5mm 13.19±1.37 26.95±1.54 -13.76 <0.0001 NaF 0.5mm 9.91±0.87 10.79 ±1.50 - 0.88 0.24 1mm 18.18±0.46 17.61 ±2.0 0.57 0.51 1.5mm 21.87±1.77 19.15 ±2.1 2.72 0.04 2mm 22.49±2.18 20.19 ±1.7 2.3 0.07 2.5mm 22.50±2.27 26.95±1.54 - 4.45 0.003 HiORA 0.5mm 10.54±1.51 10.79 ±1.50 - 0.25 0.78 1mm 19.21±1.68 17.61 ±2.0 1.6 0.16 1.5mm 24.05±2.11 19.15 ±2.1 4.9 0.003 2mm 25.09±2.54 20.19 ±1.7 4.9 0.003 2.5mm 25.30±2.49 26.95±1.54 -1.65 0.20 Stainless steel orthodontic archwire The mean MoE of SS wires was found to decrease significantly after being treated with CHX (Loading-158.58 ± 4.47 GPa, Unloading-138.54 ± 6.12) and NaF (Loading-172.99 ± 7.71 GPa, Unloading-148.88 ± 14.65), compared to distilled water (control, loading-185.35 ± 8.06 GPa, unloading-199.78 ± 9.49), indicating that these mouthwashes have altered the properties of the SS wire by reducing its stiffness while loading and unloading the forces. Although HiORA mouthwash (Loading-190.28 ± 7.53 GPa, Unloading- 185.58 ± 5.35) had a mild effect on the MoE of SS wires, its use did not cause a significant change in the mechanical properties of SS orthodontic wires. Load deflection: When stainless steel (SS) is exposed to CHX and NaF, the force required to cause a deflection between 0.5 mm to 1 mm decreases compared to control SS. This implies that the mechanical properties of the archwire become weaker when treated with CHX and NaF mouthwash. However, for deflections between 1.5 mm and 2.5 mm, there is only a slight change in the loading forces compared to control SS. HiORA, on the other hand, shows no significant change in forces across all deflections. Nickel titanium orthodontic archwire According to the study, when NiTi wires were immersed in CHX, their loading MoE (71.02 ± 3.45 GPa) was slightly higher than when immersed in distilled water (loading 63.05 ± 5.8 GPa). However, its MoE was significantly reduced while unloading the forces (37.88±1.76 GPa) compared to the control-distilled water (unloading 63.33 ± 1.56 GPa). On the other hand, when exposed to NaF, the NiTi archwire experienced a significant reduction in both loading MoE (48.42 ± 6.13 GPa) and unloading MoE (30.60 ± 4.29 GPa) as compared to distilled water (control). Hence, NaF significantly altered the properties of NiTi archwires by decreasing their stiffness. Interestingly, HiORA did not considerably affect the NiTi archwire's stiffness (loading MoE=58.85 ± 2.39 GPa and unloading MoE=65.33 ± 1.85). Load deflection: As with the NiTi archwire, we can conclude that with the application of CHX, the loading forces needed for the same deflection as the control archwire have an insignificant increase. With NaF mouthwash, the loading forces required have deteriorated slightly. There is a negligible alteration in the HiORA group of samples as well. Beta titanium orthodontic archwire The CHX and NaF mouthwash resulted in a significant reduction only in the unloading MoE of β-Ti wires (unloading CHX- 81.58 ± 7.94 GPa, unloading NaF- 79.51 ± 1.62 GPa) from the control wire sample (Loading MoE 90.77 ± 5.02 GPa and Unloading MoE 95.52 ± 5.78 GPa). On the other hand, HiORA did not considerably affect the MoE of the β-Ti archwire (Loading-89.92 ± 2.20 GPa, unloading- 104.22 ± 5.00 GPa). Load deflection: Beta Titanium archwire with NaF showed a minor increase of loading forces between 1mm to 2.0 mm w.r.t control, whereas, with the CHX group, it shows a marked decrease of loading forces required for the same deflection from 0.5mm to 2.5mm. HiORA again was deemed to have a very gentle effect similar to control, whereas the increase of loading forces between 1.5mm to 2.0 mm to control. This implies that the mechanical properties of the archwire become weaker when treated with CHX mouthwash. Discussion Stainless steel orthodontic archwire The current study's findings also confirmed that using mouthwashes containing CHX and NaF led to changes in the mechanical properties of SS orthodontic wire. The CHX has the most adverse effect on the MoE values, and the NaF mouthwash also had a significant impact on the MoE values of SS archwire but less in comparison to CHX. Furthermore, the loading force required to cause a deflection decreases when treated with CHX and NaF mouthwash, indicating weakened mechanical properties of the archwire compared to the control SS. Understanding this variation will be clinically helpful during orthodontic treatment. Therefore, when giving long-duration CHX and NaF-based rinses to SS archwire patients, caution should be exercised. Sabah et al. also showed significant deterioration of SS orthodontic wires subjected to fluoride mouthwash, and the current study substantiates these facts. 16 This could be because fluoride-based mouthwash can disrupt the protective corrosion-resistant layer of chromium oxide on the surface of SS archwires, making them vulnerable to corrosion. 5 This leads to a phenomenon known as hydrogen embrittlement that causes increased hydrogen absorption in stainless steel, which can impact its mechanical properties when confined within the steel lattice. 5 , 10 Further, according to Shibata et al., fluoride causes “stress corrosion cracking of SS archwire,” It was suggested that SS wire might interact with hydrofluoric acid and the potential degradation reaction (breaking of a passive layer) . 22 Similarly, Omidkhoda et al. reported that the use of CHX resulted in intergranular corrosion on the surface of the bracket, which can cause discoloration, weakening of the archwire, and, finally, breakage. 23 Along similar lines, Aghili et al. substantiated the current results that represented that the application of CHX causes a significant reduction in MoE values of SS orthodontic archwire. 2 Conversely, the HiORA herbal mouthwash/organic extract-based solution used in the study did not cause any significant degradation in the mechanical properties of SS orthodontic archwires. There are negligible reports found in the literature on the effect of HiORA on orthodontic archwires. However, HiORA has been reported to be an excellent alternative mouthwash and was found to be more effective than a chlorine dioxide mouthwash in reducing total colony-forming units, gingivitis, and plaque accumulation. 19 , 24 , 25 In the present study, the values of MoE of SS archwire subjected to HiORA mouthwash are approximately equal to the control archwire sample. HiORA did not lead to any noteworthy alteration in the MoE values of SS orthodontic archwires. Nickel titanium orthodontic archwire NiTi's shape memory and pseudoelasticity are advantageous in the initial alignment phase of orthodontic treatment. 26 In the present study, when the NiTi wires dipped into the NaF, there was a significant reduction in the modulus of elasticity during loading and unloading forces, and they needed slightly less loading force to deflect than the control. These results indicate that fluoride-based (NaF) mouthwashes adversely affected the mechanical property of NiTi orthodontic archwire. These results align with other reports that topical fluorides can cause corrosion in titanium-based orthodontic wires. 3 , 12 – 15 According to Walker et al. and other authors, Prevident and Phosflur gel (fluoride) significantly reduced the unloading MoE of NiTi wires. It has been observed that, like SS orthodontic archwire, fluoride exposure can result in the loss of the oxide layer of NiTi wires. This can lead to the exposure of the underlying alloy, resulting in its corrosion and subsequent assimilation of hydrogen ions due to the strong titanium-hydrogen attraction. 4 , 5 , 10 , 27 , 28 The hydrogen concentration in NiTi wire increases proportionally with immersion duration. Similarly, Watanabe and Watanabe found a significant decrease in NiTi mechanical properties along with a change in color and surface morphology after 1hr and 24 hrs immersion of NiTi into NaF solution. 6 Contrary to the effect of NaF on NiTi, when these wires were dipped into 0.2% Chlorhexidine mouthwash, they required slightly more force to deflect than the control wire, and MoE values increased during loading forces. However, it significantly decreased during unloading forces in the current study. However, Hosseinzadeh NT et al. found that immersing NiTi wire in 0.2% CHX mouthwash did not considerably change mechanical properties. 29 This aspect may be further investigated by applying CHX to NiTi archwire for a longer duration. HiORA does not induce statistically significant changes in MoE values of NiTi orthodontic wire. There is no report on the effect of HiORA on NiTi archwires. Nonetheless, CHX and HiORA are safer mouthwashes for patient orthodontic treatment using NiTi archwire during the initial leveling and alignment phase. Beta titanium orthodontic archwire β-Ti Orthodontic archwire has a lower MoE than SS and is nearly twice as strong as NiTi orthodontic alloys. Closing loops, gable bends, and attachments are employed in the intermediate stages of therapy. These requirements are met by beta-titanium wires, which have a more comprehensive activation range than SS wires. Furthermore, β -Ti has a similar corrosion resistance to SS. Walker et al. reported that exposure to preventive fluoride gels (acidulated or neutral) causes a noteworthy reduction in unloading mechanical properties. 5 Ogawa et al. stated that the increase of hydrogen absorption and mortification of mechanical property of β-Ti orthodontic wires increases with fluoride exposure. 30 , 31 Similarly, this study also indicates the reduction of unloading MoE after exposure to CHX and NaF mouthwash. However, the herbal mouthwash HiORA has proven to be kind for long-term use in conjunction with beta titanium orthodontic archwire during a given clinical scenario. It was also noticed that although NaF and HiORA significantly needed more force to deflect the β-Ti archwires than the control, there was an insignificant change in loading MoE. Limitations The present study design was In-vitro, where the orthodontic wires were subjected to mouthwashes for 1 minute/day for three months. However, the orthodontic archwire continuously interacts intraorally with saliva, beverages, food, medications, etc. The deterioration process started by the mouthwash might be further continued (at a similar or different rate). Attempts in the future may be made with the help of in vivo studies using conventional archwires of SS, NiTi, and β-Ti to corroborate present findings. In future studies, brackets of different materials and prescriptions may be combined with archwires. Attempts may be made to assess the time of prescription of a particular mouthwash associated with a specific stage of treatment. Conclusion The present study aimed to discover the best mouthwash that can be prescribed routinely during orthodontic treatments using SS, NiTi, and β-Ti orthodontic archwires. The NaF-based solution/mouthwash is more corrosive in the case of SS and NiTi archwire and, therefore, should be prescribed carefully. It also caused a reduction of the unloading MoE values of beta titanium archwire and may be clinically relevant as unloading forces produce tooth movement; hence, it should be used cautiously. CHX also deteriorated the mechanical property of the SS orthodontic archwire and was found to harm NiTi and β-Ti archwires during unloading. Therefore, it should be cautiously prescribed in the finishing stage with NiTi and β-Ti. HiORA has proven to be the gentlest in all the categories analyzed in the present study. Thus, this herbal mouthwash can be safely prescribed during all stages of orthodontic treatment and clinical scenarios due to its negligible effect on the mechanical properties of conventional archwires during orthodontic treatment. Software availability statement The software used in this study, [Statistical software SPSS version 29 and Blue Hill Software], are available for public access. It can be downloaded from https://www.ibm.com/account/reg/us-en/signup?formid=urx-19774 and https://instron-bluehill-universal.software.informer.com/download/ . Ethical approval The study was approved by the Kasturba Hospital Ethics Committee, Kasturba Hospital, Manipal, Karnataka (IEC 869/2019) on 13 th November 2019. Consent not required since there was no human involvement in the study. Data availability Underlying data Figshare: Evaluation of the effect of two conventional and one herbal mouthwash on the Modulus of Elasticity of three orthodontic wires: An in vitro study. Doi https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.27043408 . 32 The project contains the following underlying data Sheet 1:Modulus of Elasticity-Loading samples. Sheet 2: Modulus of Elasticity-Unloading samples. Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0). References 1. 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Anuprita N, Nishu S, Ritesh S, et al. : Risk Perception and Preparedness of Undergraduate Dental Students to Treat Patients in View of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Questionnaire Survey. Sci. World J. 2022; 2022 : 4489773. Publisher Full Text 32. Singla R: Evaluation of the effect of two conventional and one herbal mouthwash on the Modulus of Elasticity of three orthodontic wires: An in vitro study. Dataset. figshare. 2024. Publisher Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 27 Mar 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Department of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India 2 Department of Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India Neharika Kapur Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Visualization Ritesh Singla Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing Nishu Singla Roles: Formal Analysis, Methodology, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Madhumitha Natarajan Roles: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Visualization Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (2) version 2 Revised Published: 25 Nov 2025, 14:336 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.156706.2 version 1 Published: 27 Mar 2025, 14:336 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.156706.1 Copyright © 2025 Kapur N et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Kapur N, Singla R, Singla N and Natarajan M. Evaluation of the effect of two conventional and one herbal mouthwash on the modulus of elasticity of three orthodontic wires: an in vitro study. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :336 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.156706.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 27 Mar 2025 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Oberoi S. Reviewer Report For: Evaluation of the effect of two conventional and one herbal mouthwash on the modulus of elasticity of three orthodontic wires: an in vitro study. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :336 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.172055.r427048 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-336/v1#referee-response-427048 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 10 Nov 2025 Snehlata Oberoi , University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.172055.r427048 Well designed study with important findings and conclusions that cautiously prescribed in the finishing stage with NiTi and β-Ti. Also, herbal mouthwash can be safely prescribed during all stages of orthodontic treatment and clinical scenarios due to its negligible effect on ... Continue reading READ ALL Well designed study with important findings and conclusions that cautiously prescribed in the finishing stage with NiTi and β-Ti. Also, herbal mouthwash can be safely prescribed during all stages of orthodontic treatment and clinical scenarios due to its negligible effect on the mechanical properties of conventional archwires during orthodontic treatment. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Orthodontics, Craniofacial I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Oberoi S. Reviewer Report For: Evaluation of the effect of two conventional and one herbal mouthwash on the modulus of elasticity of three orthodontic wires: an in vitro study. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :336 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.172055.r427048 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-336/v1#referee-response-427048 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Al Qassar SSS. Reviewer Report For: Evaluation of the effect of two conventional and one herbal mouthwash on the modulus of elasticity of three orthodontic wires: an in vitro study. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :336 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.172055.r374534 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-336/v1#referee-response-374534 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 16 Apr 2025 Sarmad S. Salih Al Qassar , University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.172055.r374534 Dear Editor, Thank you for considering me as a reviewer for the manuscript titled "Evaluation of the Effect of Two Conventional and One Herbal Mouthwash on the Modulus of Elasticity of Three Orthodontic Wires: An In Vitro Study." ... Continue reading READ ALL Dear Editor, Thank you for considering me as a reviewer for the manuscript titled "Evaluation of the Effect of Two Conventional and One Herbal Mouthwash on the Modulus of Elasticity of Three Orthodontic Wires: An In Vitro Study." The manuscript is well-written and well-structured, addressing an important topic related to the impact of different mouthwashes on the mechanical properties—specifically, the modulus of elasticity—of various orthodontic archwires used in fixed appliance treatment. However, I have several comments and suggestions for improvement: Comments: Introduction: The introduction could be further developed to provide more depth. The authors should expand on the effects of the oral environment, including saliva and its pH, on fixed orthodontic appliances and vice versa. I recommend incorporating discussions from the following article to enhance this section: Alkasso, I. R., et al (2021). [Ref-1]. In the third paragraph, more recent literature on the effects of different mouthwashes on the corrosion of orthodontic appliances should be cited. A relevant study to consider: Al Qassar, S. S. S., et al., (2024). [Ref-2]. Methods Section: More clarification is needed regarding the sample size determination. How was the sample size calculated? Was a power analysis conducted? The study did not include pH evaluation of the tested mouthwashes or thermocycling. While the authors acknowledged this as a limitation, they should provide a stronger justification for why these were omitted. The incubation period of three months requires scientific justification. Why was this specific timeframe chosen? How does it correlate with clinical conditions? Results and Discussion: The authors should clarify the clinical implications of their findings. How do these results translate into real-world orthodontic practice? The evaluation protocol for measuring the modulus of elasticity should be elaborated on to ensure reproducibility. Limitations: The limitations section should be expanded to cover additional drawbacks of the study design, such as the lack of thermocycling and pH assessment. References: More updated references from high-quality, indexed journals ( Scopus and Clarivate ) should be included. Avoid citing references from less reputable journals. For example, reference No. 14 should be reconsidered. Conclusion: This study presents valuable insights into the effects of mouthwashes on orthodontic wires. However, addressing the above concerns will significantly improve the manuscript's quality and impact. Thank you for the opportunity to review this paper. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes References 1. QASSAR S, QIBI L, QASIM A, DAWOOD H: Evaluation of antiseptic mouthwashes protocol against SARS-CoV-2 on orthodontic appliances (an in vitro study). Brazilian Dental Science . 2024; 27 (2). Publisher Full Text 2. R. Alkasso I, Salih Al Qassar S, Taqa G: Durability of different types of Mouthwashes on the Salivary Buffering system in Orthodontic Patients. Dentistry 3000 . 2021; 9 (1). Publisher Full Text Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Orthodontic materials, Curve of Spee. 3D analysis. Bite Force. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Al Qassar SSS. Reviewer Report For: Evaluation of the effect of two conventional and one herbal mouthwash on the modulus of elasticity of three orthodontic wires: an in vitro study. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :336 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.172055.r374534 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-336/v1#referee-response-374534 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 27 Mar 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 3 Version 2 (revision) 25 Nov 25 read read read Version 1 27 Mar 25 read read Sarmad S. Salih Al Qassar , University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq Snehlata Oberoi , University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA Noor Nourie Abbass , Al-Iraqia University, Baghdad, Iraq Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Oberoi S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 30 Dec 2025 | for Version 2 Snehlata Oberoi , University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA 0 Views copyright © 2026 Oberoi S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Accept as it is, the article can be indexed. Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Orthodontics, Craniofacial I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Oberoi S. Peer Review Report For: Evaluation of the effect of two conventional and one herbal mouthwash on the modulus of elasticity of three orthodontic wires: an in vitro study. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :336 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.191907.r435840) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-336/v2#referee-response-435840 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Abbass N. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 24 Dec 2025 | for Version 2 Noor Nourie Abbass , Al-Iraqia University, Baghdad, Iraq 0 Views copyright © 2025 Abbass N. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Dear Editor, Thank you for the opportunity to review the manuscript entitled: “Evaluation of the effect of two conventional and one herbal mouthwash on the modulus of elasticity of three orthodontic wires: an in vitro study.” The manuscript addresses an important and clinically relevant topic, and the findings provide useful insight for orthodontic practice. The study is generally well written and follows standard in-vitro testing protocols. However, several methodological and reporting limitations reduce the scientific robustness and clinical applicability of the work. Key aspects of environmental simulation and methodological rigor such as pH evaluation, thermocycling, dynamic agitation to mimic actual mouthwash use, and surface characterization were not incorporated. These omissions should be more strongly justified, as they substantially influence corrosion behavior and mechanical property changes in orthodontic alloys. Additionally, several substantive comments raised by the second reviewer were not fully addressed in the revised manuscript. These comments relate to essential methodological clarifications and experimental justifications that are important for strengthening the scientific quality of the study. The explanations provided for the omissions are not sufficiently rigorous, particularly for a journal of this caliber. Incorporating the reviewer’s recommendations especially those regarding pH measurement, thermocycling, and improved environmental simulation would meaningfully enhance the methodological soundness and overall impact of the manuscript. Addressing these points is important for ensuring clarity, reproducibility, and alignment with the expectations of a high-quality and influential research platform. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Orthodontics, Orthodontic materials, Nanotechnology I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Abbass NN. Peer Review Report For: Evaluation of the effect of two conventional and one herbal mouthwash on the modulus of elasticity of three orthodontic wires: an in vitro study. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :336 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.191907.r436251) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-336/v2#referee-response-436251 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Al Qassar S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 02 Dec 2025 | for Version 2 Sarmad S. Salih Al Qassar , University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq 0 Views copyright © 2025 Al Qassar S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Dear editor, I have no further comments, the revised version is now suitable for indexing. Regards Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Orthodontic materials, Curve of Spee. 3D analysis. Bite Force. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Al Qassar SSS. Peer Review Report For: Evaluation of the effect of two conventional and one herbal mouthwash on the modulus of elasticity of three orthodontic wires: an in vitro study. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :336 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.191907.r435839) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-336/v2#referee-response-435839 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Oberoi S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 10 Nov 2025 | for Version 1 Snehlata Oberoi , University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA 0 Views copyright © 2025 Oberoi S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Well designed study with important findings and conclusions that cautiously prescribed in the finishing stage with NiTi and β-Ti. Also, herbal mouthwash can be safely prescribed during all stages of orthodontic treatment and clinical scenarios due to its negligible effect on the mechanical properties of conventional archwires during orthodontic treatment. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Orthodontics, Craniofacial I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Oberoi S. Peer Review Report For: Evaluation of the effect of two conventional and one herbal mouthwash on the modulus of elasticity of three orthodontic wires: an in vitro study. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :336 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.172055.r427048) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-336/v1#referee-response-427048 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Al Qassar S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 16 Apr 2025 | for Version 1 Sarmad S. Salih Al Qassar , University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq 0 Views copyright © 2025 Al Qassar S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Dear Editor, Thank you for considering me as a reviewer for the manuscript titled "Evaluation of the Effect of Two Conventional and One Herbal Mouthwash on the Modulus of Elasticity of Three Orthodontic Wires: An In Vitro Study." The manuscript is well-written and well-structured, addressing an important topic related to the impact of different mouthwashes on the mechanical properties—specifically, the modulus of elasticity—of various orthodontic archwires used in fixed appliance treatment. However, I have several comments and suggestions for improvement: Comments: Introduction: The introduction could be further developed to provide more depth. The authors should expand on the effects of the oral environment, including saliva and its pH, on fixed orthodontic appliances and vice versa. I recommend incorporating discussions from the following article to enhance this section: Alkasso, I. R., et al (2021). [Ref-1]. In the third paragraph, more recent literature on the effects of different mouthwashes on the corrosion of orthodontic appliances should be cited. A relevant study to consider: Al Qassar, S. S. S., et al., (2024). [Ref-2]. Methods Section: More clarification is needed regarding the sample size determination. How was the sample size calculated? Was a power analysis conducted? The study did not include pH evaluation of the tested mouthwashes or thermocycling. While the authors acknowledged this as a limitation, they should provide a stronger justification for why these were omitted. The incubation period of three months requires scientific justification. Why was this specific timeframe chosen? How does it correlate with clinical conditions? Results and Discussion: The authors should clarify the clinical implications of their findings. How do these results translate into real-world orthodontic practice? The evaluation protocol for measuring the modulus of elasticity should be elaborated on to ensure reproducibility. Limitations: The limitations section should be expanded to cover additional drawbacks of the study design, such as the lack of thermocycling and pH assessment. References: More updated references from high-quality, indexed journals ( Scopus and Clarivate ) should be included. Avoid citing references from less reputable journals. For example, reference No. 14 should be reconsidered. Conclusion: This study presents valuable insights into the effects of mouthwashes on orthodontic wires. However, addressing the above concerns will significantly improve the manuscript's quality and impact. Thank you for the opportunity to review this paper. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes References 1. QASSAR S, QIBI L, QASIM A, DAWOOD H: Evaluation of antiseptic mouthwashes protocol against SARS-CoV-2 on orthodontic appliances (an in vitro study). Brazilian Dental Science . 2024; 27 (2). Publisher Full Text 2. R. Alkasso I, Salih Al Qassar S, Taqa G: Durability of different types of Mouthwashes on the Salivary Buffering system in Orthodontic Patients. Dentistry 3000 . 2021; 9 (1). Publisher Full Text Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Orthodontic materials, Curve of Spee. 3D analysis. Bite Force. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Al Qassar SSS. Peer Review Report For: Evaluation of the effect of two conventional and one herbal mouthwash on the modulus of elasticity of three orthodontic wires: an in vitro study. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :336 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.172055.r374534) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-336/v1#referee-response-374534 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Adjust parameters to alter display View on desktop for interactive features Includes Interactive Elements View on desktop for interactive features Competing Interests Policy Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. 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