Digital Pathways to Sustainable Tourism Indonesia Insights: Study case Bilebante Village

Digital Pathways to Sustainable Tourism Indonesia Insights: Study case Bilebante Village | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Digital Pathways to Sustainable Tourism Indonesia Insights: Study case Bilebante Village Witra Apdhi Yohanitas, Uchaimid Biridloi Robby, Tania Andari, and 5 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7824941/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This Article explores the role of digitalisation and transport accessibility in supporting sustainable tourism development in Bilebante Green Tourism Village, Lombok, Indonesia. Selected as part of the Special Economic Zone initiative, Bilebante has demonstrated success in implementing eco-friendly and community-based tourism, as evidenced by a significant increase in visitor numbers over the past five years. Using a qualitative research design, data was collected through in-depth interviews with local stakeholders, tourist surveys, and document analysis. Thematic coding was used to analyse the qualitative data. The findings show that digitalisation improves access to tourism information, increases operational efficiency for local businesses, and encourages community engagement. However, challenges such as limited digital infrastructure and unequal access to technology still exist. The study also highlights the importance of investment in transport infrastructure to improve physical accessibility. Practical recommendations include strengthening digital infrastructure, implementing digital education programs for locals, and utilising SEO and social media strategies to promote the village. Limitations of this study include the focus on a single case and reliance on qualitative data, so future research could incorporate comparative or quantitative approaches. This article provides fresh perspective into the intersection between digital transformation and sustainable tourism in rural Indonesia, which are invaluable to policy-makers, tourism practitioners, and educators aiming to foster inclusive and resilient tourism development. Social science/Development studies Business and commerce/Economics Social science/Economics Sustainable Tourism Digitalization Transport Accessibility Bilebante Village Digital Infrastructure Community Participation 1. Introduction Tourism plays an important role in driving Indonesia's economic growth, contributing significantly to job creation, poverty alleviation, and foreign exchange earnings (Fafurida et al., 2020; Feli Rabilla Putri et al., 2022; Hakim et al., 2021; Holik, 2016). As Indonesia strives to develop its tourism sector, sustainable practices are becoming increasingly important to ensure long-term sustainability and equitable benefits. This includes the development of supporting infrastructure and services that enhance the capacity of tourism destinations to attract and accommodate visitors (Lasdiyanti et al., 2019; Rozy & Koswara, 2017). In the context of regional development, transport infrastructure is a critical supporting factor for tourism. This infrastructure connects origin and destination points, ensuring safety, convenience, and time efficiency for travellers(Yang et al., 2019). Sustainable transportation services, especially those that offer door-to-door connectivity, are increasingly recognised as essential to improving regional accessibility and enhancing the overall tourist experience(Bastian, 2020; Olivia et al., 2022) Indonesia has responded to this challenge by designating several areas as Special Economic Zones (SEZs), with a focus on sustainable tourism. One of the key strategies within these zones is the development of tourism villages, which integrate community-based tourism with environmental management. Bilebante Village, located in Pringgarata Sub-district, Central Lombok Regency, provides an interesting case study in this regard. Designated as a Green Tourism Village (DWH) by the Central Lombok government and supported by the German-Indonesian Cooperation Agency (GIZ), Bilebante has shown significant growth. Annual tourist arrivals increased by 860% in 2017, 223% in 2018, and 219% in 2019, indicating successful promotion and development efforts. However, a sharp decline of 85% in foreign tourist arrivals in 2020 underscores the sector's vulnerability to global disruptions and travel restrictions. Foreign tourist arrivals increased 567% in 2018 but declined 85% in 2020, demonstrating the sector's dependence on global conditions and international travel accessibility. Transportation infrastructure is a critical enabler of tourism, facilitating safe, convenient, and time-efficient travel between starting and destination points(Yang et al., 2019) (Bastian, 2020; Olivia et al., 2022). However, many rural tourism destinations in Indonesia still face challenges in terms of public transport availability and integration, which may hinder their growth potential. The village's appeal lies in the harmonious coexistence of Islamic and Hindu communities, its beautiful scenery, and locally-run businesses such as herbal drinks, spa services, and agricultural products. These elements have earned Bilebante national and international recognition, including awards from ADWI and BCA, as well as inclusion in UNWTO's "upgrade" program for the best tourist villages. Despite all these achievements, there are still many challenges to overcome. Many rural tourist destinations in Indonesia, including Lombok, have inadequate public transport services. The absence of regular routes from airports or harbours to tourist villages, and reliance on informal travel agents, reduces accessibility and visitor satisfaction. This problem is compounded by the lack of an integrated transport system and comprehensive travel information. Addressing these challenges requires strategic investments in transport infrastructure and digital connectivity. An integrated system can improve mobility, reduce travel time, and increase operational efficiency(Setiawan et al., 2024). In addition, digitalization offers transformative potential by facilitating access to information, streamlining business operations, and encouraging civic engagement. However, gaps in digital infrastructure and unequal access to technology remain significant barriers. Research Aim This research aims to explore how digitalisation and transport accessibility can support sustainable tourism in villages, as well as identify challenges and opportunities, particularly tourism in Bilebante Village,and identify associated challenges and opportunities. This research seeks to identify the challenges and opportunities associated with integrating these elements into rural tourism development, and to assess their implications for wider national strategies. The study was motivated by the urgency to understand how digital transformation and infrastructure development can be utilised to promote inclusive and resilient tourism, particularly in rural areas. The study was conducted to understand the challenges and opportunities in integrating digital technology and improving accessibility to sustainable tourism in Indonesia. Bilebante village was chosen for its relevance, with various local initiatives already underway. The main question of this study is how digitalisation and improved accessibility can improve tourism sustainability in this village and what the implications are for other areas in Indonesia. Research Methodology This study applied a qualitative research design to examine how digitalisation and transport accessibility shape sustainable tourism development in Bilebante Green Tourism Village, which is situated within the Mandalika Special Economic Zone in Lombok, Indonesia. The qualitative approach enabled an in-depth exploration of the experiences, perceptions, and strategies of local stakeholders in integrating digital transformation with community-based tourism practices. The research team collected data through three complementary methods. First, in-depth interviews were conducted with key local stakeholders, including representatives of the village government, members of the tourism awareness group (Pokdarwis), local entrepreneurs, and community leaders who play active roles in managing and promoting tourism in Bilebante. Second, surveys were administered to visiting tourists to gather their perceptions regarding accessibility, digital information services, and sustainable tourism practices in the village. Third, document analysis was undertaken to review relevant policy documents, promotional materials, and local development reports that reflect ongoing digitalisation and sustainability initiatives. In total, 15 local stakeholders and 30 visiting tourists participated in the study. Participants were selected purposively to ensure that those included were directly engaged in tourism management, digital promotion, or decision-making related to community-based tourism development. The data collection process was carried out between October and December 2022. All qualitative data were analysed using a thematic coding approach to identify recurring themes and patterns emerging from the interviews, survey responses, and documentary evidence. The analysis concentrated on three key dimensions: the role of digitalisation in improving tourism accessibility; the contribution of transport infrastructure to sustainable tourism; and the forms of community engagement that support digital transformation at the village level. Triangulation among these data sources was used to enhance the reliability, validity, and credibility of the findings. The research was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN). Ethical clearance was formally granted under Ethical Clearance Confirmation Letter No. 510/KE.01/SK/10/2022, issued on 14 October 2022 and signed by Dr. Augustina Situmorang, M.A., Chair of the Ethical Committee on Social Studies and Humanities, BRIN. Prior to participation, all respondents received clear information about the objectives and procedures of the study and provided written informed consent. Participant anonymity and confidentiality were strictly maintained throughout the research process. This Article is organised into five main sections to provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of digitalisation and transport accessibility in supporting sustainable tourism in Bilebante Village: Section 1: Introduction, This section outlines the scope and importance of sustainable tourism in Indonesia, particularly in the context of rural development. It introduces Bilebante Village as a case study, presents the research objectives, and explains the methodological approach of the study. Section 2: Background, this section presents a detailed overview of the research, including national tourism policy, the designation of Special Economic Zones, and the emergence of tourist villages. It also discusses relevant theories and frameworks that underpin the research, and identifies the practical and academic gaps on which the research is based. Section 3: Literature Review, A critical review of the existing literature, which includes models and theories related to sustainable tourism, digital transformation, and transport accessibility. Key debates, trends, and gaps in current knowledge are discussed, and the conceptual lens used to frame the research is justified. Section 4: Research Results and Analyses, Instead of presenting general findings, this section is organised into thematic sub-sections that reflect the core components of the research. This section outlines the relevance of the research both practically and academically, highlights research gaps, and provides contextual insights specific to the Indonesian and Southeast Asian tourism sectors. Section 5: Conclusion, The final section summarises the key findings and discusses their implications for policy, industry practice, and theoretical advancement. This section reflects on how the results of this study address the research objectives, acknowledges limitations, and offers recommendations for future research in sustainable and digital tourism development. 2. Background Indonesia's approach to sustainable tourism involves a combination of national policies, digital transformation, and tourist village development. The integration of digital technologies plays an important role in expanding market reach, driving economic sustainability, and preserving cultural heritage. Bilebante Village models how digital pathways can support sustainable tourism, highlighting the importance of aligning tourism development with the local social and cultural context(Nanda et al., 2023 ). Indonesia's national tourism policy has evolved significantly, especially in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The government has issued various policies to support digital transformation and tourism development, with a significant increase in policy activity during the pandemic(Herawati et al., 2025 ) The "integrated tourism village" policy, established in 1992, encourages sustainable development in tourism villages by promoting economic, social, and cultural sustainability(Pickel-Chevalier et al., 2021 ). Tourism villages, or " desa wisata ", are the focal point of Indonesia's sustainable tourism strategy. These villages aim to balance economic growth with cultural preservation and environmental sustainability. This research highlights some successful examples, such as the village of Bilebante, which has utilised digital channels to boost tourism while maintaining its cultural heritage(Fadli et al., 2023 ). The digital village concept has been instrumental in improving public service delivery in rural areas, thereby promoting equity and participation(Mao et al., 2024 ). The integration of digital technologies into tourism development has emerged as s pivotal strategy to enhance accessibility and sustainability, especially in rural and underserved areas. Digital transformation is not just a technological shift, but also a comprehensive approach to inclusive and environmentally sustainable tourism practice. Digital tools also play a transformative role in the management of cultural heritage sites. The use of 3D modelling and metaverse applications allows cultural heritage sites to be enjoyed remotely, thus minimising environmental impacts and expanding accessibility(Massari et al., 2024 ; Triviño-Tarradas et al., 2024 ) Sustainable tourism in Bilebante is also supported by the community-based tourism (CBT) model, which involves residents into tourism activities. This approach ensures that the benefits of tourism are distributed in an equitable and culturally sensitive manner(Massari et al., 2024 ; Olivadese & Dindo, 2025 ). In addition, the adoption of circular economy principles in tourism-facilitated by digital technologies- can play a critical role in addressing challenges related to resource efficiency and waste management(Allkins et al., 2025 ) Bilebante Village exemplifies the integration of digital pathways into sustainable tourism. The village has adopted digital technologies to promote its unique cultural and natural attractions, enhance visitor experiences and support local economic development. Research shows that digital inclusion plans for indigenous communities are essential to reduce disharmony between state policies and local economies, ensuring that tourism development is aligned with the social complexity and diversity of local communities(Fadli et al., 2023 ) Bilebante has utilised digital platforms and social media for tourism promotion, offering targeted marketing and real-time visitor management tools. These technologies enhance the traveller experience while supporting environmental sustainability(Falter, 2024 ; Semwal, 2023 ). The use of digital platforms has provided significant benefits to the agricultural sector, which is a key selling point for tourism and therefore an integral part of Bilebante's local economy. In addition, digitalisation has improved access to market information and financial services for smallholder farmers(Kitole et al., 2024 ), while agricultural cooperatives have benefited from increased productivity and sustainability through digital tools(Santos et al., 2024 ) Digital transformation is a key driver of sustainable tourism in Indonesia. Digital platforms improve market accessibility, promotional effectiveness, and service efficiency, which contribute to economic sustainability by creating local jobs and optimising tourism revenue.(Lelawatty et al., 2025 ). Virtual reality applications and digital tourism models are being developed to promote local wisdom and sustainable tourist behaviour(Noviarita et al., 2024 ; Wismantoro et al., 2023 ). These digital initiatives are critical to address challenges such as limited infrastructure and low digital literacy among local stakeholders(Lelawatty et al., 2025 ). Despite its potential, digital transformation faces challenges such as the digital divide, which can exacerbate socio-economic disparities(Balloccu et al., 2024 ; Mikhaylova & Hvaley, 2023 ). Addressing this gap requires targeted infrastructure investments and inclusive planning(Coppola et al., 2020 ; Silva, 2013 ). In addition, active community engagement is essential to tailor digital strategies to local needs and ensure long-term sustainability(Botetano & Salcedo, 2022 ; Zhang et al., 2024 ). Therefore, policy frameworks should prioritise equitable access, digital literacy and integrated planning to ensure that digital transformation contributes meaningfully to sustainable tourism development(Oviedo & Guzman, 2020 ; Rosas-Satizábal et al., 2020 ) 3. Literature Review The integration of digital technologies into tourism development has become a cornerstone for achieving sustainability and inclusiveness, especially in rural tourist destinations such as Bilebante Village. The combination of digital transformation and sustainable tourism has attracted the attention of researchers, especially in the context of rural development. This literature review critically examines existing frameworks and models that inform the study of digital tourism pathways, with a focus on Bilebante Village in Indonesia. The review is organised around four thematic pillars: policy recommendations, accessibility, promotion, and sustainability, each of which contributes to a holistic understanding of digital tourism development. The theoretical lens adopted in this study draws on the Digital Inclusion Framework(Ly et al., 2025), the Community-Based Tourism (CBT(Botetano & Salcedo, 2022) , and the principles of Circular Economy in Tourism(Allkins et al., 2025). These frameworks collectively support conceptual approaches that emphasise equity, participation and environmental stewardship. These three approaches not only reflect the latest theoretical trends, but also offer complementary perspectives in assessing local community engagement, sustainability, and the use of digital technologies in tourism destination management. The Digital Inclusion Framework, developed by Ly (2025) emphasises the importance of equitable access to digital technologies as a prerequisite for social and economic participation. In the context of tourism, digital inclusion includes efforts to improve the digital literacy of local communities, develop adequate ICT infrastructure, and reduce the digital divide between urban and rural areas. Digital inclusion not only expands access to information but also strengthens the capacity of communities to self-manage and promote destinations(Ly et al., 2025). Therefore, in this study, this framework is used to assess the digital readiness of the community in Bilebante Village and how this readiness affects their engagement in the digital tourism ecosystem. The Community-Based Tourism (CBT) model proposed by Castillo Botetano (2022) focuses on the active participation of local communities in the entire cycle of tourism activities-from planning, management, to distribution of benefits. In the digital era, the CBT model has been expanded to include the use of digital platforms for promotion and reservation, digital training for local tourism stakeholders, and digital collaboration between communities and external stakeholders. Digitalisation can strengthen CBT by expanding market reach and improving operational efficiency without compromising local values(Botetano & Salcedo, 2022). This framework is used in this research to evaluate how digital transformation can align with the principles of social and cultural sustainability. Meanwhile, the Circular Economy approach in Tourism, as outlined by Allkins (2025), emphasises the importance of resource efficiency, waste reduction and reuse throughout the tourism industry value chain. In the digital context, the principles of the circular economy are realised using big data for efficient management of tourist flows, technologies to reduce carbon footprints (such as virtual tours), and the redesign of more environmentally friendly tourism business models. Digital technologies play an important role as enablers in implementing these principles, especially in the ecotourism and adventure tourism sectors(Allkins et al., 2025). In this study, these frameworks are used to assess how digitalisation supports environmental and resource efficiency goals in Bilebante. Through the synthesis of these three frameworks - digital inclusion, community-based participation and eco-efficiency - this study establishes a robust conceptual foundation for analysing digital transformation within the context of sustainable tourism.. This approach enables a critical analysis of who benefits from digitalisation, how the technology is used locally, and whether the transformation is truly sustainable from a social and ecological perspective. As such, this theoretical framework not only provides a sharp analytical direction, but also serves as a solid basis for evidence-based policy development relevant to the management of rural tourism destinations in Indonesia. 3.1. Policy Recommendations: · Digital Inclusion: Digital inclusion is critical to ensure that all community members can participate in and benefit from tourism development. Initiatives such as digital literacy programmes and improved internet access have been shown to empower rural communities and support sustainable tourism practices(Ly et al., 2025; Noviarita et al., 2024) . In Indonesia, government-led efforts to improve ICT infrastructure have significantly improved socio-economic conditions in rural areas(Saputra et al., 2023) Digital inclusion is also a fundamental element in providing equitable access to tourism opportunities. The literature highlights that improving digital literacy and internet infrastructure in rural areas can significantly improve community engagement and socio-economic resilience(Ly et al., 2025; Saputra et al., 2023). However, the persisting digital divide remains a challenge, especially in remote areas that have limited infrastructure(Balloccu et al., 2024; Mikhaylova & Hvaley, 2023). This gap underscores the need for targeted policy interventions that prioritise marginalised communities. Digital inclusion needs to be aligned with broader frameworks such as the Digital Inclusion Framework(Ly et al., 2025) , Community Based Tourism(Botetano & Salcedo, 2022) , and Circular Economy in Tourism(Allkins et al., 2025). Ensuring universal access to digital infrastructure and literacy enables rural communities not only to engage in the tourism market but also to collectively manage and promote their destinations, fostering local ownership and resilience. Targeted policy interventions, prioritising marginalised communities, enhancing digital capacity, and embedding inclusion in tourism governance are critical to addressing this digitalisation gap. Digitalisation is not just a tool for efficiency, but also a catalyst for inclusive, participatory, and environmentally friendly tourism development. · Integrated Planning: Integrated digital planning systems are increasingly recognised as fundamental to effective and sustainable tourism governance. By improving spatial connectivity and promoting equitable access-particularly in rural and marginalised areas-such systems play an important role in inclusive development. Italy's National Plan for Tourist Mobility exemplifies how digital tools can align transport infrastructure with broader territorial and sustainability goals(Coppola et al., 2020; Silva, 2013)Aligned with the Digital Inclusion Framework(Ly et al., 2025), integrated planning helps bridge digital and infrastructure gaps, enabling wider access to tourism opportunities and encouraging local participation in the digital economy. Here, digital planning serves not only as a technical instrument, but also as a means of social empowerment.From the perspective of Community Based Tourism (CBT)(Botetano & Salcedo, 2022) , digital planning enhances the role of communities by facilitating co-design processes and stakeholder engagement, thus upholding local ownership and benefit sharing. Furthermore, in line with the Circular Economy in Tourism framework(Allkins et al., 2025), integrated planning supports resource efficiency through data-driven decision-making, smart mobility and reduced environmental impact - key elements of a sustainable tourism transition. However, in Indonesia, such an integrative approach is still underdeveloped due to fragmented policies and sluggish institutions. To address this, a coordinated strategy is needed that brings together digital innovation, community participation, and environmental stewardship in a coherent planning framework. 3.2. Accessibility (Digitalisation and Transportation): · Infrastructure Investment : Strategic investments in digital and transport infrastructure are critical to improving accessibility to remote tourism destinations. Improving connectivity from major centres-such as airports and railway stations-not only facilitates a smooth travel experience but also supports regional tourism development(Coppola et al., 2020) Better digital and transport infrastructure is essential to bridge the digital divide, especially in rural areas(Ly et al., 2025). Better access enables local communities to actively engage in tourism networks and capitalise on digital opportunities. From a Community Based Tourism (CBT) perspective, equitable access encourages community participation in the planning and management of tourism services, thus strengthening local ownership and inclusion(Botetano & Salcedo, 2022). Furthermore, these infrastructure improvements align with the principles of the Circular Economy in Tourism by supporting smart mobility systems and greener destination management(Allkins et al., 2025) Despite significant progress, a significant gap between urban and rural infrastructure still exists. Bridging this gap requires integrated planning and targeted investments that incorporate digital equity, community engagement, and sustainability at the core of tourism accessibility strategies. · Equity in Access: Equity in access is a recurring theme in the sustainable tourism discourse. Equitable access to digital tools and platforms is necessary to foster inclusive tourism development(Oviedo & Guzman, 2020; Rosas-Satizábal et al., 2020). Digital transformation should address existing social divides by ensuring that marginalised groups are not excluded from tourism opportunities. Digital transformation must be inclusive, addressing socio-economic gaps and ensuring that all members of society can participate in tourism activities(Oviedo & Guzman, 2020; Rosas-Satizábal et al., 2020). This requires not only technological solutions but also culturally sensitive engagement strategies. According to the Digital Inclusion Framework, addressing digital inequalities, especially in marginalised and rural communities, is critical to ensuring full participation in the digital tourism economy(Ly et al., 2025). The Principles of Community-Based Tourism emphasise that equity should go beyond infrastructure provision and include culturally sensitive approaches and capacity building to ensure local voices are heard in decision-making and benefit sharing(Botetano & Salcedo, 2022). Moreover, from the perspective of the Circular Economy in Tourism, equitable access enables broad participation in sustainable practices such as data-driven environmental management and the creation of low-impact tourism services, which can only be achieved through inclusive digital transformation(Allkins et al., 2025) 3.3. Promotion: · Digital Marketing: Digital marketing has transformed tourism promotion by allowing destinations to reach a wider and more diverse audience. In Indonesia, regions such as West Java and Yogyakarta have successfully used digital platforms to increase destination visibility and attract diverse visitor segments(Kordha et al., 2019; Noviarita et al., 2024). However, the uptake and effectiveness of such strategies in rural contexts-such as Bilebante-is limited. Based on the Digital Inclusion Framework, developing digital marketing capacity in rural areas is an important step to address the visibility gap and enable local actors to actively participate in the global tourism network through improved digital literacy and the use of digital promotional tools(Ly et al., 2025). In line with the principles of Community Based Tourism, community-managed digital marketing contributes to the preservation of local authenticity and identity while ensuring a more equitable distribution of economic benefits and strengthening direct interaction between service providers and travellers(Botetano & Salcedo, 2022). Moreover, from a Circular Economy in Tourism perspective, data-driven digital promotions enable the implementation of targeted and sustainable marketing campaigns, which play a role in effective demand management, reducing over-tourism, and supporting the development of tourism destinations with minimal environmental impact(Allkins et al., 2025)To realise these benefits, policies should focus on building local digital capacity and ensuring equitable access to digital marketing platforms, especially in underrepresented rural areas. · Social Media and Apps: Social media platforms and mobile apps have become important tools in managing tourist visits and improving the quality of the tourist experience. Through real-time communication capabilities, personalised content delivery, and the use of data for evidence-based decision-making, these technologies enable more effective management of visitor flows and responsiveness to individual needs(Falter, 2024; Semwal, 2023). This approach not only improves traveller satisfaction, but also supports more sustainable tourism practices by reducing overcrowding in destinations and encouraging even distribution of visits. However, the widespread adoption of social media and mobile applications still faces significant challenges, particularly regarding data privacy issues and the level of digital literacy among users. Concerns over the security and protection of personal data may hamper people's confidence to use these digital platforms optimally. In addition, limited digital skills among certain groups of people could potentially limit their access and participation in the full use of these technologies. Therefore, efforts to improve digital literacy and strict data protection policies are crucial aspects in supporting the integration of digital technology in sustainable tourism management.(Falter, 2024; Semwal, 2023) 3.4. Sustainability: · Sustainable Practices: Digital technologies have significant potential to support sustainable tourism practices through optimisation of resource use and reduction of environmental impacts. Innovations such as artificial intelligence (AI), data analytics, virtual platforms, and digital twin systems enable more efficient and integrated management of tourist flows and environmental monitoring(Ly et al., 2025; Rahmadian et al., 2023; Semwal, 2023). By leveraging these technologies, tourist destination managers can identify visitation patterns, predict ecosystem pressures, and design appropriate interventions to minimise tourism's ecological footprint. However, the implementation and expansion of digital technologies in rural areas still faces several challenges, mainly related to limited infrastructure, digital access, and technical capacity of local communities (Rahmadian et al., 2023; Semwal, 2023).Uncertainties around the scalability of these technologies in rural environments require adaptive and contextualised approaches, including investments in digital infrastructure development and improved technological literacy at the community level (Rahmadian et al., 2023; Semwal, 2023). Therefore, while digital technologies offer innovative solutions for sustainable tourism, their implementation must consider local conditions to ensure the benefits are received equitably and sustainably. · Community Engagement: Community engagement is a fundamental pillar in the Community Based Tourism (CBT) framework, which prioritises the active participation of local communities in both the planning and distribution of tourism benefits. The integration of digital tools in this model has shown considerable potential to enhance stakeholder collaboration, facilitate transparent decision-making processes, and promote ethical and sustainable tourism practices(Botetano & Salcedo, 2022; Olivadese & Dindo, 2025; Vasconez & Weber, 2023). Empirical evidence from various global contexts, such as Peru and the Galapagos Islands, underlines the efficacy of CBT approaches supported by digital technologies in promoting community empowerment and equitable benefit sharing. However, there is still a critical gap in the existing literature on the application and impact of digital tools in CBT frameworks in Southeast Asia. The lack of region-specific empirical research highlights the need for further investigation to understand how digital innovations can be effectively adapted into local socio-cultural and economic contexts in the region. Addressing this gap is essential to ensure that digital integration in CBT not only improves operational efficiency, but also aligns with the principles of inclusivity and cultural sensitivity that underpin sustainable community tourism development. 4. Research Results and Analyses This research found that digitalisation has great potential to support sustainable tourism in Bilebante Village. Sustainable tourism development in the digital era requires not only adaptation to technology, but also a comprehensive transformation in governance, infrastructure, promotion, and community empowerment. The case study in Bilebante Village shows how digitalisation can open new opportunities for tourism villages through improved access to information, operational efficiency of local businesses, and active community participation. However, challenges such as gaps in access to technology and limited physical infrastructure are still major obstacles. The discussion in this section is structured around the principal findings of the research, with direct connections to the literature review and the policy recommendation framework. Each sub-section explores the strategic dimensions needed to strengthen a sustainable digital tourism ecosystem, including digital inclusion, integrated planning, accessibility improvements, technology-based promotion strategies, and sustainability and community engagement practices. This structured approach aims to deliver a more nuanced and actionable analysis of the policy development needs at both the local and national levels. Key findings include improved information access for travellers, operational efficiency for local businesses, and increased community participation in tourism activities. However, challenges such as limited digital infrastructure and technology access gaps still need to be addressed. In addition, improving accessibility through investment in transport infrastructure is essential to make these villages more accessible. In the context of digital and sustainable tourism, information and communication technology (ICT) is the main enabler, with a smart tourism architecture model that includes network infrastructure, cloud-based services, and mobile applications. Transport development on Lombok Island to support KSPN Mandalika includes improving port infrastructure, expanding passenger and cargo terminals at the airport, and building and widening roads. Information accessibility is highly dependent on the availability of telecommunications network infrastructure, affordability, and service penetration. The government plays an important role in the development of transport networks and infrastructure, including the Palapa Ring project and cooperation with the private sector. In addition, the government also focuses on human resource development through information technology training and education in remote areas. These efforts aim to ensure all regions have adequate access to information and transport networks, which support the economic and social development of communities. Further analyses address the impact of infrastructure improvements on tourism, the application of smart tourism architecture models, as well as human resource development strategies, and government collaboration with the private sector. Recommendations for accessibility improvements and solutions to address digital infrastructure limitations are also included in the discussion. 4.1. Digital Inclusion for Inclusive and Competitive Tourism The main findings of this study show that tourism digitalisation has had a positive impact in three main aspects: increasing access to information for tourists, creating operational efficiency for local businesses, and growing community participation in various tourism activities. However, to realise digital tourism that is inclusive and sustainable, special attention needs to be paid to the gaps in access and technological literacy among various community groups, especially those in rural areas. This is important so that digital transformation does not widen the gap, but becomes a means of mutual empowerment. The following section elaborates on two strategic pillars in supporting digital inclusion in the tourism sector. First, the urgency to expand access to information and communication technology (ICT) through a participatory and equitable approach. Second, the importance of integrated development planning across sectors and levels of government, to ensure that digital policies and infrastructure truly reach all levels of community. Digital inclusion, which includes technological literacy and access to digital devices, is a crucial element in the empowerment of local tourism actors, especially in Bilebante Village, West Nusa Tenggara, which is developing as a community-based tourism destination. In this context, the ability to understand and utilise technology productively is a prerequisite for local tourism actors to optimally participate in the increasingly competitive digital tourism industry. Digital literacy among local tourism actors serves not only as a technical skill, but also as strategic capital in building cultural narratives and attractive visual promotions. High literacy capacity allows tourism actors to design more targeted and impactful promotional strategies(Dedeoğlu, 2019 ). In Bilebante Village, digital literacy training organised by university, government and non-profit partners has built up the community's ability to utilise social media as a promotional tool. As a result, the quality of promotional content-both cultural narratives and visuals of featured products-has significantly improved, contributing to an increase in the number of domestic and international tourist visits. However, digital literacy cannot stand alone without the support of adequate access to technology. The availability of internet connections and digital devices is a determining factor in the success of tourism actors in building competitiveness. Easy access to technology strengthens the marketing capabilities of tourism actors(Lehman et al., 2017 ). In Bilebante, improved internet access in tourist activity centres allows local actors to utilise digital platforms such as Instagram and Facebook to introduce homestay services, organic agricultural products and handicrafts. Although some hamlets still face infrastructure barriers, this progress shows great potential for technology-based transformation. There is a close relationship between digital literacy and technology access in Bilebante Village. Tourism stakeholders who get access to internet connection tend to participate more actively in technology training, and conversely, effective training encourages direct utilisation of technology. Technology affordability and digital proficiency are mutually reinforcing and become the foundation of capacity building of local tourism stakeholders(Khoo et al., 2024 ). This approach has been demonstrated to improve the quality of citizen participation within the digital tourism ecosystem, fostering innovative practices that reflect local identity. Digital inclusion through technology literacy and access is essential in strengthening the capacity of local tourism actors in Bilebante Village. While challenges remain, the opportunities to grow and adapt in the digital age are immense. With the right support from various stakeholders, Bilebante Village can develop itself as a sustainable and innovative tourism destination. The Table 1 is a comprehensive overview of how digital inclusion through technology literacy and access has been applied in Bilebante Village as a strategy to empower local tourism actors. Table 1 Digital Inclusion in Local Tourism Empowerment in Bilebante Village Components of Digital Inclusion Implementation in Bilebante Impact on Local Tourism Actors Community Digital Literacy Social media training, promotional content creation, and the use of WhatsApp Business Improved self-promotion skills and direct communication with tourists Technology Access Provision of public Wi-Fi, the use of digital platforms (Google My Business, Website, etc.) Expanding market reach and speeding up the reservation process Digital Marketing Strategy The application of the AIDA model (Attention, Interest, Desire, Action) through visual content and testimonials Increasing brand awareness and the attractiveness of village tourism Village Government Involvement Digital infrastructure support and collaboration with travel agents and influencers Encouraging synergy between stakeholders and strengthening the digital ecosystem Role of Local Champion Tourism promotion group "Jari Sholah" as a driver of digital promotion and education Becoming a driving force for innovation and regeneration of tourism actors Social Inclusion Technology Training for local women and MSMEs Increasing participation of vulnerable groups and strengthening local economy Source: Research data processed Digital Inclusion in Bilebante Green Tourism Village Bilebante Village (see Table 1 ) demonstrates how digital literacy and access to technology can strengthen the capacity of local tourism actors. Through social media training, public Wi-Fi provision, and digital marketing strategies, tourism actors become more independent, inclusive, and connected to the global market. Support from the village government and the role of local champions such as Tourism promotion group "Jari Sholah" catalyse sustainable digital transformation. The level of digital literacy in West Nusa Tenggara has increased, especially among young people. This is evidenced by the range of digital promotion training conducted in Bilebante Village, which have contributed to the community's growing capacity to utilize digital media for promotional purposes. Although internet access is readily available in centres of tourist activity like Bilebante, some hamlets in West Nusa Tenggara still face connectivity limitations. Various digital marketing and promotional design trainings held by universities and communication agencies have improved the skills of the community, especially in making promotional posters and videos(Pribadi et al., 2024 ). In terms of policy, the government through The Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy, The Ministry of Villages, Development of Disadvantaged Regions, and Transmigration, and the local government has continued to provide support for the development of Bilebante tourism village since 2015, both through coaching and promotion at the national level. However, infrastructure barriers are still a major problem, such as weak internet networks, the existence of blank spot areas, as well as limited electricity and community income which also affect the adoption of digital technology in this region. Planning across sectors and scales of government to support the digital transformation of tourism villages is necessary. However, in a tourist village like Bilebante, it is a multidimensional challenge that requires an integrated planning approach. Collaboration across sectors-tourism, agriculture, and information technology-is fundamental in shaping an inclusive digital ecosystem. Cross-sector synergy is a key requirement for the development of digital strategies for tourist villages(Bonzanigo et al., 2016 ). In Bilebante, this integration has been utilised to digitise the promotion of superior products such as organic vegetables, bamboo crafts, and healthy culinary. Active involvement from the central, provincial and local governments is also needed to realise infrastructure, training and policies that support digital transformation(Andriyani et al., 2024 ). The absence of government support can hinder the development of digital systems in villages(Park et al., 2016 ). An example from Bali can be learnt isa digital training initiative that successfully improved technological literacy among the community. A similar concept could be strengthened in Bilebante, by customising the local context and community needs. (See Table 2 ) Table 2 Strategic Components of Integrated Planning in Digital Transformation of Bilebante Tourism Village Component Brief Explanation Bilebante Implementation Sector Integration Collaboration of tourism, agriculture, IT Digitalisation of local products Local Actors Village government, BUMDes, community Kompepar as driver Government Support Centre, province, district Training & infrastructure Supporting policies Integrated regulation Adaptation of Bali initiative Structural Barriers Low digital literacy Lack of platform utilisation Infrastructure Limited connection & devices Digital promotion is not optimal Capacity Empowerment Community training Workshop for tourism MSMEs Source: Research Data processed The identification and strengthening of the seven components above are key to the success of inclusive and sustainable digital transformation. Bilebante shows that integrated planning is not only a technocratic approach, but also a social process that places the community as the main subject of change (See Table 2 ). However, several obstacles are still faced by Bilebante Village in implementing integrated planning. Low community awareness of the urgency of digitalisation is a major challenge. A multisectoral strategy that is not accompanied by community empowerment has the potential to hinder sustainability(Harsanto, 2025 ). In addition, limited access to digital infrastructure, especially uneven internet connectivity, is a barrier to the optimisation of digital tourism promotion platforms. Without investment in basic infrastructure, digitalisation will not develop optimally(Lapuz, 2023 ). With a more participatory approach, cross-sector support, and investment in local capacity, Bilebante Village has a great opportunity to develop as a sustainable and community-based digital tourism village model. 4.2. Digital and Physical Accessibility Towards Smart Tourism Destinations Accessibility is a key foundation in the development of tourist destinations, encompassing both physical and digital connectivity. Bilebante Village in Central Lombok is one potential tourism village that demonstrates the importance of integration between information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure and transport systems. Improved accessibility not only impacts the number of visits, but also the equitable distribution of economic benefits, citizen participation, and increased destination competitiveness. In the context of digital and sustainable tourism, information and communication technology (ICT) is a key driver, equipped with a smart tourism architecture model that includes network infrastructure, cloud-based services, and mobile applications. However, challenges such as limited digital infrastructure and technology access gaps still need to be addressed(Yohanitas et al., 2023 ). In addition, improving accessibility through investment in transport infrastructure is also important to make it easier for travellers to reach the villages. Digital and transport infrastructure are the main pillars of connectivity in tourism development. Improved digital infrastructure encourages online promotion, ease of reservation, and real-time information. Meanwhile, adequate physical connectivity facilitates traveller mobility and the distribution of economic output to local communities. The condition of digital infrastructure and transportation in Bilebante Village and West Nusa Tenggara can be seen in the Table 3 . Table 3 Digital and Transport Infrastructure Conditions in Bilebante Village and NTB Infrastructure Component Bilebante Village NTB Average Additional Information Household Internet Access ± 42% 58% Still relying on 3G network in some villages 4G/LTE Signal Availability Limited 67% of NTB Unstable signal in some tourist attractions Public Wi-Fi Facilities Available (1 main point) Average 1–2 per village Managed by local community Length of Road to Tourist Sites ± 3.7 km (dirt/rock road) - Only a small part has been hardened or asphalted Mode of Public Transport to Tourist Sites Not available Common in big cities only Dependent on private vehicles or local hire Travelling Time Mataram-Bilebante ± 45–60 minutes - No direct transport route available from the terminal Source: Research Data processed. The availability of digital technology in villages such as internet and tourist information systems can significantly improve the quality of tourism services(Nanda et al., 2023 ). However, in Bilebante, limited internet network and 4G signal are still obstacles in digital promotion and online services. Meanwhile, efficient transport is crucial in supporting tourist visits(Gulnora, 2024 ). The condition of the village roads which are still dirt and the lack of public transport modes cause limited access to tourist sites. The government plays an important role in the development of transport networks and infrastructure, including the National Optical Fibre Ring project (Palapa Ring) and cooperation with the private sector. Transport development on Lombok Island to support KSPN Mandalika includes improving port infrastructure, expanding passenger and cargo terminals at the airport, and building and widening roads. Table 4 Infrastructure Impact on Tourism Destination Development Aspects Aspects of Tourism Development Technology Infrastructure Transport Infrastructure Promotion and Marketing Enables bold & interactive promotions No direct impact Visitor Access Digital information available (map, reservation) Decent roads & transport enhance visit Visitor Experience Access to tourist info, reviews, social media Convenience & speed of physical access Community Empowerment Digital training, local e-commerce Improved local transport & citizen tour services Investor Attraction Digital infrastructure supports destination branding Roads and accessibility determine investment feasibility Source: Research Data processed Adequate infrastructure attracts investors and drives sustainable tourism development(Preko, 2020 ). The impact of infrastructure transformation as seen in Table 4 explains that if carried out sustainably and inclusively, it can expand market reach, increase local productivity, and create new jobs in the tourism sector. Equitable digital and tourism access is a strategic step to reduce regional disparities, especially for tourist villages like Bilebante. Low connectivity has resulted in a decline in tourist interest(Gulnora, 2024 ) Digital literacy and internet access are also important elements. Adequate digital access and literacy can increase the competitiveness of tourism actors in remote areas(Rezaei et al., 2023 ). In Bilebante, digital training involving the community is starting to show results in the promotion of tourism products and destinations online. Table 5 Access Equity Strategy in Bilebante Village Programme/Intervention Implementer Coverage Main Impact Digital Literacy Training Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital (Kemkomdigi) Office + NGOs 50 + local tourism actors Improved promotional skills through social media Community Wi-Fi development Village Owned Enterprise community 1 main location Free internet access in craft centre and MSME areas Road Improvements to Tourism Sites Central Lombok Regional Government Not yet comprehensive Most access is still using dirt roads Digitalisation of craft products Industry Office + NGOs Local craftsmen Emergence of online product catalogues and online transactions Tourism Village Partnership Government & Higher Education Early stage Supporting the design of a data-driven tourism development roadmap Source: Field data processed The Equity Access Strategy in Bilebante Village in Table 5 explains the need for collaboration between the community and the government. Community participation in digital training has been shown to drive technology adoption(Badari et al., 2024 ). Although various initiatives have been undertaken, structural challenges still exist, especially regarding funding. Financing uncertainty is a major inhibiting factor in tourism development in remote areas(Harsanto, 2025 ) 4.3. Digital Promotion Strategy for Local Destination Competitiveness In the era of digital transformation, tourism destination promotion strategies must adapt to changes in travellers' information consumption patterns. The following subtopics discuss the optimisation of digital marketing and the utilisation of social media and apps as interactive tools to build destination image and increase real-time visitor engagement. Digital transformation has changed the way travellers search, select and interact with tourist destinations. In the midst of these changes in information consumption patterns, tourism promotion strategies must adapt-not only to convey information, but also to build emotional engagement and meaningful experiences. Bilebante tourist village in Lombok is a concrete example of a region that has strong potential to utilise digital technology to strengthen its tourism competitiveness. However, it still faces structural and capacity challenges that need to be handled comprehensively. In today's digital ecosystem, engaging, informative and authentic digital content is a key foundation in attracting travellers. Bilebante Village, with its rich culture and beautiful landscape, has a strong capital to present a compelling visual narrative. The presentation of high-quality photography highlighting local wisdom, community activities, and natural panoramas can strengthen the destination's appeal as content marketing approaches can deepen user engagement and strengthen brand identity (Albashori et al., 2025 ). However, the success of this strategy is highly dependent on the selection of the right digital platform. Social media such as Instagram, Facebook, and TikTok are now the main promotional channels capable of reaching a wide audience quickly and cheaply. This platform is not only a space for sharing information, but also a place for direct interaction between tourism actors and potential tourists. Social media opens up a more intensive interaction space between destinations and global audiences(Shin & Xiang, 2019 ) In this context, Bilebante Village has developed a number of digital initiatives, such as an official website with daily and weekly tour packages, and collaboration with Atourin on a visitor management system (AVMS). In addition, digital marketing training by Bumigora University and business communication training for Pokdarwis are tangible efforts to improve community-based promotional capacity. A special website for MSMEs has also been developed to expand market access for local products. This effort was recognised through the Tourism Entrepreneurial Marketing Award 2023. The following Table 6 summarises Bilebante Village's use of digital platforms and their linkages to tourism promotion: Table 6 Utilisation of Digital Platforms in Bilebante Village Promotion Strategy Utilisation of Digital Platforms in Bilebante Village Promotion Strategy Platform / Initiative Content & Focus of Promotion Impact / Outcome Official website (bilebante.com) Offers tour packages, cultural activities, homestays, MSME visits Ease of package selection & booking Digital marketing training (Univ. Bumigora) Poster design, video/photo editing, storytelling, tools such as Canva & CapCut Visual technical skills improvement Pokdarwis communication & marketing training Digital content strategy, digital business, social media marketing Local promotion management capacity Visitor Management System (Atourin) Online reservation system & visitor data management Transparency & ease of operation MSME website by Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Nusa Tenggara Barat (UNU NTB ) Online promotion of local products, digital training for MSME players Broader market reach Marketing 2023 Award Recognition for innovative strategies and community empowerment Brand and reputation strengthening Source: https://bilebante.com processed The reality on the ground shows that most tourism actors in Bilebante have not been able to fully optimise this digital opportunity. The lack of digital literacy is still a major obstacle in the effort to build a strong and consistent promotion. Many tourism actors do not understand the importance of digital content in promotional strategies(Rodrigues et al., 2023 ), which ultimately affects the low reach and engagement of digital audiences. In addition, the limitations of unstable internet infrastructure also narrow the space for digital promotion. Information accessibility is highly dependent on the availability of telecommunications network infrastructure, affordability, and service penetration. (Kindzule-Millere & Zeverte-Rivza, 2022 )Inadequate network infrastructure is a barrier to optimising digital potential in the tourism sector (Kindzule-Millere & Zeverte-Rivza, 2022 ). This is compounded by the low technical capacity to produce engaging and relevant content, which in turn widens the competitiveness gap between Bilebante and other more digitally-ready destinations. To explain the relationship between promotional strategies, platform strengths, and development opportunities, an analytical matrix is presented Table 7 below: Table 7 Bilebante Village Digital Promotion Strategy Matrix Strategic Objective Initiative/Platform Strengths Limitations/Opportunities Development Brand awareness & tour packages Tour package website Structured and easily accessible information Need direct integration to social media and video Creative promotional content capacity Digital marketing training Improved local marketing visuals Storytelling still needs improvement Public outreach & interaction Communication & marketing training (Pokdarwis/Tourism Awareness Group) Community communication empowerment Need further evaluation results on implementation Reservation & visit management Visitor Management System (AVMS) Neat & transparent online system Need UI/UX integration for user-friendliness MSME local product marketing Bilebante village MSME website Facilitate the promotion of local products Need sharper analytics & digital sales strategy Credibility & reputation Marketing Awards 2023 Inclusive community-based marketing Momentum needs to be optimised for digital campaigns Source : https://bilebante.com processed The digital promotion strategy in Bilebante Village demonstrates that the utilisation of information and communication technology can be a catalyst in strengthening the competitiveness of local tourism destinations. Initiatives such as website development, digital marketing training, and visitor management system integration prove that collaboration between communities, academics, and technology can produce tangible positive impacts. However, to achieve sustainable success, challenges such as limited digital literacy, uneven network infrastructure, and creative content capacity must be addressed with a planned and inclusive approach. Policy support, human resource capacity building, and expanded digital access are keys to ensuring that digital transformation can increase community participation and expand the reach of destination promotion to a wider market(See Table 7 ). 4.4. Sustainability and Community Engagement in the Tourism Digital Ecosystem Sustainable tourism is not only about environmental conservation, but also about the active involvement of local communities in the planning and management process. This section reviews how sustainability practices can be integrated through technology-based approaches, as well as the important role of the community as a key driver in maintaining local values and strengthening community-based economies. The application of eco-friendly principles in digital destination development is crucial to preserve tourism, especially in areas rich in natural and cultural heritage such as Bilebante Village, Lombok. Without ecological considerations, the development of this sector risks causing ecosystem degradation, loss of biodiversity, and negative social impacts on local communities. In Bilebante, efforts to integrate eco-friendly practices into digital tourism development are carried out through various concrete programmes. For example, souvenir products such as carved wooden cups and canvas shopping bags are designed to be environmentally friendly as a sustainable branding effort. The lack of highlighting ecological values in tourism promotion can hinder the market penetration of green tourism enthusiasts(Mason, 2020 ). In Bilebante, more than 60% of actors have started to implement waste management and the use of local materials in tourism. However, limited knowledge and policy support remain significant challenges.(Kindzule-Millere & Zeverte-Rivza, 2022 ) Local communities play a central role in the development of community-based tourism. In Bilebante, most residents are actively involved as homestay providers, craft managers, and cultural tour organisers. Studies show that around 70% of villagers make tourism their main source of income(Mason, 2020 ). The village has also won national and international awards, such as the Tourism Entrepreneurial Marketing Awards 2023 in the local community empowerment category and the top eight UNWTO Best Tourism Villages 2023 representing Indonesia - a recognition of the integration of sustainability and community participation in tourism programmes. However, low sustainability literacy and access to training remain barriers. Many residents do not understand green economy principles or structured environmental management practices. To support the analysis of the implementation of sustainable practices and community engagement in the tourism digital ecosystem of Bilebante Village, the following two tables are presented. The Table 8 illustrates the form of utilisation of environmentally friendly practices that have been adopted by local tourism actors, while the second table summarises the strategies used to increase community engagement in community-based tourism development. Table 8 Utilisation of Sustainable Practices in Bilebe Village Utilisation of Sustainable Practices in Bilebante Village Aspect Initiative/Practice Impact & Outcome Eco-friendly Souvenirs & Packaging Carved wooden cups, eco-friendly tote/ shopping bags Sustainable branding, strengthening local identity, income diversification 3R Waste Management Socialisation & training on sorting into valuable products Waste reduction, environmental education, waste-based creative economic opportunities Certification & Awards 'Serti Dewi' certification, national/ international awards Improved reputation, sustainability recognition, access to official promotions Community Engagement Community homestays, local ecotourism, ideas & physical contributions Active citizen participation, distribution of economic benefits, maintenance of local culture Source: Research Data processed This Table 9 presents the types of environmentally friendly practices that have been implemented by local communities and tourism operators, including the use of local materials, waste management, and environmental conservation. This data provides an overview of the extent to which sustainability principles have been integrated into the village's digital tourism activities. Table 9 Sustainability and Engagement Strategies Sustainability and Community Engagement Strategies Strategic Objective Initiative/Platform Strengths Limitations/Opportunities Development Strengthening green tourism image Eco-friendly souvenirs & packaging Use of local products & sustainable marketing Need for cross-platform marketing and environmental storytelling Community-based environmental management 3R(Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) & EcoRanger programme with KKN-PMD (Kuliah Kerja Nyata-Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Desa) Hands-on education and local waste economy Community ( Temporary Waste Disposal Site for Reduce, Reuse, Recycle)TPS 3R infrastructure required Sustainability credibility & promotion Serti Dewi certification, UNWTO and national awards Broad exposure and destination quality recognition Need for programme continuity & post-award evaluation Citizen participation as drivers and beneficiaries Homestay services, cultural attractions, local MSMEs Local income, authentic identity and culture Community management & marketing literacy training required Source: Research Data processed This Table 9 details the various approaches used to strengthen community participation in the tourism ecosystem, such as capacity training, local enterprise development, and collaboration between actors. This table shows the synergy between social and technological aspects in building inclusive and sustainable tourism destinations. The integration of ecological sustainability and community participation in the digital transformation of Bilebante Village is an important asset in building inclusive and competitive tourism. Initiatives such as environmentally friendly local souvenirs, community-based waste management, and active involvement of residents in destination management not only strengthen local identity, but also expand economic benefits equally. In addition, the government is also focusing on human resource development through information technology training and education in remote areas(Sudrajat et al., 2024 ). These efforts aim to ensure all areas have adequate access to information and transport networks, ultimately supporting the economic and social development of communities. Although challenges such as sustainability literacy and policy support remain, Bilebante's potential as a green digital tourism village and self-sustaining community is immense. Moving forward, a combination of sustainability education, synergy between stakeholders, and consistency in strategy implementation are key to ensuring that tourism in Bilebante grows fairly, sustainably, and empowers local communities. Further analyses address the impact of infrastructure improvements on tourism, implementation of smart tourism architecture models, as well as human resource development strategies, and government collaboration with the private sector. Recommendations for accessibility improvements and solutions to overcome digital infrastructure limitations are also included in the discussion. 5. Conclusion The findings suggest that digital technology may play a strategic role in shaping sustainable tourism ecosystems in Bilebante Village, Lombok. Through the use of digital promotional platforms, online reservation systems, and community information channels, the study indicates an improvement in destination visibility, strengthened cultural identity, and broader participation among local communities. These dynamics potentially contribute to greater social inclusion, local economic resilience, and more systematic environmental management practices. This study provides evidence that digitalisation can enhance accessibility, stimulate community engagement, and enable data-informed management at the local level. From a policy perspective, the findings may serve as a reference for designing tourism village digitalisation programs that emphasise not only infrastructure development but also human resource capacity and sustainability integration. For tourism practitioners, the community-based approach explored in this research offers an adaptive and inclusive model that can inspire responsible tourism practices. Theoretically, the study contributes to the growing discourse on smart and sustainable tourism in Southeast Asia by underlining the importance of synergy between technology, local culture, and community empowerment. Nevertheless, this study is subject to several limitations. It focuses on a single case study and relies primarily on qualitative data, which may restrict the generalisability of its findings. Future studies should therefore adopt comparative and mixed-method designs involving multiple tourism villages across different provinces to capture variations in digital transformation outcomes. Quantitative approaches could further validate and measure the economic, social, and environmental effects of digitalisation on tourism sustainability, providing stronger empirical grounding for policy formulation. In addition, exploring the integration of emerging technologies—such as artificial intelligence (AI), big data analytics, and the Internet of Things (IoT)—within local tourism governance frameworks could provide valuable insights into advancing sustainable and inclusive tourism development in rural contexts. Recommendations To strengthen digital inclusion in Bilebante Village, a coherent strategy encompassing community-based digital literacy programs and infrastructure development is essential. An integrated digital tourism plan should be formulated through collaboration among government agencies, the private sector, and local communities. Targeted investments in internet connectivity and technological facilities are required to ensure equitable digital access for all segments of society. Digital marketing strategies, including the use of search engine optimisation (SEO), social media campaigns, and online storytelling, can further enhance the visibility of Bilebante as a sustainable tourism destination. Promoting eco-friendly products and community-based experiences through these digital channels may attract niche markets focused on responsible travel. In parallel, improvements in physical accessibility—such as road construction, public transport enhancement, and better linkages between Bilebante and key nodes within the Mandalika Special Economic Zone—remain vital. Upgrading transport and communication infrastructure, including support from national initiatives like the Palapa Ring project, will not only enhance visitor mobility but also facilitate economic inclusivity and regional connectivity. Ultimately, bridging the digital divide while empowering local communities should form the foundation of sustainable tourism policy in rural Indonesia. Continuous evaluation, participatory governance, and capacity-building initiatives are necessary to ensure that digital transformation genuinely contributes to inclusive, adaptive, and environmentally responsible tourism development. Declarations Funding Statement This article is based on research funded and implemented under the Decree of the Head of the Research Organization for Governance, Economy, and Public Welfare, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Number B-4252/III.12/HK.00/11/2022, concerning the Research Activity Implementation Team within the Governance, Economy, and Public Welfare Research Organization Program for Fiscal Year 2022. The research was conducted under the state budget allocation (DIPA BRIN 2022) with the research serial number RRP2-24/2022, entitled “Development of a Tourism Transportation System in the Mandalika Region of West Nusa Tenggara.” Ethical Statement This research has obtained an Ethical Clearance Confirmation Letter on Social Studies and Humanities Research No. 510/KE.01/SK/10/2022, issued and signed in Jakarta on October 14, 2022, by Dr. Augustina Situmorang, M.A., Chair of the Ethical Committee on Social Studies and Humanities, National Research and Innovation Agency (NRIA). The research was conducted in accordance with national and institutional ethical standards, the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, and all applicable regulations governing research involving human participants Ethical Approval This research was approved by the Human and Social Sciences Ethics Committee of the National Research and Innovation Agency, in accordance with relevant national and institutional ethical guidelines and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical Clearance Confirmation Letter Number: 510/KE.01/SK/10/2022 Approval Date: 14 October 2022 Title of the approved study: Development of a Tourism Transportation System in the Mandalika Area, West Nusa Tenggara The research was conducted between October and December 2022. All procedures involving human participants were performed in compliance with the applicable ethical standards and regulations. Informed Consent All participants involved in the interviews and surveys were informed about the purpose, procedures, and confidentiality of the research. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant prior to data collection. Participants were notified that their participation was voluntary and that they could withdraw from the study at any time without any consequences. Data collection was carried out between October and December 2022 in accordance with the approved ethical protocol. Data Availability Statement All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary materials (Appendices). The datasets comprise anonymised interview transcripts, thematic coding tables, and survey questionnaire responses regarding transportation preferences in the Mandalika tourism area. Supporting materials such as the interview guide, informed consent form, and coding framework are provided in the appendices. 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Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eTourism plays an important role in driving Indonesia's economic growth, contributing significantly to job creation, poverty alleviation, and foreign exchange earnings (Fafurida et al., 2020; Feli Rabilla Putri et al., 2022; Hakim et al., 2021; Holik, 2016). As Indonesia strives to develop its tourism sector, sustainable practices are becoming increasingly important to ensure long-term sustainability and equitable benefits. This includes the development of supporting infrastructure and services that enhance the capacity of tourism destinations to attract and accommodate visitors\u0026nbsp;(Lasdiyanti et al., 2019; Rozy \u0026amp; Koswara, 2017).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the context of regional development, transport infrastructure is a critical supporting factor for tourism. This infrastructure connects origin and destination points, ensuring safety, convenience, and time efficiency for travellers(Yang et al., 2019). Sustainable \u0026nbsp;\u003cu\u003etransportation services, especially those that offer door-to-door connectivity, are increasingly recognised\u0026nbsp;\u003c/u\u003eas essential to improving regional accessibility and enhancing the overall tourist experience(Bastian, 2020; Olivia et al., 2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndonesia has responded to this challenge by designating several areas as Special Economic Zones (SEZs), with a focus on sustainable tourism. One of the key strategies within these zones is the development of tourism villages, which integrate community-based tourism with environmental management. Bilebante Village, located in Pringgarata Sub-district, Central Lombok Regency, provides an interesting case study in this regard.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDesignated as a Green Tourism Village (DWH) by the Central Lombok government and supported by the German-Indonesian Cooperation Agency (GIZ), Bilebante has shown significant growth. Annual tourist arrivals increased by 860% in 2017, 223% in 2018, and 219% in 2019, indicating successful promotion and development efforts. However, a sharp decline of 85% in foreign tourist arrivals in 2020 underscores the sector's vulnerability to global disruptions and travel restrictions. Foreign tourist arrivals increased 567% in 2018 but declined 85% in 2020, demonstrating the sector's dependence on global conditions and international travel accessibility. Transportation infrastructure is a critical enabler of tourism, facilitating safe, convenient, and time-efficient travel between starting and destination points(Yang et al., 2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(Bastian, 2020; Olivia et al., 2022). However, many rural tourism destinations in Indonesia still face challenges in terms of public transport availability and integration, which may hinder their growth potential. The village's appeal lies in the harmonious coexistence of Islamic and Hindu communities, its beautiful scenery, and locally-run businesses such as herbal drinks, spa services, and agricultural products. These elements have earned Bilebante national and international recognition, including awards from ADWI and BCA, as well as inclusion in UNWTO's \"upgrade\" program for the best tourist villages.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite all these achievements, there are still many challenges to overcome. Many rural tourist destinations in Indonesia, including Lombok, have inadequate public transport services. The absence of regular routes from airports or harbours to tourist villages, and reliance on informal travel agents, reduces accessibility and visitor satisfaction. This problem is compounded by the lack of an integrated transport system and comprehensive travel information.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAddressing these challenges requires strategic investments in transport infrastructure and digital connectivity. An integrated system can improve mobility, reduce travel time, and increase operational efficiency(Setiawan et al., 2024). In addition, digitalization offers transformative potential by facilitating access to information, streamlining business operations, and encouraging civic engagement. However, gaps in digital infrastructure and unequal access to technology remain significant barriers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Aim\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research aims to explore how digitalisation and transport accessibility can support sustainable tourism in villages, as well as identify challenges and opportunities, particularly tourism in Bilebante Village,and identify associated challenges and opportunities. This research seeks to identify the challenges and opportunities associated with integrating these elements into rural tourism development, and to assess their implications for wider national strategies. The study was motivated by the urgency to understand how digital transformation and infrastructure development can be utilised to promote inclusive and resilient tourism, particularly in rural areas.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted to understand the challenges and opportunities in integrating digital technology and improving accessibility to sustainable tourism in Indonesia. Bilebante village was chosen for its relevance, with various local initiatives already underway. The main question of this study is how digitalisation and improved accessibility can improve tourism sustainability in this village and what the implications are for other areas in Indonesia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Methodology\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study applied a qualitative research design to examine how digitalisation and transport accessibility shape sustainable tourism development in Bilebante Green Tourism Village, which is situated within the Mandalika Special Economic Zone in Lombok, Indonesia. The qualitative approach enabled an in-depth exploration of the experiences, perceptions, and strategies of local stakeholders in integrating digital transformation with community-based tourism practices.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research team collected data through three complementary methods. First, in-depth interviews were conducted with key local stakeholders, including representatives of the village government, members of the tourism awareness group (Pokdarwis), local entrepreneurs, and community leaders who play active roles in managing and promoting tourism in Bilebante. Second, surveys were administered to visiting tourists to gather their perceptions regarding accessibility, digital information services, and sustainable tourism practices in the village. Third, document analysis was undertaken to review relevant policy documents, promotional materials, and local development reports that reflect ongoing digitalisation and sustainability initiatives.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn total, 15 local stakeholders and 30 visiting tourists participated in the study. Participants were selected purposively to ensure that those included were directly engaged in tourism management, digital promotion, or decision-making related to community-based tourism development. The data collection process was carried out between October and December 2022.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll qualitative data were analysed using a thematic coding approach to identify recurring themes and patterns emerging from the interviews, survey responses, and documentary evidence. The analysis concentrated on three key dimensions: the role of digitalisation in improving tourism accessibility; the contribution of transport infrastructure to sustainable tourism; and the forms of community engagement that support digital transformation at the village level. Triangulation among these data sources was used to enhance the reliability, validity, and credibility of the findings.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN). Ethical clearance was formally granted under Ethical Clearance Confirmation Letter No. 510/KE.01/SK/10/2022, issued on 14 October 2022 and signed by Dr. Augustina Situmorang, M.A., Chair of the Ethical Committee on Social Studies and Humanities, BRIN. Prior to participation, all respondents received clear information about the objectives and procedures of the study and provided written informed consent. Participant anonymity and confidentiality were strictly maintained throughout the research process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis Article is organised into five main sections to provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of digitalisation and transport accessibility in supporting sustainable tourism in Bilebante Village:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSection 1: Introduction,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThis section outlines the scope and importance of sustainable tourism in Indonesia, particularly in the context of rural development. It introduces Bilebante Village as a case study, presents the research objectives, and explains the methodological approach of the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSection \u003cstrong\u003e2: Background,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ethis section presents a detailed overview of the research, including national tourism policy, the designation of Special Economic Zones, and the emergence of tourist villages. It also discusses relevant theories and frameworks that underpin the research, and identifies the practical and academic gaps on which the research is based.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSection 3: Literature Review,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eA critical review of the existing literature, which includes models and theories related to sustainable tourism, digital transformation, and transport accessibility. Key debates, trends, and gaps in current knowledge are discussed, and the conceptual lens used to frame the research is justified.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSection \u003cstrong\u003e4: Research Results and Analyses,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eInstead of presenting general findings, this section is organised into thematic sub-sections that reflect the core components of the research. This section outlines the relevance of the research both practically and academically, highlights research gaps, and provides contextual insights specific to the Indonesian and Southeast Asian tourism sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSection \u003cstrong\u003e5: Conclusion,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe final section summarises the key findings and discusses their implications for policy, industry practice, and theoretical advancement. This section reflects on how the results of this study address the research objectives, acknowledges limitations, and offers recommendations for future research in sustainable and digital tourism development.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eIndonesia's approach to sustainable tourism involves a combination of national policies, digital transformation, and tourist village development. The integration of digital technologies plays an important role in expanding market reach, driving economic sustainability, and preserving cultural heritage. Bilebante Village models how digital pathways can support sustainable tourism, highlighting the importance of aligning tourism development with the local social and cultural context(Nanda et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Indonesia's national tourism policy has evolved significantly, especially in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The government has issued various policies to support digital transformation and tourism development, with a significant increase in policy activity during the pandemic(Herawati et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe \"integrated tourism village\" policy, established in 1992, encourages sustainable development in tourism villages by promoting economic, social, and cultural sustainability(Pickel-Chevalier et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Tourism villages, or \"\u003cem\u003edesa wisata\u003c/em\u003e\", are the focal point of Indonesia's sustainable tourism strategy. These villages aim to balance economic growth with cultural preservation and environmental sustainability. This research highlights some successful examples, such as the village of Bilebante, which has utilised digital channels to boost tourism while maintaining its cultural heritage(Fadli et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe digital village concept has been instrumental in improving public service delivery in rural areas, thereby promoting equity and participation(Mao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The integration of digital technologies into tourism development has emerged as s pivotal strategy to enhance accessibility and sustainability, especially in rural and underserved areas. Digital transformation is not just a technological shift, but also a comprehensive approach to inclusive and environmentally sustainable tourism practice.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigital tools also play a transformative role in the management of cultural heritage sites. The use of 3D modelling and metaverse applications allows cultural heritage sites to be enjoyed remotely, thus minimising environmental impacts and expanding accessibility(Massari et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Trivi\u0026ntilde;o-Tarradas et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSustainable tourism in Bilebante is also supported by the community-based tourism (CBT) model, which involves residents into tourism activities. This approach ensures that the benefits of tourism are distributed in an equitable and culturally sensitive manner(Massari et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Olivadese \u0026amp; Dindo, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, the adoption of circular economy principles in tourism-facilitated by digital technologies- can play a critical role in addressing challenges related to resource efficiency and waste management(Allkins et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBilebante Village exemplifies the integration of digital pathways into sustainable tourism. The village has adopted digital technologies to promote its unique cultural and natural attractions, enhance visitor experiences and support local economic development. Research shows that digital inclusion plans for indigenous communities are essential to reduce disharmony between state policies and local economies, ensuring that tourism development is aligned with the social complexity and diversity of local communities(Fadli et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBilebante has utilised digital platforms and social media for tourism promotion, offering targeted marketing and real-time visitor management tools. These technologies enhance the traveller experience while supporting environmental sustainability(Falter, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Semwal, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The use of digital platforms has provided significant benefits to the agricultural sector, which is a key selling point for tourism and therefore an integral part of Bilebante's local economy. In addition, digitalisation has improved access to market information and financial services for smallholder farmers(Kitole et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), while agricultural cooperatives have benefited from increased productivity and sustainability through digital tools(Santos et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigital transformation is a key driver of sustainable tourism in Indonesia. Digital platforms improve market accessibility, promotional effectiveness, and service efficiency, which contribute to economic sustainability by creating local jobs and optimising tourism revenue.(Lelawatty et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Virtual reality applications and digital tourism models are being developed to promote local wisdom and sustainable tourist behaviour(Noviarita et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Wismantoro et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). These digital initiatives are critical to address challenges such as limited infrastructure and low digital literacy among local stakeholders(Lelawatty et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite its potential, digital transformation faces challenges such as the digital divide, which can exacerbate socio-economic disparities(Balloccu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Mikhaylova \u0026amp; Hvaley, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Addressing this gap requires targeted infrastructure investments and inclusive planning(Coppola et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Silva, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, active community engagement is essential to tailor digital strategies to local needs and ensure long-term sustainability(Botetano \u0026amp; Salcedo, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Zhang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, policy frameworks should prioritise equitable access, digital literacy and integrated planning to ensure that digital transformation contributes meaningfully to sustainable tourism development(Oviedo \u0026amp; Guzman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Rosas-Satiz\u0026aacute;bal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Literature Review","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe integration of digital technologies into tourism development has become a cornerstone for achieving sustainability and inclusiveness, especially in rural tourist destinations such as Bilebante Village. The combination of digital transformation and sustainable tourism has attracted the attention of researchers, especially in the context of rural development. This literature review critically examines existing frameworks and models that inform the study of digital tourism pathways, with a focus on Bilebante Village in Indonesia. The review is organised around four thematic pillars: policy recommendations, accessibility, promotion, and sustainability, each of which contributes to a holistic understanding of digital tourism development.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe theoretical lens adopted in this study draws on the Digital Inclusion Framework(Ly et al., 2025), the Community-Based Tourism (CBT(Botetano \u0026amp; Salcedo, 2022) , and the principles of Circular Economy in Tourism(Allkins et al., 2025). These frameworks collectively support conceptual approaches that emphasise equity, participation and environmental stewardship. These three approaches not only reflect the latest theoretical trends, but also offer complementary perspectives in assessing local community engagement, sustainability, and the use of digital technologies in tourism destination management.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Digital Inclusion Framework, developed by Ly (2025) emphasises the importance of equitable access to digital technologies as a prerequisite for social and economic participation. In the context of tourism, digital inclusion includes efforts to improve the digital literacy of local communities, develop adequate ICT infrastructure, and reduce the digital divide between urban and rural areas. Digital inclusion not only expands access to information but also strengthens the capacity of communities to self-manage and promote destinations(Ly et al., 2025). Therefore, in this study, this framework is used to assess the digital readiness of the community in Bilebante Village and how this readiness affects their engagement in the digital tourism ecosystem.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Community-Based Tourism (CBT) model proposed by Castillo Botetano (2022) focuses on the active participation of local communities in the entire cycle of tourism activities-from planning, management, to distribution of benefits. In the digital era, the CBT model has been expanded to include the use of digital platforms for promotion and reservation, digital training for local tourism stakeholders, and digital collaboration between communities and external stakeholders. Digitalisation can strengthen CBT by expanding market reach and improving operational efficiency without compromising local values(Botetano \u0026amp; Salcedo, 2022). This framework is used in this research to evaluate how digital transformation can align with the principles of social and cultural sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeanwhile, the Circular Economy approach in Tourism, as outlined by Allkins (2025), emphasises the importance of resource efficiency, waste reduction and reuse throughout the tourism industry value chain. In the digital context, the principles of the circular economy are realised using big data for efficient management of tourist flows, technologies to reduce carbon footprints (such as virtual tours), and the redesign of more environmentally friendly tourism business models. Digital technologies play an important role as enablers in implementing these principles, especially in the ecotourism and adventure tourism sectors(Allkins et al., 2025). In this study, these frameworks are used to assess how digitalisation supports environmental and resource efficiency goals in Bilebante.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThrough the synthesis of these three frameworks - digital inclusion, community-based participation and eco-efficiency - this study establishes a robust conceptual foundation for analysing digital transformation within the context of sustainable tourism.. This approach enables a critical analysis of who benefits from digitalisation, how the technology is used locally, and whether the transformation is truly sustainable from a social and ecological perspective. As such, this theoretical framework not only provides a sharp analytical direction, but also serves as a solid basis for evidence-based policy development relevant to the management of rural tourism destinations in Indonesia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1.\u0026nbsp;Policy Recommendations:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e· \u003cstrong\u003eDigital Inclusion:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDigital inclusion is critical to ensure that all community members can participate in and benefit from tourism development. Initiatives such as digital literacy programmes and improved internet access have been shown to empower rural communities and support sustainable tourism practices(Ly et al., 2025; Noviarita et al., 2024) . In Indonesia, government-led efforts to improve ICT infrastructure have significantly improved socio-economic conditions in rural areas(Saputra et al., 2023)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDigital inclusion is also a fundamental element in providing equitable access to tourism opportunities. The literature highlights that improving digital literacy and internet infrastructure in rural areas can significantly improve community engagement and socio-economic resilience(Ly et al., 2025; Saputra et al., 2023). However, the persisting digital divide remains a challenge, especially in remote areas that have limited infrastructure(Balloccu et al., 2024; Mikhaylova \u0026amp; Hvaley, 2023). This gap underscores the need for targeted policy interventions that prioritise marginalised communities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDigital inclusion needs to be aligned with broader frameworks such as the Digital Inclusion Framework(Ly et al., 2025) , Community Based Tourism(Botetano \u0026amp; Salcedo, 2022) , and Circular Economy in Tourism(Allkins et al., 2025). Ensuring universal access to digital infrastructure and literacy enables rural communities not only to engage in the tourism market but also to collectively manage and promote their destinations, fostering local ownership and resilience.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTargeted policy interventions, prioritising marginalised communities, enhancing digital capacity, and embedding inclusion in tourism governance are critical to addressing this digitalisation gap. Digitalisation is not just a tool for efficiency, but also a catalyst for inclusive, participatory, and environmentally friendly tourism development.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e· \u003cstrong\u003eIntegrated Planning:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIntegrated digital planning systems are increasingly recognised as fundamental to effective and sustainable tourism governance. By improving spatial connectivity and promoting equitable access-particularly in rural and marginalised areas-such systems play an important role in inclusive development. Italy's National Plan for Tourist Mobility exemplifies how digital tools can align transport infrastructure with broader territorial and sustainability goals(Coppola et al., 2020; Silva, 2013)Aligned with the Digital Inclusion Framework(Ly et al., 2025), integrated planning helps bridge digital and infrastructure gaps, enabling wider access to tourism opportunities and encouraging local participation in the digital economy. Here, digital planning serves not only as a technical instrument, but also as a means of social empowerment.From the perspective of Community Based Tourism (CBT)(Botetano \u0026amp; Salcedo, 2022) , digital planning enhances the role of communities by facilitating co-design processes and stakeholder engagement, thus upholding local ownership and benefit sharing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, in line with the Circular Economy in Tourism framework(Allkins et al., 2025), integrated planning supports resource efficiency through data-driven decision-making, smart mobility and reduced environmental impact - key elements of a sustainable tourism transition. However, in Indonesia, such an integrative approach is still underdeveloped due to fragmented policies and sluggish institutions. To address this, a coordinated strategy is needed that brings together digital innovation, community participation, and environmental stewardship in a coherent planning framework.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.2.\u0026nbsp;Accessibility (Digitalisation and Transportation):\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e· \u003cstrong\u003eInfrastructure Investment\u003c/strong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStrategic investments in digital and transport infrastructure are critical to improving accessibility to remote tourism destinations. Improving connectivity from major centres-such as airports and railway stations-not only facilitates a smooth travel experience but also supports regional tourism development(Coppola et al., 2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBetter digital and transport infrastructure is essential to bridge the digital divide, especially in rural areas(Ly et al., 2025). Better access enables local communities to actively engage in tourism networks and capitalise on digital opportunities. From a Community Based Tourism (CBT) perspective, equitable access encourages community participation in the planning and management of tourism services, thus strengthening local ownership and inclusion(Botetano \u0026amp; Salcedo, 2022). Furthermore, these infrastructure improvements align with the principles of the Circular Economy in Tourism by supporting smart mobility systems and greener destination management(Allkins et al., 2025)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite significant progress, a significant gap between urban and rural infrastructure still exists. Bridging this gap requires integrated planning and targeted investments that incorporate digital equity, community engagement, and sustainability at the core of tourism accessibility strategies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e· \u003cstrong\u003eEquity in Access:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEquity in access is a recurring theme in the sustainable tourism discourse. Equitable access to digital tools and platforms is necessary to foster inclusive tourism development(Oviedo \u0026amp; Guzman, 2020; Rosas-Satizábal et al., 2020). Digital transformation should address existing social divides by ensuring that marginalised groups are not excluded from tourism opportunities. Digital transformation must be inclusive, addressing socio-economic gaps and ensuring that all members of society can participate in tourism activities(Oviedo \u0026amp; Guzman, 2020; Rosas-Satizábal et al., 2020). This requires not only technological solutions but also culturally sensitive engagement strategies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the Digital Inclusion Framework, addressing digital inequalities, especially in marginalised and rural communities, is critical to ensuring full participation in the digital tourism economy(Ly et al., 2025). The Principles of Community-Based Tourism emphasise that equity should go beyond infrastructure provision and include culturally sensitive approaches and capacity building to ensure local voices are heard in decision-making and benefit sharing(Botetano \u0026amp; Salcedo, 2022). Moreover, from the perspective of the Circular Economy in Tourism, equitable access enables broad participation in sustainable practices such as data-driven environmental management and the creation of low-impact tourism services, which can only be achieved through inclusive digital transformation(Allkins et al., 2025)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.3.\u0026nbsp;Promotion:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e· \u003cstrong\u003eDigital Marketing:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDigital marketing has transformed tourism promotion by allowing destinations to reach a wider and more diverse audience. In Indonesia, regions such as West Java and Yogyakarta have successfully used digital platforms to increase destination visibility and attract diverse visitor segments(Kordha et al., 2019; Noviarita et al., 2024). However, the uptake and effectiveness of such strategies in rural contexts-such as Bilebante-is limited.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the Digital Inclusion Framework, developing digital marketing capacity in rural areas is an important step to address the visibility gap and enable local actors to actively participate in the global tourism network through improved digital literacy and the use of digital promotional tools(Ly et al., 2025). In line with the principles of Community Based Tourism, community-managed digital marketing contributes to the preservation of local authenticity and identity while ensuring a more equitable distribution of economic benefits and strengthening direct interaction between service providers and travellers(Botetano \u0026amp; Salcedo, 2022). Moreover, from a Circular Economy in Tourism perspective, data-driven digital promotions enable the implementation of targeted and sustainable marketing campaigns, which play a role in effective demand management, reducing over-tourism, and supporting the development of tourism destinations with minimal environmental impact(Allkins et al., 2025)To realise these benefits, policies should focus on building local digital capacity and ensuring equitable access to digital marketing platforms, especially in underrepresented rural areas.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e· \u003cstrong\u003eSocial Media and Apps:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSocial media platforms and mobile apps have become important tools in managing tourist visits and improving the quality of the tourist experience. Through real-time communication capabilities, personalised content delivery, and the use of data for evidence-based decision-making, these technologies enable more effective management of visitor flows and responsiveness to individual needs(Falter, 2024; Semwal, 2023). This approach not only improves traveller satisfaction, but also supports more sustainable tourism practices by reducing overcrowding in destinations and encouraging even distribution of visits.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, the widespread adoption of social media and mobile applications still faces significant challenges, particularly regarding data privacy issues and the level of digital literacy among users. Concerns over the security and protection of personal data may hamper people's confidence to use these digital platforms optimally. In addition, limited digital skills among certain groups of people could potentially limit their access and participation in the full use of these technologies. Therefore, efforts to improve digital literacy and strict data protection policies are crucial aspects in supporting the integration of digital technology in sustainable tourism management.(Falter, 2024; Semwal, 2023)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.4.\u0026nbsp;Sustainability:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e· \u003cstrong\u003eSustainable Practices:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDigital technologies have significant potential to support sustainable tourism practices through optimisation of resource use and reduction of environmental impacts. Innovations such as artificial intelligence (AI), data analytics, virtual platforms, and digital twin systems enable more efficient and integrated management of tourist flows and environmental monitoring(Ly et al., 2025; Rahmadian et al., 2023; Semwal, 2023). By leveraging these technologies, tourist destination managers can identify visitation patterns, predict ecosystem pressures, and design appropriate interventions to minimise tourism's ecological footprint.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, the implementation and expansion of digital technologies in rural areas still faces several challenges, mainly related to limited infrastructure, digital access, and technical capacity of local communities (Rahmadian et al., 2023; Semwal, 2023).Uncertainties around the scalability of these technologies in rural environments require adaptive and contextualised approaches, including investments in digital infrastructure development and improved technological literacy at the community level (Rahmadian et al., 2023; Semwal, 2023). Therefore, while digital technologies offer innovative solutions for sustainable tourism, their implementation must consider local conditions to ensure the benefits are received equitably and sustainably.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e· \u003cstrong\u003eCommunity Engagement:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCommunity engagement is a fundamental pillar in the Community Based Tourism (CBT) framework, which prioritises the active participation of local communities in both the planning and distribution of tourism benefits. The integration of digital tools in this model has shown considerable potential to enhance stakeholder collaboration, facilitate transparent decision-making processes, and promote ethical and sustainable tourism practices(Botetano \u0026amp; Salcedo, 2022; Olivadese \u0026amp; Dindo, 2025; Vasconez \u0026amp; Weber, 2023). Empirical evidence from various global contexts, such as Peru and the Galapagos Islands, underlines the efficacy of CBT approaches supported by digital technologies in promoting community empowerment and equitable benefit sharing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, there is still a critical gap in the existing literature on the application and impact of digital tools in CBT frameworks in Southeast Asia. The lack of region-specific empirical research highlights the need for further investigation to understand how digital innovations can be effectively adapted into local socio-cultural and economic contexts in the region. Addressing this gap is essential to ensure that digital integration in CBT not only improves operational efficiency, but also aligns with the principles of inclusivity and cultural sensitivity that underpin sustainable community tourism development.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Research Results and Analyses","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis research found that digitalisation has great potential to support sustainable tourism in Bilebante Village. Sustainable tourism development in the digital era requires not only adaptation to technology, but also a comprehensive transformation in governance, infrastructure, promotion, and community empowerment. The case study in Bilebante Village shows how digitalisation can open new opportunities for tourism villages through improved access to information, operational efficiency of local businesses, and active community participation. However, challenges such as gaps in access to technology and limited physical infrastructure are still major obstacles.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe discussion in this section is structured around the principal findings of the research, with direct connections to the literature review and the policy recommendation framework. Each sub-section explores the strategic dimensions needed to strengthen a sustainable digital tourism ecosystem, including digital inclusion, integrated planning, accessibility improvements, technology-based promotion strategies, and sustainability and community engagement practices. This structured approach aims to deliver a more nuanced and actionable analysis of the policy development needs at both the local and national levels.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey findings include improved information access for travellers, operational efficiency for local businesses, and increased community participation in tourism activities. However, challenges such as limited digital infrastructure and technology access gaps still need to be addressed. In addition, improving accessibility through investment in transport infrastructure is essential to make these villages more accessible. In the context of digital and sustainable tourism, information and communication technology (ICT) is the main enabler, with a smart tourism architecture model that includes network infrastructure, cloud-based services, and mobile applications.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransport development on Lombok Island to support KSPN Mandalika includes improving port infrastructure, expanding passenger and cargo terminals at the airport, and building and widening roads. Information accessibility is highly dependent on the availability of telecommunications network infrastructure, affordability, and service penetration. The government plays an important role in the development of transport networks and infrastructure, including the Palapa Ring project and cooperation with the private sector. In addition, the government also focuses on human resource development through information technology training and education in remote areas. These efforts aim to ensure all regions have adequate access to information and transport networks, which support the economic and social development of communities. Further analyses address the impact of infrastructure improvements on tourism, the application of smart tourism architecture models, as well as human resource development strategies, and government collaboration with the private sector. Recommendations for accessibility improvements and solutions to address digital infrastructure limitations are also included in the discussion.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1. Digital Inclusion for Inclusive and Competitive Tourism\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe main findings of this study show that tourism digitalisation has had a positive impact in three main aspects: increasing access to information for tourists, creating operational efficiency for local businesses, and growing community participation in various tourism activities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, to realise digital tourism that is inclusive and sustainable, special attention needs to be paid to the gaps in access and technological literacy among various community groups, especially those in rural areas. This is important so that digital transformation does not widen the gap, but becomes a means of mutual empowerment. The following section elaborates on two strategic pillars in supporting digital inclusion in the tourism sector. First, the urgency to expand access to information and communication technology (ICT) through a participatory and equitable approach. Second, the importance of integrated development planning across sectors and levels of government, to ensure that digital policies and infrastructure truly reach all levels of community.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigital inclusion, which includes technological literacy and access to digital devices, is a crucial element in the empowerment of local tourism actors, especially in Bilebante Village, West Nusa Tenggara, which is developing as a community-based tourism destination. In this context, the ability to understand and utilise technology productively is a prerequisite for local tourism actors to optimally participate in the increasingly competitive digital tourism industry.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigital literacy among local tourism actors serves not only as a technical skill, but also as strategic capital in building cultural narratives and attractive visual promotions. High literacy capacity allows tourism actors to design more targeted and impactful promotional strategies(Dedeoğlu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). In Bilebante Village, digital literacy training organised by university, government and non-profit partners has built up the community's ability to utilise social media as a promotional tool. As a result, the quality of promotional content-both cultural narratives and visuals of featured products-has significantly improved, contributing to an increase in the number of domestic and international tourist visits.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, digital literacy cannot stand alone without the support of adequate access to technology. The availability of internet connections and digital devices is a determining factor in the success of tourism actors in building competitiveness. Easy access to technology strengthens the marketing capabilities of tourism actors(Lehman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). In Bilebante, improved internet access in tourist activity centres allows local actors to utilise digital platforms such as Instagram and Facebook to introduce homestay services, organic agricultural products and handicrafts. Although some hamlets still face infrastructure barriers, this progress shows great potential for technology-based transformation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere is a close relationship between digital literacy and technology access in Bilebante Village. Tourism stakeholders who get access to internet connection tend to participate more actively in technology training, and conversely, effective training encourages direct utilisation of technology. Technology affordability and digital proficiency are mutually reinforcing and become the foundation of capacity building of local tourism stakeholders(Khoo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). This approach has been demonstrated to improve the quality of citizen participation within the digital tourism ecosystem, fostering innovative practices that reflect local identity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigital inclusion through technology literacy and access is essential in strengthening the capacity of local tourism actors in Bilebante Village. While challenges remain, the opportunities to grow and adapt in the digital age are immense. With the right support from various stakeholders, Bilebante Village can develop itself as a sustainable and innovative tourism destination. The Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e is a comprehensive overview of how digital inclusion through technology literacy and access has been applied in Bilebante Village as a strategy to empower local tourism actors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigital Inclusion in Local Tourism Empowerment in Bilebante Village\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComponents of Digital Inclusion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImplementation in Bilebante\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImpact on Local Tourism Actors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunity Digital Literacy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial media training, promotional content creation, and the use of WhatsApp Business\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImproved self-promotion skills and direct communication with tourists\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTechnology Access\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProvision of public Wi-Fi, the use of digital platforms (Google My Business, Website, etc.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExpanding market reach and speeding up the reservation process\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigital Marketing Strategy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe application of the AIDA model (Attention, Interest, Desire, Action) through visual content and testimonials\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncreasing brand awareness and the attractiveness of village tourism\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVillage Government Involvement\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigital infrastructure support and collaboration with travel agents and influencers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEncouraging synergy between stakeholders and strengthening the digital ecosystem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRole of Local Champion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTourism promotion group \"Jari Sholah\" as a driver of digital promotion and education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBecoming a driving force for innovation and regeneration of tourism actors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Inclusion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTechnology Training for local women and MSMEs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncreasing participation of vulnerable groups and strengthening local economy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003eSource: Research data processed\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigital Inclusion in Bilebante Green Tourism Village Bilebante Village (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) demonstrates how digital literacy and access to technology can strengthen the capacity of local tourism actors. Through social media training, public Wi-Fi provision, and digital marketing strategies, tourism actors become more independent, inclusive, and connected to the global market. Support from the village government and the role of local champions such as Tourism promotion group \"Jari Sholah\" catalyse sustainable digital transformation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe level of digital literacy in West Nusa Tenggara has increased, especially among young people. This is evidenced by the range of digital promotion training conducted in Bilebante Village, which have contributed to the community's growing capacity to utilize digital media for promotional purposes. Although internet access is readily available in centres of tourist activity like Bilebante, some hamlets in West Nusa Tenggara still face connectivity limitations. Various digital marketing and promotional design trainings held by universities and communication agencies have improved the skills of the community, especially in making promotional posters and videos(Pribadi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). In terms of policy, the government through The Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy, The Ministry of Villages, Development of Disadvantaged Regions, and Transmigration, and the local government has continued to provide support for the development of Bilebante tourism village since 2015, both through coaching and promotion at the national level. However, infrastructure barriers are still a major problem, such as weak internet networks, the existence of blank spot areas, as well as limited electricity and community income which also affect the adoption of digital technology in this region.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlanning across sectors and scales of government to support the digital transformation of tourism villages is necessary. However, in a tourist village like Bilebante, it is a multidimensional challenge that requires an integrated planning approach. Collaboration across sectors-tourism, agriculture, and information technology-is fundamental in shaping an inclusive digital ecosystem. Cross-sector synergy is a key requirement for the development of digital strategies for tourist villages(Bonzanigo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). In Bilebante, this integration has been utilised to digitise the promotion of superior products such as organic vegetables, bamboo crafts, and healthy culinary.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eActive involvement from the central, provincial and local governments is also needed to realise infrastructure, training and policies that support digital transformation(Andriyani et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The absence of government support can hinder the development of digital systems in villages(Park et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). An example from Bali can be learnt isa digital training initiative that successfully improved technological literacy among the community. A similar concept could be strengthened in Bilebante, by customising the local context and community needs. (See Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrategic Components of Integrated Planning in Digital Transformation of Bilebante Tourism Village\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComponent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrief Explanation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBilebante Implementation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSector Integration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollaboration of tourism, agriculture, IT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigitalisation of local products\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal Actors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVillage government, BUMDes, community\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKompepar as driver\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGovernment Support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCentre, province, district\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraining \u0026amp; infrastructure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSupporting policies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntegrated regulation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdaptation of Bali initiative\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStructural Barriers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow digital literacy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLack of platform utilisation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfrastructure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimited connection \u0026amp; devices\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigital promotion is not optimal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCapacity Empowerment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunity training\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorkshop for tourism MSMEs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003eSource: Research Data processed\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe identification and strengthening of the seven components above are key to the success of inclusive and sustainable digital transformation. Bilebante shows that integrated planning is not only a technocratic approach, but also a social process that places the community as the main subject of change (See Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, several obstacles are still faced by Bilebante Village in implementing integrated planning. Low community awareness of the urgency of digitalisation is a major challenge. A multisectoral strategy that is not accompanied by community empowerment has the potential to hinder sustainability(Harsanto, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, limited access to digital infrastructure, especially uneven internet connectivity, is a barrier to the optimisation of digital tourism promotion platforms. Without investment in basic infrastructure, digitalisation will not develop optimally(Lapuz, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith a more participatory approach, cross-sector support, and investment in local capacity, Bilebante Village has a great opportunity to develop as a sustainable and community-based digital tourism village model.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2. Digital and Physical Accessibility Towards Smart Tourism Destinations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccessibility is a key foundation in the development of tourist destinations, encompassing both physical and digital connectivity. Bilebante Village in Central Lombok is one potential tourism village that demonstrates the importance of integration between information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure and transport systems. Improved accessibility not only impacts the number of visits, but also the equitable distribution of economic benefits, citizen participation, and increased destination competitiveness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the context of digital and sustainable tourism, information and communication technology (ICT) is a key driver, equipped with a smart tourism architecture model that includes network infrastructure, cloud-based services, and mobile applications. However, challenges such as limited digital infrastructure and technology access gaps still need to be addressed(Yohanitas et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, improving accessibility through investment in transport infrastructure is also important to make it easier for travellers to reach the villages.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigital and transport infrastructure are the main pillars of connectivity in tourism development. Improved digital infrastructure encourages online promotion, ease of reservation, and real-time information. Meanwhile, adequate physical connectivity facilitates traveller mobility and the distribution of economic output to local communities. The condition of digital infrastructure and transportation in Bilebante Village and West Nusa Tenggara can be seen in the Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigital and Transport Infrastructure Conditions in Bilebante Village and NTB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfrastructure Component\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBilebante Village\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNTB Average\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditional Information\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousehold Internet Access\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;42%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStill relying on 3G network in some villages\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4G/LTE Signal Availability\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimited\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67% of NTB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnstable signal in some tourist attractions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePublic Wi-Fi Facilities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvailable (1 main point)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage 1\u0026ndash;2 per village\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eManaged by local community\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLength of Road to Tourist Sites\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.7 km (dirt/rock road)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnly a small part has been hardened or asphalted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMode of Public Transport to Tourist Sites\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot available\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommon in big cities only\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDependent on private vehicles or local hire\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTravelling Time Mataram-Bilebante\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;45\u0026ndash;60 minutes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo direct transport route available from the terminal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource: Research Data processed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe availability of digital technology in villages such as internet and tourist information systems can significantly improve the quality of tourism services(Nanda et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). However, in Bilebante, limited internet network and 4G signal are still obstacles in digital promotion and online services. Meanwhile, efficient transport is crucial in supporting tourist visits(Gulnora, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The condition of the village roads which are still dirt and the lack of public transport modes cause limited access to tourist sites. The government plays an important role in the development of transport networks and infrastructure, including the National Optical Fibre Ring project (Palapa Ring) and cooperation with the private sector. Transport development on Lombok Island to support KSPN Mandalika includes improving port infrastructure, expanding passenger and cargo terminals at the airport, and building and widening roads.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfrastructure Impact on Tourism Destination Development Aspects\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAspects of Tourism Development\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTechnology Infrastructure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransport Infrastructure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePromotion and Marketing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnables bold \u0026amp; interactive promotions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo direct impact\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVisitor Access\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigital information available (map, reservation)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDecent roads \u0026amp; transport enhance visit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVisitor Experience\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccess to tourist info, reviews, social media\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConvenience \u0026amp; speed of physical access\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunity Empowerment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigital training, local e-commerce\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImproved local transport \u0026amp; citizen tour services\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInvestor Attraction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigital infrastructure supports destination branding\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoads and accessibility determine investment feasibility\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003eSource: Research Data processed\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdequate infrastructure attracts investors and drives sustainable tourism development(Preko, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The impact of infrastructure transformation as seen in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e explains that if carried out sustainably and inclusively, it can expand market reach, increase local productivity, and create new jobs in the tourism sector. Equitable digital and tourism access is a strategic step to reduce regional disparities, especially for tourist villages like Bilebante. Low connectivity has resulted in a decline in tourist interest(Gulnora, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) Digital literacy and internet access are also important elements. Adequate digital access and literacy can increase the competitiveness of tourism actors in remote areas(Rezaei et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). In Bilebante, digital training involving the community is starting to show results in the promotion of tourism products and destinations online.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccess Equity Strategy in Bilebante Village\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProgramme/Intervention\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImplementer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoverage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMain Impact\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigital Literacy Training\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKementerian Komunikasi dan Digital (Kemkomdigi) Office\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NGOs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;local tourism actors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImproved promotional skills through social media\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunity Wi-Fi development\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVillage Owned Enterprise community\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 main location\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFree internet access in craft centre and MSME areas\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoad Improvements to Tourism Sites\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCentral Lombok Regional Government\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot yet comprehensive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost access is still using dirt roads\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigitalisation of craft products\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndustry Office\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NGOs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal craftsmen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmergence of online product catalogues and online transactions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTourism Village Partnership\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGovernment \u0026amp; Higher Education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarly stage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSupporting the design of a data-driven tourism development roadmap\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eSource: Field data processed\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Equity Access Strategy in Bilebante Village in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e explains the need for collaboration between the community and the government. Community participation in digital training has been shown to drive technology adoption(Badari et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Although various initiatives have been undertaken, structural challenges still exist, especially regarding funding. Financing uncertainty is a major inhibiting factor in tourism development in remote areas(Harsanto, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3. Digital Promotion Strategy for Local Destination Competitiveness\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the era of digital transformation, tourism destination promotion strategies must adapt to changes in travellers' information consumption patterns. The following subtopics discuss the optimisation of digital marketing and the utilisation of social media and apps as interactive tools to build destination image and increase real-time visitor engagement.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigital transformation has changed the way travellers search, select and interact with tourist destinations. In the midst of these changes in information consumption patterns, tourism promotion strategies must adapt-not only to convey information, but also to build emotional engagement and meaningful experiences. Bilebante tourist village in Lombok is a concrete example of a region that has strong potential to utilise digital technology to strengthen its tourism competitiveness. However, it still faces structural and capacity challenges that need to be handled comprehensively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn today's digital ecosystem, engaging, informative and authentic digital content is a key foundation in attracting travellers. Bilebante Village, with its rich culture and beautiful landscape, has a strong capital to present a compelling visual narrative. The presentation of high-quality photography highlighting local wisdom, community activities, and natural panoramas can strengthen the destination's appeal as content marketing approaches can deepen user engagement and strengthen brand identity (Albashori et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, the success of this strategy is highly dependent on the selection of the right digital platform. Social media such as Instagram, Facebook, and TikTok are now the main promotional channels capable of reaching a wide audience quickly and cheaply. This platform is not only a space for sharing information, but also a place for direct interaction between tourism actors and potential tourists. Social media opens up a more intensive interaction space between destinations and global audiences(Shin \u0026amp; Xiang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this context, Bilebante Village has developed a number of digital initiatives, such as an official website with daily and weekly tour packages, and collaboration with Atourin on a visitor management system (AVMS). In addition, digital marketing training by Bumigora University and business communication training for Pokdarwis are tangible efforts to improve community-based promotional capacity. A special website for MSMEs has also been developed to expand market access for local products. This effort was recognised through the Tourism Entrepreneurial Marketing Award 2023. The following Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e summarises Bilebante Village's use of digital platforms and their linkages to tourism promotion:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUtilisation of Digital Platforms in Bilebante Village Promotion Strategy Utilisation of Digital Platforms in Bilebante Village Promotion Strategy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlatform / Initiative\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eContent \u0026amp; Focus of Promotion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImpact / Outcome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOfficial website (bilebante.com)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOffers tour packages, cultural activities, homestays, MSME visits\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEase of package selection \u0026amp; booking\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigital marketing training (Univ. Bumigora)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoster design, video/photo editing, storytelling, tools such as Canva \u0026amp; CapCut\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVisual technical skills improvement\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePokdarwis communication \u0026amp; marketing training\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigital content strategy, digital business, social media marketing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal promotion management capacity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVisitor Management System (Atourin)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnline reservation system \u0026amp; visitor data management\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransparency \u0026amp; ease of operation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMSME website by \u003cem\u003eUniversitas Nahdlatul Ulama Nusa Tenggara Barat (UNU NTB\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnline promotion of local products, digital training for MSME players\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBroader market reach\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarketing 2023 Award\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecognition for innovative strategies and community empowerment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrand and reputation strengthening\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003eSource: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://bilebante.com\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://bilebante.com\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e processed\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe reality on the ground shows that most tourism actors in Bilebante have not been able to fully optimise this digital opportunity. The lack of digital literacy is still a major obstacle in the effort to build a strong and consistent promotion. Many tourism actors do not understand the importance of digital content in promotional strategies(Rodrigues et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), which ultimately affects the low reach and engagement of digital audiences.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, the limitations of unstable internet infrastructure also narrow the space for digital promotion. Information accessibility is highly dependent on the availability of telecommunications network infrastructure, affordability, and service penetration. (Kindzule-Millere \u0026amp; Zeverte-Rivza, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e)Inadequate network infrastructure is a barrier to optimising digital potential in the tourism sector (Kindzule-Millere \u0026amp; Zeverte-Rivza, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). This is compounded by the low technical capacity to produce engaging and relevant content, which in turn widens the competitiveness gap between Bilebante and other more digitally-ready destinations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo explain the relationship between promotional strategies, platform strengths, and development opportunities, an analytical matrix is presented Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e below:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBilebante Village Digital Promotion Strategy Matrix\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrategic Objective\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInitiative/Platform\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrengths\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimitations/Opportunities Development\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrand awareness \u0026amp; tour packages\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTour package website\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStructured and easily accessible information\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeed direct integration to social media and video\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCreative promotional content capacity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigital marketing training\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImproved local marketing visuals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStorytelling still needs improvement\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePublic outreach \u0026amp; interaction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunication \u0026amp; marketing training (Pokdarwis/Tourism Awareness Group)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunity communication empowerment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeed further evaluation results on implementation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReservation \u0026amp; visit management\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVisitor Management System (AVMS)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeat \u0026amp; transparent online system\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeed UI/UX integration for user-friendliness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMSME local product marketing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBilebante village MSME website\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFacilitate the promotion of local products\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeed sharper analytics \u0026amp; digital sales strategy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCredibility \u0026amp; reputation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarketing Awards 2023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInclusive community-based marketing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMomentum needs to be optimised for digital campaigns\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eSource : \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://bilebante.com\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://bilebante.com\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e processed\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe digital promotion strategy in Bilebante Village demonstrates that the utilisation of information and communication technology can be a catalyst in strengthening the competitiveness of local tourism destinations. Initiatives such as website development, digital marketing training, and visitor management system integration prove that collaboration between communities, academics, and technology can produce tangible positive impacts. However, to achieve sustainable success, challenges such as limited digital literacy, uneven network infrastructure, and creative content capacity must be addressed with a planned and inclusive approach. Policy support, human resource capacity building, and expanded digital access are keys to ensuring that digital transformation can increase community participation and expand the reach of destination promotion to a wider market(See Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.4. Sustainability and Community Engagement in the Tourism Digital Ecosystem\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSustainable tourism is not only about environmental conservation, but also about the active involvement of local communities in the planning and management process. This section reviews how sustainability practices can be integrated through technology-based approaches, as well as the important role of the community as a key driver in maintaining local values and strengthening community-based economies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe application of eco-friendly principles in digital destination development is crucial to preserve tourism, especially in areas rich in natural and cultural heritage such as Bilebante Village, Lombok. Without ecological considerations, the development of this sector risks causing ecosystem degradation, loss of biodiversity, and negative social impacts on local communities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Bilebante, efforts to integrate eco-friendly practices into digital tourism development are carried out through various concrete programmes. For example, souvenir products such as carved wooden cups and canvas shopping bags are designed to be environmentally friendly as a sustainable branding effort.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe lack of highlighting ecological values in tourism promotion can hinder the market penetration of green tourism enthusiasts(Mason, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). In Bilebante, more than 60% of actors have started to implement waste management and the use of local materials in tourism. However, limited knowledge and policy support remain significant challenges.(Kindzule-Millere \u0026amp; Zeverte-Rivza, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal communities play a central role in the development of community-based tourism. In Bilebante, most residents are actively involved as homestay providers, craft managers, and cultural tour organisers. Studies show that around 70% of villagers make tourism their main source of income(Mason, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The village has also won national and international awards, such as the Tourism Entrepreneurial Marketing Awards 2023 in the local community empowerment category and the top eight UNWTO Best Tourism Villages 2023 representing Indonesia - a recognition of the integration of sustainability and community participation in tourism programmes. However, low sustainability literacy and access to training remain barriers. Many residents do not understand green economy principles or structured environmental management practices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo support the analysis of the implementation of sustainable practices and community engagement in the tourism digital ecosystem of Bilebante Village, the following two tables are presented. The Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the form of utilisation of environmentally friendly practices that have been adopted by local tourism actors, while the second table summarises the strategies used to increase community engagement in community-based tourism development.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUtilisation of Sustainable Practices in Bilebe Village Utilisation of Sustainable Practices in Bilebante Village\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAspect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInitiative/Practice\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImpact \u0026amp; Outcome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEco-friendly Souvenirs \u0026amp; Packaging\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarved wooden cups, eco-friendly tote/ shopping bags\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSustainable branding, strengthening local identity, income diversification\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3R Waste Management\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocialisation \u0026amp; training on sorting into valuable products\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWaste reduction, environmental education, waste-based creative economic opportunities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCertification \u0026amp; Awards\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e'Serti Dewi' certification, national/ international awards\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImproved reputation, sustainability recognition, access to official promotions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunity Engagement\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunity homestays, local ecotourism, ideas \u0026amp; physical contributions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eActive citizen participation, distribution of economic benefits, maintenance of local culture\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003eSource: Research Data processed\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e presents the types of environmentally friendly practices that have been implemented by local communities and tourism operators, including the use of local materials, waste management, and environmental conservation. This data provides an overview of the extent to which sustainability principles have been integrated into the village's digital tourism activities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSustainability and Engagement Strategies Sustainability and Community Engagement Strategies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrategic Objective\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInitiative/Platform\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrengths\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimitations/Opportunities Development\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrengthening green tourism image\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEco-friendly souvenirs \u0026amp; packaging\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUse of local products \u0026amp; sustainable marketing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeed for cross-platform marketing and environmental storytelling\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunity-based environmental management\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3R(Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) \u0026amp; EcoRanger programme with KKN-PMD (Kuliah Kerja Nyata-Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Desa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHands-on education and local waste economy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunity ( Temporary Waste Disposal Site for Reduce, Reuse, Recycle)TPS 3R infrastructure required\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSustainability credibility \u0026amp; promotion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSerti Dewi certification, UNWTO and national awards\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBroad exposure and destination quality recognition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeed for programme continuity \u0026amp; post-award evaluation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCitizen participation as drivers and beneficiaries\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomestay services, cultural attractions, local MSMEs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal income, authentic identity and culture\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunity management \u0026amp; marketing literacy training required\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eSource: Research Data processed\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e details the various approaches used to strengthen community participation in the tourism ecosystem, such as capacity training, local enterprise development, and collaboration between actors. This table shows the synergy between social and technological aspects in building inclusive and sustainable tourism destinations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe integration of ecological sustainability and community participation in the digital transformation of Bilebante Village is an important asset in building inclusive and competitive tourism. Initiatives such as environmentally friendly local souvenirs, community-based waste management, and active involvement of residents in destination management not only strengthen local identity, but also expand economic benefits equally. In addition, the government is also focusing on human resource development through information technology training and education in remote areas(Sudrajat et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). These efforts aim to ensure all areas have adequate access to information and transport networks, ultimately supporting the economic and social development of communities. Although challenges such as sustainability literacy and policy support remain, Bilebante's potential as a green digital tourism village and self-sustaining community is immense. Moving forward, a combination of sustainability education, synergy between stakeholders, and consistency in strategy implementation are key to ensuring that tourism in Bilebante grows fairly, sustainably, and empowers local communities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther analyses address the impact of infrastructure improvements on tourism, implementation of smart tourism architecture models, as well as human resource development strategies, and government collaboration with the private sector. Recommendations for accessibility improvements and solutions to overcome digital infrastructure limitations are also included in the discussion.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe findings suggest that digital technology may play a strategic role in shaping sustainable tourism ecosystems in Bilebante Village, Lombok. Through the use of digital promotional platforms, online reservation systems, and community information channels, the study indicates an improvement in destination visibility, strengthened cultural identity, and broader participation among local communities. These dynamics potentially contribute to greater social inclusion, local economic resilience, and more systematic environmental management practices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study provides evidence that digitalisation can enhance accessibility, stimulate community engagement, and enable data-informed management at the local level. From a policy perspective, the findings may serve as a reference for designing tourism village digitalisation programs that emphasise not only infrastructure development but also human resource capacity and sustainability integration. For tourism practitioners, the community-based approach explored in this research offers an adaptive and inclusive model that can inspire responsible tourism practices. Theoretically, the study contributes to the growing discourse on smart and sustainable tourism in Southeast Asia by underlining the importance of synergy between technology, local culture, and community empowerment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNevertheless, this study is subject to several limitations. It focuses on a single case study and relies primarily on qualitative data, which may restrict the generalisability of its findings. Future studies should therefore adopt comparative and mixed-method designs involving multiple tourism villages across different provinces to capture variations in digital transformation outcomes. Quantitative approaches could further validate and measure the economic, social, and environmental effects of digitalisation on tourism sustainability, providing stronger empirical grounding for policy formulation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, exploring the integration of emerging technologies\u0026mdash;such as artificial intelligence (AI), big data analytics, and the Internet of Things (IoT)\u0026mdash;within local tourism governance frameworks could provide valuable insights into advancing sustainable and inclusive tourism development in rural contexts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecommendations\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo strengthen digital inclusion in Bilebante Village, a coherent strategy encompassing community-based digital literacy programs and infrastructure development is essential. An integrated digital tourism plan should be formulated through collaboration among government agencies, the private sector, and local communities. Targeted investments in internet connectivity and technological facilities are required to ensure equitable digital access for all segments of society.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigital marketing strategies, including the use of search engine optimisation (SEO), social media campaigns, and online storytelling, can further enhance the visibility of Bilebante as a sustainable tourism destination. Promoting eco-friendly products and community-based experiences through these digital channels may attract niche markets focused on responsible travel.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn parallel, improvements in physical accessibility\u0026mdash;such as road construction, public transport enhancement, and better linkages between Bilebante and key nodes within the Mandalika Special Economic Zone\u0026mdash;remain vital. Upgrading transport and communication infrastructure, including support from national initiatives like the Palapa Ring project, will not only enhance visitor mobility but also facilitate economic inclusivity and regional connectivity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUltimately, bridging the digital divide while empowering local communities should form the foundation of sustainable tourism policy in rural Indonesia. Continuous evaluation, participatory governance, and capacity-building initiatives are necessary to ensure that digital transformation genuinely contributes to inclusive, adaptive, and environmentally responsible tourism development.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis article is based on research funded and implemented under the Decree of the Head of the Research Organization for Governance, Economy, and Public Welfare, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Number B-4252/III.12/HK.00/11/2022, concerning the Research Activity Implementation Team within the Governance, Economy, and Public Welfare Research Organization Program for Fiscal Year 2022. The research was conducted under the state budget allocation (DIPA BRIN 2022) with the research serial number RRP2-24/2022, entitled “Development of a Tourism Transportation System in the Mandalika Region of West Nusa Tenggara.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Statement\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research has obtained an Ethical Clearance Confirmation Letter on Social Studies and Humanities Research No. 510/KE.01/SK/10/2022, issued and signed in Jakarta on October 14, 2022, by Dr. Augustina Situmorang, M.A., Chair of the Ethical Committee on Social Studies and Humanities, National Research and Innovation Agency (NRIA). The research was conducted in accordance with national and institutional ethical standards, the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, and all applicable regulations governing research involving human participants\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research was approved by the Human and Social Sciences Ethics Committee of the National Research and Innovation Agency, in accordance with relevant national and institutional ethical guidelines and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical Clearance Confirmation \u0026nbsp;Letter Number: 510/KE.01/SK/10/2022\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eApproval Date: 14 October 2022\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTitle of the approved study: Development of a Tourism Transportation System in the Mandalika Area, West Nusa Tenggara\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research was conducted between October and December 2022.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll procedures involving human participants were performed in compliance with the applicable ethical standards and regulations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInformed Consent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll participants involved in the interviews and surveys were informed about the purpose, procedures, and confidentiality of the research. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant prior to data collection. Participants were notified that their participation was voluntary and that they could withdraw from the study at any time without any consequences. Data collection was carried out between October and December 2022 in accordance with the approved ethical protocol.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary materials (Appendices). The datasets comprise anonymised interview transcripts, thematic coding tables, and survey questionnaire responses regarding transportation preferences in the Mandalika tourism area. Supporting materials such as the interview guide, informed consent form, and coding framework are provided in the appendices. Additional anonymised data may be made available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request, subject to ethical approval regulations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAlbashori, M. F., Wahyuning, S., \u0026amp; Nugroho, H. A. (2025). Digital Marketing Strategy and Consumer Behavior: A case study of E-Commerce Businesses. \u003cem\u003eOikonomia : Journal of Management Economics and Accounting\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e(3), 20\u0026ndash;27. https://doi.org/10.61942/oikonomia.v2i3.323\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAllkins, M. E., Chauke, T. J., \u0026amp; Sifolo, P. P. S. (2025). 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Demographic influences on digital service perceptions and satisfaction at World Heritage Sites in Chinese coastal cities: An empirical analysis. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e8\u003c/em\u003e(11). https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i11.8604\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"humanities-and-social-sciences-communications","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"palcomms","sideBox":"Learn more about [Humanities \u0026 Social Sciences Communications](http://www.nature.com/palcomms/)","snPcode":"41599","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/41599/3","title":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Nature AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Sustainable Tourism, Digitalization, Transport Accessibility, Bilebante Village, Digital Infrastructure, Community Participation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7824941/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7824941/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis Article explores the role of digitalisation and transport accessibility in supporting sustainable tourism development in Bilebante Green Tourism Village, Lombok, Indonesia. Selected as part of the Special Economic Zone initiative, Bilebante has demonstrated success in implementing eco-friendly and community-based tourism, as evidenced by a significant increase in visitor numbers over the past five years. Using a qualitative research design, data was collected through in-depth interviews with local stakeholders, tourist surveys, and document analysis. Thematic coding was used to analyse the qualitative data. The findings show that digitalisation improves access to tourism information, increases operational efficiency for local businesses, and encourages community engagement. However, challenges such as limited digital infrastructure and unequal access to technology still exist. The study also highlights the importance of investment in transport infrastructure to improve physical accessibility. Practical recommendations include strengthening digital infrastructure, implementing digital education programs for locals, and utilising SEO and social media strategies to promote the village. Limitations of this study include the focus on a single case and reliance on qualitative data, so future research could incorporate comparative or quantitative approaches. This article provides fresh perspective into the intersection between digital transformation and sustainable tourism in rural Indonesia, which are invaluable to policy-makers, tourism practitioners, and educators aiming to foster inclusive and resilient tourism development.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Digital Pathways to Sustainable Tourism Indonesia Insights: Study case Bilebante Village","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-16 15:37:40","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7824941/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"207107177506219083548576552131806534771","date":"2026-02-13T15:51:11+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-19T09:04:03+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"157035575555587085942652683673443997425","date":"2025-12-11T13:53:55+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-11T00:33:29+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-12-11T00:30:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-02T06:25:47+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-11-05T03:55:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications","date":"2025-11-05T03:51:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"humanities-and-social-sciences-communications","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"palcomms","sideBox":"Learn more about [Humanities \u0026 Social Sciences Communications](http://www.nature.com/palcomms/)","snPcode":"41599","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/41599/3","title":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Nature AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"3a6011f8-f051-496b-a0b2-dfd4e3e35ae7","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 16th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":59495552,"name":"Social science/Development studies"},{"id":59495553,"name":"Business and commerce/Economics"},{"id":59495554,"name":"Social science/Economics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-16T15:37:40+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-16 15:37:40","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7824941","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7824941","identity":"rs-7824941","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}