On the issue of protecting the cities of the southern aral sea region from salt winds and on their green development (based on the example of the city of Nukus)

On the issue of protecting the cities of the southern aral sea region from salt winds and on their green development (based on the example of the city of Nukus) | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article On the issue of protecting the cities of the southern aral sea region from salt winds and on their green development (based on the example of the city of Nukus) Izzet Aimbetov, Ruslan Bekimbetov, Bakhtiyar Iskenderov, Rakhim Dospanov This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3977628/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This article addresses the problem of improving the ecological situation in the cities of the Southern Aral Sea based on the example of the city of Nukus and its surroundings and the methods of protection from salt dust, which is carried out from the dried bed of the Aral Sea and salt marshes by wind. The analysis of existing studies, aimed at solving problems associated with salinization of the soil structure, is provided. The aim of this work is to assess the salinity of the groundwater of the city of Nukus and adjacent territories for implementing effective landscaping measures in the studied territory and creating a protective zone against salty dust around the city of Nukus. The data from engineering and geological surveys necessary for the design of buildings and structures along with the results of the research of the article’s authors were used to assess the salinity of the studied area. With the help of these results, schematic maps of groundwater salinization in the city of Nukus and its surroundings were made. The maps are compiled using the ArGIS computer program. It has been established that an increase in the groundwater level leads to additional salinization of soils, which further deteriorates the ecological situation in Nukus and adjacent territories and negatively affects green spaces. The ground waters of Nukus are mainly salted with chloride and sulfate salts. The results of studies of soil salinization in the Nukus District, which is located on the wind side of the city of Nukus, are also presented. Studies have shown that the groundwater of the cities of Nukus and Nukus District is subjected to salinization with chloride and sulfate salts. Therefore, when landscaping the city, it is necessary to take into account the nature of salinization of groundwater. In addition, to protect the territory of the city of Nukus, it is necessary to develop regulatory documents that will allow more efficient landscaping of the city territory, taking into account the salt content of groundwater. This will reduce the amount of salty dust that forms on the dried bottom of the Aral Sea. Southern Aral Sea salty dust of the Aral Sea Nukus maps of groundwater salinity Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Introduction Over the past decades, there has been a rapid growth in the number of large and small cities. This has affected all countries of the world without exception, and the very serious environmental problems that have arisen in this regard can only be solved by the joint efforts of specialists from different fields. The development of cities and the emergence of new settlements often occur so rapidly that designers and builders sometimes do not pay due attention to the environment and, in particular, geological conditions (Legget 1973 ). As a result, it is not always possible to achieve harmonious development. For example, in arid regions of the world, irrational use of water resources causes salinization of soils, which causes significant damage to the economies of countries and attracts special attention from the world scientific community from various fields, including the field of engineering geo-ecology, since salinization of soils and groundwater have a negative impact on the ecological situation of cities built in arid zones (Rafikov et al. 1981). The territory of the Southern Aral Sea region belongs to the arid zone. As in other countries, cities have been built and expanded in this zone in recent decades. Among them is the city of Nukus, the capital of the Republic of Karakalpakstan (Seitniyazov 1973). One of the geo-ecological features of the city of Nukus is the salinization of soils and groundwater, which makes it difficult to solve the problem of planting greenery in the city. The salty dust carried away from the dried bed of the Aral Sea complicates the ecological situation in the city. Studies show that due to the drying of the Aral Sea, the Aralkum Desert with an area of approximately 5 million hectares has been formed. Millions of tons of salt dust are carried away by the wind from the dried-up bottom of the Aral Sea and reach the city of Nukus, located at a distance of approximately 200 km from the Aralkum Desert (Fig. 1 . ). In recent years, salt storms have become more frequent. For example, on May 29, 2018, salt storms with rain occurred in the city of Nukus. As a result, salts fell to the surface of the earth with rainwater. The salt water led to the withering and death of some plants (Fig. 2 ). In (Turemuratov et al. 2021), the results of studies of the composition of this salty dust are presented. One of the ways to protect the territory of cities from dust and mitigate the dry and hot climate is planting trees around the city and landscaping the city territory. Theoretical part It is known that the irrational use of water resources in arid zones leads to the salinization of soils (Kovda 1946 ). The southern Aral Sea region is located in the arid zone, where there is also an increase in soil salinity. At the same time, the increase in salinity of the soils of this territory has its own characteristics. The increase in salt content in soils is due to three reasons. The first is due to salt and dust transfer from the dried bottom of the Aral Sea and salt marshes, the second is due to irrigation of crops with mineralized waters of the Amu Darya River, and the third is due to migration of salts to the surface with groundwater because of excessive irrigation (Aimbetov, 2020 ). The aeolian factor of the influence of the salt regime of the territories is touched upon in a scientific study (Orlova, 1983 ). Soil salinization due to salt migration under the influence of groundwater has been considered in scientific studies (Ward et al., 1989; Aimbetov I. Bekimbetov, 2021), and the analysis of studies of the salinity of soils in the Southern Aral Sea region shows that the salinity of soils and groundwater was studied mainly to solve problems of agriculture and construction projects. In Karakalpakstan, soil salinity was studied by organizations that report to the Ministry of Water Management, the Ministry of Construction and the Ministry of Agriculture. According to the results of the research, measures are being taken to desalinate soils. As part of the studies of the salinity of soils, zoning of the territory of the Aral Sea region was carried out according to the salinity of soils (Rafikov A., 1984 ). In these studies, the types of crops are determined and selected depending on the salt content in the soils. The problem of increasing soil salinity in the southern Aral Sea region is the subject of research (Rafikov and Bakhritdinov. 1982). Engineering and geological organizations, which are subordinate to the Ministry of Construction, are also engaged in determining salinity. Their research results are used only to solve the problems of construction of buildings and structures. An analysis of the literature shows that the salinity of urban soils has been studied mainly in relation to solving construction problems (Angeli et al. 2007 ; Berest and Brouard 2003 ; Agudo 2007; Alonso et al. 2008; Benavente et al. 2007 ; Burns and Mayne. 2003; Cosenza et al. 1999 ; (Hou and Wu W. 2003; (Li et al. 2007 ; Liang et al. 2007 ; Liu et al. 1999; Netterberg and Loudon. 1980; Wu et al. 2005 ). In all the above studies, soil salinity was studied only to assess the effect of salts on physical and mechanical properties related to solving construction problems. In organizations where groundwater studies were conducted in relation to solving the problems of designing buildings and structures, much data on the study of groundwater salinity have been accumulated. In our work, to solve the ecological problem of greening the city of Nukus and its environs, we used data from groundwater salinity studies obtained by these organizations. The purpose of the research is to assess the salinity of the groundwater in the city of Nukus and adjacent territories to solve the problems of green development through the integrated use of the results of existing studies of the salinity of groundwater, which were conducted by various organizations not engaged in solving environmental problems. The city of Nukus is located in the southern part of Karakalpakstan (Uzbekistan) on the right bank of the Amu Darya River, 800 km northwest of Tashkent (1255 km by road). The southern and eastern parts of the city are surrounded by the Kyzyl-Kum Desert. The northern part of the city borders the Amu Darya Delta. The Doslyk Main Canal and the Tas Arna Canal flow through the city. The area of the city is 222 square kilometers, and the population is 317.3 thousand people. One of the ecological features of the city of Nukus is the salinity of groundwater. Studies show that increased salinity of groundwater and soils has a negative impact on the ecological situation of the city, reduces the survival rate of seedlings, and inhibits vegetation growth. For example, studies show that due to the increased salinity of groundwater and soils of Karakalpakstan, the longevity of woody and shrubby plants decreases, and the ecological balance is disturbed. This is observed throughout the territory (Aimbetov 2020 ). Landscaping of Nukus is one of the topical tasks, the solution of which will help to mitigate the influence of a hot climate and to reduce the precipitation of salt dust from the dried bottom of the Aral Sea on the city of Nukus. To increase the survival rate of seedlings and for the effective implementation of landscaping activities in the city, it is necessary to have information on the nature and patterns of changes in the hydrogeological conditions in the territory of Nukus. This information will make it possible to effectively apply the methods of reducing the level of mineralization and the depth of groundwater and to select plant species for landscaping in the conditions of groundwater mineralization. The purpose of the study was achieved by compiling maps of groundwater salinity in the city of Nukus and the Nukus region of the Republic of Karakalpakstan using GIS technologies. Maps are necessary for developing measures to reduce the depth and level of groundwater mineralization in Nukus and for the effective selection of tree species according to groundwater mineralization indicators. The results of the research show that there is an increase in the level of groundwater in Nukus. This is primarily due to the irrigation of this territory and the filtration of water from the irrigation system, i.e., from the main canals flowing through the city, as well as the insufficiency of the drainage system of the city (Shapiro 1972 ), (Aimbetov 2020 ). Analysis of archival materials of local survey organizations showed that in 1970, at the groundwater level of 2–5 m, the mineralization of groundwater was 1.7 g/l. In 1986, the groundwater level rose to 0.3-2 m, and mineralization on average reached 18 g/l and, in some cases, up to 32 g/l (Aimbetov 2020 ). This circumstance indicates an increase in the salinity of groundwater, which contributes to the oppression of green plantations. At the same time, the city of Nukus is insufficiently provided with a drainage system. To prevent the aggressive effect of salts on green plantations, it is necessary to assess the specifics of salinization of soils and groundwater in the city of Nukus. Materials and methodology of research To assess the nature of the spread of salts and determine the types of salts in the groundwater that have a depressing effect on green plantations, maps of salinization of ground waters in Nukus were compiled. At the same time, conclusions on assessment of the engineering and geological conditions of the building construction sites were also used. As a rule, the reports of engineering and geological surveys contain the results of chemical analysis of groundwater carried out to assess the salinity. They are used to prevent destructive effects on the underground parts of buildings and structures. To assess the ecological situation on the salinity of the territory of the city of Nukus, data from existing reports of engineering and geological surveys of the sites of projected buildings, compiled by local engineering and geological survey organizations, were used. To assess the patterns of salt distribution, the geographical coordinates of the points where the salinity of groundwater was determined were plotted on a digitized map at a scale of 1:50,000. The maps are compiled using the ArcGIS computer program. When drawing up maps, the results of determining the salinity of the groundwater of 113 workings were processed. The research area is 153.6 sq.km. Results Figure 3 shows a schematic map of the salinization of groundwater with water-soluble salts in the city of Nukus. As shown in Figure 3, the content of water-soluble salts varies from 254 mg/l to 32500 mg/l. At the same time, the greatest salinity is observed between the Doslyk and Tas Arna canals. Only a small area of the right bank of the Doslyk Canal has a salinity from 5143.6 mg/l to 12215 mg/l. The largest part of the city's groundwater contains 2677.7-5143.54 mg/l of salts. On an area of approximately 20 percent, groundwater contains salts of 1518-1817 mg/l. Small individual areas have a minimum salinity of 254-1113 mg/l. The different salinities of groundwater can be explained by different filtration properties and by the presence of an artificial drainage system and natural drainage. The climate of Nukus is sharply continental. The maximum temperature in summer reaches 50 °C. To create comfortable conditions for residents of the city in hot weather, it is necessary to plant trees and shrubs in the city territory. Information about the content of various types of salts in groundwater is necessary to select the species of green plantations. In this regard, schematic maps of groundwater were compiled in terms of the presence of chloride, sulfate and bicarbonate salts. Figures 4-6 show schematic maps of the salinization of ground waters in the city of Nukus in accordance with chloride content, as well as sulfate and bicarbonate salts. As seen from Figures 4-6, the greatest salinity of groundwater containing chloride, sulfate and bicarbonate ions is observed on the right bank of the Tas Arna canal. This is due to the peculiarity of the lithological composition and salinity of the soils lying at depth. This territory is located in an irrigation zone where there are no collector-drainage networks. Due to the migration of salts from deeper Cretaceous sediments, additional salinization of soils occurs during capillary uplift of groundwater. The ecological and hydrogeological conditions of Nukus are influenced by the areas adjacent to the city, since intensive irrigation of these territories changes the level of groundwater. Nukus borders several districts. The Nukus District is located closest to the city. Currently, the city of Nukus is expanding at the expense of the territory of Nukus District. Nukus District is an administrative unit in the central part of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, whose territory covers the lands around Nukus, the capital of the Republic. The center of the district is Akmangit Township. The territory of the district lies at the very beginning of the Amu Darya Delta, whose waters are distributed among irrigation canals. The river serves as the natural border of the region in the south, and in the east, the Taskudyk Sands spread out. Despite the environmental problems associated with the shallowing of the Amu Darya, agriculture dominates the economy of the district. Fruits, cotton, cereals, and melons are grown in the agricultural sector of the district, and meat and dairy farming is also present. The area of the district is 287.526 sq.km, and the population is 53.9 thousand. One of the ecological features of the Nukus District is the salinity of its soils. Studies show that the increase in soil salinity is due to an increase in the groundwater level. An increase in soil salinity has a negative impact on the ecological situation of the area and reduces the survival rate of seedlings planted for landscaping local settlements, inhibits vegetation growth and reduces crop yields. The regime of the groundwater level within the Nukus district is irrigative and is determined, first of all, by the flow regime of the Doslyk canal and the intensity of irrigation of cotton fields related to it. The rise of the groundwater level in Nukus District begins in May, reaching its maximum value in June and occurring less often in August. The minimum value is observed in September-November. Due to the intensification of salinization processes, cotton fields are washed in January-February. During this period, groundwater has the first maximum, and in summer, during the growing season, it has the second. According to routine observations, the amplitude of fluctuations in the groundwater level in observation wells located in the territory of Nukus District was 1.18 m in the period between 2000 and 2015. In the lowest places near the Doslyk Canal, certain sections may be flooded. Analysis of the existing data of the Hydro-Reclamation Expedition of Karakalpakstan on the study of the groundwater level in the Nukus District shows that the highest groundwater level was recorded in 2003 at 1.25 m. It should be noted that during the period of maximum precipitation and with intensive irrigation of the territory in the absence of drainage, the calculated maximum of the groundwater level, taking into account several years, should be expected to be higher than measured, i.e., at depths of 0.2-0.7 m from the earth's surface. As mentioned above, the wind carries millions of tons of salts from the dried bottom of the Aral Sea, which worsens the ecological situation in the city of Nukus. To prevent salt dust from entering Nukus, it is necessary to plant trees in the vicinity of the city. The city of Nukus borders the northwest side of the Nukus District, from which salt winds often blow. For effective tree planting in Nukus District, it is necessary to study the salinity of groundwater in this area since the selection of the species of seedlings depends on the salinity of groundwater. In the 1960s and 1970s, a protective forest zone with a width of approximately 200 m was created in the northern part of the city of Nukus, which protected the city from dusty winds. Due to the development of construction and expansion of the city boundaries, the forest zone was eliminated, and houses were built on the site of the forest zone. As a result, dusty winds freely passed into the city. Furthermore, due to the drying up of the Aral Sea, the amount of dust entering the city has increased. To mitigate the negative impact of the salinity of soils and groundwater on the environment, as well as to draw up practical action plans for the creation of a green belt around Nukus, it is necessary to assess the patterns of salinization of groundwater in the territory of the Nukus District, which is located in the northwestern part of Nukus. To assess the nature of the distribution of salts and to determine the types of salts that have a negative impact on green spaces, schematic maps of salinization of groundwater in Nukus District were compiled. When drawing up schematic maps, the results of existing engineering and geological reports, which were used in the design of the foundations of buildings in Nukus District, were used. These reports, as a rule, provide data on the determination of salinity of soils and groundwater. In addition, the results of research conducted by the authors of this work were also used. The maps were compiled according to the method of mapping the city of Nukus. In the process of making maps of the salinity of the groundwater, the results of the salinity of the groundwater of 65 wells and pits were processed. The research area is 150 sq.km. During the process of making maps, a map on a scale of 1:50,000 was used as a basis. The results of the research showed that the groundwater of the territory of Nukus district mainly belonged to the sulfate and chloride-sulfate types. Figure 7 shows a schematic map of the salinization of groundwater in Nukus District and the northwestern part of the city of Nukus. Figure 6 shows that the salinity of the groundwater reaches 32.5 g/l. The saltiest groundwater is located on the southern side of Nukus District and in the city of Nukus. In the central part of the territory, the amount of salt in ground water is 1.1-2.6 g/l. In general, studies have shown that compared with the city of Nukus, the groundwater in Nukus District is less saline. The viability of plants depends on the salinity of groundwater and the content of chlorine, sulfate and bicarbonate ions, so maps were made with due regard to these ions. These maps can be used to select suitable species for green plantations. Figures 8- 10 schematic maps of groundwater salinization in Nukus District focusing upon the chloride, bicarbonate and sulfate salt contents, the analysis of which shows that the maximum salinity of groundwater is observed in the southern part of Nukus District. The minimum content of all ions is observed in the central part of the district. This is due to the peculiarities of the lithological composition of soils and the hydrological and hydrogeological conditions of the Nukus district. The analysis of these maps shows that the soils of this territory mainly contain sulfate and chloride salts, which negatively affect the survival of seedlings. Therefore, when creating a forest zone around the city of Nukus, it is necessary to consider this factor. Discussion Analysis of the results of studies of groundwater salinity has shown that special studies have not been conducted to improve the ecological situation of the city of Nukus and adjacent territories. Organizations involved in the construction and reconstruction of the city of Nukus have collected research data to determine the salinity of soils. These data could be used to solve the problem of greening the city, since special research work on the development of standards for measuring soil salinity and groundwater for greening the city of Nukus has not yet been carried out. In this regard, it is proposed to create an intersectoral coordination group that will collect and systematize the results of studies of the composition of groundwater. Based on these works, a database on the salinity of groundwater and soils will be created, which can be used to solve the problem of greening the city. This article provides an example of using these data for the conditions of the city of Nukus and adjacent territories. Similar studies can be applied to other cities of the Southern Aral Sea region, as well as to cities of arid zones. These studies should cover areas around cities. The results of these studies could be used to create forest protection zones that will restrain dusty winds. The creation of protective forest zones will soften climatic conditions and protect the cities of the Southern Aral Sea from dust storms since, in recent years, the wind brings much salt dust to the cities from the dried bed of the Aral Sea. Conclusion 1. The results of the research have shown that the groundwater of the city of Nukus and adjacent territories contains mainly chloride and sulfate salts, which have a negative impact on vegetation. The content of water-soluble salts varies from 254 mg/l to 32500 mg/l. At the same time, the greatest salinity is observed in the area between the Doslyk and Tas Arna canals. 2. The analysis of the results of the chemical analysis of the groundwater of the city of Nukus and the Nukus district showed that chloride and sulfate ions make up the largest part of the groundwater. These ions have a negative effect on the development of nonsalt-resistant plants. Therefore, when gardening, it is necessary to take into consideration the amount of salinization of groundwater. 3. For the effective greening of the city of Nukus and the creation of forest zones around it, it is necessary to develop scientific recommendations for the selection and placement of tree species depending on the salinity of groundwater and soils of the city of Nukus and the territories adjacent to the city. 4. For effective and sustainable tree cultivation in the territory of Nukus and adjacent territories, it is necessary to develop scientific recommendations on the selection and placement of tree species depending on the salinity of soils and groundwater. Based on these recommendations, it is necessary to develop standards for urban greening that allow for the salinity of soils and groundwater. 5. To improve the ecological situation of the city of Nukus and adjacent territories, it is necessary to carry out research work on the design of a new innovative drainage system that will allow the use of groundwater for landscaping projects in the city. This will allow more effective greening of the city and detaining salty dust and will improve the ecological situation of the city. To implement effective landscaping and create forest zones, it is necessary to monitor the level and content of groundwater. 6. Studies of the salinity of groundwater and soils should also be carried out in other cities of the Southern Aral Sea region. Based on the results of these studies, it is necessary to make maps of salinization of groundwater and soils. These studies should be conducted around cities, as they will contribute to the effective creation of forest zones around cities to trap salty dust. Declarations Author Contribution Izzet Aimbetov wrote the main manuscript text. All authors reviewed the manuscript References Aimbetov I.K. Inzhenerno-geologicheskie osnovy stroitel'stva zdanii i sooruzhenii na zasolennykh gruntakh Karakalpakstana. Nukus: Ilim; 2020. 287 s. Aimbetov I.K., Bekimbetov R.T. 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Printsipy raionirovaniya territorii gorodov Karakalpakii, podverzhennykh podtopleniyu gruntovymi vodami, po usloviyam primeneniya vertikal'nogo drenazha.//Vestnik Karakalpakskogo filiala AN RUz. 1972. N 3. - S. 4-8. Turemuratov Sh.N., Naurizbaeva Z.Sh., Ismailob B.M., Turemuratova A. Fiziko-himichesrie svoistva aerozolei solevih bur v regionah Priaralya. Vestnik Karakalpakskogo otdeleniya Akademii nauk Respubliki Uzbekistan/N 1, S. 36-42. Ward R.C., Robinson M. Principles of Hydrology. Third Edition.1989. 365. London. McGRAW-HILL COMPANY. Wu W., Yang C.H., Hou Z. 2005. Investigation on studied situations associated with mechanical aspects and development for underground storage of petroleum and natural gas in rock salt. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and. Engineering. 2005. 24(S2). 5561-5568. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3977628","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":275339984,"identity":"09460db5-a911-4f23-a489-c5c31cde5485","order_by":0,"name":"Izzet Aimbetov","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Karakalpak Research Institute of Natural Sciences Karakalpak, Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus, Republic of Karakalpakstan, 230100 Nukus, Uzbekistan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Izzet","middleName":"","lastName":"Aimbetov","suffix":""},{"id":275339985,"identity":"4a6399f8-7af8-4b0f-afd1-928b59bf1407","order_by":1,"name":"Ruslan Bekimbetov","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Karakalpak Research Institute of Natural Sciences Karakalpak, Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus, Republic of Karakalpakstan, 230100 Nukus, Uzbekistan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ruslan","middleName":"","lastName":"Bekimbetov","suffix":""},{"id":275339986,"identity":"4d30511c-3cf2-48b6-b5c7-021777af6e21","order_by":2,"name":"Bakhtiyar Iskenderov","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Karakalpak Research Institute of Natural Sciences Karakalpak, Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus, Republic of Karakalpakstan, 230100 Nukus, Uzbekistan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bakhtiyar","middleName":"","lastName":"Iskenderov","suffix":""},{"id":275339987,"identity":"61f8d378-d699-4cce-95ba-871c804c9034","order_by":3,"name":"Rakhim Dospanov","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA4ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJCCAwwMzDC2DZDN3ECSljQgm5GwFgYkLYeBmIAW8/YzhoduMFjLyc9ufvbgY9v5aP52xgbmyjbcWmTOpCUczmFINza4c8zccGbb7dwZhxkbGM/i0SLBkHwAqOVw4gaJBDNpnjO3cxtAWhrxaeF/2ADWMn9G+jeglnO58wlqkYDa0nAjB2hLxYHcDYS1PAP6xQDklzNlkjMqknM3ArUcbDiHz2E5xp9zKkAh1r5N4oOBXe6884cPPmwow60FAgzAAYEABwhpgNpHnLJRMApGwSgYgQAASixTgnI0KUEAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Karakalpak Research Institute of Natural Sciences Karakalpak, Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus, Republic of Karakalpakstan, 230100 Nukus, Uzbekistan","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rakhim","middleName":"","lastName":"Dospanov","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-02-22 05:04:13","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3977628/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3977628/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":51818952,"identity":"b52bcad2-19e4-406e-ba7b-fef66fd89d5e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-29 15:41:27","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":378593,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSalts were carried away by wind on April 10, 2008, and May 28, 2018. Synthesized image from a NASA satellite (https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146487).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3977628/v1/df8cc296d84a3dc39ec494a8.png"},{"id":51818954,"identity":"1cad934d-2eab-4dbc-9a2a-f53e06d02477","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-29 15:41:27","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":598848,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTraces of salt precipitation on the leaves of plants (Nukus, 2018, May 30)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3977628/v1/97e4aa42247973f09302c825.png"},{"id":51818957,"identity":"8bedd184-dad6-400b-9946-c377c1e2a3d4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-29 15:41:27","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":867819,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap of salinization of underground waters of the city of Nukus with water-soluble salts (according to the density of residue).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3977628/v1/dedb52b61b431b90f42dcf72.png"},{"id":51818955,"identity":"cce3bb97-1cfb-473f-bc0d-6dcaac8f95d8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-29 15:41:27","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":804831,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap of salinization of underground waters of the city of Nukus (according to the content of chloride salts).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3977628/v1/49391fd411c4ec2cc3dacb26.png"},{"id":51818961,"identity":"9430b9f8-9cda-4b86-b5cd-d64774501656","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-29 15:41:28","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":813638,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap of salinization of underground waters of the city of Nukus (according to the content of sulfate salts).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3977628/v1/de45b170ee31a63b7a63db1e.png"},{"id":51819228,"identity":"9b2818c7-8ebe-4283-9396-bfcbcf7a6564","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-29 15:49:28","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":821868,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap of salinization of underground waters of the city of Nukus (according to the content of bicarbonate salts).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3977628/v1/4308031f0ae50c77de81462b.png"},{"id":51818956,"identity":"deda9e31-e8a3-4b5c-9f5f-00d65ee49501","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-29 15:41:27","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":915258,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap of salinization of underground waters of the city of Nukus with water-soluble salts (according to the density of residue).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3977628/v1/3fe1ce15343edcf054c8a507.png"},{"id":51818959,"identity":"36e7b16c-9964-4746-aafd-5feb69fa035c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-29 15:41:28","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":886426,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap of salinization of underground waters of the city of Nukus (according to the content of chloride salts).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3977628/v1/93e42a0ea3d7e4976d83f6b2.png"},{"id":51818958,"identity":"dac6a72f-434c-4689-b02e-e16c557b4cf0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-29 15:41:27","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":704349,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap of salinization of underground waters of the city of Nukus (according to the content of sulfate salts).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3977628/v1/343aea84171c24a0ab7c6a7a.png"},{"id":51818960,"identity":"1e8565c4-53d5-4ab6-a6a4-ee176666b519","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-29 15:41:28","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":987963,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap of salinization of underground waters of the city of Nukus (according to the content of bicarbonate salts).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3977628/v1/7fc21f9cc86f88bcbee4d9bd.png"},{"id":54195369,"identity":"1176f68c-bfe0-4da4-960a-dfb0f72aa7d5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-06 00:07:33","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":7619029,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3977628/v1/16a55812-4d96-4cf7-ace3-4d18eb3efb44.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"On the issue of protecting the cities of the southern aral sea region from salt winds and on their green development (based on the example of the city of Nukus)","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eOver the past decades, there has been a rapid growth in the number of large and small cities. This has affected all countries of the world without exception, and the very serious environmental problems that have arisen in this regard can only be solved by the joint efforts of specialists from different fields. The development of cities and the emergence of new settlements often occur so rapidly that designers and builders sometimes do not pay due attention to the environment and, in particular, geological conditions (Legget \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e). As a result, it is not always possible to achieve harmonious development.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor example, in arid regions of the world, irrational use of water resources causes salinization of soils, which causes significant damage to the economies of countries and attracts special attention from the world scientific community from various fields, including the field of engineering geo-ecology, since salinization of soils and groundwater have a negative impact on the ecological situation of cities built in arid zones (Rafikov et al. 1981).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe territory of the Southern Aral Sea region belongs to the arid zone. As in other countries, cities have been built and expanded in this zone in recent decades. Among them is the city of Nukus, the capital of the Republic of Karakalpakstan (Seitniyazov 1973). One of the geo-ecological features of the city of Nukus is the salinization of soils and groundwater, which makes it difficult to solve the problem of planting greenery in the city.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe salty dust carried away from the dried bed of the Aral Sea complicates the ecological situation in the city. Studies show that due to the drying of the Aral Sea, the Aralkum Desert with an area of approximately 5\u0026nbsp;million hectares has been formed. Millions of tons of salt dust are carried away by the wind from the dried-up bottom of the Aral Sea and reach the city of Nukus, located at a distance of approximately 200 km from the Aralkum Desert (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. ).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn recent years, salt storms have become more frequent. For example, on May 29, 2018, salt storms with rain occurred in the city of Nukus. As a result, salts fell to the surface of the earth with rainwater. The salt water led to the withering and death of some plants (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). In (Turemuratov et al. 2021), the results of studies of the composition of this salty dust are presented.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne of the ways to protect the territory of cities from dust and mitigate the dry and hot climate is planting trees around the city and landscaping the city territory.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Theoretical part","content":"\u003cp\u003eIt is known that the irrational use of water resources in arid zones leads to the salinization of soils (Kovda \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1946\u003c/span\u003e). The southern Aral Sea region is located in the arid zone, where there is also an increase in soil salinity. At the same time, the increase in salinity of the soils of this territory has its own characteristics. The increase in salt content in soils is due to three reasons. The first is due to salt and dust transfer from the dried bottom of the Aral Sea and salt marshes, the second is due to irrigation of crops with mineralized waters of the Amu Darya River, and the third is due to migration of salts to the surface with groundwater because of excessive irrigation (Aimbetov, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The aeolian factor of the influence of the salt regime of the territories is touched upon in a scientific study (Orlova, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1983\u003c/span\u003e). Soil salinization due to salt migration under the influence of groundwater has been considered in scientific studies (Ward et al., 1989; Aimbetov I. Bekimbetov, 2021), and the analysis of studies of the salinity of soils in the Southern Aral Sea region shows that the salinity of soils and groundwater was studied mainly to solve problems of agriculture and construction projects. In Karakalpakstan, soil salinity was studied by organizations that report to the Ministry of Water Management, the Ministry of Construction and the Ministry of Agriculture. According to the results of the research, measures are being taken to desalinate soils.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs part of the studies of the salinity of soils, zoning of the territory of the Aral Sea region was carried out according to the salinity of soils (Rafikov A., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1984\u003c/span\u003e). In these studies, the types of crops are determined and selected depending on the salt content in the soils. The problem of increasing soil salinity in the southern Aral Sea region is the subject of research (Rafikov and Bakhritdinov. 1982).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEngineering and geological organizations, which are subordinate to the Ministry of Construction, are also engaged in determining salinity. Their research results are used only to solve the problems of construction of buildings and structures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn analysis of the literature shows that the salinity of urban soils has been studied mainly in relation to solving construction problems (Angeli et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Berest and Brouard \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Agudo 2007; Alonso et al. 2008; Benavente et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Burns and Mayne. 2003; Cosenza et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e; (Hou and Wu W. 2003; (Li et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Liang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Liu et al. 1999; Netterberg and Loudon. 1980; Wu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). In all the above studies, soil salinity was studied only to assess the effect of salts on physical and mechanical properties related to solving construction problems.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn organizations where groundwater studies were conducted in relation to solving the problems of designing buildings and structures, much data on the study of groundwater salinity have been accumulated. In our work, to solve the ecological problem of greening the city of Nukus and its environs, we used data from groundwater salinity studies obtained by these organizations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe purpose of the research is to assess the salinity of the groundwater in the city of Nukus and adjacent territories to solve the problems of green development through the integrated use of the results of existing studies of the salinity of groundwater, which were conducted by various organizations not engaged in solving environmental problems.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe city of Nukus is located in the southern part of Karakalpakstan (Uzbekistan) on the right bank of the Amu Darya River, 800 km northwest of Tashkent (1255 km by road).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe southern and eastern parts of the city are surrounded by the Kyzyl-Kum Desert. The northern part of the city borders the Amu Darya Delta. The Doslyk Main Canal and the Tas Arna Canal flow through the city. The area of the city is 222 square kilometers, and the population is 317.3 thousand people.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne of the ecological features of the city of Nukus is the salinity of groundwater. Studies show that increased salinity of groundwater and soils has a negative impact on the ecological situation of the city, reduces the survival rate of seedlings, and inhibits vegetation growth. For example, studies show that due to the increased salinity of groundwater and soils of Karakalpakstan, the longevity of woody and shrubby plants decreases, and the ecological balance is disturbed. This is observed throughout the territory (Aimbetov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLandscaping of Nukus is one of the topical tasks, the solution of which will help to mitigate the influence of a hot climate and to reduce the precipitation of salt dust from the dried bottom of the Aral Sea on the city of Nukus. To increase the survival rate of seedlings and for the effective implementation of landscaping activities in the city, it is necessary to have information on the nature and patterns of changes in the hydrogeological conditions in the territory of Nukus. This information will make it possible to effectively apply the methods of reducing the level of mineralization and the depth of groundwater and to select plant species for landscaping in the conditions of groundwater mineralization.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe purpose of the study was achieved by compiling maps of groundwater salinity in the city of Nukus and the Nukus region of the Republic of Karakalpakstan using GIS technologies. Maps are necessary for developing measures to reduce the depth and level of groundwater mineralization in Nukus and for the effective selection of tree species according to groundwater mineralization indicators.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the research show that there is an increase in the level of groundwater in Nukus. This is primarily due to the irrigation of this territory and the filtration of water from the irrigation system, i.e., from the main canals flowing through the city, as well as the insufficiency of the drainage system of the city (Shapiro \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1972\u003c/span\u003e), (Aimbetov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of archival materials of local survey organizations showed that in 1970, at the groundwater level of 2\u0026ndash;5 m, the mineralization of groundwater was 1.7 g/l. In 1986, the groundwater level rose to 0.3-2 m, and mineralization on average reached 18 g/l and, in some cases, up to 32 g/l (Aimbetov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis circumstance indicates an increase in the salinity of groundwater, which contributes to the oppression of green plantations. At the same time, the city of Nukus is insufficiently provided with a drainage system.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo prevent the aggressive effect of salts on green plantations, it is necessary to assess the specifics of salinization of soils and groundwater in the city of Nukus.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methodology of research","content":"\u003cp\u003eTo assess the nature of the spread of salts and determine the types of salts in the groundwater that have a depressing effect on green plantations, maps of salinization of ground waters in Nukus were compiled. At the same time, conclusions on assessment of the engineering and geological conditions of the building construction sites were also used. As a rule, the reports of engineering and geological surveys contain the results of chemical analysis of groundwater carried out to assess the salinity. They are used to prevent destructive effects on the underground parts of buildings and structures. To assess the ecological situation on the salinity of the territory of the city of Nukus, data from existing reports of engineering and geological surveys of the sites of projected buildings, compiled by local engineering and geological survey organizations, were used. To assess the patterns of salt distribution, the geographical coordinates of the points where the salinity of groundwater was determined were plotted on a digitized map at a scale of 1:50,000. The maps are compiled using the ArcGIS computer program. When drawing up maps, the results of determining the salinity of the groundwater of 113 workings were processed. The research area is 153.6 sq.km.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 3 shows a schematic map of the salinization of groundwater with water-soluble salts in the city of Nukus. As shown in Figure 3, the content of water-soluble salts varies from 254 mg/l to 32500 mg/l. At the same time, the greatest salinity is observed between the Doslyk and Tas Arna canals. Only a small area of the right bank of the Doslyk Canal has a salinity from 5143.6 mg/l to 12215 mg/l. The largest part of the city's groundwater contains 2677.7-5143.54 mg/l of salts. On an area of approximately 20 percent, groundwater contains salts of 1518-1817 mg/l. Small individual areas have a minimum salinity of 254-1113 mg/l. The different salinities of groundwater can be explained by different filtration properties and by the presence of an artificial drainage system and natural drainage.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe climate of Nukus is sharply continental. The maximum temperature in summer reaches 50 °C. To create comfortable conditions for residents of the city in hot weather, it is necessary to plant trees and shrubs in the city territory.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eInformation about the content of various types of salts in groundwater is necessary to select the species of green plantations. In this regard, schematic maps of groundwater were compiled in terms of the presence of chloride, sulfate and bicarbonate salts.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigures 4-6 show schematic maps of the salinization of ground waters in the city of Nukus in accordance with chloride content, as well as sulfate and bicarbonate salts. As seen from Figures 4-6, the greatest salinity of groundwater containing chloride, sulfate and bicarbonate ions is observed on the right bank of the Tas Arna canal. This is due to the peculiarity of the lithological composition and salinity of the soils lying at depth. This territory is located in an irrigation zone where there are no collector-drainage networks. Due to the migration of salts from deeper Cretaceous sediments, additional salinization of soils occurs during capillary uplift of groundwater.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe ecological and hydrogeological conditions of Nukus are influenced by the areas adjacent to the city, since intensive irrigation of these territories changes the level of groundwater. Nukus borders several districts. The Nukus District is located closest to the city. Currently, the city of Nukus is expanding at the expense of the territory of Nukus District.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNukus District is an administrative unit in the central part of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, whose territory covers the lands around Nukus, the capital of the Republic. The center of the district is Akmangit Township. The territory of the district lies at the very beginning of the Amu Darya Delta, whose waters are distributed among irrigation canals. The river serves as the natural border of the region in the south, and in the east, the Taskudyk Sands spread out. Despite the environmental problems associated with the shallowing of the Amu Darya, agriculture dominates the economy of the district. Fruits, cotton, cereals, and melons are grown in the agricultural sector of the district, and meat and dairy farming is also present. The area of the district is 287.526 sq.km, and the population is 53.9 thousand.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOne of the ecological features of the Nukus District is the salinity of its soils. Studies show that the increase in soil salinity is due to an increase in the groundwater level. An increase in soil salinity has a negative impact on the ecological situation of the area and reduces the survival rate of seedlings planted for landscaping local settlements, inhibits vegetation growth and reduces crop yields.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe regime of the groundwater level within the Nukus district is irrigative and is determined, first of all, by the flow regime of the Doslyk canal and the intensity of irrigation of cotton fields related to it. The rise of the groundwater level in Nukus District begins in May, reaching its maximum value in June and occurring less often in August. The minimum value is observed in September-November. Due to the intensification of salinization processes, cotton fields are washed in January-February. During this period, groundwater has the first maximum, and in summer, during the growing season, it has the second.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to routine observations, the amplitude of fluctuations in the groundwater level in observation wells located in the territory of Nukus District was 1.18 m in the period between 2000 and 2015. In the lowest places near the Doslyk Canal, certain sections may be flooded.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of the existing data of the Hydro-Reclamation Expedition of Karakalpakstan on the study of the groundwater level in the Nukus District shows that the highest groundwater level was recorded in 2003 at 1.25 m.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt should be noted that during the period of maximum precipitation and with intensive irrigation of the territory in the absence of drainage, the calculated maximum of the groundwater level, taking into account several years, should be expected to be higher than measured, i.e., at depths of 0.2-0.7 m from the earth's surface.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs mentioned above, the wind carries millions of tons of salts from the dried bottom of the Aral Sea, which worsens the ecological situation in the city of Nukus. To prevent salt dust from entering Nukus, it is necessary to plant trees in the vicinity of the city. The city of Nukus borders the northwest side of the Nukus District, from which salt winds often blow. For effective tree planting in Nukus District, it is necessary to study the salinity of groundwater in this area since the selection of the species of seedlings depends on the salinity of groundwater.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the 1960s and 1970s, a protective forest zone with a width of approximately 200 m was created in the northern part of the city of Nukus, which protected the city from dusty winds. Due to the development of construction and expansion of the city boundaries, the forest zone was eliminated, and houses were built on the site of the forest zone. As a result, dusty winds freely passed into the city. Furthermore, due to the drying up of the Aral Sea, the amount of dust entering the city has increased.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo mitigate the negative impact of the salinity of soils and groundwater on the environment, as well as to draw up practical action plans for the creation of a green belt around Nukus, it is necessary to assess the patterns of salinization of groundwater in the territory of the Nukus District, which is located in the northwestern part of Nukus.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo assess the nature of the distribution of salts and to determine the types of salts that have a negative impact on green spaces, schematic maps of salinization of groundwater in Nukus District were compiled. When drawing up schematic maps, the results of existing engineering and geological reports, which were used in the design of the foundations of buildings in Nukus District, were used. These reports, as a rule, provide data on the determination of salinity of soils and groundwater. In addition, the results of research conducted by the authors of this work were also used.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe maps were compiled according to the method of mapping the city of Nukus. In the process of making maps of the salinity of the groundwater, the results of the salinity of the groundwater of 65 wells and pits were processed. The research area is 150 sq.km. During the process of making maps, a map on a scale of 1:50,000 was used as a basis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results of the research showed that the groundwater of the territory of Nukus district mainly belonged to the sulfate and chloride-sulfate types.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure 7 shows a schematic map of the salinization of groundwater in Nukus District and the northwestern part of the city of Nukus. Figure 6 shows that the salinity of the groundwater reaches 32.5 g/l. The saltiest groundwater is located on the southern side of Nukus District and in the city of Nukus. In the central part of the territory, the amount of salt in ground water is 1.1-2.6 g/l. In general, studies have shown that compared with the city of Nukus, the groundwater in Nukus District is less saline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe viability of plants depends on the salinity of groundwater and the content of chlorine, sulfate and bicarbonate ions, so maps were made with due regard to these ions. These maps can be used to select suitable species for green plantations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigures 8- 10 schematic maps of groundwater salinization in Nukus District focusing upon the chloride, bicarbonate and sulfate salt contents, the analysis of which shows that the maximum salinity of groundwater is observed in the southern part of Nukus District. The minimum content of all ions is observed in the central part of the district. This is due to the peculiarities of the lithological composition of soils and the hydrological and hydrogeological conditions of the Nukus district. The analysis of these maps shows that the soils of this territory mainly contain sulfate and chloride salts, which negatively affect the survival of seedlings. Therefore, when creating a forest zone around the city of Nukus, it is necessary to consider this factor.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of the results of studies of groundwater salinity has shown that special studies have not been conducted to improve the ecological situation of the city of Nukus and adjacent territories. Organizations involved in the construction and reconstruction of the city of Nukus have collected research data to determine the salinity of soils. These data could be used to solve the problem of greening the city, since special research work on the development of standards for measuring soil salinity and groundwater for greening the city of Nukus has not yet been carried out.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this regard, it is proposed to create an intersectoral coordination group that will collect and systematize the results of studies of the composition of groundwater. Based on these works, a database on the salinity of groundwater and soils will be created, which can be used to solve the problem of greening the city. This article provides an example of using these data for the conditions of the city of Nukus and adjacent territories. Similar studies can be applied to other cities of the Southern Aral Sea region, as well as to cities of arid zones. These studies should cover areas around cities. The results of these studies could be used to create forest protection zones that will restrain dusty winds. The creation of protective forest zones will soften climatic conditions and protect the cities of the Southern Aral Sea from dust storms since, in recent years, the wind brings much salt dust to the cities from the dried bed of the Aral Sea.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003e1. The results of the research have shown that the groundwater of the city of Nukus and adjacent territories contains mainly chloride and sulfate salts, which have a negative impact on vegetation. The content of water-soluble salts varies from 254 mg/l to 32500 mg/l. At the same time, the greatest salinity is observed in the area between the Doslyk and Tas Arna canals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2. The analysis of the results of the chemical analysis of the groundwater of the city of Nukus and the Nukus district showed that chloride and sulfate ions make up the largest part of the groundwater. These ions have a negative effect on the development of nonsalt-resistant plants. Therefore, when gardening, it is necessary to take into consideration the amount of salinization of groundwater.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3. For the effective greening of the city of Nukus and the creation of forest zones around it, it is necessary to develop scientific recommendations for the selection and placement of tree species depending on the salinity of groundwater and soils of the city of Nukus and the territories adjacent to the city.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4. For effective and sustainable tree cultivation in the territory of Nukus and adjacent territories, it is necessary to develop scientific recommendations on the selection and placement of tree species depending on the salinity of soils and groundwater. Based on these recommendations, it is necessary to develop standards for urban greening that allow for the salinity of soils and groundwater.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5. To improve the ecological situation of the city of Nukus and adjacent territories, it is necessary to carry out research work on the design of a new innovative drainage system that will allow the use of groundwater for landscaping projects in the city. This will allow more effective greening of the city and detaining salty dust and will improve the ecological situation of the city. To implement effective landscaping and create forest zones, it is necessary to monitor the level and content of groundwater.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6. Studies of the salinity of groundwater and soils should also be carried out in other cities of the Southern Aral Sea region. Based on the results of these studies, it is necessary to make maps of salinization of groundwater and soils. These studies should be conducted around cities, as they will contribute to the effective creation of forest zones around cities to trap salty dust.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIzzet Aimbetov wrote the main manuscript text. All authors reviewed the manuscript\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAimbetov I.K. Inzhenerno-geologicheskie osnovy stroitel\u0026apos;stva zdanii i sooruzhenii na zasolennykh gruntakh Karakalpakstana. Nukus: Ilim; 2020. 287 s.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAimbetov I.K., Bekimbetov R.T. Engineering and geoecological assessment of soils salinity in Nukus using GIS technologies. 2021. Moscow. E3S Web. Conf. Volume 265. Actual Problems of Ecology and Environmental Management (APEEM 2021). 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126503006\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAimbetov I.K., Shagataev A.J. 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Engineering. 2005. 24(S2). 5561-5568.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Southern Aral Sea, salty dust of the Aral Sea, Nukus, maps of groundwater salinity","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3977628/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3977628/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis article addresses the problem of improving the ecological situation in the cities of the Southern Aral Sea based on the example of the city of Nukus and its surroundings and the methods of protection from salt dust, which is carried out from the dried bed of the Aral Sea and salt marshes by wind. The analysis of existing studies, aimed at solving problems associated with salinization of the soil structure, is provided. The aim of this work is to assess the salinity of the groundwater of the city of Nukus and adjacent territories for implementing effective landscaping measures in the studied territory and creating a protective zone against salty dust around the city of Nukus. The data from engineering and geological surveys necessary for the design of buildings and structures along with the results of the research of the article\u0026rsquo;s authors were used to assess the salinity of the studied area.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith the help of these results, schematic maps of groundwater salinization in the city of Nukus and its surroundings were made. The maps are compiled using the ArGIS computer program. It has been established that an increase in the groundwater level leads to additional salinization of soils, which further deteriorates the ecological situation in Nukus and adjacent territories and negatively affects green spaces. The ground waters of Nukus are mainly salted with chloride and sulfate salts. The results of studies of soil salinization in the Nukus District, which is located on the wind side of the city of Nukus, are also presented. Studies have shown that the groundwater of the cities of Nukus and Nukus District is subjected to salinization with chloride and sulfate salts. Therefore, when landscaping the city, it is necessary to take into account the nature of salinization of groundwater. In addition, to protect the territory of the city of Nukus, it is necessary to develop regulatory documents that will allow more efficient landscaping of the city territory, taking into account the salt content of groundwater. This will reduce the amount of salty dust that forms on the dried bottom of the Aral Sea.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"On the issue of protecting the cities of the southern aral sea region from salt winds and on their green development (based on the example of the city of Nukus)","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-02-29 15:41:22","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3977628/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"30c68fc8-815a-4739-a0ba-072e83c7524a","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 29th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-04-05T23:59:25+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-02-29 15:41:22","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3977628","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3977628","identity":"rs-3977628","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}