Therapeutic role of curcumin on Beta Amyloid Protein, Biochemical and Oxidative changes in rats with streptozotocin induced diabetes

Therapeutic role of curcumin on Beta Amyloid Protein, Biochemical and Oxidative changes in rats with streptozotocin induced diabetes | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Therapeutic role of curcumin on Beta Amyloid Protein, Biochemical and Oxidative changes in rats with streptozotocin induced diabetes Mustafa Ermiş, Gülay Ciftci This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3950865/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Diabetes is one of the most common endocrine metabolic diseases. It was aimed to investigate the therapeutic role of curcumin on Beta Amyloid Protein (TBAP), Biochemical and Oxidative changes in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes.The study consisted of five groups (n = 8 rats per group): control, diabetic, curcumin, curcumin in diabetes induction, and curcumin after diabetes induction.In order to induce diabetes, a single dose of 45 mg/kg Streptozotocin was administered to the 2nd and 4th groups on the 1st day of the experiment and to the 5th group on the 28th day. Curcumin was administered to groups 3, 4 and 5 via oral gavage at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day for 35 days. It was observed that blood sugar levels were close to each other in group 1 and group 3, but were high in the diabetic groups (P < 0.05). Streptozotocin and curcumin application to diabetic rats reduced the level of beta amyloid protein in the brain. It was determined that the effect of curcumin application on hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and kidney function activity tests was not significant. It was determined that curcumin had an effect on reducing oxidative stress caused by diabetes and increasing antioxidant activity. Diabetes Curcumin Oxidative stress Beta Amyloid Protein Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Introduction One of the most prevalent endocrine metabolic illnesses is diabetes mellitus. Chronic hyperglycemia and general metabolic dysregulation are caused by the twin endocrine deficits of decreased insulin action (insulin resistance) and insufficient insulin production. The pathophysiology of diabetes includes a significant function for oxidative stress. Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced oxidative stress has been found to harm pancreatic beta cells and cause hyperglycemia in rats. Oxidative stress may lead to an excess of oxygen free-radical precursors and/or a reduction in the antioxidant system's effectiveness (Baynes, 1991 ). The most typical cause of dementia in the senior population is Alzheimer's disease. Amyloid buildup and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles in the brain are its defining features. More and more data suggests that the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease may be influenced by the disruption of insulin signaling in the brain. These disturbances are brought on by hypoinsulinemia in type 1 diabetes, whereas they are brought on by insulin resistance and reduced insulin production in type 2. Numerous studies have demonstrated a link between diabetes and an elevated risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. Curcumin is a natural compound with a polyphenolic structure. This bioactive ingredient has been proven to have a wide range of functional and biological activities. In addition to the use of aromatic and natural coloring additives in food products, it is also used as a natural antioxidant (Rafiee et al. 2019 ). The low cost of curcumin and the absence of any side effects increase the interest in this antioxidant day by day. The use of antioxidants is especially important in eliminating the complications of this disease (Wiggers et al. 2017 ). In our study, it was aimed to investigate the effect of curcumin administration on total beta amyloid protein level and biochemical and oxidative changes in rats with experimental diabetes induced by streptozotocin. Materials And Methods Research Site and Animal Material The study material consisted of 40 Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 265 ± 10 g. During the study, rats fed ad libitum, which were clinically healthy and provided with a room temperature of 22 ± 2 0 C, a humidity of 60%, and a 12/12 hour light/dark environment, were divided into groups according to age range. Animal study design In this study, 5 groups including 8 rats were formed. Group 1 (control group; C): The animals of control group were fed with standard rat food for five weeks. On the 1st day of the study, only 0.1 M 0.5 ml citrate phosphate buffer i.p. route injected. Group 2 (Diabetic group; D): This group was fed with standard rat food. Diabetes group consisted of 8 rats and were fed with standard feed and water throughout the 5-week trial. The animals in this group were given a single dose of 45 mg/kg Streptozotocin (Cayman) in 0.1 M citrate phosphate buffer pH:4.5 intraperitoneally (i.p.) to form diabetes on the first day of the study. On the 3rd day of the study, blood samples taken from the tail vein of the rats were measured with a glucometer (on call plus) and fasting blood glucose values were measured by dripping blood into the strip. Animals with a fasting blood glucose level of 250 mg/dl and above were considered diabetic and the study continued. Group 3 (Curcumin, C): It consisted of eight rats and in addition to feeding with standard feed for 5 weeks, curcumin was dissolved in 1 ml of drinking water as 100 mg/kg/day and given by oral gavage for 5 weeks (Kanter et al. 2013 ). Group 4 (Diabetes + Curcumin group; DC): Diabetes + curcumin group consisted of 8 rats and were fed with standard feed and water throughout the 5-week trial. The animals in this group were given a single dose of 45 mg/kg streptozotocin (cayman) in 0.1 M citrate phosphate buffer pH: 4.5 intraperitoneally (i.p.) to form diabetes on the first day of the study. On the 3rd day of the study, fasting blood glucose values were measured in blood samples taken from the tail vein of the rats with a glucometer (on call plus) (Ali et al. 2009). Animals with a fasting blood glucose level of 250 mg/dl and above were considered diabetic and the study was continued (Zafar et al. 2009). As of the first day of the study, curcumin was dissolved in 1 ml of drinking water as 100 mg/kg/day and given by oral gavage for 5 weeks (Kanter et al. 2013 ). Group 5 (Curcumin + Diabetes group; CD): It consisted of eight rats and the animals in this group were given 100 mg/kg/day curcumin dissolved in 1 ml of drinking water and administered by oral gavage for 5 weeks as of the 1st day of the study. On the 28th day of the study, a single dose of 45 mg/kg Streptozotocin was dissolved in 0.1 M citrate phosphate buffer and administered intraperitoneally (Ali et al. 2009). On the 31st day of the study, fasting blood glucose values were measured with a glucometer (on call plus) in blood samples taken from the tail vein of the rats. Animals with a fasting blood glucose level of 250 mg/dl and above were considered diabetic and the study was continued. Collecting Blood Samples and Obtaining Serum After 12 hours of fasting in rats of different age groups, the abdomen and chest areas of the rats were opened and blood was drawn directly from their hearts with xylazine (10 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneal) and ketamine (60 mg ketamine hydrachloride/kg body weight, intraperitoneal) general anesthesia. Sacrification/euthanasia was performed on the study animals by cervical dislocation method under anesthesia/tranquilizer.The skull of each rat was opened and the brain tissue was removed (Mishra and Flora, 2008 ). Brain tissue was weighed and stored at -20°C until biochemical tests were performed. After the blood samples were kept in the laboratory for 20 minutes and coagulated, they were centrifuged at + 4°C for 10 minutes at 1550 x g, and their serums were removed and divided into aliquots. Serums were stored at -20°C until analysis. Measuring the level of some biochemical parameters in serum In serum in Beckman Coulter AU5800 (USA) device (Catalg no: Beckman Coulter Ireland Inc. Lismeehan O' Callaghan's Mills Co. Clare Ireland (001)703-527-3837) total cholesterol (TK), glucose (Glu), uric acid (UA) ), Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), globulin (Glo), urea and creatinine amounts were measured by spectrophotometric method using an autoanalyzer device. Preparation of brain tissue homogenate Determination of Total Beta Amyloid protein, Tau protein and insulin level by ELISA For the preparation of brain tissue homogenization, the tissue was weighed after washing with ice-cold PBS (0.01 mol/L, pH 7.0-7.2) before homogenization. After the tissue was cut into small pieces, homogenization was performed with 5–10 mL of PBS in a homogenizer in ice. Then, the cell membrane was disrupted once or twice with an ultrasonicator in ice, and freeze-thaw was applied twice for better fragmentation of the cell. The homogenate was centrifuged at 3000 x g, 4°C for 5 min, and the supernatant was divided into aliquots and stored at -20°C until analysis. ELISA test was performed using supernatants. For this test, total beta amyloid protein, tau protein and insulin levels suitable for measurement in rat specific brain tissue extract were performed by following the ELISA test kits procedure and the results were calculated by reading in the ELISA reader. Determination of Total beta amyloid protein, tau protein and insulin levels by ELISA Total beta amyloid protein (SUNRED Elisa kit, cat no. 201-11-4073), tau protein (SUNRED Elisa kit, cat no. 201-11-4633) and insulin (AFG Bioscience Elisa kit, cat no.EK720161) levels in brain tissue and serum were determined by ELISA method. The ELISA’s were performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and the absorbances (as OD values) of the ELISA plates were measured by ELISA reader. The insulin resistance was calculated with the formula of homeostasis model of assesment-insulin resistance (HOMAIR) as described (Bonora et al., 2000 ). Determination of Total Antioxidant Level (TAS) and Total Oxidant Level (TOS) in Serum and Brain Tissue Total antioxidant level (TAS) and Total Oxidant Level (TOS) in brain tissue supernatants and serum was determined according to the TAS and TOS kits of Rel Assay Diagnostics. The change in the amount of absorption was measured by spectrophotometric methods. Tissue TAS level was determined by Erel (Erel O, 2005 ). After this assay relied on the ability of antioxidants in the sample to inhibit ABTS (2,2’ -azino-di-3-ethylbenz-thiazoline sulfonate) from being oxidized into ABTS + by a peroxidase metmyoglobin. The TAS level was expressed as mmol Trolox equivalent/l (mmol Trolox equiv./l). The tissue TOS level was measured by Erel. (Erel, 2004 ). TOS method which relied on the oxidation of ferrous ions into ferric ions in the presence of various oxidative species in an acidic medium. Ferric ion concentrations were measured by xylenol orange. Results were expressed as µmol H 2 O 2 equivalent/l (µmol H 2 O 2 equiv./l). The TOS/TAS ratio was defined as oxidative stress index (OSI). Statistical Analyses The results of the study were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 23 software. The test results were shown as mean ± standard deviation values in the Independent Samples Test. A value of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Correlations between the variables were evaluated using a Pearson correlation analysis. Results During the experiment, the weights of the rats were determined regularly every week (weekly change of body weights of the rats in each group is shown in Table 1 . Table 1 Body weight (g) changes of the rats in the groups on the 1st, 7th, 14th, 28th and 35th days. Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 1.day 270.7 ± 8.1 265.8 ± 5.3 275.6 ± 10 259.2 ± 4.2 272.6 ± 5.4 7. day 287.3 ± 7.5 a 260.37 ± 5.4 b 269.5 ± 6.4 ab 232 ± 7.3 c 278.3 ± 6.3 ab 14. day 297 ± 7.5 a 264.2 ± 7.4 b 272.7 ± 5 b 227.5 ± 7.6 c 280.5 ± 6.9 ab 21. day 309 ± 8.79 a 271.2 ± 8.3 b 282.1 ± 4.7 b 229.8 ± 8.8 c 294.2 ± 8.1 ab 28. day 315.8 ± 10 a 275.2 ± 9.2 b 281.8 ± 2.6 b 228.6 ± 10.8 c 290 ± 8.8 b 35. day 322.8 ± 11.6 a 280.5 ± 11.2 b 289.2 ± 3.4 b 223.6 ± 11.9 c 264.1 ± 6 b a, b, c : The difference between the groups indicated with different letters in the same column is significant (P < 0.05) Group 1 (control), group 2 (diabetes), group 3 (curcumin), group 4 (diabetes - curcumin), group 5 (curcumin - diabetes) At the beginning of the study, the mean body weight of the rats was approximately 265 ± 10 g. At the end of the study (at week 5), body weight changes were determined as 322.1 ± 11.6, 280.5 ± 11.2, 289.2 ± 3.4, 223.6 ± 11.9, 264.1 ± 6 g in Groups 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively. On the 35th day, it was observed that the body weight gain was the highest in the control (Group 1) group, and the least in group 4 (P < 0.05), (Fig. 1 ). During the experiment, blood glucose levels of the rats were determined regularly every week. It was determined that blood glucose levels in Group 2 and Group 4 with diabetes were significantly higher (P < 0.05) compared to the control groups (Group 1), and it was at the same level in the other groups until the 21st day of the study (Table 2 ). On the 28th day of the study, blood glucose levels of Group 5 were significantly lower than the control groups (Group 1), 64.12 (mg/dL), and at the end of the study, it was determined to be significantly higher at 510 (mg/dL) (P < 0.05), (Fig. 2 ). Table 2 Changes in blood glucose level (mg/dL) of the rats in the groups on the 1st, 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th and 35th days Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 1.day 107 ± 3.3 a 389.2 ± 31.3 b 108.6 ± 3.2 a 407.5 ± 29.5 b 120.3 ± 3.6 a 7. day 108.6 ± 3 a 366.5 ± 35.7 b 104.8 ± 12 a 478.6 ± 38.9 b 114.7 ± 3.2 a 14. day 109.7 ± 4.8 a 428.1 ± 28.1 b 108.7 ± 3.5 a 476.1 ± 31.5 b 111 ± 3.8 a 21. day 103.7 ± 2 a 435.9 ± 39.7 b 103.3 ± 3.8 a 517.3 ± 27.3 b 113.8 ± 2.4 a 28. day 112 ± 8.7 a 462.9 ± 28.6 b 106.6 ± 2.7 a 532.4 ± 29 b 64.1 ± 10.9 a 35. day 105.6 ±2 a 512.6 ± 26.3 b 104.1 ± 2.1 a 511.5 ± 29.8 b 510 ± 23.6 b a, b, c : The difference between the groups indicated with different letters in the same column is significant (P < 0.05) Levels of Some Routine Biochemical Parameters in Serum Control group Group 1 (control), Group 2 (diabetes) and Group 3 (curcumin) given for treatment, Group 4 (diabetes - curcumin), Group 5 (curcumin - diabetes) aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in serum, total cholesterol (TC), glucose (Glu), uric acid (UA), levels are presented in Table 3 (mean ± SE). Table 3 Some routine biochemical parameters in serum Grup 1 Grup 2 Grup 3 Grup 4 Grup 5 AST( U/L) 87.7 ± 8.1 a 171.1 ± 35.5 b 75.8 ± 4.3 a 164.8 ± 24 b 229.2 ± 26.1 b ALT( U/L) 48.87 ± 2.9 a 153.75 ± 10.1 b 55.87 ± 3.1 a 135.25 ± 28.6 b 154.75 ± 22.5 b TK (mg/dL) 65.5 ± 1.1 a 75.25 ± 3.1 ab 64.62 ± 6.8 a 88.5 ± 6.7 b 126.37 ± 13.4 c Glu (mg/dL) 105.62 ± 2 a 527.65 ± 32.6 b 104.12 ± 2.1 a 515.5 ± 33.6 bc 510 ± 23.6 c UA (mg/dL) 1.1 ± 0.1 a 1.5 ± 0.1 ab 1.3 ± 0.1 ab 1.9 ± 0.3 b 1.38 ± 0.2 ab HOMA-IR 2.38 10.59 2.2 11.3 10.35 a, b, c : The difference between the groups shown with different letters on the same line is significant (P < 0.05) The AST level in the serum was found to be significantly higher in Group 2, Group 4 and Group 5 with diabetes compared to the control groups (Group 1) (P 0.05). ALT level in serum was found to be significantly higher in Group 2, Group 4 and Group 5 with diabetes compared to other groups (Group 1 and Group 3) (P 0.05). TC level in the serum was increased in Group 5, which developed diabetes at the 4th week, compared to the control groups (P 0.05). In Group 2, Group 4 and Group 5, which had diabetes in the serum, blood glucose levels were found to be significantly higher than the other groups (Group 1 and Group 3) (P < 0.05). Total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), globulin (Glo) levels of the groups are presented in the Table 4 . The level of UA in the serum was significantly higher than in Group 2 control groups (Group 1) with diabetes (P 0.05) (Table 5 ). Table 4 Total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), globulin (Glo) levels of the groups TP (g/L) Alb (g/L) Glo (g/L) Alb/Glo Groups 1 56.11 ± 1.25 ab 28.68 ± 0.67 a 27.42 ± 1 a 1.04 ± 0.04 a Groups 2 53 ± 1.3 ac 26.7 ± 1.1 a 26.3 ± 0.88 a 1.03 ± 0.05 a Groups 3 58.7 ± 0.53 b 29.08 ± 0.29 a 29.61 ± 0.7 a 0.98 ± 0.03 a Groups 4 55.4 ± 1.48 ab 26.97 ± 0.78 a 28.42 ± 0.97 a 0.95 ± 0.03 a Groups 5 50.56 ± 1.49 c 32.67 ± 1.05 b 17.87 ± 2.1 b 2 ± 0.25 b a, b, c : Differences between groups indicated with different letters in the same column are significant (P < 0.05) Table 5 Urea and creatinine levels in serum Urea (mg/dL) Creatinine (mg/dL) Groups 1 36 ± 1.8 ab 0.2 ± 0.02 ab Groups 2 46 ± 5.8 bc 0.22 ± 0.01 b Groups 3 36.8 ± 2.4 abc 0.2 ± 0.02 ab Groups 4 46.8 ± 3.4 c 0.23 ± 0.01 b Groups 5 30.6 ± 1.8 a 0.2 ± 0.01 a a, b, c : Differences between groups indicated with different letters in the same column are significant (P < 0.05) Since those with an insulin resistance HOMA-IR score of ≥ 2.5 were considered positive for insulin resistance, the HOMA-IR score of < 2.5 in groups 1 and 3, and the HOMA-IR score of ≥ 2.5 in groups 2, 4 and 5 without insulin resistance and insulin resistance was determined. It was shown that Group 2 with diabetes had higher serum urea levels than the control group (Group 1) (P > 0.05), and that this difference was statistically significant in Group 4 (P < 0.05). Insulin change in serum is presented in Fig. 3 . There was a significant positive correlation between AST and ALT, CHOL, GLU, ALB/GLO and Urea (r = 0.67**, r = 0.66**, r = 0.65**, r = 412**, r = 0.4)( P < 0.05). It was determined that there was a significant positive correlation (r = 534**, r = 0.65**) between ALT and CHOL enzyme activities and GLU (P < 0.05) (Table 6 ). Table 6 Correlation relationship between groups AST ALT CHOL GLU UA TP ALB GLO ALB/GLO Urea Creatinine AST 1 0.67** 0.66** 0.65** 0.20 -0.54** 0.03 -0.46** 0.41** 0.4** 0.006 ALT 1 534** 0.65** 0.17 -0.45** -0.05 -0.33* 0.28 0.31 0.06 CHOL 1 0.46** 0.08 -0.51** 0.34* -0.62** 0.57** -0.05 -0.17 GLU 1 0.29 -0.58** -0.24 -0.33* 0.17 0.27 0.15 UA 1 0.04 -0.12 0.1 -0.13 0.2 0.46** TP 1 0.01 0.81** -0.53** -0.07 -0.10 ALB 1 -0.57** 0.79** 0.69** -0.51** GLO 1 -0.9** 0.34* 0.21 ALB/GLO 1 -0.43** -0.3 Üre 1 0.44** Kreatinin 1 A significant positive correlation (r = 0.46**) was found between CHOL and GLU enzyme activities (P < 0.05). It was determined that there was a significant positive correlation (r = 0.46**) between UA and creatinine enzyme activities (P < 0.05). A significant positive correlation (r = 0.81**) was found between TP and GLO enzyme activities (P < 0.05). It was determined that there was a significant positive correlation (r = 0.79**) between ALB and ALB/GLO enzyme activities (P < 0.05). It was determined that there was a significant positive correlation (r = 0.34*) between GLO and Urea enzyme activities (P < 0.05). It was found that there was a significant positive correlation (r = 0.44**) between the enzyme activities of urea and creatinine (P < 0.05)(Table 6 ). Total Beta Amyloid protein, Tau protein and insulin levels in serum Total Beta Amyloid protein level in serum was determined as 561.8 ± 23.3, 599.9 ± 18.2, 473.3 ± 34.6, 522.8 ± 6.4 and 489.4 ± 8.8 (ng/L) in Groups 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively. It was determined that Group 3 and Group 5 were significantly lower than the control groups (Group 1) (P 0.05) (Table 7 ). Table 7 Total Amyloid beta protein(TBAP), Tau protein and insulin levels in serum TBAP (ng/L) Tau (ng/L) Insülin (mU/L) Groups 1 561.8 ± 23.3 ab 236.6 ± 9.3 a 9.1 ± 0.3 ac Groups 2 599.9 ± 18.2 b 288.8 ± 13.5 b 8.1 ± 0.2 b Groups 3 473.3 ± 3.6 c 171.6 ± 11.2 c 8.9 ± 0.1 b Groups 4 522.8 ± 6.4 ac 165.7 ± 10.7 c 8.9 ± 0.1 a Groups 5 489.4 ± 8.8 c 158.85 ± 7 c 8.2 ± 0.7 bc a, b, c : Differences between groups indicated with different letters in the same column are significant (P < 0.05). Tau protein level was found to be significantly higher in Group 2 than the other groups (P < 0.05), while Groups 3, 4 and 5, which were administered curcumin, were lower than the control and diabetes group (Groups 1 and 2) (P < 0.05), (Fig. 4). Insulin levels in serum were determined as 9.16 ± 0.36, 8.13 ± 0.2, 8.9 ± 0.1, 8.9 ± 0.1 and 8.2 ± 0.7 (mU/L) in Groups 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively. Group 2 and Group 3 (P 0.05) were found to be lower than the control groups (Group 1) (Fig. 3 ). Total Beta Amyloid protein, Tau protein and insulin levels in the brain Experimental groups; Total Beta Amyloid protein, Tau protein and insulin levels in Group 1 (control), Group 2 (diabetes), Group 3 (curcumin), Group 4 (diabetes - curcumin), Group 5 (curcumin - diabetes) brain tissue are presented in the Table 8. Table 8 Total Amyloid beta protein(TBAP), Tau protein and insulin levels in brain tissue TBAP (µg/g tissue) Tau (ng/g tissue) İnsülin (mU/g tissue) G roups 1 1.3±0.04 ab 131.1±11 a 43.2±0.7 G roups 2 2±0.2 c 190.9±7 b 40.5±1.3 G roups 3 1.1±0.01 a 120.2±7.3 a 40.9±0.7 G roups 4 1.6±0.04 bc 143.9±7.4 a 40.6±1 G roups 5 1.4±0.4 ab 133.7±7.9 a 40.4±0.4 a, b, c : Differences between groups indicated with different letters in the same column are significant (P 0.05). It was determined that Group 2 was significantly higher than Group 4 (P < 0.05), (Fig. 5 ). Tau protein level in brain tissue was found to be significantly higher in Group 2 compared to the control groups (Group 1) (P 0.05). TAS, TOS and OSI levels in serum Group 1 (control), Group 2 (diabetes), Group 3 (curcumin), Group 4 (diabetes - curcumin), Group 5 (curcumin - diabetes) of the experimental groups.It was determined that the TAS level of Group 4 was higher than Group 2 (P 0.005). TAS level of Group 5 was found to be higher than the control groups (Group 1) (P < 0.05), (Table 9 and Fig. 7 ). Table 9 TAS, TOS and OSI levels in serum TAS mmol/L TOS µ mol/L OSI Groups 1 0.69 ± 0,05 ab 6.44 ± 1.61 ab 9.38 Groups 2 0.61 ± 0.05 b 12.3 ± 4.9 b 23.93 Groups 3 0.88 ± 0.8 ac 2.56 ± 0.2 a 3.4 Groups 4 0.71 ± 0.05 ab 7.14 ± 1.2 ab 11.45 Groups 5 1.03 ± 0.03 c 9.16 ± 1.4 ab 10.77 a, b, c : Differences between groups indicated with different letters in the same column are significant (P < 0.05). TOS level in serum was found to be significantly higher than Group 2 and Group 5 control groups (Group 1) (P < 0.05). It was determined that Group 2 was significantly higher than Group 4 (P 0.05), (Fig. 7 ). TAS, TOS and OSI levels in brain tissue TAS, TOS and OSI levels in brain tissue are present in the table (Table 10 ). TAS levels in brain tissue were found to be significantly lower in Group 2, Group 4 and Group 5 compared to the control groups (Group 1) (P > 0.05). Group 3 was found to be significantly higher than the control groups (Group 1) (P < 0.05), (Fig. 6 ). Table 10 TAS, TOS and OSI levels in brain tissue TAS mmol/g tissue TOS µ mol/g tissue OSI Groups 1 2.12 ± 0.58 19.47 ± 6.3 ab 8.6 ab Groups 2 1.5 ± 0.47 33.19 ± 5.9 ac 20.46 ab Groups 3 2.68 ± 0.57 13.27 ± 2.9 b 6.55 a Groups 4 1.90 ± 0.49 22.84 ± 4.6 ab 23.34 b Groups 5 1.8 ± 0.64 49.79 ± 8.5 c 20.58 ab a, b, c : Differences between groups indicated with different letters in the same column are significant (P < 0.05). TOS level in brain tissue was found to be higher than Group 2 and Group 4 control groups (Group 1) (P 0.05).Group 5 was found to be significantly higher than the control groups (Group 1) (P < 0.05), (Fig. 6 ). It was determined that there was a positive correlation between glucose and BTOS, STOS, BOSI and SOSI (r = 0.33*, r = 0.35*,r = 0.34*,r = 0.33*) (P < 0.05). It was determined that there was a positive correlation (r = 0.34*) between BTOS and SOSI (P < 0.05). It was determined that there was a significant positive correlation (r = 0.96**) between STOS and SOSI (P < 0.05). Correlation between groups presented (Table 11 ). Table 11 Correlation between groups Glucose BTAS STAS BTOS STOS BOSI SOSI Glucose 1 -0.18 -0.05 0.33* 0.35* 0.34* 0.33* BTAS 1 0.01 -0.18 0.08 -0.51** -0.009 STAS 1 0.33 -0.16 -0.03 -0.34* BTOS 1 0.03 -0.16 0.34* STOS 1 0.96** BOSI 1 0.18 SOSI 1 Discussion and Conclusion Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease and its prevalence is increasing worldwide (Guariguata et al. 2014 ).Curcumin is a natural polyphenol with various pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammation, anti-cancer and anti-oxidation (Hussain et al. 2017 ). Studies have also pointed out the therapeutic potential of curcumin against neurodegenerative diseases (Reddy et al. 2016 ). Alzheimer's disease is one of the most important complications of diabetes and is the most common type of dementia in the elderly population (Rocchi et al. 2003 ). AD is characterized by progressive decline in cognitive functions and accumulation of Aβ that forms senile plaques in the brain (Price et al. 1995 ). Studies suggest that curcumin crosses the blood-brain barrier and reaches the brain. Curcumin has been shown to bind to amyloid plaques in the brain and reverse existing amyloid pathology (Garcia-Alloza et al. 2007 ). At the beginning of the study, the mean body weight of the rats was approximately 265 ± 10 g. At the end of the study, it was determined that the body weight gain in Group 2 and Group 4, in which experimental diabetes was induced by STZ, was significantly lower than the control group (Group 1) (P > 0.05), while it decreased slightly in the other groups (P > 0.05).When curcumin (100 mg/kg) was given to rats who developed diabetes by applying low-dose streptozotocin along with a high-energy diet for eight weeks, there was an increase in body weight, increase in body mass index and thickening in the waist circumference in the control group and diabetes curcumin (DC) groups at the end of 8 weeks. It was determined that the weight gain was 49.12% in the DC group, and 48.02% in the DC group (Yang et al. 2018 ). In our study, it was determined that there was a 14.13% decrease in live weight in Group 4 (DC).In the study by Kuhad and Chopra ( 2007 ), male wistar albino rats were given 65 mg/kg STZ to induce diabetes, while 60 mg/kg was given to the diabetes curcumin (DC) group by oral gavage for ten weeks for treatment.At the end of the study, it was observed that there was an 8.1% decrease in body weight in the DC group, and an 11.40% increase in body weight in the curcumin group at the end of the study.In our study, it was determined that there was a 5% increase in body weight in Group 3 (curcumin). In another study, STZ (60 mg/kg) was given to male rats and diabetes was formed, and curcumin (150 mg/kg/day) was given by oral gavage for twelve weeks for treatment, and the control group (C), the diabetic group (D) and the diabetes were additionally administered. The body weight gain of the curcumin (DC) group was compared and it was determined that this increase was higher in the DC group than in the D group (Huang et al. 2013 ).In our study, it was seen that the effect of curcumin on body weight gain in rats with experimental diabetes was compatible with the literature. There are studies showing that curcumin administration to diabetic rats regulates blood glucose levels (Nishiyama et al. 2005 ; Huang et al. 2013 ; Mustafa, 2016 ; Rahimi et al. 2016 ).In a study conducted in parallel with our study, three-month-old male rats were given diabetes (D) by STZ (35 mg/kg) and diabetes (DC) group was given curcumin (100 mg/kg) for eight weeks by oral gavage, and group D was given at the end of the study. When blood glucose levels were compared between the DC group and the blood glucose level, it was reported that there was no significant difference (Suryanarayana et al. 2005 ).Sprague-Dawley male rats were administered STZ (55 mg/kg) and rats with diabetes (D) were given 200 mg/kg curcumin to the diabetes curcumin (DC) group by oral gavage for twelve weeks. At the end of the study, group D and DC group blood glucose levels were determined as 498 (mg/dl), 478 (mg/dl), respectively, and it was reported that the effect of curcumin on reducing hyperglycemia was not significant (Majithiya and Balaraman 2005 ). In another study, Sprague Dawley rats with STZ (45 mg/kg) were administered curcumin 200 mg/kg/day by oral gavage for 14 days, and it was reported that the effect of curcumin administration on serum glucose concentration was not significant at the end of the study (Nishizono et al. 2000 ). The results of our study showed that, at the end of the experiment, the blood glucose levels of Groups 2 (D), 4 (DC), and 5 (CD) with diabetes were significantly higher than those of the control group (Group 1), and that, although not statistically significantly, the blood glucose levels of the groups with diabetes who received curcumin treatment were slightly higher. Alanineaminotransferase (ALT) and aspartataminotransferase (AST) activities are liver enzymes commonly used for liver function tests. At the end of the study, it was determined that ALT and AST enzyme activity increased in experimental diabetic rats. These results are supported by studies showing that DM is associated with elevated hepatic enzyme activity, which may be a result of liver cell destruction or changes in membrane permeability indicating severe hepatocellular damage.In a study, 60 mg/kg curcumin was administered to adult male Wistar Albino rats for whom diabetes was induced with STZ (60 mg/kg) for 30 days by oral gavage, and it was reported that the effect of curcumin on serum AST level was not significant, but it significantly decreased ALT level (Palma et al. 2014 ). In another study, diabetes was induced by STZ (50 mg/kg) injection in rats and curcumin was given 80 mg/kg/day by oral gavage for 60 days. It was reported that ALT and AST enzyme activity decreased significantly (Mustafa 2016 ). In our study, it was observed that curcumin administration had a positive effect on reducing the liver enzymes ALT and AST in experimental diabetes-induced rats, which was consistent with the literature. Hyperlipidemia is a complication of DM. Significant changes in the lipid profile can be seen depending on the induction of DM. In a study, after inducing diabetes with STZ (65 mg/kg) in rats, curcumin was administered at a dose of 10 mg/kg for 45 days. It has been reported that the water-soluble form of curcumin lowers total cholesterol and improves the lipid profile (Abdel Aziz et al. 2012 ). In another study, DM was induced by intravenous injection of 40 mg/kg STZ in rats. The rats were given 90 mg/kg curcumin with yogurt at 1.0 mL per day per rat by oral gavage for 35 days.At the end of the study, it was reported that total cholesterol levels were 21% higher in the diabetes (D) group and 22% higher in the diabetes curcumin (DC) group compared to the control (C) group (Gutierres et al. 2012 ).In another study, 120 mg/kg of alloxan monohydrate was administered intraperitoneally to Sprague Dawley rats to induce diabetes. Rats were administered 200 mg/kg of turmeric extract by oral gavage for 56 days. At the end of the study, it was reported that the total cholesterol levels were 24% higher in the diabetes (D) group compared to the control (C) group, and it approached the control group in the group in which diabetes was formed and turmeric extract was given (El-Hadary and Sitohy 2021 ).In our study, it was determined that the total cholesterol level was higher in the diabetic groups (Groups 2, 4 and 5) compared to the control group. It was suggested that urea, creatinine and uric acid levels, which are indicators of kidney function parameters, were affected in rats with diabetes, and that the administration of curcumin derivatives to diabetic rats may protect kidney function (Wu et al. 2014 ; Xu et al. 2018 ; El-Hadary and Sitohy, 2021 ) .In a study investigating the effect of stevia and turmeric extracts on hypoglycemia in rats, it was reported that turmeric extracts significantly decreased the elevated urea, creatinine and uric acid levels in rats with diabetes and had a protective effect on kidney functions (El-Hadary and Sitohy 2021 ). In our study, it was determined that there was an increase in urea and creatinine levels in the groups with diabetes (Group 2 and Group 4) compared to the control (Group 1) group, but this increase was not statistically significant. In the group with diabetes on the 28th day (Group 5), it was determined that the urea and creatinine levels were not affected and were close to the control group.It was observed that the uric acid level was increased in Group 2 and 5 compared to the control group (P > 0.05) in the diabetes-induced groups, while this increase was the highest in Group 4 (P < 0.05).In another study, 15 and 30 mg/kg curcumin were administered to diabetic rats induced by 65 mg/kg STZ for 2 weeks, and at the end of the study, polyuria, increased urinary albumin excretion, increased serum creatinine, and increased blood urea nitrogen were detected in diabetic rats. It was reported that as a result of curcumin treatment of 15 and 30 mg/kg per day in diabetic rats, it effectively reduced diabetic proteinuria, polyuria, and increased serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. It was reported that creatinine and urea clearance were also significantly reduced following the administration of curcumin to diabetic rats compared to untreated diabetic rats, and it had a healing effect on renal dysfunction by reducing oxidative stress (Sharma et al., 2006 ). In our study, it was determined that urea and creatinine levels were higher in Group 2 (D) and Group 4 (DC) compared to the control (Group 1) group, and Group 5 approached the control group. In one study, diabetes was induced by injection of STZ (50 mg/kg) in rats and curcumin (80 mg/kg/day) was given by oral gavage for 60 days.At the end of the study, it was determined that there was a significant decrease in albumin and total protein levels in the diabetic group compared to the control group, and a significant increase in these parameters in the diabetic group treated with curcumin (Mustafa 2016 ). In another study, experimental T2DM was induced in adult rats and treated with curcumin (80 mg/kg) by oral gavage for eight weeks.At the end of the study, it was reported that the total protein level decreased significantly in the diabetes (D) group compared to the control (C) group, and there was a significant increase in the curcumin-treated diabetes curcumin (DC) group (Al-Saud, 2020 ).In our study, it was determined that the total protein level among the groups decreased in the diabetes-induced groups compared to the control group (P > 0.05), and this decrease was observed the most in Group 5 (P < 0.05).Among the groups, Group 5 had the highest amount of albumin and the lowest amount of globulin (P < 0.05). Insulin resistance (IR) is a condition in which defects in the action of insulin do not function as normal insulin levels as signals for glucose uptake. Insulin resistance is also an important risk factor for related chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Insulin resistance is an important component of the metabolic syndrome, which consists of a number of risk factors such as abdominal obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia (Hekmatdoost et al. 2011 ). Regarding the pathophysiology of diabetes, there are studies investigating the therapeutic effect of curcumin in cases of insulin action, insulin secretion malfunction, β-cell dysfunction, insulin secretion reductions, and insulin resistance (IR) (Kim et al. 2016 ; Zheng et al. 2018 ; Lee et al. 2020 ;Al-Saud, 2020 ). In a study, after induction of experimental T2DM in adult rats, curcumin (80 mg/kg) was administered by oral gavage for eight weeks, and it was reported that glucose level and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) decreased after curcumin treatment in diabetes (D) groups at the end of the study (Al-Saud, 2020 ). In another study, high-fat diet-induced diabetic Sprague Dawley rats were given 80 mg/kg curcumin for 15 days, and it was reported that curcumin exhibited an anti-hyperglycemic effect and improved insulin sensitivity at the end of the study (El-Moselhy et al. 2011 ). An experimental T2DM model was established in Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats and treated for forty weeks by administering curcumin (100 mg/kg).At the end of the study, it was reported that there was no difference in HOMA-IR values between the control (C), diabetes (D) and diabetes curcumin (DC) groups (Kim et al., 2016 ). In our study, it was determined that Group 2 (D), Group 4 (DC) and Group 5 (CD) HOMA-IR scores in Group 2 (D), Group 4 (DC) and Group 5 (CD) diabetes at the end of the trial were ≥ 2.5 and insulin resistance was formed. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disease characterized by extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) protein deposits and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein (Patil et al. 2013 ; Chen, 2018). Curcumin is a component of turmeric, a spice used in many types of cooking. Epidemiological evidence showing that populations that consume foods containing significant amounts of curcumin have a lower risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) suggest that this compound may have a neuroprotective effect. Curcumin also protects against toxicity when β-amyloid is applied to produce animal models of AD, and curcumin reduces the formation of β-amyloid from amyloid precursor protein; It has been reported to inhibit the aggregation of β-amyloid in layers. The neuroprotective effect of curcumin has been reported in several in vitro studies in transgenic mice with excessive β-amyloid production (Liu et al. 2010 ; Zhang et al. 2010 ; Huang et al. 2012 ; Potter, 2013 ). In the in vitro study investigating the protective effect of curcumin against amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced neuronal damage, rat cortical neurons were cultured with different Aβ and curcumin treatments to evaluate neuronal morphologies, viability, and damage.At the end of the study, it was reported that curcumin protected cell viability and Aβ-induced neuronal damage by Aβ, and decreased oxidative stress markers and reactive oxygen species levels (Huang et al., 2012 ).In a study investigating the effects of curcumin mixture and different curcuminoids on Aβ 42, APP and BACE1, it was reported that curcumin had a reducing effect on β-amyloid protein level, inhibited β-amyloid 1–42 production in cultured cells, and also decreased APP protein level (Liu et al. 2010 ). In a study investigating Aβ levels and APP levels of curcumin in mouse primary cortical neurons by various in vitro methods, it was reported that curcumin strongly reduced Aβ levels by reducing the maturation of APP in the secretory pathway, and had an effect on alleviating amyloid-β pathology (Zhang et al. 2010 ).It was reported that the addition of curcumin not only had antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in experimental mice with transgenetic APP plaque formation, but also reduced amyloid plaque formation and Aβ accumulation (Lim et al. 2001 ).At the end of our study, it was observed that there was a significant difference between Group 2 (D) and Group 4 (DC) in terms of brain β-amyloid protein levels, and the decrease was higher in the group given curcumin.After feeding a high-fat diet for eight weeks, rats induced T2DM by 35 mg/kg STZ were given curcumin and curcumin nanoparticles (CURNP) by oral gavage for six weeks.At the end of the study, serum insulin levels, brain and hippocampus Aβ-42 protein, and tau protein levels were significantly higher in the diabetes (D) group than in the control (C) group. reported to be low.In conclusion, the findings of this study show that curcumin and CURNP inhibit amyloidogenesis and hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins in the brain hippocampus of rats (Abdulmalek et al., 2021 ).At the end of our study, it was observed that the levels of Total Beta Amyloid protein and Tau protein in the serum and brain tissue of Group 2 (D) were higher compared to the control group, and treatment with curcumin in Group 5 had a positive effect on the reduction. Antioxidants play an important role in the prevention and improvement of diabetic complications (Rahimi et al. 2005 ).Curcumin, a powerful antioxidant, protects neurons from oxidative damage by regulating mitochondrial membrane potential and inhibiting intracellular ROS production.Accordingly, many studies have shown that curcumin reduces diabetes and diabetes-related symptoms (Suryanarayana et al. 2007; Aggarwal and Harikumar, 2009 ;Acar et al. 2012 ).In the study investigating the effect of STZ-induced diabetic rats on the oxidant/antioxidant balance in the sciatic nerve and brain tissue, it was observed that TOS and OSI levels in the brain tissue of diabetic rats increased significantly compared to control rats, and TAS levels decreased significantly compared to the control.It was reported that TOS and OSI levels in brain tissue decreased in diabetic rats treated with curcumin, while TAS level increased, and curcumin has the ability to reduce oxidative damage in the brain tissue of diabetic rats (Acar et al. 2012 ).In our study, it was determined that the level of TOS increased in Group 2 and Group 5 with diabetes compared to the control group (Group 1), and the level of TAS activity in this tissue decreased significantly compared to the control group.It was determined that TOS level in the brain tissue was highest in Group 2 with diabetes, and with curcumin treatment, TOS level decreased and TAS level increased in Group 4. In one study, diabetes was induced in rats with 55 mg/kg of STZ, and 50 mg/kg to 150 mg/kg of curcumin was given to the groups by oral gavage for 42 days to treat it. The activities of enzymes involved in the antioxidant defense system were investigated. At the end of this study, although the TAS level of diabetic rats did not change with curcumin treatment, a significant increase was observed in TOS, OSI and MDA levels in rats in the diabetic group (D). At the end of the treatment of diabetic rats with curcumin, it was observed that the oxidative stress parameters returned to the normal range.At the end of the study, it was reported that curcumin exhibits potent antioxidant properties and therefore may be beneficial in ameliorating the oxidative stress caused by diabetes and improving the cardiac damage caused by diabetes in the heart tissue (Naghdi et al. 2022 ). In our study, it was determined that the TAS level in the serum was lower in Group 2 compared to the control group (Group 1), and Group 4 returned to normal levels with curcumin treatment.It was predicted that TOS activities in the serum were significantly higher in Group 2 with diabetes compared to the control (Group 1) group, and in Group 4, it approached the control group with curcumin treatment, and it was predicted that curcumin could improve the complications of diabetes by increasing the oxidative stress caused by diabetes, increasing the antioxidant activity. In a study conducted in parallel with our study, diabetes was induced by injection of 50 mg/kg STZ in adult rats and curcumin (100 mg/kg) was administered to rats by oral gavage for 42 days for treatment.At the end of the study, it was reported that curcumin reduced testicular damage by reducing oxidative stress in diabetic rats (Kanter et al. 2013 ).In a study, it was reported that the application of curcumin and turmeric improved oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetes, but did not completely prevent it (Suryanarayana et al. 2007).It has been reported that the administration of curcumin to STZ-induced diabetic rats has an inhibitory effect on oxidative stress and modulation of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation (Palma et al. 2014 ). In a study investigating the role of curcumin in the pancreatic tissue of diabetes through cellular stress induced by STZ in Wistar Albino male rats, it was shown that curcumin can reduce oxidative stress, ER stress and related inflammation, and protect pancreatic beta cells from apoptotic damage under hyperglycemic conditions (Rashid and Sil, 2015 ).In another study investigating oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetic rat brain, curcuminoids showed protective effects against oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetic rat brain (Rastogi et al. 2008 ).In our study, it was determined that the level of brain tissue and blood serum TOS activity was higher in Group 2 with diabetes compared to the control (Group 1) group, and significantly decreased in Group 4 with curcumin treatment. It was observed that the level of TAS activity in serum and brain tissue decreased in Group 2 compared to the control (Group 1) group, and approached the control group in Group 4. Curcumin has an effect of reducing oxidative stress, which increases with diabetes, and increasing antioxidant activity. Curcumin can improve the complications of diabetes by increasing the antioxidant activity of oxidative stress caused by diabetes and that curcumin can be recommended as a supportive treatment in addition to diabetes treatment, but experimental studies with a longer trial period are needed to better demonstrate the efficacy of curcumin. Declarations Author contribution Working Prof. Dr. It was carried out under the supervision and direction of Gülay Çiftci, who designed the study and wrote the manuscript. Dr. Mustafa Ermiş was involved in the daily management of the study. Author contributions GC designed the experiments. ME performed the experiments and collected data. All authors discussed the results and strategy. GC supervised, supervised, and directed the study. ME wrote the first draft of the article, and all authors approved the version to be published. The authors declare that all data were generated in-house and that no paper mill was used. Data availability Original data are available upon a reasonable request. The study was start with the permission of Erciyes University Animal Experiments Local Ethics Committee numbered 2021/55. Consent to participate Not applicable. Consent for publication The Publisher has the permission of the author to publish this work. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Financial Support This research was supported by the Scientific Research Projects Commission of Ondokuz Mayis University (Contract Grand Number: PYO.VET.1904.21.008). References Abdel Aziz MT, El-Asmar MF, El-Ibrashy IN, et al. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3950865","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":273829183,"identity":"4372418f-5af8-404c-aff5-8d749b79f48a","order_by":0,"name":"Mustafa Ermiş","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Erciyes","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mustafa","middleName":"","lastName":"Ermiş","suffix":""},{"id":273829184,"identity":"230d1be2-1054-4fce-becd-f69c98df5add","order_by":1,"name":"Gülay Ciftci","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAzElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACxoYPDAwSchAOG3FaGmccYJAwhmvhIUYPUAtDYgPRWuTdDzc2f6ixSO8XO2PA8KHsMIO99AH8WgzPJDY2HDgmkTtzdo4B44xzhxl4+BIIaJnB2P7gYINE7obbOQbMvG1ALYRcBtTS2ADUkm4A0vKXGC3yEhAtCWAtjMRoMeAB+uXMMQnDmbPTCg72nEvn4TlDyJb24w8bKmrq5Pmlkzc++FFmLcfeQ8iWA0gcEJtwTMo3EFQyCkbBKBgFIx4AAMnRQWYRWtUwAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"University of Ondokuz Mayıs","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gülay","middleName":"","lastName":"Ciftci","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-02-12 11:36:19","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3950865/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3950865/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":51480344,"identity":"31a3ca5a-302b-4f23-963b-e9de65c3613b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-22 11:04:38","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":25774,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBody weight (g) changes of the rats in the groups on the 1st, 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th and 35th days.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3950865/v1/b546b8413ac1ce814a9006e2.png"},{"id":51480346,"identity":"76d7f52c-65dc-4a78-b9b4-be716914d5d6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-22 11:04:38","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":13660,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChanges in blood glucose level (mg/dL) of the rats in the groups on the 1st, 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th and 35th days.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3950865/v1/f43c12510aca7916d2199fed.png"},{"id":51480348,"identity":"287fcca3-25c3-40b9-a07c-9bb77e623c5e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-22 11:04:39","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":9956,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eInsulin levels in serum\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3950865/v1/5c58f989c62712113463ee78.png"},{"id":51480347,"identity":"f95c3f02-249a-4e43-90bd-815b947fe367","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-22 11:04:38","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":38211,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTotal Amyloid beta protein and Tau protein level in the serum and Tau protein level in the whole brain\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3950865/v1/36379f77d4e773a5cfa3df0d.png"},{"id":51480350,"identity":"bdca2fcf-3d4c-4d3a-803a-14200f7dd1e2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-22 11:04:39","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":6370,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe level of Total Amyloid beta protein level in the brain\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3950865/v1/f6013c1692bb6b3df82d0a39.png"},{"id":51480577,"identity":"351d9eb0-2316-4c09-b7ad-f99f0d74c3b5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-22 11:12:39","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":15503,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTAS and TOS level in brain\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3950865/v1/b0be67516865ae99e024c8d4.png"},{"id":51480351,"identity":"1157f0df-d30c-49d0-8b29-8859530c8972","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-22 11:04:39","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":18807,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTAS and TOS level in serum\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3950865/v1/69f73154af54c27a99d6c260.png"},{"id":51480762,"identity":"8b8132da-790e-40b0-baf1-69a6c001584e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-22 11:20:40","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":688277,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3950865/v1/7ffd56db-c9fb-4da4-a5a1-d978abfa4b24.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Therapeutic role of curcumin on Beta Amyloid Protein, Biochemical and Oxidative changes in rats with streptozotocin induced diabetes","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eOne of the most prevalent endocrine metabolic illnesses is diabetes mellitus. Chronic hyperglycemia and general metabolic dysregulation are caused by the twin endocrine deficits of decreased insulin action (insulin resistance) and insufficient insulin production. The pathophysiology of diabetes includes a significant function for oxidative stress. Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced oxidative stress has been found to harm pancreatic beta cells and cause hyperglycemia in rats. Oxidative stress may lead to an excess of oxygen free-radical precursors and/or a reduction in the antioxidant system's effectiveness (Baynes, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe most typical cause of dementia in the senior population is Alzheimer's disease. Amyloid buildup and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles in the brain are its defining features. More and more data suggests that the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease may be influenced by the disruption of insulin signaling in the brain. These disturbances are brought on by hypoinsulinemia in type 1 diabetes, whereas they are brought on by insulin resistance and reduced insulin production in type 2. Numerous studies have demonstrated a link between diabetes and an elevated risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. Curcumin is a natural compound with a polyphenolic structure. This bioactive ingredient has been proven to have a wide range of functional and biological activities. In addition to the use of aromatic and natural coloring additives in food products, it is also used as a natural antioxidant (Rafiee et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The low cost of curcumin and the absence of any side effects increase the interest in this antioxidant day by day. The use of antioxidants is especially important in eliminating the complications of this disease (Wiggers et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn our study, it was aimed to investigate the effect of curcumin administration on total beta amyloid protein level and biochemical and oxidative changes in rats with experimental diabetes induced by streptozotocin.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials And Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResearch Site and Animal Material\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study material consisted of 40 Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 265\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10 g. During the study, rats fed ad libitum, which were clinically healthy and provided with a room temperature of 22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2 \u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC, a humidity of 60%, and a 12/12 hour light/dark environment, were divided into groups according to age range.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAnimal study design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, 5 groups including 8 rats were formed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 1 (control group; C): The animals of control group were fed with standard rat food for five weeks. On the 1st day of the study, only 0.1 M 0.5 ml citrate phosphate buffer i.p. route injected.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 2 (Diabetic group; D): This group was fed with standard rat food. Diabetes group consisted of 8 rats and were fed with standard feed and water throughout the 5-week trial. The animals in this group were given a single dose of 45 mg/kg Streptozotocin (Cayman) in 0.1 M citrate phosphate buffer pH:4.5 intraperitoneally (i.p.) to form diabetes on the first day of the study. On the 3rd day of the study, blood samples taken from the tail vein of the rats were measured with a glucometer (on call plus) and fasting blood glucose values were measured by dripping blood into the strip. Animals with a fasting blood glucose level of 250 mg/dl and above were considered diabetic and the study continued.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 3 (Curcumin, C): It consisted of eight rats and in addition to feeding with standard feed for 5 weeks, curcumin was dissolved in 1 ml of drinking water as 100 mg/kg/day and given by oral gavage for 5 weeks (Kanter et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 4 (Diabetes\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Curcumin group; DC): Diabetes\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;curcumin group consisted of 8 rats and were fed with standard feed and water throughout the 5-week trial. The animals in this group were given a single dose of 45 mg/kg streptozotocin (cayman) in 0.1 M citrate phosphate buffer pH: 4.5 intraperitoneally (i.p.) to form diabetes on the first day of the study. On the 3rd day of the study, fasting blood glucose values were measured in blood samples taken from the tail vein of the rats with a glucometer (on call plus) (Ali et al. 2009). Animals with a fasting blood glucose level of 250 mg/dl and above were considered diabetic and the study was continued (Zafar et al. 2009). As of the first day of the study, curcumin was dissolved in 1 ml of drinking water as 100 mg/kg/day and given by oral gavage for 5 weeks (Kanter et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 5 (Curcumin\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Diabetes group; CD): It consisted of eight rats and the animals in this group were given 100 mg/kg/day curcumin dissolved in 1 ml of drinking water and administered by oral gavage for 5 weeks as of the 1st day of the study. On the 28th day of the study, a single dose of 45 mg/kg Streptozotocin was dissolved in 0.1 M citrate phosphate buffer and administered intraperitoneally (Ali et al. 2009). On the 31st day of the study, fasting blood glucose values were measured with a glucometer (on call plus) in blood samples taken from the tail vein of the rats. Animals with a fasting blood glucose level of 250 mg/dl and above were considered diabetic and the study was continued.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCollecting Blood Samples and Obtaining Serum\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter 12 hours of fasting in rats of different age groups, the abdomen and chest areas of the rats were opened and blood was drawn directly from their hearts with xylazine (10 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneal) and ketamine (60 mg ketamine hydrachloride/kg body weight, intraperitoneal) general anesthesia. Sacrification/euthanasia was performed on the study animals by cervical dislocation method under anesthesia/tranquilizer.The skull of each rat was opened and the brain tissue was removed (Mishra and Flora, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). Brain tissue was weighed and stored at -20\u0026deg;C until biochemical tests were performed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter the blood samples were kept in the laboratory for 20 minutes and coagulated, they were centrifuged at +\u0026thinsp;4\u0026deg;C for 10 minutes at 1550 x g, and their serums were removed and divided into aliquots. Serums were stored at -20\u0026deg;C until analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMeasuring the level of some biochemical parameters in serum\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn serum in Beckman Coulter AU5800 (USA) device (Catalg no: Beckman Coulter Ireland Inc. Lismeehan O' Callaghan's Mills Co. Clare Ireland (001)703-527-3837) total cholesterol (TK), glucose (Glu), uric acid (UA) ), Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), globulin (Glo), urea and creatinine amounts were measured by spectrophotometric method using an autoanalyzer device.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePreparation of brain tissue homogenate Determination of Total Beta Amyloid protein, Tau protein and insulin level by ELISA\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the preparation of brain tissue homogenization, the tissue was weighed after washing with ice-cold PBS (0.01 mol/L, pH 7.0-7.2) before homogenization. After the tissue was cut into small pieces, homogenization was performed with 5\u0026ndash;10 mL of PBS in a homogenizer in ice. Then, the cell membrane was disrupted once or twice with an ultrasonicator in ice, and freeze-thaw was applied twice for better fragmentation of the cell. The homogenate was centrifuged at 3000 x g, 4\u0026deg;C for 5 min, and the supernatant was divided into aliquots and stored at -20\u0026deg;C until analysis. ELISA test was performed using supernatants. For this test, total beta amyloid protein, tau protein and insulin levels suitable for measurement in rat specific brain tissue extract were performed by following the ELISA test kits procedure and the results were calculated by reading in the ELISA reader.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDetermination of Total beta amyloid protein, tau protein and insulin levels by ELISA\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal beta amyloid protein (SUNRED Elisa kit, cat no. 201-11-4073), tau protein (SUNRED Elisa kit, cat no. 201-11-4633) and insulin (AFG Bioscience Elisa kit, cat no.EK720161) levels in brain tissue and serum were determined by ELISA method. The ELISA\u0026rsquo;s were performed according to the manufacturer\u0026rsquo;s instructions, and the absorbances (as OD values) of the ELISA plates were measured by ELISA reader.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe insulin resistance was calculated with the formula of homeostasis model of assesment-insulin resistance (HOMAIR) as described (Bonora et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eDetermination of Total Antioxidant Level (TAS) and Total Oxidant Level (TOS) in Serum and Brain Tissue\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal antioxidant level (TAS) and Total Oxidant Level (TOS) in brain tissue supernatants and serum was determined according to the TAS and TOS kits of Rel Assay Diagnostics. The change in the amount of absorption was measured by spectrophotometric methods. Tissue TAS level was determined by Erel (Erel O, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). After this assay relied on the ability of antioxidants in the sample to inhibit ABTS (2,2\u0026rsquo; -azino-di-3-ethylbenz-thiazoline sulfonate) from being oxidized into ABTS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;by a peroxidase metmyoglobin. The TAS level was expressed as mmol Trolox equivalent/l (mmol Trolox equiv./l). The tissue TOS level was measured by Erel. (Erel, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). TOS method which relied on the oxidation of ferrous ions into ferric ions in the presence of various oxidative species in an acidic medium. Ferric ion concentrations were measured by xylenol orange. Results were expressed as \u0026micro;mol H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e equivalent/l (\u0026micro;mol H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e equiv./l). The TOS/TAS ratio was defined as oxidative stress index (OSI).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analyses\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the study were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 23 software. The test results were shown as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation values in the Independent Samples Test. A value of p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was considered statistically significant. Correlations between the variables were evaluated using a Pearson correlation analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the experiment, the weights of the rats were determined regularly every week (weekly change of body weights of the rats in each group is shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody weight (g) changes of the rats in the groups on the 1st, 7th, 14th, 28th and 35th days.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup 3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup 4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup 5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.day\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e270.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e265.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e275.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e259.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e272.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7. day\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e287.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.5 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e260.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.4 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e269.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.4 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e232\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.3 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e278.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.3 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e14. day\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e297\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.5 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e264.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.4 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e272.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e227.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.6 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e280.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.9 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e21. day\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e309\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.79 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e271.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.3 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e282.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.7 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e229.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.8 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e294.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.1 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e28. day\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e315.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e275.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.2 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e281.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.6 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e228.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.8 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e290\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.8 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e35. day\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e322.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.6 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e280.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.2 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e289.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.4 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e223.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.9 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e264.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea, b, c\u003c/sup\u003e : The difference between the groups indicated with different letters in the same column is significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eGroup 1 (control), group 2 (diabetes), group 3 (curcumin), group 4 (diabetes - curcumin), group 5 (curcumin - diabetes)\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt the beginning of the study, the mean body weight of the rats was approximately 265\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10 g. At the end of the study (at week 5), body weight changes were determined as 322.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.6, 280.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.2, 289.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.4, 223.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.9, 264.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6 g in Groups 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively. On the 35th day, it was observed that the body weight gain was the highest in the control (Group 1) group, and the least in group 4 (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the experiment, blood glucose levels of the rats were determined regularly every week. It was determined that blood glucose levels in Group 2 and Group 4 with diabetes were significantly higher (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) compared to the control groups (Group 1), and it was at the same level in the other groups until the 21st day of the study (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). On the 28th day of the study, blood glucose levels of Group 5 were significantly lower than the control groups (Group 1), 64.12 (mg/dL), and at the end of the study, it was determined to be significantly higher at 510 (mg/dL) (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChanges in blood glucose level (mg/dL) of the rats in the groups on the 1st, 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th and 35th days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup 3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup 4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup 5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.3 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e389.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;31.3 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.2 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e407.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;29.5 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.6 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7. day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e366.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;35.7 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e478.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;38.9 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.2 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14. day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.8 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e428.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;28.1 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.5 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e476.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;31.5 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.8 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21. day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e435.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;39.7 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.8 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e517.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;27.3 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.4 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28. day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.7 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e462.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;28.6 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.7 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e532.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;29 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.9 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35. day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105.6 \u0026plusmn;2 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e512.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;26.3 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.1 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e511.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;29.8 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e510\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23.6 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea, b, c\u003c/sup\u003e : The difference between the groups indicated with different letters in the same column is significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eLevels of Some Routine Biochemical Parameters in Serum\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eControl group Group 1 (control), Group 2 (diabetes) and Group 3 (curcumin) given for treatment, Group 4 (diabetes - curcumin), Group 5 (curcumin - diabetes) aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in serum, total cholesterol (TC), glucose (Glu), uric acid (UA), levels are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e (mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSome routine biochemical parameters in serum\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGrup 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGrup 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGrup 3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGrup 4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGrup 5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAST( U/L)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.1 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e171.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;35.5 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.3 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e164.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;24 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e229.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;26.1 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eALT( U/L)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.9 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e153.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.1 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.1 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;28.6 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e154.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;22.5 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTK (mg/dL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.1 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.8 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.7 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.4 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGlu (mg/dL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e527.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;32.6 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.1 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e515.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;33.6 \u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e510\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23.6 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUA (mg/dL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHOMA-IR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea, b, c\u003c/sup\u003e : The difference between the groups shown with different letters on the same line is significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe AST level in the serum was found to be significantly higher in Group 2, Group 4 and Group 5 with diabetes compared to the control groups (Group 1) (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). It was determined that it was at the same level in the other groups, and this was not statistically significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). ALT level in serum was found to be significantly higher in Group 2, Group 4 and Group 5 with diabetes compared to other groups (Group 1 and Group 3) (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). It was determined that it was at the same level in the other groups, and this was not statistically significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTC level in the serum was increased in Group 5, which developed diabetes at the 4th week, compared to the control groups (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), while it was at the same level in the other groups, and this was not statistically significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). In Group 2, Group 4 and Group 5, which had diabetes in the serum, blood glucose levels were found to be significantly higher than the other groups (Group 1 and Group 3) (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTotal protein (TP), albumin (Alb), globulin (Glo) levels of the groups are presented in the Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. The level of UA in the serum was significantly higher than in Group 2 control groups (Group 1) with diabetes (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). It was determined that there was an increase in the other groups compared to the control group, but this was not statistically significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal protein (TP), albumin (Alb), globulin (Glo) levels of the groups\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTP (g/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlb (g/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGlo (g/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlb/Glo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroups 1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.25 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.67 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroups 2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3 \u003csup\u003eac\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.88 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroups 3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.53 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.29 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroups 4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.48 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.78 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.97 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroups 5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.49 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.05 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.1 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea, b, c\u003c/sup\u003e : Differences between groups indicated with different letters in the same column are significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrea and creatinine levels in serum\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrea (mg/dL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCreatinine (mg/dL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroups 1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.8 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroups 2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8 \u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroups 3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.4 \u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroups 4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.4 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroups 5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.8 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea, b, c\u003c/sup\u003e : Differences between groups indicated with different letters in the same column are significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSince those with an insulin resistance HOMA-IR score of \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;2.5 were considered positive for insulin resistance, the HOMA-IR score of \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;2.5 in groups 1 and 3, and the HOMA-IR score of \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;2.5 in groups 2, 4 and 5 without insulin resistance and insulin resistance was determined.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt was shown that Group 2 with diabetes had higher serum urea levels than the control group (Group 1) (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), and that this difference was statistically significant in Group 4 (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Insulin change in serum is presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere was a significant positive correlation between AST and ALT, CHOL, GLU, ALB/GLO and Urea (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.67**, r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.66**, r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.65**, r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;412**, r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.4)( P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). It was determined that there was a significant positive correlation (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;534**, r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.65**) between ALT and CHOL enzyme activities and GLU (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCorrelation relationship between groups\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAST\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eALT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCHOL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGLU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eALB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGLO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eALB/GLO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCreatinine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAST\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.67**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.54**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.46**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eALT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e534**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.45**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.33*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCHOL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.51**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.62**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.57**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGLU\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.58**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.33*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.53**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eALB\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.57**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.79**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.69**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.51**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGLO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.9**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eALB/GLO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.43**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026Uuml;re\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKreatinin\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA significant positive correlation (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.46**) was found between CHOL and GLU enzyme activities (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). It was determined that there was a significant positive correlation (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.46**) between UA and creatinine enzyme activities (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). A significant positive correlation (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.81**) was found between TP and GLO enzyme activities (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). It was determined that there was a significant positive correlation (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.79**) between ALB and ALB/GLO enzyme activities (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). It was determined that there was a significant positive correlation (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.34*) between GLO and Urea enzyme activities (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). It was found that there was a significant positive correlation (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.44**) between the enzyme activities of urea and creatinine (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)(Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eTotal Beta Amyloid protein, Tau protein and insulin levels in serum\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Beta Amyloid protein level in serum was determined as 561.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23.3, 599.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.2, 473.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;34.6, 522.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.4 and 489.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.8 (ng/L) in Groups 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively. It was determined that Group 3 and Group 5 were significantly lower than the control groups (Group 1) (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). It was determined that Group 2 was higher than the control groups (Group 1) (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Amyloid beta protein(TBAP), Tau protein and insulin levels in serum\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTBAP (ng/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTau (ng/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIns\u0026uuml;lin (mU/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroups 1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e561.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23.3 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e236.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.3 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3 \u003csup\u003eac\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroups 2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e599.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.2 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e288.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.5 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroups 3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e473.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.6 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e171.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.2 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroups 4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e522.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.4 \u003csup\u003eac\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e165.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.7 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroups 5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e489.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.8 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e158.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7 \u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea, b, c\u003c/sup\u003e : Differences between groups indicated with different letters in the same column are significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTau protein level was found to be significantly higher in Group 2 than the other groups (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), while Groups 3, 4 and 5, which were administered curcumin, were lower than the control and diabetes group (Groups 1 and 2) (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), (Fig.\u0026nbsp;4).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInsulin levels in serum were determined as 9.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36, 8.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2, 8.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1, 8.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1 and 8.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7 (mU/L) in Groups 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively. Group 2 and Group 3 (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), Group 4 and Group 5 (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) were found to be lower than the control groups (Group 1) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eTotal Beta Amyloid protein, Tau protein and insulin levels in the brain\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExperimental groups; Total Beta Amyloid protein, Tau protein and insulin levels in Group 1 (control), Group 2 (diabetes), Group 3 (curcumin), Group 4 (diabetes - curcumin), Group 5 (curcumin - diabetes) brain tissue are presented in the Table\u0026nbsp;8.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable 8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Amyloid beta protein(TBAP), Tau protein and insulin levels in brain tissue\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"60\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"149\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTBAP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g/g tissue)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTau\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(ng/g tissue)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"123\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eİns\u0026uuml;lin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(mU/g tissue)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"81\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eG\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eroups 1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"128\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e131.1\u0026plusmn;11\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"123\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.2\u0026plusmn;0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"81\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eG\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eroups 2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"128\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u0026plusmn;0.2 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e190.9\u0026plusmn;7\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"123\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.5\u0026plusmn;1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"81\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eG\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eroups 3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"128\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u0026plusmn;0.01 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120.2\u0026plusmn;7.3\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"123\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.9\u0026plusmn;0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"81\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eG\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eroups 4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"128\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u0026plusmn;0.04 \u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e143.9\u0026plusmn;7.4\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"123\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.6\u0026plusmn;1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"81\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eG\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eroups 5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"128\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u0026plusmn;0.4 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e133.7\u0026plusmn;7.9 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"123\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.4\u0026plusmn;0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea, b, c :\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eDifferences between groups indicated with different letters in the same column are significant (P\u0026lt;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal \u0026beta;-Amyloid protein level in brain tissue Group 5 was found to be at the same level as the control groups (Group 1) (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). It was determined that Group 2 was significantly higher than Group 4 (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTau protein level in brain tissue was found to be significantly higher in Group 2 compared to the control groups (Group 1) (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInsulin levels in brain tissue were found to be lower in Group 2, Group 3, Group 4 and Group 5 compared to the control groups (Group 1) (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eTAS, TOS and OSI levels in serum\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup 1 (control), Group 2 (diabetes), Group 3 (curcumin), Group 4 (diabetes - curcumin), Group 5 (curcumin - diabetes) of the experimental groups.It was determined that the TAS level of Group 4 was higher than Group 2 (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and close to the control group (Group 1) (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.005). TAS level of Group 5 was found to be higher than the control groups (Group 1) (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTAS, TOS and OSI levels in serum\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTAS mmol/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTOS \u0026micro; mol/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOSI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroups 1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.61 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroups 2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.9 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroups 3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8 \u003csup\u003eac\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroups 4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroups 5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea, b, c\u003c/sup\u003e : Differences between groups indicated with different letters in the same column are significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTOS level in serum was found to be significantly higher than Group 2 and Group 5 control groups (Group 1) (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). It was determined that Group 2 was significantly higher than Group 4 (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). It was determined that Group 3 was significantly lower than the control groups (Group 1) (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eTAS, TOS and OSI levels in brain tissue\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTAS, TOS and OSI levels in brain tissue are present in the table (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). TAS levels in brain tissue were found to be significantly lower in Group 2, Group 4 and Group 5 compared to the control groups (Group 1) (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Group 3 was found to be significantly higher than the control groups (Group 1) (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTAS, TOS and OSI levels in brain tissue\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTAS mmol/g tissue\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTOS \u0026micro; mol/g tissue\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOSI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroups 1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.3 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.6 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroups 2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.9 \u003csup\u003eac\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.46 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroups 3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.9 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.55 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroups 4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.6 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.34 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroups 5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.5 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.58 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea, b, c\u003c/sup\u003e : Differences between groups indicated with different letters in the same column are significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTOS level in brain tissue was found to be higher than Group 2 and Group 4 control groups (Group 1) (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).It was determined that Group 3 was significantly lower than the control groups (Group 1) (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).Group 5 was found to be significantly higher than the control groups (Group 1) (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIt was determined that there was a positive correlation between glucose and BTOS, STOS, BOSI and SOSI (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.33*, r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.35*,r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.34*,r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.33*) (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). It was determined that there was a positive correlation (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.34*) between BTOS and SOSI (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). It was determined that there was a significant positive correlation (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.96**) between STOS and SOSI (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Correlation between groups presented (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 11\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCorrelation between groups\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGlucose\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBTAS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSTAS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBTOS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSTOS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBOSI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSOSI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGlucose\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBTAS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.51**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSTAS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.34*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBTOS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSTOS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.96**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBOSI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSOSI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion and Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eDiabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease and its prevalence is increasing worldwide (Guariguata et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).Curcumin is a natural polyphenol with various pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammation, anti-cancer and anti-oxidation (Hussain et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Studies have also pointed out the therapeutic potential of curcumin against neurodegenerative diseases (Reddy et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Alzheimer's disease is one of the most important complications of diabetes and is the most common type of dementia in the elderly population (Rocchi et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). AD is characterized by progressive decline in cognitive functions and accumulation of A\u0026beta; that forms senile plaques in the brain (Price et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e). Studies suggest that curcumin crosses the blood-brain barrier and reaches the brain. Curcumin has been shown to bind to amyloid plaques in the brain and reverse existing amyloid pathology (Garcia-Alloza et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt the beginning of the study, the mean body weight of the rats was approximately 265\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10 g. At the end of the study, it was determined that the body weight gain in Group 2 and Group 4, in which experimental diabetes was induced by STZ, was significantly lower than the control group (Group 1) (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), while it decreased slightly in the other groups (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).When curcumin (100 mg/kg) was given to rats who developed diabetes by applying low-dose streptozotocin along with a high-energy diet for eight weeks, there was an increase in body weight, increase in body mass index and thickening in the waist circumference in the control group and diabetes curcumin (DC) groups at the end of 8 weeks. It was determined that the weight gain was 49.12% in the DC group, and 48.02% in the DC group (Yang et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn our study, it was determined that there was a 14.13% decrease in live weight in Group 4 (DC).In the study by Kuhad and Chopra (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e), male wistar albino rats were given 65 mg/kg STZ to induce diabetes, while 60 mg/kg was given to the diabetes curcumin (DC) group by oral gavage for ten weeks for treatment.At the end of the study, it was observed that there was an 8.1% decrease in body weight in the DC group, and an 11.40% increase in body weight in the curcumin group at the end of the study.In our study, it was determined that there was a 5% increase in body weight in Group 3 (curcumin). In another study, STZ (60 mg/kg) was given to male rats and diabetes was formed, and curcumin (150 mg/kg/day) was given by oral gavage for twelve weeks for treatment, and the control group (C), the diabetic group (D) and the diabetes were additionally administered. The body weight gain of the curcumin (DC) group was compared and it was determined that this increase was higher in the DC group than in the D group (Huang et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).In our study, it was seen that the effect of curcumin on body weight gain in rats with experimental diabetes was compatible with the literature.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere are studies showing that curcumin administration to diabetic rats regulates blood glucose levels (Nishiyama et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Huang et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Mustafa, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Rahimi et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).In a study conducted in parallel with our study, three-month-old male rats were given diabetes (D) by STZ (35 mg/kg) and diabetes (DC) group was given curcumin (100 mg/kg) for eight weeks by oral gavage, and group D was given at the end of the study. When blood glucose levels were compared between the DC group and the blood glucose level, it was reported that there was no significant difference (Suryanarayana et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e).Sprague-Dawley male rats were administered STZ (55 mg/kg) and rats with diabetes (D) were given 200 mg/kg curcumin to the diabetes curcumin (DC) group by oral gavage for twelve weeks. At the end of the study, group D and DC group blood glucose levels were determined as 498 (mg/dl), 478 (mg/dl), respectively, and it was reported that the effect of curcumin on reducing hyperglycemia was not significant (Majithiya and Balaraman \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). In another study, Sprague Dawley rats with STZ (45 mg/kg) were administered curcumin 200 mg/kg/day by oral gavage for 14 days, and it was reported that the effect of curcumin administration on serum glucose concentration was not significant at the end of the study (Nishizono et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). The results of our study showed that, at the end of the experiment, the blood glucose levels of Groups 2 (D), 4 (DC), and 5 (CD) with diabetes were significantly higher than those of the control group (Group 1), and that, although not statistically significantly, the blood glucose levels of the groups with diabetes who received curcumin treatment were slightly higher.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlanineaminotransferase (ALT) and aspartataminotransferase (AST) activities are liver enzymes commonly used for liver function tests. At the end of the study, it was determined that ALT and AST enzyme activity increased in experimental diabetic rats. These results are supported by studies showing that DM is associated with elevated hepatic enzyme activity, which may be a result of liver cell destruction or changes in membrane permeability indicating severe hepatocellular damage.In a study, 60 mg/kg curcumin was administered to adult male Wistar Albino rats for whom diabetes was induced with STZ (60 mg/kg) for 30 days by oral gavage, and it was reported that the effect of curcumin on serum AST level was not significant, but it significantly decreased ALT level (Palma et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). In another study, diabetes was induced by STZ (50 mg/kg) injection in rats and curcumin was given 80 mg/kg/day by oral gavage for 60 days. It was reported that ALT and AST enzyme activity decreased significantly (Mustafa \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). In our study, it was observed that curcumin administration had a positive effect on reducing the liver enzymes ALT and AST in experimental diabetes-induced rats, which was consistent with the literature.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHyperlipidemia is a complication of DM. Significant changes in the lipid profile can be seen depending on the induction of DM. In a study, after inducing diabetes with STZ (65 mg/kg) in rats, curcumin was administered at a dose of 10 mg/kg for 45 days. It has been reported that the water-soluble form of curcumin lowers total cholesterol and improves the lipid profile (Abdel Aziz et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). In another study, DM was induced by intravenous injection of 40 mg/kg STZ in rats. The rats were given 90 mg/kg curcumin with yogurt at 1.0 mL per day per rat by oral gavage for 35 days.At the end of the study, it was reported that total cholesterol levels were 21% higher in the diabetes (D) group and 22% higher in the diabetes curcumin (DC) group compared to the control (C) group (Gutierres et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e).In another study, 120 mg/kg of alloxan monohydrate was administered intraperitoneally to Sprague Dawley rats to induce diabetes. Rats were administered 200 mg/kg of turmeric extract by oral gavage for 56 days. At the end of the study, it was reported that the total cholesterol levels were 24% higher in the diabetes (D) group compared to the control (C) group, and it approached the control group in the group in which diabetes was formed and turmeric extract was given (El-Hadary and Sitohy \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).In our study, it was determined that the total cholesterol level was higher in the diabetic groups (Groups 2, 4 and 5) compared to the control group.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt was suggested that urea, creatinine and uric acid levels, which are indicators of kidney function parameters, were affected in rats with diabetes, and that the administration of curcumin derivatives to diabetic rats may protect kidney function (Wu et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Xu et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; El-Hadary and Sitohy, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) .In a study investigating the effect of stevia and turmeric extracts on hypoglycemia in rats, it was reported that turmeric extracts significantly decreased the elevated urea, creatinine and uric acid levels in rats with diabetes and had a protective effect on kidney functions (El-Hadary and Sitohy \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). In our study, it was determined that there was an increase in urea and creatinine levels in the groups with diabetes (Group 2 and Group 4) compared to the control (Group 1) group, but this increase was not statistically significant. In the group with diabetes on the 28th day (Group 5), it was determined that the urea and creatinine levels were not affected and were close to the control group.It was observed that the uric acid level was increased in Group 2 and 5 compared to the control group (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) in the diabetes-induced groups, while this increase was the highest in Group 4 (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).In another study, 15 and 30 mg/kg curcumin were administered to diabetic rats induced by 65 mg/kg STZ for 2 weeks, and at the end of the study, polyuria, increased urinary albumin excretion, increased serum creatinine, and increased blood urea nitrogen were detected in diabetic rats. It was reported that as a result of curcumin treatment of 15 and 30 mg/kg per day in diabetic rats, it effectively reduced diabetic proteinuria, polyuria, and increased serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. It was reported that creatinine and urea clearance were also significantly reduced following the administration of curcumin to diabetic rats compared to untreated diabetic rats, and it had a healing effect on renal dysfunction by reducing oxidative stress (Sharma et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). In our study, it was determined that urea and creatinine levels were higher in Group 2 (D) and Group 4 (DC) compared to the control (Group 1) group, and Group 5 approached the control group.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn one study, diabetes was induced by injection of STZ (50 mg/kg) in rats and curcumin (80 mg/kg/day) was given by oral gavage for 60 days.At the end of the study, it was determined that there was a significant decrease in albumin and total protein levels in the diabetic group compared to the control group, and a significant increase in these parameters in the diabetic group treated with curcumin (Mustafa \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). In another study, experimental T2DM was induced in adult rats and treated with curcumin (80 mg/kg) by oral gavage for eight weeks.At the end of the study, it was reported that the total protein level decreased significantly in the diabetes (D) group compared to the control (C) group, and there was a significant increase in the curcumin-treated diabetes curcumin (DC) group (Al-Saud, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).In our study, it was determined that the total protein level among the groups decreased in the diabetes-induced groups compared to the control group (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), and this decrease was observed the most in Group 5 (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).Among the groups, Group 5 had the highest amount of albumin and the lowest amount of globulin (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInsulin resistance (IR) is a condition in which defects in the action of insulin do not function as normal insulin levels as signals for glucose uptake. Insulin resistance is also an important risk factor for related chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Insulin resistance is an important component of the metabolic syndrome, which consists of a number of risk factors such as abdominal obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia (Hekmatdoost et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). Regarding the pathophysiology of diabetes, there are studies investigating the therapeutic effect of curcumin in cases of insulin action, insulin secretion malfunction, \u0026beta;-cell dysfunction, insulin secretion reductions, and insulin resistance (IR) (Kim et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Zheng et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Lee et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e;Al-Saud, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). In a study, after induction of experimental T2DM in adult rats, curcumin (80 mg/kg) was administered by oral gavage for eight weeks, and it was reported that glucose level and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) decreased after curcumin treatment in diabetes (D) groups at the end of the study (Al-Saud, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). In another study, high-fat diet-induced diabetic Sprague Dawley rats were given 80 mg/kg curcumin for 15 days, and it was reported that curcumin exhibited an anti-hyperglycemic effect and improved insulin sensitivity at the end of the study (El-Moselhy et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). An experimental T2DM model was established in Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats and treated for forty weeks by administering curcumin (100 mg/kg).At the end of the study, it was reported that there was no difference in HOMA-IR values between the control (C), diabetes (D) and diabetes curcumin (DC) groups (Kim et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). In our study, it was determined that Group 2 (D), Group 4 (DC) and Group 5 (CD) HOMA-IR scores in Group 2 (D), Group 4 (DC) and Group 5 (CD) diabetes at the end of the trial were \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;2.5 and insulin resistance was formed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disease characterized by extracellular amyloid beta (A\u0026beta;) protein deposits and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein (Patil et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Chen, 2018). Curcumin is a component of turmeric, a spice used in many types of cooking. Epidemiological evidence showing that populations that consume foods containing significant amounts of curcumin have a lower risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) suggest that this compound may have a neuroprotective effect. Curcumin also protects against toxicity when \u0026beta;-amyloid is applied to produce animal models of AD, and curcumin reduces the formation of \u0026beta;-amyloid from amyloid precursor protein; It has been reported to inhibit the aggregation of \u0026beta;-amyloid in layers. The neuroprotective effect of curcumin has been reported in several in vitro studies in transgenic mice with excessive \u0026beta;-amyloid production (Liu et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Zhang et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Huang et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Potter, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). In the in vitro study investigating the protective effect of curcumin against amyloid-\u0026beta; (A\u0026beta;)-induced neuronal damage, rat cortical neurons were cultured with different A\u0026beta; and curcumin treatments to evaluate neuronal morphologies, viability, and damage.At the end of the study, it was reported that curcumin protected cell viability and A\u0026beta;-induced neuronal damage by A\u0026beta;, and decreased oxidative stress markers and reactive oxygen species levels (Huang et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e).In a study investigating the effects of curcumin mixture and different curcuminoids on A\u0026beta; 42, APP and BACE1, it was reported that curcumin had a reducing effect on \u0026beta;-amyloid protein level, inhibited \u0026beta;-amyloid 1\u0026ndash;42 production in cultured cells, and also decreased APP protein level (Liu et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). In a study investigating A\u0026beta; levels and APP levels of curcumin in mouse primary cortical neurons by various in vitro methods, it was reported that curcumin strongly reduced A\u0026beta; levels by reducing the maturation of APP in the secretory pathway, and had an effect on alleviating amyloid-\u0026beta; pathology (Zhang et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e).It was reported that the addition of curcumin not only had antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in experimental mice with transgenetic APP plaque formation, but also reduced amyloid plaque formation and A\u0026beta; accumulation (Lim et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e).At the end of our study, it was observed that there was a significant difference between Group 2 (D) and Group 4 (DC) in terms of brain \u0026beta;-amyloid protein levels, and the decrease was higher in the group given curcumin.After feeding a high-fat diet for eight weeks, rats induced T2DM by 35 mg/kg STZ were given curcumin and curcumin nanoparticles (CURNP) by oral gavage for six weeks.At the end of the study, serum insulin levels, brain and hippocampus A\u0026beta;-42 protein, and tau protein levels were significantly higher in the diabetes (D) group than in the control (C) group. reported to be low.In conclusion, the findings of this study show that curcumin and CURNP inhibit amyloidogenesis and hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins in the brain hippocampus of rats (Abdulmalek et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).At the end of our study, it was observed that the levels of Total Beta Amyloid protein and Tau protein in the serum and brain tissue of Group 2 (D) were higher compared to the control group, and treatment with curcumin in Group 5 had a positive effect on the reduction.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAntioxidants play an important role in the prevention and improvement of diabetic complications (Rahimi et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e).Curcumin, a powerful antioxidant, protects neurons from oxidative damage by regulating mitochondrial membrane potential and inhibiting intracellular ROS production.Accordingly, many studies have shown that curcumin reduces diabetes and diabetes-related symptoms (Suryanarayana et al. 2007; Aggarwal and Harikumar, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e;Acar et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e).In the study investigating the effect of STZ-induced diabetic rats on the oxidant/antioxidant balance in the sciatic nerve and brain tissue, it was observed that TOS and OSI levels in the brain tissue of diabetic rats increased significantly compared to control rats, and TAS levels decreased significantly compared to the control.It was reported that TOS and OSI levels in brain tissue decreased in diabetic rats treated with curcumin, while TAS level increased, and curcumin has the ability to reduce oxidative damage in the brain tissue of diabetic rats (Acar et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e).In our study, it was determined that the level of TOS increased in Group 2 and Group 5 with diabetes compared to the control group (Group 1), and the level of TAS activity in this tissue decreased significantly compared to the control group.It was determined that TOS level in the brain tissue was highest in Group 2 with diabetes, and with curcumin treatment, TOS level decreased and TAS level increased in Group 4.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn one study, diabetes was induced in rats with 55 mg/kg of STZ, and 50 mg/kg to 150 mg/kg of curcumin was given to the groups by oral gavage for 42 days to treat it. The activities of enzymes involved in the antioxidant defense system were investigated. At the end of this study, although the TAS level of diabetic rats did not change with curcumin treatment, a significant increase was observed in TOS, OSI and MDA levels in rats in the diabetic group (D). At the end of the treatment of diabetic rats with curcumin, it was observed that the oxidative stress parameters returned to the normal range.At the end of the study, it was reported that curcumin exhibits potent antioxidant properties and therefore may be beneficial in ameliorating the oxidative stress caused by diabetes and improving the cardiac damage caused by diabetes in the heart tissue (Naghdi et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). In our study, it was determined that the TAS level in the serum was lower in Group 2 compared to the control group (Group 1), and Group 4 returned to normal levels with curcumin treatment.It was predicted that TOS activities in the serum were significantly higher in Group 2 with diabetes compared to the control (Group 1) group, and in Group 4, it approached the control group with curcumin treatment, and it was predicted that curcumin could improve the complications of diabetes by increasing the oxidative stress caused by diabetes, increasing the antioxidant activity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn a study conducted in parallel with our study, diabetes was induced by injection of 50 mg/kg STZ in adult rats and curcumin (100 mg/kg) was administered to rats by oral gavage for 42 days for treatment.At the end of the study, it was reported that curcumin reduced testicular damage by reducing oxidative stress in diabetic rats (Kanter et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).In a study, it was reported that the application of curcumin and turmeric improved oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetes, but did not completely prevent it (Suryanarayana et al. 2007).It has been reported that the administration of curcumin to STZ-induced diabetic rats has an inhibitory effect on oxidative stress and modulation of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation (Palma et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). In a study investigating the role of curcumin in the pancreatic tissue of diabetes through cellular stress induced by STZ in Wistar Albino male rats, it was shown that curcumin can reduce oxidative stress, ER stress and related inflammation, and protect pancreatic beta cells from apoptotic damage under hyperglycemic conditions (Rashid and Sil, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).In another study investigating oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetic rat brain, curcuminoids showed protective effects against oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetic rat brain (Rastogi et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e).In our study, it was determined that the level of brain tissue and blood serum TOS activity was higher in Group 2 with diabetes compared to the control (Group 1) group, and significantly decreased in Group 4 with curcumin treatment. It was observed that the level of TAS activity in serum and brain tissue decreased in Group 2 compared to the control (Group 1) group, and approached the control group in Group 4. Curcumin has an effect of reducing oxidative stress, which increases with diabetes, and increasing antioxidant activity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCurcumin can improve the complications of diabetes by increasing the antioxidant activity of oxidative stress caused by diabetes and that curcumin can be recommended as a supportive treatment in addition to diabetes treatment, but experimental studies with a longer trial period are needed to better demonstrate the efficacy of curcumin.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWorking Prof. Dr. It was carried out under the supervision and direction of G\u0026uuml;lay \u0026Ccedil;iftci, who designed the study and wrote the manuscript. Dr. Mustafa Ermiş was involved in the daily management of the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGC designed the experiments. ME performed the experiments and collected data. All authors discussed the results and strategy. GC supervised, supervised, and directed the study. ME wrote the first draft of the article, and all authors approved the version to be published. The authors declare that all data were generated in-house and that no paper mill was used.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOriginal data are available upon a reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was start with the permission of Erciyes University Animal Experiments Local Ethics Committee numbered 2021/55.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Publisher has the permission of the author to publish this work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFinancial Support\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research was supported by the Scientific Research Projects Commission of Ondokuz Mayis University (Contract Grand Number: PYO.VET.1904.21.008).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbdel Aziz MT, El-Asmar MF, El-Ibrashy IN, et al. (2012) Effect of novel water soluble curcumin derivative on experimental type- 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetology \u0026amp; Metabolic Syndrome 4(1):30.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbdulmalek S, Nasef M, Awad D, et al. (2021) Protective Effect of Natural Antioxidant, Curcumin Nanoparticles, and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles against Type 2 Diabetes-Promoted Hippocampal Neurotoxicity in Rats. Pharmaceutics 13(11): 19\u0026ndash;37.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcar A, Akil E, Alp H, et al. (2012) Oxidative damage is ameliorated by curcumin treatment in brain and sciatic nerve of diabetic rats. International Journal of Neuroscience 122(7): 367\u0026ndash;372.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAggarwal BB, Harikumar KB (2009) Potential therapeutic effects of curcumin, the anti-inflammatory agent, against neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic, autoimmune and neoplastic diseases. The International Journal of Biochemistry \u0026amp; Cell Biology 41(1): 40\u0026ndash;59.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAl-Saud NBS (2020) Impact of curcumin treatment on diabetic albino rats. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 27(2): 689\u0026ndash;694.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBaynes JW (1991) Role of oxidative stress in development of complications in diabetes. Diabetes 40: 405\u0026ndash;412. doi: 10.2337/diab.40.4.405.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBonora E, Targher G, Alberiche M, et al. (2000) Homeostasis model assessment closely mirrors the glucose clamp technique in the assessment of insulin sensitivity: studies in subjects with various degrees of glu cose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Diabet Care 23: 57\u0026ndash;63. doi: 10.2337/diacare.23.1.57.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEl-Hadary A, Sitohy M (2021) Safely effective hypoglycemic action of stevia and turmeric extracts on diabetic Albino rats. Journal of Food Biochemistry\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e45(1): 13549.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEl-Moselhy MA, Taye A, Sharkawi SS, et al. (2011) The antihyperglycemic effect of curcumin in high fat diet fed rats. Role of TNF-alpha and free fatty acids. Food and Chemical Toxicology 49(5): 1129\u0026ndash;1140. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eErel O. (2004) A new automated direct measurement method for total antioxidant capacity using a new generation, more stable ABTS radical cation. Clin Biochem 37: 277\u0026ndash;85.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eErel O. (2005) A new automated colorimetric method for measuring total oxidant status. Clin Biochem 38: 1103\u0026ndash;11.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGarcia-Alloza M, Borrelli LA, Rozkalne A, et al. (2007) Curcumin labels amyloid pathology in vivo, disrupts existing plaques, and partially restores distorted neurites in an Alzheimer mouse model. Journal of Neurochemistry 102(4): 1095\u0026ndash;1104.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGuariguata L, Whiting DR, Hambleton I, Beagley, et al. (2014) Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2013 and projections for 2035. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 103(2): 137\u0026ndash;149.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGutierres VO, Pinheiro CM, Assis RP, et al. (2012) Curcumin-supplemented yoghurt improves physiological and biochemical markers of experimental diabetes. The British Journal of Nutrition 108(4): 440\u0026ndash;448.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHekmatdoost A, Mirmiran P. Hosseini-Esfahani F, et al. (2011) Dietary fatty acid composition and metabolic syndrome in Tehranian adults. International Journal of Applied and Basic Nutritional Sciences 27(10): 1002\u0026ndash;1007.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHuang HC, Chang P, Dai XL, et al. (2012) Protective effects of curcumin on amyloid-\u0026beta;-induced neuronal oxidative damage. Neurochemical Research 37(7): 1584\u0026ndash;1597.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHuang J, Huang K., Lan T, et al. (2013) Curcumin ameliorates diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting the activation of the SphK1-S1P signaling pathway. Moleculer Cell Endocrinol 365(2): 231\u0026ndash;240.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHussain Z, Thu HE, Amjad MW, et al. (2017) Exploring recent developments to improve antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial efficacy of curcumin: A review of new trends and future perspectives. Materials Science \u0026amp; Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications 77(1): 1316\u0026ndash;1326.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKanter M, Aktas C, Erboga M (2013) Curcumin attenuates testicular damage, apoptotic germ cell death, and oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Molecular Nutrition Food Research 57(9):1578\u0026ndash;1585.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKim BH, Lee ES, Choi R, et al. (2016) Protective Effects of Curcumin on Renal Oxidative Stress and Lipid Metabolism in a Rat Model of Type 2 Diabetic Nephropathy. Yonsei Medical Journal 57(3): 664\u0026ndash;673.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKuhad A, Chopra K (2007) Curcumin attenuates diabetic encephalopathy in rats: behavioral and biochemical evidences. European Journal of Pharmacology 576(1-3): 34\u0026ndash;42. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLee ES, Kwon MH, Kim HM, et al. (2020) Curcumin analog CUR5-8 ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity. Metabolism 103:154015.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLim GP, Chu T, Yang F. et al. (2001) The curryspice curcumin reduces oxidative damage and amyloid pathology in an Alzheimer transgenicmouse. Journal of Neuroscience 21(21): 8370\u0026ndash;8377.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLiu H, Li Z, Qiu D, et al. (2010) The inhibitory effects of different curcuminoids on \u0026beta;-amyloid protein, \u0026beta;-amyloid precursor protein and \u0026beta;-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 in swAPP HEK293 cells. Neuroscience Letters\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e 485(2): 83\u0026ndash;88.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMajithiya JB, Balaraman R (2005)Time-dependent changes in antioxidant enzymes and vascular reactivity of aorta in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats treated with curcumin. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 46(5): 697\u0026ndash;705.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMishra D, Flora SJS (2008) Differential oxidative stress and DNA damage in rat brain regions and blood following chronic arsenic exposure. Sage Journals 24(4): 247\u0026ndash;256.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMustafa HN (2016) The role of curcumin in streptozotocin-induced hepatic damage and the trans-differentiation of hepatic stellate cells. Tissue Cell\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e48(2): 81\u0026ndash;88.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNaghdi A, Goodarzi MT, Karimi J, et al. (2022) Effects of curcumin and metformin on oxidative stress and apoptosis in heart tissue of type 1 diabetic rats. Journal of Cardiovask\u0026uuml;ler and Thoracic Research 14(2):128\u0026ndash;137.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNishiyama T, Mae T, Kishida H, et al. (2005) Curcuminoids and Sesquiterpenoids in Turmeric (Curcuma longaL.) Suppress an Increase in Blood Glucose Level in Type 2 Diabetic KK-Ay Mice\u003cem\u003e. \u003c/em\u003eJournal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53(4): 959\u0026ndash;963.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNishizono S, Hayami T, Ikeda I, et al. (2000) Protection against the diabetogenic effect of feeding tert-butylhydroquinone to rats prior to the administration of streptozotocin. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 64(6): 1153\u0026ndash;1158. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePalma HE, Wolkmer P, Gallio M, et al. (2014) Oxidative stress parameters in blood, liver, and kidney of diabetic rats treated with curcumin and/or ins\u0026uuml;lin. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 386(1-2): 199\u0026ndash;210.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePatil SP, Tran N, Geekiyanage H, et al. (2013) Curcumin-induced upregulation of the anti-tau cochaperone BAG2 in primary rat cortical neurons. Neuroscience Letters 554(24): 121\u0026ndash;125.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePotter PE. (2013) Curcumin: a natural substance with potential efficacy in Alzheimer\u0026apos;s disease. Journal of Experimental Pharmacology 5, 23\u0026ndash;31.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePrice DL, Sisodia SS, Gandy SE (1995) Amyloid \u0026beta; amyloidosis in Alzheimer\u0026apos;s disease. Current Opinion in Neurology 8(4): 268\u0026ndash;274.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRafiee Z, Nejatian M, Daeihamed M, et al. (2019) Applications of Curcumin-loaded nanocarriers for food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic purposes. 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(2008) Curcuminoids modulates oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetic rat brain. Free Radical Research 11-12: 999\u0026ndash;1005\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReddy PH, Manczak M, Yin X, et al. (2016) Protective effects of a natural product, curcumin, against amyloid beta induced mitochondrial and synaptic toxicities in Alzheimer\u0026apos;s disease\u003cem\u003e. Jou\u003c/em\u003ernal of Investigative Medicine\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e64(8): 1220\u0026ndash;1234.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRocchi A, Pellegrini S, Siciliano G, et al.( 2003)Causative and susceptibility genes for Alzheimer\u0026rsquo;s disease: a review. Brain Research Bulletin 61(1): 1\u0026ndash;24.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSharma S, Kulkarni SK, Chopra K (2006) Curcumin, the active principle of turmeric (Curcuma longa), ameliorates diabetic nephropathy in rats. 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Inflammopharmacology 26(5): 1257\u0026ndash;1264.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYang F, Yu J, Ke F, et al. (2018) Curcumin Alleviates Diabetic Retinopathy in Experimental Diabetic Rats. Ophthalmic Research 60(1): 43\u0026ndash;54.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhang C, Browne A, Child D, et al. (2010) Curcumin decreases amyloid-beta peptide levels by attenuating the maturation of amyloid-beta precursor protein. The Journal Of Biological Chemistry 285(37): 28472\u0026ndash;28480.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZheng J, Cheng J, Zheng S, et al. (2018) Curcumin, A Polyphenolic Curcuminoid With Its Protective Effects and Molecular Mechanisms in Diabetes and Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Frontiers in Pharmacology 9(1): 472\u0026ndash;482. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"naunyn-schmiedebergs-archives-of-pharmacology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"nsap","sideBox":"Learn more about [Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology](https://www.springer.com/journal/210)","snPcode":"210","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/210/3","title":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Diabetes, Curcumin, Oxidative stress, Beta Amyloid Protein","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3950865/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3950865/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eDiabetes is one of the most common endocrine metabolic diseases. It was aimed to investigate the therapeutic role of curcumin on Beta Amyloid Protein (TBAP), Biochemical and Oxidative changes in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes.The study consisted of five groups (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8 rats per group): control, diabetic, curcumin, curcumin in diabetes induction, and curcumin after diabetes induction.In order to induce diabetes, a single dose of 45 mg/kg Streptozotocin was administered to the 2nd and 4th groups on the 1st day of the experiment and to the 5th group on the 28th day. Curcumin was administered to groups 3, 4 and 5 via oral gavage at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day for 35 days. It was observed that blood sugar levels were close to each other in group 1 and group 3, but were high in the diabetic groups (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Streptozotocin and curcumin application to diabetic rats reduced the level of beta amyloid protein in the brain. It was determined that the effect of curcumin application on hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and kidney function activity tests was not significant. It was determined that curcumin had an effect on reducing oxidative stress caused by diabetes and increasing antioxidant activity.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Therapeutic role of curcumin on Beta Amyloid Protein, Biochemical and Oxidative changes in rats with streptozotocin induced diabetes","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-02-22 11:04:34","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3950865/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-04-17T23:02:47+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-04-16T11:24:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-04-14T17:02:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"8374cfe6-86a5-4ac1-90a7-b5d25bbca8e3_SNPRID","date":"2024-04-02T08:13:55+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"6a9bf1d6-c2fb-4166-a958-d8bd7faeb225","date":"2024-04-01T20:46:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"3d2bf887-841e-4b98-b13c-7810c764e92c","date":"2024-04-01T03:15:15+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-03-13T10:11:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"00c7973a-8934-4184-97a6-ad9bdc441920","date":"2024-03-05T09:57:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-02-25T08:52:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-02-20T06:51:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-02-20T06:51:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology","date":"2024-02-12T11:35:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"naunyn-schmiedebergs-archives-of-pharmacology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"nsap","sideBox":"Learn more about [Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology](https://www.springer.com/journal/210)","snPcode":"210","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/210/3","title":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"be869218-961d-4202-8246-f767bb36a6c8","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 22nd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-06-07T07:51:21+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-02-22 11:04:34","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3950865","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3950865","identity":"rs-3950865","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}