Study on ground deformation in Kathmandu valley using C-band sentinel-1A synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite images

Study on ground deformation in Kathmandu valley using C-band sentinel-1A synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite images | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Study on ground deformation in Kathmandu valley using C-band sentinel-1A synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite images Nabin Sah, Kuber Saud, Binod Adhikari, Chali Idosa This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6262070/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) is a prominent and widely used remote sensing method used for accurate surface deformation across large areas. We applied this technique to study the subsidence and upliftment of the ground surface in Kathmandu Valley in the years between 2019 and 2023 AD. C-band (4 GHz-8 GHz) Sentinel-1A images from 2019 to 2023 were employed in this study to investigate the status of ground deformation. This study highlights ground upliftment in major parts of the valley in the year 2022 and 2023 where as the valley experienced major subsidence during the year 2020 to 2022. In this study we also found that the major subsidence were found in the central north region and south eastern part of the valley. But in the years between 2022 and 2023 major upliftment was found in the northern part of the valley. In general the study shows major deformation over a four-year time interval which may have occurred due to the seismic movement or groundwater depletion. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) Sentinel − 1 Ground deformation Remote sensing Full Text Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6262070","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":435323075,"identity":"bb9bceb4-2726-4c5e-bf78-09ee523ac1f6","order_by":0,"name":"Nabin Sah","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABA0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACNvbGNhCdwMDM2PjgA0TQAK8Wfp7DUC3szYcNZxCjRXJGOlQLz7E0aR5itBgcSGx7+KPmTp7BjRwzaZs/h+WB1m2TYNxxB4+Wg+3GPMeeFQO1GFvntqUZNvAcK5NgPPMMt5aDjW3SjA2HEzfcyDG8ndtgk8AgkWMmwdh2GLeWw4xtkj8hWgykLf5IJDDIv8GvRbKNsU2CF6TlzLEkaQY2kC08+LXw8zCC/ZI48zgwkHuBfmnjSSu2SGzD7Rc2+efPQCGW2HcYGJU/gCHGz354442PbbhDDAoOMCgcgBkCIhIYDuBUC9ci34AuMgpGwSgYBaMACgA/kGAW1xRnrgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4631-2928","institution":"St Xavier's College","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nabin","middleName":"","lastName":"Sah","suffix":""},{"id":435323076,"identity":"bc0480b3-ddad-4fbf-804a-10443f9895e0","order_by":1,"name":"Kuber Saud","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"St Xavier's College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kuber","middleName":"","lastName":"Saud","suffix":""},{"id":435323077,"identity":"9a2e53db-2a8a-44a5-bfb0-efb248c8825e","order_by":2,"name":"Binod Adhikari","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"St Xavier's College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Binod","middleName":"","lastName":"Adhikari","suffix":""},{"id":435323078,"identity":"a27d1936-89b3-4b2f-a72f-718d255d426b","order_by":3,"name":"Chali Idosa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jimma University College of Natural Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chali","middleName":"","lastName":"Idosa","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-03-19 13:36:28","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6262070/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6262070/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":97673047,"identity":"2d260d15-dd9e-469a-a18a-0a0a6f04d305","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-08 09:39:20","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2372573,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Finalrevised.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6262070/v1_covered_d2e0c1e9-5211-4f14-a6c2-ca0d2566ab1d.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eStudy on ground deformation in Kathmandu valley using C-band sentinel-1A synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite images\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR), Sentinel − 1, Ground deformation, Remote sensing","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6262070/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6262070/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eInterferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) is a prominent and widely used remote sensing method used for accurate surface deformation across large areas. 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