The Isobaric Specific Heat Capacity Measurement of Refrigerant R1132a and Its Binary Mixtures with R13I1

The Isobaric Specific Heat Capacity Measurement of Refrigerant R1132a and Its Binary Mixtures with R13I1 | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The Isobaric Specific Heat Capacity Measurement of Refrigerant R1132a and Its Binary Mixtures with R13I1 Sungjujn LEE, D. KIM, S.H. LEE, W. KANG, X. XIAO, S. KWON This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9604437/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 7 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study developed and implemented a Calvet calorimeter-based measurement system for determining the isobaric specific heat capacity ( \(\:{c}_{p}\) ​) of the ultra-low-GWP refrigerant R1132a (1,1-difluoroethene) and its binary mixtures with R13I1 (trifluoroiodomethane). The system was upgraded from prior configurations for pure refrigerants to accommodate precise mixture preparation, incorporating custom control software for synchronized operation, and enhanced safety features for high-pressure experiments. Specific heat capacities were measured via the two-step method under controlled temperature (203.15–333.15 K) and pressure (up to 100 bar) conditions, with detailed attention to baseline stability, stem temperature control, and pressure fluctuations. Experimental results are reported for pure R1132a and three mixture compositions (R1132a/R13I1 molar ratios of 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75). A comprehensive uncertainty analysis conducted in accordance with the GUM framework resulted in an expanded uncertainty (coverage factor \(\:k\) =2) of approximately 3.6%. The primary contributions arose from the integration of heat quantity, density estimation, and measurements of temperature and pressure. All measurements were conducted in the compressed liquid phase, well above the saturation pressure, to provide reliable isobaric specific heat capacity data for the liquid state, which is critical for the design of ultra-low-temperature refrigeration cycles. These measurements provide essential thermodynamic data for developing equations of state for next-generation low-GWP refrigerant blends suitable for ultra-low-temperature and diverse cooling applications. Specific heat capacity Calvet calorimeter Refrigerants R1132a R13I1 R23 Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviews received at journal 08 May, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 May, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 05 May, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 05 May, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 05 May, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 05 May, 2026 First submitted to journal 04 May, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9604437","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":637065236,"identity":"f1fd7814-d679-41c9-861b-2b1168cd2e01","order_by":0,"name":"Sungjujn LEE","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sungjujn","middleName":"","lastName":"LEE","suffix":""},{"id":637065237,"identity":"dd88e8a2-e266-4a94-9649-7155abe6a059","order_by":1,"name":"D. 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The system was upgraded from prior configurations for pure refrigerants to accommodate precise mixture preparation, incorporating custom control software for synchronized operation, and enhanced safety features for high-pressure experiments. Specific heat capacities were measured via the two-step method under controlled temperature (203.15\u0026ndash;333.15 K) and pressure (up to 100 bar) conditions, with detailed attention to baseline stability, stem temperature control, and pressure fluctuations. Experimental results are reported for pure R1132a and three mixture compositions (R1132a/R13I1 molar ratios of 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75). A comprehensive uncertainty analysis conducted in accordance with the GUM framework resulted in an expanded uncertainty (coverage factor \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:k\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e=2) of approximately 3.6%. The primary contributions arose from the integration of heat quantity, density estimation, and measurements of temperature and pressure. All measurements were conducted in the compressed liquid phase, well above the saturation pressure, to provide reliable isobaric specific heat capacity data for the liquid state, which is critical for the design of ultra-low-temperature refrigeration cycles. These measurements provide essential thermodynamic data for developing equations of state for next-generation low-GWP refrigerant blends suitable for ultra-low-temperature and diverse cooling applications.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Isobaric Specific Heat Capacity Measurement of Refrigerant R1132a and Its Binary Mixtures with R13I1","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-05-13 11:07:40","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9604437/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-08T18:02:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"330989083065661904060357086926430712063","date":"2026-05-07T15:17:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"165648573337025764812623228514084199441","date":"2026-05-05T17:32:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-05-05T13:53:41+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-05-05T07:45:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-05-05T07:44:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"International Journal of Thermophysics","date":"2026-05-04T05:40:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"international-journal-of-thermophysics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ijot","sideBox":"Learn more about [International Journal of Thermophysics](http://link.springer.com/journal/10765)","snPcode":"10765","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10765/3","title":"International Journal of Thermophysics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"8165bce5-ab96-4fde-b9f4-09b3a75f80f5","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 13th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-08T18:02:30+00:00","index":10,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"330989083065661904060357086926430712063","date":"2026-05-07T15:17:01+00:00","index":9,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"165648573337025764812623228514084199441","date":"2026-05-05T17:32:36+00:00","index":8,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"2","date":"2026-05-05T13:53:41+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-05-05T07:45:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-05-05T07:44:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"International Journal of Thermophysics","date":"2026-05-04T05:40:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-13T11:07:40+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-05-13 11:07:40","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9604437","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9604437","identity":"rs-9604437","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}