Phytoplasma infection induces changes in vibrational mating behaviour of Cacopsylla pyri: sex-specific shifts in frequency, amplitude, and timing

Phytoplasma infection induces changes in vibrational mating behaviour of Cacopsylla pyri: sex-specific shifts in frequency, amplitude, and timing | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Phytoplasma infection induces changes in vibrational mating behaviour of Cacopsylla pyri: sex-specific shifts in frequency, amplitude, and timing Christina Koller, Ciara Hellweger, Andreas Jürgens, Jürgen Gross This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8582381/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The pear psyllid ( Cacopsylla pyri ), the main vector of ‘ Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’, relies on substrate-borne vibrational signals for mate recognition and duet coordination. As pathogens can alter insect communication, we examined whether phytoplasma infection alters key parameters of male and female mating signals. We used laser vibrometry on a standardised artificial substrate, as well as playbacks, to examine this. We detected clear sex-specific effects of infection at the level of individual signals. Infected females produced significantly longer inter-chirp intervals and higher dominant frequencies than uninfected females. In males, infection significantly reduced the amplitude of chirps, whereas uninfected males showed a markedly higher number of interruptions within their trill units. These infection-induced changes likely reflect a physiological burden, such as altered energy allocation or in cuticular stiffness, which affects vibrational mechanics. Despite these clear differences at the individual level, however, duet communication between males and females did not differ significantly between infection treatments. This suggests that basic mating communication is preserved, indicating that it probably has no negative impact on mating success. However, we recommend focusing on mating success in future studies to determine whether the duets on a natural substrate remain also unaffected. Biotremology Cacopsylla pyri mating signals Phytoplasma Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 11 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 09 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 07 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 30 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Jan, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 21 Jan, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 20 Jan, 2026 Editor invited by journal 19 Jan, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 17 Jan, 2026 First submitted to journal 17 Jan, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8582381","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":578838743,"identity":"60a5128d-e73a-4648-9ce0-59fc4845e0f4","order_by":0,"name":"Christina Koller","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"TU Darmstadt","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Christina","middleName":"","lastName":"Koller","suffix":""},{"id":578838744,"identity":"077eb0f4-30ff-4555-bb92-8665a94dfbec","order_by":1,"name":"Ciara Hellweger","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"TU 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timing\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-zoology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bzoo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Zoology](http://bmczool.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bzoo/default.aspx","title":"BMC Zoology","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC 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As pathogens can alter insect communication, we examined whether phytoplasma infection alters key parameters of male and female mating signals. We used laser vibrometry on a standardised artificial substrate, as well as playbacks, to examine this. We detected clear sex-specific effects of infection at the level of individual signals. Infected females produced significantly longer inter-chirp intervals and higher dominant frequencies than uninfected females. In males, infection significantly reduced the amplitude of chirps, whereas uninfected males showed a markedly higher number of interruptions within their trill units.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese infection-induced changes likely reflect a physiological burden, such as altered energy allocation or in cuticular stiffness, which affects vibrational mechanics. Despite these clear differences at the individual level, however, duet communication between males and females did not differ significantly between infection treatments. This suggests that basic mating communication is preserved, indicating that it probably has no negative impact on mating success. However, we recommend focusing on mating success in future studies to determine whether the duets on a natural substrate remain also unaffected.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Phytoplasma infection induces changes in vibrational mating behaviour of Cacopsylla pyri: sex-specific shifts in frequency, amplitude, and timing","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-23 11:24:25","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8582381/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-02-11T15:30:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-10T00:29:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-07T21:46:31+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-30T19:50:19+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"134152971230441328751702604301138984786","date":"2026-01-26T13:51:39+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"338991080618422189539772877055698605410","date":"2026-01-22T14:53:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"7780550773856919631518179016438416432","date":"2026-01-21T22:58:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-21T11:37:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-01-20T13:08:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-19T20:47:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-01-17T16:04:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Zoology","date":"2026-01-17T15:57:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-zoology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bzoo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Zoology](http://bmczool.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bzoo/default.aspx","title":"BMC Zoology","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0a675d9b-3e8f-4c27-a283-ff7d1fd8d8db","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 23rd, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-15T11:40:47+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-23 11:24:25","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8582381","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8582381","identity":"rs-8582381","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}