Organic-inorganic amendments regulate paddy soil redox properties and nutrient supply to enhance rice yield and nutrient use efficiency

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However, excessive application of chemical fertilizers has led to paddy soil degradation and reduced nutrient use efficiency, making it urgent to adopt reasonable improvement measures to achieve high and stable rice yield and sustainable soil utilization. Methods In this study, 8 treatments were set up: CK (no fertilization); NPK (chemical fertilizer alone); SD + NPK (soil replacement + chemical fertilizer); ST + NPK (straw + chemical fertilizer); C + NPK (biochar + chemical fertilizer); OM + NPK (organic fertilizer + chemical fertilizer); OM (organic fertilizer alone); and TI (technology integration). A systematic comparison was made on the effects of various improvement measures on paddy soil physicochemical properties and rice yield, aiming to provide theoretical basis and technical support for paddy soil cultivation and productivity improvement. Results OM + NPK reduced soil reductive substances, Fe²⁺, and Mn²⁺ to alleviate toxicity, optimized yield components, achieved the highest harvest index, and increased grain N/K accumulation (17.42%-19.42%). ST + NPK improved soil nitrogen, phosphorus, and supply capacity, boosted yields via more panicles, and cut costs. Both outperformed NPK alone, with OM + NPK as "high-yield/quality" and ST + NPK as "fertility/efficiency" models. Conclusion Organic-inorganic improvement regulates soil physicochemical properties and redox environment through organic carbon input, optimizes nutrient supply, and achieves a synergistic effect of increasing rice yield and improving soil quality. This provides a scientific basis for sustainable paddy field production and a feasible agronomic strategy to address food security challenges. organic-inorganic combined application rice yield nutrient use efficiency soil fertility Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 1. Introduction Rice ( Oryza sativa L. ), one of the most crucial crops for humankind, serves as the staple food for half of the global population(Anonymous et al. 2010). Rice yield is intrinsically linked to global food security, international trade, and social stability (Muthayya et al. 2015 ). Studies indicate that global rice production must increase at an annual rate of 1.5% to ensure food security (Alam et al. 2013 ; Stuart et al. 2016 ). Research demonstrates that fertilizers play a pivotal role in enhancing rice yield, accounting for 30–50% of the increase (Hou et al. 2020 ). In rice production, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizers exert a decisive influence on crop growth and development. The rational application of N, P, and K fertilizers significantly promotes rice yield increases, with the N fertilizer effect being the most pronounced, followed by K and P fertilizers(Chen et al. 2023b ; Kumar et al. 2022 ). However, long-term excessive fertilizer application not only leads to a persistent decline in nutrient use efficiency, but also triggers environmental issues including soil degradation, intensified agricultural non-point source pollution, and increased greenhouse gas emissions (Azad et al. 2020 ; Ju et al. 2009 ; Ying et al. 2023 ). China is the world’s largest consumer and producer of nitrogen fertilizer. Nevertheless, significant deficiencies persist in nitrogen application technology and resource utilization efficiency within the country, particularly evidenced by its long-standing below-average nitrogen use efficiency relative to international standards-an issue demanding urgent resolution (Chen et al. 2023a ; Zhang et al. 2015 ). Research by Shang et al. ( 2025 ) demonstrated that substituting 30% of chemical nitrogen fertilizer with organic fertilizer, compared to sole chemical fertilization, increased grain yield of high-yielding rice varieties by 28%, enhanced effective panicle number by 3.8%, increased spikelet number per panicle by 5.8%, and elevated total biomass by approximately 8%. At maturity, nitrogen accumulation in vegetative organs rose by 6.1% and 2.7% in low-yielding and high-yielding varieties, respectively. Maximum yields for early rice, late rice, and single-season rice were achieved when organic fertilizer nitrogen accounted for 50.5%, 24.5%, and 34.6% of total nitrogen input, respectively (Zhou 2012 ). Biochar amendment combined with chemical fertilizer enhances soil nutrients, boosts rice yield, and increases nitrogen accumulation in both grain and straw (Shanmugam et al. 2021 ; Si et al. 2018 ). Crop straw, rich in diverse nutrients, serves as an effective resource for soil improvement and fertility enhancement. Direct straw return, a key sustainable agricultural practice, demonstrates significant economic and ecological benefits. Incorporating straw into soil improves soil quality and maintains sustainable soil productivity by enhancing organic carbon sequestration and nutrient deposition (Li et al. 2018 ). Soil profile reconstruction (e.g., clay soil amended with sand) can effectively ameliorate unfavorable soil textures by adjusting mechanical composition, optimizing pore structure, and redistributing nutrients. Heavy clay soils often suffer from poor aeration, hypoxia, and accumulation of phytotoxic substances, restricting root growth. Sand incorporation into clayey soils enhances soil aeration, water retention capacity, and organic carbon content (Herawati et al. 2021 ). Given the clayey texture of the experimental site, which may adversely affect rice growth, sand was incorporated into the paddy field to improve soil physical properties. Current research primarily focuses on the impacts of either organic-inorganic co-application or single amendment types on paddy soil physicochemical properties and yield. Comparative studies evaluating the simultaneous implementation of common amelioration practices remain limited. To elucidate the effects of different amelioration measures on rice nutrient uptake and utilization, this field study employed equivalent nutrient inputs to analyze their impacts on soil total nitrogen and organic matter content; rice yield; nitrogen uptake and use efficiency in aboveground biomass, and crop nutrient accumulation. The findings aim to provide insights for enhancing productivity in paddy systems. 2. Materials and methods 2.1 Experimental site description The field experiment was conducted in eastern Yunnan Province, China (25°22′55″N, 103°57′13″E), characterized by a subtropical monsoon climate. The site has a mean annual precipitation of 1,250 mm and an average annual temperature of approximately 17°C, with an elevation of 1,740 m above sea level. The prevailing cropping system in this region is a summer rice-winter faba bean rotation (rice-legume rotation). The experimental soil is classified as red soil with a clay loam texture. Particle size distribution (by volume) is as follows: Clay (≤ 0.002 mm): 42.65%, Silt (0.002–0.020 mm): 33.02%, Sand (0.02-2.00 mm): 24.33%. Pre-planting soil properties (2024) were: Organic matter (OM): 25.22 g kg − 1 , Total nitrogen (TN): 1.22 g kg − 1 , Ammonium nitrogen (NH 4 + -N): 7.20 mg kg − 1 , Nitrate nitrogen (NO 3 − -N): 7.30 mg kg − 1 , Available phosphorus (AP): 38.22 mg kg − 1 , Available potassium (AK): 383.74 mg kg − 1 , pH: 7.46, Bulk density: 1.55 g cm − 3 . 2.2 Experimental Materials The field trial was conducted from late May to mid-late October 2024. A completely randomized block design was adopted. The tested rice cultivar was “Yun Jing 37”, provided by the Institute of Environment and Resources, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Table 1 Nutrient content of organic fertilizer, biochar and rice straw Materials Total nitrogen content % (dry basis) Total phosphorus content % (dry basis) Total potassium content % (dry basis) organic carbon content % moisture content % organic fertilizer 2.29 1.14 2.70 26.10 25.70 biochar 0.36 0.01 0.03 46.95 - straw 1.06 0.09 1.42 49.59 - 2.3 Experimental design The trial comprised eight treatments: ①No fertilizer (CK) ② Chemical fertilizer only (NPK, Local conventional fertilization) ③ Chemical fertilizer + Quartz sand (SD + NPK) ④ Chemical fertilizer + Rice straw (ST + NPK) ⑤ Chemical fertilizer + Biochar (C + NPK) ⑥ Chemical fertilizer + Organic manure (OM + NPK) ⑦ Organic manure alone (OM) ⑧ Integrated amelioration (TI). Each treatment was replicated three times in a completely randomized block design. In the treatments of NPK and SD + NPK the nutrients N, P 2 O 5 and K 2 O all come from chemical fertilizers, namely urea (46% N), superphosphate (12% P 2 O 5 ) and potassium chloride (62% K 2 O). The application strategy of urea nitrogen fertilizer is as follows: 30% as base fertilizer, 35% as tillering fertilizer and 35% as panicle fertilizer. Both topdressings are applied by manual surface broadcasting. Superphosphate and potassium chloride are applied all at once before rice transplanting. Except for CK and OM, all treatments follow the principle of equal nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The contents of pure nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in organic fertilizer, biochar and rice straw are determined before application, and then converted into the amounts of N, P 2 O 5 and K 2 O, the insufficient part is supplemented with chemical fertilizers. The ratio of base nitrogen fertilizer to topdressing nitrogen fertilizer is 3:3.5:3.5; all phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are applied as base fertilizers. The actual input amount of each treatment is shown in Table 2 , the input amount of pure nutrients is shown in Table 3 , and the material prices and the cost of each treatment are shown in Table 4 . Table 2 The amount of physical input for each treatment (kg·ha − 1 ) Treatment Biochar Organic fertilizer Quartz sand Straw Urea (N) Superphosphate (P 2 O 5 ) Potassium chloride (K 2 O) Organic carbon CK - - - - - - - - NPK - - - - 456 625 170 - SD + NPK - - 45000 - 456 625 170 - ST + NPK - - - 3750 370 560 66 1859.63 C + NPK 2250 - - - 439 621 168 1056.38 OM + NPK - 3750 - - 318 18 23 978.83 OM - 12342 - - - - - 3221.60 TI 450 1500 9000 1500 363 355 69 1346.66 Table 3 Net nutrient input per treatment (kg·ha -1 ) Table 4 Unit price of input materials and various processing costs Materials and prices Cost Materials Unit price (yuan·kg − 1 ) Treatment Fertilizer/material cost (yuan·ha − 1 ) CK 0 quartz sand 0.06 NPK 2923.94 straw - SD + NPK 5623.94 biochar 4 ST + NPK 2192.24 organic fertilizer 1 C + NPK 11852.70 urea 3.5 OM + NPK 4962.60 Superphosphate 1.2 OM 12342.30 Potassium chloride 3.4 TI 6522.72 2.4 Sample Collection and Analysis Yield assessment involved actual measurements from harvested plots and theoretical estimates based on quadrat sampling. Within uniform growth areas of each plot, three 1-m 2 quadrats were established; nine representative plants per quadrat were selected to measure plant height, panicle length, effective panicle number, and spikelet number per panicle. Whole-plant samples (including these nine plants) were collected, separated into grain, straw, and root components, de-enzymed at 105°C for 30 min, dried to constant weight at 65°C, and ground into fine powder for nutrient analysis: Total Nitrogen (TN) was determined via concentrated H 2 SO 4 -H 2 O 2 digestion followed by the semi-micro Kjeldahl method; Total Phosphorus (TP) via concentrated H 2 SO 4 -H 2 O 2 digestion with vanadate-molybdate yellow colorimetry; Total Potassium (TK) via concentrated H 2 SO 4 -H 2 O 2 digestion and flame photometry. Post-harvest, soil samples (0–30 cm depth) were collected to analyze total nitrogen (TN), ammonium nitrogen (NH 4 + -N), nitrate nitrogen (NO 3 − -N), organic matter (OM), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), pH, bulk density (BD), total amount of reducing substances (TRS), Fe 2+ , and Mn 2+ . All analytical procedures (detailed in Table 5 ) followed standard methods described by Bao ( 2000 ) and Lu ( 2000 ). Table 5 Measurement index and measurement method Measurement index Measurement method Total nitrogen Semi-micro Kjeldahl method NH 4 + -N、NO 3 − -N KCl solution extraction (soil-to-water ratio 5:1, w/v) - Continuous flow analyzer determination Organic matter Potassium dichromate titrimetric method (Conventional external heating) Available phosphorus Sodium bicarbonate (0.5 M NaHCO 3 , pH 8.5) extraction method Available potassium Ammonium acetate (1 M CH 3 COONH 4 ) extraction – Flame photometry pH Potentiometric method (soil-to-water ratio 2.5:1, w/v) Bulk density Core sampling method (using cutting rings) Total amount of reducing substances Aluminum sulfate extraction - Potassium dichromate oxidation Fe 2+ Aluminum sulfate extraction - o-Phenanthroline colorimetry Mn 2+ Aluminum sulfate extraction - Potassium periodate colorimetry 2.5 Calculation and statistical analysis Nutrient accumulation (N,P, K; kg ha -1 ) = (Plant total N (P, K) content (%) × Dry matter yield) / 100 (Shanmugam et al. 2021 ); Agronomic efficiency of N fertilizer (AE N , kg · kg -1 )= (Grain yield of N-fertilized plot - Grain yield of N-unfertilized plot) / N application rate; Physiological efficiency of N fertilizer (PE N , kg · kg -1 ) = (Grain yield of N-fertilized plot - Grain yield of N-unfertilized plot) / (Aboveground N accumulation of N-fertilized plot - Aboveground N accumulation of N-unfertilized plot); Partial Factor Productivity of Nitrogen Fertilizer (PFP N , kg · kg -1 ) = grain yield in the N application area/N application rate. Apparent recovery rate of applied nitrogen (RE N , %) = (Aboveground N accumulation of N-fertilized plot - Aboveground N accumulation of N-unfertilized plot) / N application rate × 100; N contribution rate (CR N , %) = (Yield of N-fertilized plot - Yield of N-unfertilized plot) / Yield of N-fertilized plot× 100 Harvest index (HI, %) = (Grain biomass / Total aboveground biomass) × 100; Benefit-cost ratio (BCR) = Gross income / Total production cost; Net profit = Rice income - Production cost; Data processing and analysis were performed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS 20.0. Figures were generated and annotated with Excel 2021 and OriginPro 2021. Treatment differences were evaluated through one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Duncan's multiple range test at p < 0.05 significance level.。 3. Results 3.1 Soil physicochemical properties Compared with the NPK treatment, the soil NH 4 + -N content was significantly increased under all improvement measures except SD + NPK, with an increase range of 41.06%-420.81%. The NO 3 - -N content was significantly increased by 82.76%-109.67% in the C + NPK, SD + NPK, and ST + NPK treatments. The AP content in the ST + NPK, TI, and SD + NPK treatments was significantly higher than that in the NPK treatment. The AK content was significantly increased in the C + NPK, OM + NPK, and OM treatments. The TN content in the ST + NPK treatment was significantly higher than that in the NPK treatment (Fig. 1 b). In terms of soil organic matter content, the OM, TI, OM + NPK, ST + NPK, and C + NPK treatments were significantly higher than the NPK treatment, with an increase range of 11.47%-16.37%. There was no significant difference in BD among all treatments after rice harvest compared with the NPK treatment (Fig. 1 c). Compared with the NPK treatment, the pH values in the TI, C + NPK, OM, ST + NPK, and OM + NPK treatments were significantly increased by 0.19–0.26(Fig. 1 d, all P < 0.05). 3.2 Effects of different treatments on total soil reductive substances, Fe 2+ and Mn 2+ in paddy fields After rice harvest, the total soil reductive substances in all treatments except CK were significantly lower than those in NPK (Fig. 2 a). Among them, the OM + NPK and SD + NPK treatments showed the largest decreases, with values dropping to 3.34 cmol·kg − 1 and 3.20 cmol·kg − 1 , respectively. Compared with NPK, soil Fe 2+ content was significantly increased in CK, SD + NPK, and C + NPK treatments, while it was significantly decreased in TI, ST + NPK, OM + NPK, and OM treatments (Fig. 2 b). Soil Mn 2+ content responded differently among various treatments: compared with NPK, it was significantly decreased in CK, OM + NPK, and C + NPK treatments, but significantly increased in SD + NPK, OM, ST + NPK, and TI treatments (Fig. 2 c). 3.3 Effects of different treatments on rice yield and its components Compared with the NPK treatment, the OM + NPK treatment showed the most significant yield increase (25.07%), followed by TI (19.21%), C + NPK (18.04%), and ST + NPK (16.26%). There was no significant difference in yield among the OM, NPK, and SD + NPK treatments, but all of them were significantly higher than that of CK (Table 6 ). Analysis of yield components revealed that the 1000-grain weight, effective panicle number, and grain number per panicle in the OM + NPK and C + NPK treatments were significantly higher than those in the NPK treatment. The TI treatment achieved yield increase mainly by improving the effective panicle number and grain number per panicle compared with NPK, while the ST + NPK treatment only significantly increased the effective panicle number. For the OM treatment, although the effective panicle number increased, the grain number per panicle decreased significantly. Both the seed setting rate and grain number per panicle of CK were significantly lower than those of NPK (all P < 0.05). Table 6 Different treatments of rice yield and its constituent factors Treatment 1000-grain weight (g) Seed setting rate (%) Effective panicle number per plant (×10 4 panicles ha − 1 ) Grain number per spike Yield (kg ha − 1 ) CK 24.14 ± 0.08 bcd 85.00 ± 1.61 c 264.83 ± 2.46 d 168.78 ± 6.24 d 5736.33 ± 114.50 c NPK 24.02 ± 0.69 cd 93.73 ± 2.06 ab 273.70 ± 15.90 d 221.89 ± 2.52 b 7635.00 ± 560.22 b SD + NPK 23.96 ± 0.09 d 93.67 ± 0.15 ab 281.40 ± 5.60 cd 225.56 ± 3.34 ab 7051.33 ± 162.50 b ST + NPK 24.90 ± 0.36 abc 94.50 ± 0.46 a 309.87 ± 8.47 b 215.78 ± 7.58 b 8876.67 ± 541.50 a C + NPK 24.94 ± 0.51 ab 93.93 ± 0.25 ab 297.27 ± 10.94 bc 237.78 ± 8.32 a 9012.33 ± 225.50 a OM + NPK 25.19 ± 0.69 a 94.43 ± 0.38 a 344.17 ± 7.18 a 236.44 ± 0.69 a 9549.33 ± 229.50 a OM 24.28 ± 0.42 bcd 92.17 ± 1.29 b 329.00 ± 4.59 a 184.78 ± 6.24 c 7701.00 ± 516.00 b TI 24.61 ± 0.46 abcd 93.77 ± 1.40 ab 341.13 ± 13.69 a 238.56 ± 17.03 a 9102.00 ± 810.00 a 3.4 Aboveground biomass and harvest index of rice under different treatments The OM + NPK treatment showed the HI of 0.60, while the TI treatment had the lowest HI, which was significantly 11.32% lower than that of the NPK treatment (Table 7 ). Compared with the NPK treatment, the aboveground biomass of rice in all treatments except SD + NPK significantly increased by 16.44%-35.33%, and the straw biomass significantly increased by 11.80–54.09%. The plant height in TI, OM + NPK, C + NPK, SD + NPK, and ST + NPK treatments was significantly higher than that in the CK treatment, with increases of 13.08%, 11.63%, 9.96%, 8.39%, and 5.88%, respectively. The panicle length in the CK treatment was significantly 14.58% lower than that in the NPK treatment (all P < 0.05). Table 7 Aboveground biomass and harvest index of rice under different treatments Treatment Panicle length (cm) Plant height (cm) Straw biomass (kg ha − 1 ) Aboveground biomass (kg ha − 1 ) HI CK 20.50 ± 0.79c 92.56 ± 2.46d 4013.33 ± 262.69f 9749.77 ± 338.08f 0.59 ± 0.01a NPK 24.00 ± 1.41ab 92.89 ± 3.44d 5308.33 ± 53.46e 12943.56 ± 525.48de 0.59 ± 0.02a SD + NPK 22.67 ± 1.87b 100.33 ± 5.39ab 5156.67 ± 257.99e 12208.03 ± 115.72e 0.58 ± 0.02ab ST + NPK 24.22 ± 1.09ab 98.00 ± 4.47bc 6195.00 ± 215.46cd 15071.69 ± 616.63c 0.59 ± 0.05a C + NPK 24.00 ± 1.85ab 101.78 ± 2.99ab 7361.67 ± 291.22b 16373.91 ± 414.27b 0.55 ± 0.03ab OM + NPK 25.50 ± 1.73a 103.33 ± 1.66a 6576.67 ± 288.81c 16126.03 ± 243.23b 0.60 ± 0.02a OM 24.89 ± 4.04a 94.11 ± 4.86cd 5935.00 ± 109.66d 13635.63 ± 619.67d 0.57 ± 0.03ab TI 23.50 ± 1.00ab 104.67 ± 2.18a 8180.00 ± 217.77a 17515.61 ± 690.10a 0.53 ± 0.01b Note: HI: Harvest index 3.5 Nitrogen use efficiency of rice under different treatments The PFP N in the four treatments of OM + NPK, TI, C + NPK, and ST + NPK was significantly increased by 25.05%, 18.29%, 18.04%, and 16.25% respectively compared with NPK, while the CR N was significantly increased by 60.09%, 54.99%, 45.69%, and 41.28% respectively compared with NPK (Table 8 ). The AE N in OM + NPK and TI treatments was the highest, which was significantly increased by 125.87% and 103.48% compared with NPK. The PE N in OM treatment was the highest, which was significantly increased by 96.17% compared with NPK. The RE N in C + NPK treatment was the highest, which was significantly increased by 90.73% compared with NPK. Table 8 Nitrogen use efficiency of different treatments Treatment PFP N (kg·kg − 1 ) AE N (kg·kg − 1 ) PE N (kg·kg − 1 ) RE N (%) CR N (%) CK - - - - - NPK 36.36 ± 2.67b 8.04 ± 1.41cd 31.37 ± 1.55de 26.22 ± 2.12d 24.93 ± 3.03b SD + NPK 33.58 ± 0.77b 6.26 ± 0.77d 27.12 ± 1.71e 23.38 ± 1.82d 18.62 ± 1.88c ST + NPK 42.27 ± 2.58a 14.29 ± 1.68b 40.18 ± 1.51c 36.72 ± 2.58c 35.22 ± 3.96a C + NPK 42.92 ± 1.08a 15.60 ± 1.07b 31.17 ± 1.48de 50.01 ± 1.08a 36.32 ± 1.59a OM + NPK 45.47 ± 1.09a 18.16 ± 1.09a 49.51 ± 1.08b 39.15 ± 1.63c 39.91 ± 1.45a OM 36.67 ± 2.46b 9.35 ± 0.46c 61.54 ± 4.68a 11.14 ± 0.91e 24.28 ± 3.67b TI 43.01 ± 2.37a 16.36 ± 1.39ab 34.96 ± 3.06d 44.51 ± 1.35b 38.64 ± 3.02a Note: AE N : Agronomic efficiency of N fertilizer; PE N : Physiological efficiency of N fertilizer; PFP N : Partial Factor Productivity of Nitrogen Fertilizer; RE N : Apparent recovery rate of applied nitrogen; CR N : N contribution rate 3.6 Nitrogen accumulation and distribution ratio in rice plants under different treatments Different improvement treatments had varying effects on nitrogen accumulation in grains, straw, and roots of rice at maturity (Fig. 3 a). In terms of nitrogen accumulation in grains, the TI, OM + NPK, and C + NPK treatments were significantly higher than NPK, while the OM and CK treatments were significantly lower than NPK. For nitrogen accumulation in straw, compared with the NPK treatment, the TI and C + NPK treatments showed a significant increase, whereas the OM and CK treatments were significantly lower than NPK. Regarding nitrogen accumulation in roots, all treatments except CK showed a significant increase compared with NPK, with CK exhibiting a significant decrease of 17.05% (all P < 0.05). Nitrogen accumulation in different parts of rice at maturity varied in distribution across treatments (Fig. 3 b). The proportion of nitrogen in grains ranged from 52.02–61.62%, that in straw was 27.05–34.61%, and the nitrogen content in roots was the lowest, accounting for only 9.92–13.69%. 3.7 Phosphorus accumulation and distribution ratio in rice plants under different treatments Different improvement treatments had differential effects on phosphorus accumulation in grains, straw, and roots of rice at maturity (Fig. 4 a). In terms of phosphorus accumulation in grains, there was no significant difference between each treatment and the NPK treatment (P > 0.05). For phosphorus accumulation in straw, the CK, OM + NPK, ST + NPK, and SD + NPK treatments were significantly lower than the NPK treatment. Regarding phosphorus accumulation in roots, compared with the NPK treatment, the OM + NPK, OM, TI, C + NPK, and ST + NPK treatments showed a significant increase (P < 0.05). Different treatments exerted an influence on the distribution ratio of phosphorus accumulation in rice at maturity (Fig. 4 b). The proportion of phosphorus in grains ranged from 31.48–46.32%, that in straw was 38.05–59.02%, while the nitrogen content in roots was the lowest, accounting for only 7.31–19.02%. 3.8 Potassium accumulation and distribution ratio in rice plants under different treatments In terms of potassium accumulation in grains, compared with NPK, the C + NPK, OM + NPK, and TI treatments significantly increased, while the CK treatment significantly decreased (Fig. 5 a). For potassium accumulation in straw, compared with the NPK treatment, the C + NPK, ST + NPK, OM + NPK, and TI treatments significantly increased, and CK significantly decreased. Regarding potassium accumulation in roots, compared with NPK, the OM, ST + NPK, C + NPK, OM + NPK, and TI treatments all showed a significant increase (all P < 0.05). Under different treatment conditions, the proportion of potassium in rice straw was the highest, reaching 77.93–83.06%, followed by grains, with a proportion ranging from 13.92–18.96%, and the proportion in roots was the smallest, with the highest proportion not exceeding 4.00% (Fig. 5 b). 3.9 Economic benefits of different treatments The input-output ratios of CK and ST + NPK were relatively high, being 4.10:1 and 3.90:1 respectively, which were significantly higher than that of NPK by 1.13:1 and 0.93:1 (Table 9 ). The input-output ratios of the other treatments were all lower than that of NPK, with the OM treatment showing the lowest ratio (1.22:1), which was significantly lower than that of NPK by 1.75:1. Compared with NPK, the net profit per hectare of the ST + NPK treatment was significantly increased by 30.28%, and that of the OM + NPK treatment was increased by 21.69% (P 0.05). Table 9 Different treatments for economic benefits Treatment Total Output Value (yuan·ha − 1 ) Fertilizer/Material Cost (yuan·ha − 1 ) Labor Cost (yuan·ha − 1 ) Machine Harvesting Cost (yuan·ha − 1 ) Total Input (yuan·ha − 1 ) Net Profit (yuan·ha − 1 ) Input-Output Ratio CK 14341c 0 2000 1500 3500 10841d 4.10:1a NPK 19088b 2924 2000 1500 6424 12664cd 2.97:1b SD + NPK 17628b 5624 2000 1500 9124 8504e 1.93:1d ST + NPK 22192a 2192 2000 1500 5692 16499a 3.90:1a C + NPK 22531a 11853 2000 1500 15353 7178e 1.47:1e OM + NPK 23873a 4963 2000 1500 8463 15411ab 2.82:1b OM 19253b 12342 2000 1500 15842 3410f 1.22:1e TI 22755a 5773 2000 1500 9273 13483bc 2.45:1c Note: Rice is calculated at 2.5 yuan per kilogram. 3.10 Analysis of main controlling factors for rice yield and soil physicochemical properties The PCA -biplot of rice yield and paddy soil physicochemical properties showed that the variance contribution rates of soil physicochemical property factors to PC1 and PC2 were 50.1% and 17.5%, respectively. The sample differences among different treatments were small, with strong similarity (Fig. 6 ). OM, NH 4 + -N, pH, and Fe 2+ were the main soil factors with the highest contribution to PC1. AP and Mn 2+ had an extremely strong correlation. There was an extremely strong positive correlation between pH, OM, AK, NH 4 + -N and yield, while Fe 2+ , BD, TRS, and NO 3 − -N showed an extremely strong negative correlation with yield. 3.11 Factors affecting rice yield The PLS-PM showed that organic carbon input had a significant and extremely significant negative effect on soil reductive substances and physical properties, respectively (Fig. 7 ). Soil physical properties positively drove the accumulation of reductive substances and inhibited chemical properties, while reductive substances further weakened chemical properties. Reductive substances and chemical properties jointly promoted the accumulation of plant nutrients, which in turn significantly increased rice yield through yield components. 4. Discussion This study confirms that organic-inorganic improvement measures (such as OM + NPK and ST + NPK) have significantly optimized the soil's capacity to supply nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium by increasing soil organic matter content (11.97%-12.35% higher than that in the NPK treatment) and improving pore structure. Among them, the ST + NPK treatment continuously releases nitrogen through straw decomposition (with soil total nitrogen increased by 5.29%), which is consistent with the findings of Liu et al. ( 2023a ). It is worth noting that although the C + NPK treatment significantly increases soil pH, its total nitrogen content is 19.00% lower than that in the NPK treatment. This may be attributed to the high-porosity structure of biochar, which adsorbs ammonium nitrogen (NH 4 + -N) and delays its release (Dai et al. 2020 ; Rashid et al. 2023 ). This adsorption effect slows down nitrogen release and reduces the content of soluble nitrogen in the soil solution. Meanwhile, rice absorbs a large amount of nitrogen nutrients from the soil during its growth period, resulting in less nitrogen residue in the soil. This is consistent with the result in this study that the nitrogen accumulation in rice grains, straw, and roots under the C + NPK treatment is significantly higher than that under the NPK treatment. In addition, biochar may change the soil microenvironment by increasing soil pH, thereby affecting the structure and function of microbial communities, altering the activity and quantity of nitrogen cycle-related microorganisms, and influencing nitrogen transformation and availability. The application of biochar in alkaline soils may also promote ammonia volatilization (Luo et al. 2018 ; Sha et al. 2019 ; Shanmugam et al. 2021 ) which is further confirmed by the fact that the soil pH in the C + NPK treatment is significantly higher than that in the NPK treatment in this experiment. However, the total nitrogen content in the OM treatment also decreased significantly, indicating that nitrogen in organic fertilizers mainly exists in the form of organic nitrogen, which needs to be decomposed and mineralized by soil microorganisms to be converted into inorganic nitrogen that can be directly absorbed and utilized by plants. In the short term, organic residues with a high C/N ratio fix mineral nitrogen due to their higher carbon content and faster nitrogen decomposition rate, resulting in a decrease in nitrogen levels in the improved soil (Marzi et al. 2020 ). In addition, nitrogen released through mineralization of organic fertilizers is more likely to combine with soil colloids, reducing leaching, but may fail to meet the demand during the rapid growth period of crops due to slow release, causing plants to shift to absorbing the original soil nitrogen pool and indirectly reducing total soil nitrogen (Xu et al. 2024 ). This is consistent with the result in this study that the apparent nitrogen use efficiency in the OM treatment was only 11.14%. The significantly higher NH 4 + -N content in the C + NPK treatment compared with NPK may be attributed to denitrification after drainage in the later stage. Compared with the application of chemical fertilizer alone (NPK), the NH 4 + -N contents in ST + NPK, C + NPK, OM + NPK, OM, and TI treatments were all significantly increased, which further indicates that the above improvement measures have enhanced the soil nitrogen supply capacity and ensured the nitrogen demand of rice. The ST + NPK, SD + NPK, and C + NPK treatments significantly increased the soil NO 3 − -N content, while no nitrate nitrogen was detected in OM + NPK, TI, and OM treatments, which might be related to denitrification. Improvement measures such as organic fertilizers and biochar can regulate the release rhythm of soil nutrients, complementing the quick-acting property of chemical fertilizers. During the decomposition of organic materials, microbial activity is enhanced, which promotes the mineralization and release of nutrients in the soil, thus significantly increasing the soil ammonium nitrogen content. Meanwhile, the application of biochar enhances the soil's ability to adsorb nutrients, reduces nutrient loss, and improves the availability of soil nutrients. In addition, the AP content in the ST + NPK, TI, and SD + NPK treatments was significantly higher than that in the NPK treatment, which may be related to the regulation of soil pH and microbial activity by these treatments. Changes in soil pH can affect the solubility and adsorption of phosphate, thereby influencing the content of available phosphorus (Eduardo and Aparicio 2022 ). The application of organic materials can promote the reproduction and activity of soil microorganisms. During the decomposition of organic substances, some organic acids and enzymes produced by microorganisms can dissolve insoluble phosphorus in the soil, improving phosphorus availability (Timofeeva et al. 2022 ). Meanwhile, certain microorganisms also have phosphorus-solubilizing effects, which can convert fixed phosphorus in the soil into available phosphorus that can be absorbed and utilized by plants (Iftikhar et al. 2024 ). For potassium, the AK content in the OM + NPK, OM, and TI treatments was significantly higher than that in the NPK treatment, which may be attributed to the certain amount of potassium in organic fertilizers and their activation effect on soil potassium. On one hand, potassium in organic fertilizers is gradually released during decomposition, increasing the content of available potassium in the soil. On the other hand, the application of organic materials can improve soil structure, enhance soil adsorption performance, facilitate the adsorption and preservation of potassium ions, reduce potassium leaching, and thus increase the content of soil available potassium (Guo et al. 2025 ; Zhou et al. 2023 ). In paddy fields, due to waterlogging and anaerobic conditions, ions such as Fe 3+ and Mn 4+ are easily reduced to reductive substances like Fe 2+ and Mn 2+ , which are toxic to rice roots and affect nutrient uptake by roots (Ahmed et al. 2025 ; Haque et al. 2023 ). In this study, the content of reductive substances was significantly reduced under the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers. This effect is attributed to the input of organic carbon, which stimulates root growth, enhances root oxygen secretion capacity, and promotes the oxidation and deposition of Fe 2+ / Mn 2+ (Yu et al. 2014 ). The OM + NPK treatment showed the most prominent inhibitory effect on total reductive substances, Fe 2+ , and Mn 2+ (with a reduction range of 21.02–43.62%, Fig. 2 ). This is because humus in organic fertilizers can complex reductive metal ions (Li et al. 2025 ) and promote an increase in aeration porosity (bulk density was reduced by 2.65% compared with NPK) (Zhao et al. 2024 ). This synergistic effect directly alleviated root toxicity in rice and explained the 28.34% increase in root nitrogen accumulation under this treatment (Fig. 3 a). Notably, although the ST + NPK treatment did not significantly reduce reductive substances, organic acids produced by straw decomposition might have dissolved occluded phosphorus in the soil (Liu et al. 2023b ), increasing soil available phosphorus by 46.28% (Fig. 1 b), which provided a key driver for the increase in effective panicles (Table 6 ). In contrast, although the SD + NPK treatment improved aeration through sand incorporation, it did not significantly reduce reductive substances. This might be because quartz sand did not provide degradable carbon sources, failing to sustain microbial oxidation activities. This finding supplements the research by Peng et al. ( 2024 ), indicating that the input of organic materials has a more long-term effect in regulating redox potential compared with physical improvement measures. Improvement measures enhance rice root activity by improving soil physicochemical properties, enabling more efficient absorption of nutrients from the soil. Among them, the OM + NPK treatment achieves dual improvements in PFP N (45.47 kg kg⁻¹) and PE N (49.51 kg kg⁻¹) through a synergistic pathway of “soil nitrogen supply-root absorption-grain distribution”. Mechanistically, low-molecular-weight organic acids (such as acetic acid and propionic acid) produced by the decomposition of organic fertilizers can activate soil-fixed phosphorus (available phosphorus increased by 18.7%), and the nitrogen accumulation in grains is significantly higher than that in the NPK treatment, with the proportion of nitrogen in grains being the highest (Fig. 3 b). Meanwhile, it improves the rhizosphere microenvironment and promotes root absorption of potassium (potassium accumulation in grains increased by 19.42%), which is consistent with the research by Moe et al. ( 2019 ) The ST + NPK treatment, through the slow-release effect of straw returning, achieves a REN of 36.72%, which is 40.05% higher than that of the NPK treatment. This is consistent with the theory proposed by Liu et al. ( 2023a ) that after returning to the field, through microbial decomposition and transformation, straw returning can increase soil nitrogen through microbial decomposition to provide a continuous supply. In addition, the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers and the addition of straw are beneficial to the transfer of phosphorus to grains or roots, while potassium is mainly concentrated in the straw. It is worth noting that although the TI treatment integrates multiple improvement measures, its harvest index (0.53) is lower than that of the OM + NPK treatment, which may be due to excessive input of organic materials leading to excessive vegetative growth (Table 7 ), affecting the distribution of photosynthates to grains. The synergistic promoting effect of improvement measures on soil physicochemical properties and nutrient absorption is ultimately reflected in rice yield. The combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers can increase yield by optimizing soil nutrient supply, improving rice photosynthetic efficiency and dry matter accumulation (Liu et al. 2022 ; Mi et al. 2018 ; Ran et al. 2022 ). Compared with single application of chemical fertilizers, the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers significantly increased rice yield. In terms of yield components, the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers optimized the 1000-grain weight, effective panicle number, and grain number per panicle of rice. Sufficient and balanced nutrient supply enables rice plants to grow robustly, increasing the number of effective panicles; meanwhile, the good soil environment and nutrient status are conducive to grain filling and maturation, improving the 1000-grain weight and increasing the number of grains per panicle. The synergistic effect of multiple aspects contributes to a substantial increase in yield. This experiment only lasted for one growing season, making it difficult to fully reflect the long-term effects of various improvement measures and their impacts on subsequent crops, resulting in an incomplete assessment. Additionally, it did not involve research on micro-mechanisms such as soil microorganisms and enzyme activities, failing to completely reveal the relevant regulatory pathways. Therefore, it is necessary to set up long-term fixed-position experiments to deeply analyze the micro-mechanisms of organic carbon input regulating the soil-crop system and improve the coupling pathway of “organic carbon input-soil environment optimization-yield increase”. Overall, different improvement measures have achieved a synergistic effect of increasing rice yield and improving soil quality by improving soil physicochemical properties, regulating the redox environment, and optimizing nutrient supply. The improvement of soil physicochemical properties through appropriate organic carbon input, the inhibition of reducing substances, and the subsequent promotion of plant nutrient accumulation to enhance yield components (Table 6 ) explain the internal mechanism by which the OM + NPK treatment achieves the highest yield. However, the economic benefit analysis shows that the ST + NPK treatment significantly reduces costs while ensuring rice yield, with a higher input-output ratio and net profit, making it a more economical choice. In contrast, although the C + NPK treatment can significantly increase yield, its economic benefit is not significant due to the high cost of biochar. This indicates that when selecting improvement measures, it is necessary to comprehensively consider their impact on yield and economic benefits, and balance costs and benefits to achieve the sustainable development of paddy field production. Measures such as the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers and straw returning not only improve yield and nutrient use efficiency but also reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers and mitigate agricultural non-point source pollution, which is in line with the concept of sustainable agricultural development. 5. Conclusion In summary, under different improvement measures, the combined application of straw, biochar, organic fertilizer with chemical fertilizers, as well as integrated technologies, can all increase rice nutrient absorption and utilization efficiency, raise rice yield, and increase the organic matter content in the plow layer soil to varying degrees. Through the analysis of organic carbon input under different improvement measures, it is found that organic carbon input directly changes soil physical properties and reductive substances, and indirectly affects soil chemical properties, thereby increasing plant nutrient accumulation, promoting the improvement of rice yield components, and ultimately increasing rice yield. From the perspective of economic benefits, the combined application of straw and chemical fertilizers significantly reduces costs while ensuring rice yield, making it a better choice. In contrast, the combined application of biochar and chemical fertilizers has higher costs and cannot guarantee economic benefits. Declarations Author contributions Yongbo Xu (Y.X.) and Baokun Lei (B.L.) conceived the idea; Changfei Li (C.L.) performed the field experiment; Changfei Li (C.L.) and Xiuxian Li (X.L.) conducted the chemical and data analysis; Yongbo Xu, Changfei Li and Xiuxian Li wrote and revised the manuscript. 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Zhou J (2012) Effect of combined application of organic and mineral fertilizers on yield, quality and nitrogen uptake of rice. J Plant Nutr Fert 18: 234-240. https://doi.org/10.11674/zwyf.2012.11186 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 13 Oct, 2025 Read the published version in Plant and Soil → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revisions 13 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 02 Aug, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 21 Jul, 2025 Editor invited by journal 18 Jul, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 18 Jul, 2025 First submitted to journal 17 Jul, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7146787","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":488771005,"identity":"dc3aa04a-571f-4246-ae4a-4f1c8d345718","order_by":0,"name":"Yongbo Xu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yongbo","middleName":"","lastName":"Xu","suffix":""},{"id":488771006,"identity":"b3e1192b-ce04-41d7-b832-6385e95f2594","order_by":1,"name":"Changfei Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Changfei","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":488771007,"identity":"b4b7b0f1-e8e7-4052-8913-468990f1db17","order_by":2,"name":"Xiuxian Li","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAzElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBAC++PNBw7/MLCR42dvIFbPmWOJjxkq0owlew4Qq+VGjrExw5nDiQY3EojUwdhzwEy6sI05geHm4403GGpsoglqYWZvSJOe2caWxzg7rdiC4VhabgMhLWw8B45J8LbxFDNL55hJMDYcJqyFRyKxDagFSEqeIVKLhEQyszHPGYPEHgkeIrUY8BxjfDijIsFYggfolwRi/GLA3v/hwAeD/3L2xw9vvPGhxoawFhTtEgmkKIdoIVXHKBgFo2AUjAwAADwsQStvYXz1AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Yunnan Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiuxian","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":488771008,"identity":"1f3be521-092d-405b-8ed7-f04afc135f62","order_by":3,"name":"Baokun Lei","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Baokun","middleName":"","lastName":"Lei","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-17 08:43:01","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7146787/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7146787/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-025-07978-3","type":"published","date":"2025-10-13T15:57:24+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":87420620,"identity":"f312404e-a6fc-436d-a1c0-2dab5ed284f2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-23 15:27:15","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":105094,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePhysicochemical properties of soil with different treatments after harvest. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at 5%level between different treatments, CK: no fertilization; NPK: chemical fertilizer alone; SD+NPK: soil replacement + chemical fertilizer; ST+NPK: straw + chemical fertilizer; C+NPK: biochar + chemical fertilizer; OM+NPK: organic fertilizer + chemical fertilizer; OM: organic fertilizer alone; and TI: technology integration, the same as below.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7146787/v1/8638a0d40f98b4197db2e97f.jpg"},{"id":87420619,"identity":"6770bf26-5a94-4133-9729-7c3884faf464","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-23 15:27:15","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":53152,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTotal amount of reducing matter, Fe\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e and Mn\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e contents in soil after harvest\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7146787/v1/c9d8b1db7739369dc857065a.jpg"},{"id":87420630,"identity":"b841a36b-3a6d-48d6-8f92-33279971dab6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-23 15:27:15","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":82430,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAccumulation and distribution ratio of nitrogen in different treatments during the maturity stage of rice\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7146787/v1/36ea9b3413ad6168f25ec37b.jpg"},{"id":87422102,"identity":"facc3e0f-d2ff-4867-813c-4bdf1675003d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-23 15:43:15","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":82141,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAccumulation and distribution ratio of phosphorus in different treatments during the maturity stage of rice\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7146787/v1/19fe925ae36f7ca289c6b562.jpg"},{"id":87421014,"identity":"40b57089-6ca1-4b81-918b-02c39b9a940c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-23 15:35:15","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":76186,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAccumulation and distribution ratio of potassium in different treatments during the maturity stage of rice\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7146787/v1/d6894ddd711da1718e2b8968.jpg"},{"id":87422101,"identity":"7704bd9a-3f49-464d-9a7b-f8ad0f30578d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-23 15:43:15","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":64206,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePrincipal component analysis of rice yield and soil physicochemical properties. TRS: Total amount of reducing substances; OM: Organic matter; AK: Available potassium; AP: Available phosphorus; TN: Total nitrogen\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7146787/v1/b266fde810e1636c72b4aabb.jpg"},{"id":87420631,"identity":"ef5f0479-ac72-489b-8aa9-b2c7d07cc7aa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-23 15:27:15","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":61737,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRelationship between organic carbon input and soil physicochemical properties and rice yield. TRS: Total amount of reducing substances; BD: Bulk density; OM: Organic matter; AK: Available potassium; GN: Grain nitrogen SK: Straw potassium; RN: Root nitrogen; 1000-W: 1000-grain weight. Red and blue arrows indicate positive and negative causal relationships, respectively. The numbers on the arrows represent significant standardized path coefficients (*P \u0026lt; 0.05, **P \u0026lt; 0.01, ***P \u0026lt; 0.001). Solid lines indicate significant effects, while dashed lines indicate non-significant effects. R² represents the variance of the dependent variable explained by the model.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7146787/v1/41a4ae05f9b55823c9992424.jpg"},{"id":93956116,"identity":"80676545-03e8-4044-b4ad-43102fc9e189","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 16:10:47","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2149695,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7146787/v1/e4bd17b3-8672-452d-8247-24dd67b6eeea.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Organic-inorganic amendments regulate paddy soil redox properties and nutrient supply to enhance rice yield and nutrient use efficiency","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eRice (\u003cem\u003eOryza sativa L.\u003c/em\u003e), one of the most crucial crops for humankind, serves as the staple food for half of the global population(Anonymous et al. 2010). Rice yield is intrinsically linked to global food security, international trade, and social stability (Muthayya et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Studies indicate that global rice production must increase at an annual rate of 1.5% to ensure food security (Alam et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Stuart et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Research demonstrates that fertilizers play a pivotal role in enhancing rice yield, accounting for 30\u0026ndash;50% of the increase (Hou et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). In rice production, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizers exert a decisive influence on crop growth and development. The rational application of N, P, and K fertilizers significantly promotes rice yield increases, with the N fertilizer effect being the most pronounced, followed by K and P fertilizers(Chen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023b\u003c/span\u003e; Kumar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). However, long-term excessive fertilizer application not only leads to a persistent decline in nutrient use efficiency, but also triggers environmental issues including soil degradation, intensified agricultural non-point source pollution, and increased greenhouse gas emissions (Azad et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Ju et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Ying et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). China is the world\u0026rsquo;s largest consumer and producer of nitrogen fertilizer. Nevertheless, significant deficiencies persist in nitrogen application technology and resource utilization efficiency within the country, particularly evidenced by its long-standing below-average nitrogen use efficiency relative to international standards-an issue demanding urgent resolution (Chen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023a\u003c/span\u003e; Zhang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Research by Shang et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e) demonstrated that substituting 30% of chemical nitrogen fertilizer with organic fertilizer, compared to sole chemical fertilization, increased grain yield of high-yielding rice varieties by 28%, enhanced effective panicle number by 3.8%, increased spikelet number per panicle by 5.8%, and elevated total biomass by approximately 8%. At maturity, nitrogen accumulation in vegetative organs rose by 6.1% and 2.7% in low-yielding and high-yielding varieties, respectively. Maximum yields for early rice, late rice, and single-season rice were achieved when organic fertilizer nitrogen accounted for 50.5%, 24.5%, and 34.6% of total nitrogen input, respectively (Zhou \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Biochar amendment combined with chemical fertilizer enhances soil nutrients, boosts rice yield, and increases nitrogen accumulation in both grain and straw (Shanmugam et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Si et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Crop straw, rich in diverse nutrients, serves as an effective resource for soil improvement and fertility enhancement. Direct straw return, a key sustainable agricultural practice, demonstrates significant economic and ecological benefits. Incorporating straw into soil improves soil quality and maintains sustainable soil productivity by enhancing organic carbon sequestration and nutrient deposition (Li et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Soil profile reconstruction (e.g., clay soil amended with sand) can effectively ameliorate unfavorable soil textures by adjusting mechanical composition, optimizing pore structure, and redistributing nutrients. Heavy clay soils often suffer from poor aeration, hypoxia, and accumulation of phytotoxic substances, restricting root growth. Sand incorporation into clayey soils enhances soil aeration, water retention capacity, and organic carbon content (Herawati et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Given the clayey texture of the experimental site, which may adversely affect rice growth, sand was incorporated into the paddy field to improve soil physical properties. Current research primarily focuses on the impacts of either organic-inorganic co-application or single amendment types on paddy soil physicochemical properties and yield. Comparative studies evaluating the simultaneous implementation of common amelioration practices remain limited. To elucidate the effects of different amelioration measures on rice nutrient uptake and utilization, this field study employed equivalent nutrient inputs to analyze their impacts on soil total nitrogen and organic matter content; rice yield; nitrogen uptake and use efficiency in aboveground biomass, and crop nutrient accumulation. The findings aim to provide insights for enhancing productivity in paddy systems.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.1 Experimental site description\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe field experiment was conducted in eastern Yunnan Province, China (25\u0026deg;22\u0026prime;55\u0026Prime;N, 103\u0026deg;57\u0026prime;13\u0026Prime;E), characterized by a subtropical monsoon climate. The site has a mean annual precipitation of 1,250 mm and an average annual temperature of approximately 17\u0026deg;C, with an elevation of 1,740 m above sea level. The prevailing cropping system in this region is a summer rice-winter faba bean rotation (rice-legume rotation). The experimental soil is classified as red soil with a clay loam texture. Particle size distribution (by volume) is as follows: Clay (\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.002 mm): 42.65%, Silt (0.002\u0026ndash;0.020 mm): 33.02%, Sand (0.02-2.00 mm): 24.33%. Pre-planting soil properties (2024) were: Organic matter (OM): 25.22 g kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, Total nitrogen (TN): 1.22 g kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, Ammonium nitrogen (NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e-N): 7.20 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, Nitrate nitrogen (NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e-N): 7.30 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, Available phosphorus (AP): 38.22 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, Available potassium (AK): 383.74 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, pH: 7.46, Bulk density: 1.55 g cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2 Experimental Materials\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe field trial was conducted from late May to mid-late October 2024. A completely randomized block design was adopted. The tested rice cultivar was \u0026ldquo;Yun Jing 37\u0026rdquo;, provided by the Institute of Environment and Resources, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNutrient content of organic fertilizer, biochar and rice straw\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaterials\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal nitrogen content % (dry basis)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal phosphorus content % (dry basis)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal potassium content % (dry basis)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eorganic carbon content %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003emoisture content %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eorganic fertilizer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ebiochar\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003estraw\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.3 Experimental design\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe trial comprised eight treatments: ①No fertilizer (CK) ② Chemical fertilizer only (NPK, Local conventional fertilization) ③ Chemical fertilizer\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Quartz sand (SD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK) ④ Chemical fertilizer\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Rice straw (ST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK) ⑤ Chemical fertilizer\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Biochar (C\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK) ⑥ Chemical fertilizer\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Organic manure (OM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK) ⑦ Organic manure alone (OM) ⑧ Integrated amelioration (TI). Each treatment was replicated three times in a completely randomized block design. In the treatments of NPK and SD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK the nutrients N, P\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e and K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO all come from chemical fertilizers, namely urea (46% N), superphosphate (12% P\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e) and potassium chloride (62% K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO). The application strategy of urea nitrogen fertilizer is as follows: 30% as base fertilizer, 35% as tillering fertilizer and 35% as panicle fertilizer. Both topdressings are applied by manual surface broadcasting. Superphosphate and potassium chloride are applied all at once before rice transplanting. Except for CK and OM, all treatments follow the principle of equal nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The contents of pure nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in organic fertilizer, biochar and rice straw are determined before application, and then converted into the amounts of N, P\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e and K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, the insufficient part is supplemented with chemical fertilizers. The ratio of base nitrogen fertilizer to topdressing nitrogen fertilizer is 3:3.5:3.5; all phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are applied as base fertilizers. The actual input amount of each treatment is shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, the input amount of pure nutrients is shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, and the material prices and the cost of each treatment are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe amount of physical input for each treatment (kg\u0026middot;ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBiochar\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrganic fertilizer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuartz sand\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStraw\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUrea (N)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSuperphosphate (P\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePotassium chloride (K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrganic carbon\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNPK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e456\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e625\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e456\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e625\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3750\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e370\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e560\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1859.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2250\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e439\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e621\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1056.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3750\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e318\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e978.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12342\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3221.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e450\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e363\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e355\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1346.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3\u003c/strong\u003e Net nutrient input per treatment (kg\u0026middot;ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\" style=\"width: 658px; height: 237.298px;\" width=\"658\" height=\"237.298\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnit price of input materials and various processing costs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaterials and prices\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCost\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaterials\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnit price\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(yuan\u0026middot;kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFertilizer/material cost (yuan\u0026middot;ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003equartz sand\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNPK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2923.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003estraw\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5623.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ebiochar\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2192.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eorganic fertilizer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11852.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eurea\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4962.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSuperphosphate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12342.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePotassium chloride\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6522.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.4 Sample Collection and Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eYield assessment involved actual measurements from harvested plots and theoretical estimates based on quadrat sampling. Within uniform growth areas of each plot, three 1-m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e quadrats were established; nine representative plants per quadrat were selected to measure plant height, panicle length, effective panicle number, and spikelet number per panicle. Whole-plant samples (including these nine plants) were collected, separated into grain, straw, and root components, de-enzymed at 105\u0026deg;C for 30 min, dried to constant weight at 65\u0026deg;C, and ground into fine powder for nutrient analysis: Total Nitrogen (TN) was determined via concentrated H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e-H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e digestion followed by the semi-micro Kjeldahl method; Total Phosphorus (TP) via concentrated H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e-H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e digestion with vanadate-molybdate yellow colorimetry; Total Potassium (TK) via concentrated H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e-H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e digestion and flame photometry. Post-harvest, soil samples (0\u0026ndash;30 cm depth) were collected to analyze total nitrogen (TN), ammonium nitrogen (NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e-N), organic matter (OM), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), pH, bulk density (BD), total amount of reducing substances (TRS), Fe\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, and Mn\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e. All analytical procedures (detailed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e) followed standard methods described by Bao (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e) and Lu (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeasurement index and measurement method\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeasurement index\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeasurement method\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal nitrogen\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSemi-micro Kjeldahl method\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e-N、NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e-N\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKCl solution extraction (soil-to-water ratio 5:1, w/v) - Continuous flow analyzer determination\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrganic matter\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePotassium dichromate titrimetric method (Conventional external heating)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAvailable phosphorus\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSodium bicarbonate (0.5 M NaHCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, pH 8.5) extraction method\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAvailable potassium\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmmonium acetate (1 M CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eCOONH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e) extraction \u0026ndash; Flame photometry\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePotentiometric method (soil-to-water ratio 2.5:1, w/v)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBulk density\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCore sampling method (using cutting rings)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal amount of reducing substances\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAluminum sulfate extraction - Potassium dichromate oxidation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFe\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAluminum sulfate extraction - o-Phenanthroline colorimetry\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMn\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAluminum sulfate extraction - Potassium periodate colorimetry\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.5 Calculation and statistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003col\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eNutrient accumulation (N,P, K; kg ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) = (Plant total N (P, K) content (%) \u0026times; Dry matter yield) / 100 (Shanmugam et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e);\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eAgronomic efficiency of N fertilizer (AE\u003csub\u003eN\u003c/sub\u003e, kg\u003cb\u003e\u0026middot;\u003c/b\u003ekg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)= (Grain yield of N-fertilized plot - Grain yield of N-unfertilized plot) / N application rate;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysiological efficiency of N fertilizer (PE\u003csub\u003eN\u003c/sub\u003e, kg\u003cb\u003e\u0026middot;\u003c/b\u003ekg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) = (Grain yield of N-fertilized plot - Grain yield of N-unfertilized plot) / (Aboveground N accumulation of N-fertilized plot - Aboveground N accumulation of N-unfertilized plot);\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003ePartial Factor Productivity of Nitrogen Fertilizer (PFP\u003csub\u003eN\u003c/sub\u003e, kg\u003cb\u003e\u0026middot;\u003c/b\u003ekg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;grain yield in the N application area/N application rate.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eApparent recovery rate of applied nitrogen (RE\u003csub\u003eN\u003c/sub\u003e, %) = (Aboveground N accumulation of N-fertilized plot - Aboveground N accumulation of N-unfertilized plot) / N application rate \u0026times; 100;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eN contribution rate (CR\u003csub\u003eN\u003c/sub\u003e, %) = (Yield of N-fertilized plot - Yield of N-unfertilized plot) / Yield of N-fertilized plot\u0026times; 100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eHarvest index (HI, %) = (Grain biomass / Total aboveground biomass) \u0026times; 100;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eBenefit-cost ratio (BCR)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Gross income / Total production cost;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eNet profit\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Rice income - Production cost;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eData processing and analysis were performed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS 20.0. Figures were generated and annotated with Excel 2021 and OriginPro 2021. Treatment differences were evaluated through one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Duncan's multiple range test at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 significance level.。\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.1 Soil physicochemical properties\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompared with the NPK treatment, the soil NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e-N content was significantly increased under all improvement measures except SD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK, with an increase range of 41.06%-420.81%. The NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e-N content was significantly increased by 82.76%-109.67% in the C\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK, SD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK, and ST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK treatments. The AP content in the ST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK, TI, and SD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK treatments was significantly higher than that in the NPK treatment. The AK content was significantly increased in the C\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK, OM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK, and OM treatments.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe TN content in the ST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK treatment was significantly higher than that in the NPK treatment (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003eb). In terms of soil organic matter content, the OM, TI, OM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK, ST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK, and C\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK treatments were significantly higher than the NPK treatment, with an increase range of 11.47%-16.37%.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere was no significant difference in BD among all treatments after rice harvest compared with the NPK treatment (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ec). Compared with the NPK treatment, the pH values in the TI, C\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK, OM, ST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK, and OM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK treatments were significantly increased by 0.19\u0026ndash;0.26(Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ed, all P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.2 Effects of different treatments on total soil reductive substances, Fe\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003eand Mn\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e in paddy fields\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter rice harvest, the total soil reductive substances in all treatments except CK were significantly lower than those in NPK (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003ea). Among them, the OM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK and SD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK treatments showed the largest decreases, with values dropping to 3.34 cmol\u0026middot;kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 3.20 cmol\u0026middot;kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompared with NPK, soil Fe\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e content was significantly increased in CK, SD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK, and C\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK treatments, while it was significantly decreased in TI, ST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK, OM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK, and OM treatments (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eb).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSoil Mn\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e content responded differently among various treatments: compared with NPK, it was significantly decreased in CK, OM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK, and C\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK treatments, but significantly increased in SD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK, OM, ST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK, and TI treatments (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003ec).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.3 Effects of different treatments on rice yield and its components\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompared with the NPK treatment, the OM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK treatment showed the most significant yield increase (25.07%), followed by TI (19.21%), C\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK (18.04%), and ST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK (16.26%). There was no significant difference in yield among the OM, NPK, and SD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK treatments, but all of them were significantly higher than that of CK (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of yield components revealed that the 1000-grain weight, effective panicle number, and grain number per panicle in the OM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK and C\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK treatments were significantly higher than those in the NPK treatment. The TI treatment achieved yield increase mainly by improving the effective panicle number and grain number per panicle compared with NPK, while the ST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK treatment only significantly increased the effective panicle number. For the OM treatment, although the effective panicle number increased, the grain number per panicle decreased significantly. Both the seed setting rate and grain number per panicle of CK were significantly lower than those of NPK (all P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDifferent treatments of rice yield and its constituent factors\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1000-grain weight (g)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeed setting rate\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEffective panicle number per plant\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003epanicles ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrain number per spike\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYield\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08 bcd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.61 c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e264.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.46 d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e168.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.24 d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5736.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;114.50 c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNPK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.69 cd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.06 ab\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e273.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.90 d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e221.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.52 b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7635.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;560.22 b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09 d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15 ab\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e281.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.60 cd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e225.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.34 ab\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7051.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;162.50 b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36 abc\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e94.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.46 a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e309.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.47 b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e215.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.58 b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8876.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;541.50 a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.51 ab\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25 ab\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e297.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.94 bc\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e237.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.32 a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9012.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;225.50 a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.69 a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e94.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.38 a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e344.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.18 a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e236.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.69 a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9549.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;229.50 a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.42 bcd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.29 b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e329.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.59 a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e184.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.24 c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7701.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;516.00 b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.46 abcd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.40 ab\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e341.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.69 a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e238.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.03 a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9102.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;810.00 a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.4 Aboveground biomass and harvest index of rice under different treatments\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe OM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK treatment showed the HI of 0.60, while the TI treatment had the lowest HI, which was significantly 11.32% lower than that of the NPK treatment (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Compared with the NPK treatment, the aboveground biomass of rice in all treatments except SD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK significantly increased by 16.44%-35.33%, and the straw biomass significantly increased by 11.80\u0026ndash;54.09%. The plant height in TI, OM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK, C\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK, SD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK, and ST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK treatments was significantly higher than that in the CK treatment, with increases of 13.08%, 11.63%, 9.96%, 8.39%, and 5.88%, respectively. The panicle length in the CK treatment was significantly 14.58% lower than that in the NPK treatment (all P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAboveground biomass and harvest index of rice under different treatments\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePanicle length\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(cm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePlant height\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(cm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStraw biomass\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAboveground biomass\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.79c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.46d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4013.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;262.69f\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9749.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;338.08f\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNPK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.41ab\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.44d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5308.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;53.46e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12943.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;525.48de\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.87b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.39ab\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5156.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;257.99e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12208.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;115.72e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02ab\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.09ab\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.47bc\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6195.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;215.46cd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15071.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;616.63c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.85ab\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e101.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.99ab\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7361.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;291.22b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16373.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;414.27b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03ab\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.73a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e103.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.66a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6576.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;288.81c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16126.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;243.23b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.04a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e94.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.86cd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5935.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;109.66d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13635.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;619.67d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03ab\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.00ab\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e104.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.18a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8180.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;217.77a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17515.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;690.10a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eNote: HI: Harvest index\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.5 Nitrogen use efficiency of rice under different treatments\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe PFP\u003csub\u003eN\u003c/sub\u003e in the four treatments of OM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK, TI, C\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK, and ST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK was significantly increased by 25.05%, 18.29%, 18.04%, and 16.25% respectively compared with NPK, while the CR\u003csub\u003eN\u003c/sub\u003e was significantly increased by 60.09%, 54.99%, 45.69%, and 41.28% respectively compared with NPK (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). The AE\u003csub\u003eN\u003c/sub\u003e in OM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK and TI treatments was the highest, which was significantly increased by 125.87% and 103.48% compared with NPK. The PE\u003csub\u003eN\u003c/sub\u003e in OM treatment was the highest, which was significantly increased by 96.17% compared with NPK. The RE\u003csub\u003eN\u003c/sub\u003e in C\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK treatment was the highest, which was significantly increased by 90.73% compared with NPK.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNitrogen use efficiency of different treatments\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePFP\u003csub\u003eN\u003c/sub\u003e (kg\u0026middot;kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAE\u003csub\u003eN\u003c/sub\u003e (kg\u0026middot;kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePE\u003csub\u003eN\u003c/sub\u003e (kg\u0026middot;kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRE\u003csub\u003eN\u003c/sub\u003e (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCR\u003csub\u003eN\u003c/sub\u003e (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNPK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.67b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.41cd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.55de\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.12d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.03b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.77b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.77d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.71e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.82d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.88c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.58a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.68b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.51c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.58c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.96a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.08a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.07b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.48de\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.08a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.59a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.09a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.09a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.08b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.63c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.45a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.46b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.46c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.68a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.91e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.67b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.37a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.39ab\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.06d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.35b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.02a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eNote: AE\u003csub\u003eN\u003c/sub\u003e: Agronomic efficiency of N fertilizer; PE\u003csub\u003eN\u003c/sub\u003e: Physiological efficiency of N fertilizer; PFP\u003csub\u003eN\u003c/sub\u003e: Partial Factor Productivity of Nitrogen Fertilizer; RE\u003csub\u003eN\u003c/sub\u003e: Apparent recovery rate of applied nitrogen; CR\u003csub\u003eN\u003c/sub\u003e: N contribution rate\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.6 Nitrogen accumulation and distribution ratio in rice plants under different treatments\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDifferent improvement treatments had varying effects on nitrogen accumulation in grains, straw, and roots of rice at maturity (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ea). In terms of nitrogen accumulation in grains, the TI, OM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK, and C\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK treatments were significantly higher than NPK, while the OM and CK treatments were significantly lower than NPK. For nitrogen accumulation in straw, compared with the NPK treatment, the TI and C\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK treatments showed a significant increase, whereas the OM and CK treatments were significantly lower than NPK. Regarding nitrogen accumulation in roots, all treatments except CK showed a significant increase compared with NPK, with CK exhibiting a significant decrease of 17.05% (all P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNitrogen accumulation in different parts of rice at maturity varied in distribution across treatments (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eb). The proportion of nitrogen in grains ranged from 52.02\u0026ndash;61.62%, that in straw was 27.05\u0026ndash;34.61%, and the nitrogen content in roots was the lowest, accounting for only 9.92\u0026ndash;13.69%.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.7 Phosphorus accumulation and distribution ratio in rice plants under different treatments\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDifferent improvement treatments had differential effects on phosphorus accumulation in grains, straw, and roots of rice at maturity (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ea). In terms of phosphorus accumulation in grains, there was no significant difference between each treatment and the NPK treatment (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). For phosphorus accumulation in straw, the CK, OM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK, ST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK, and SD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK treatments were significantly lower than the NPK treatment. Regarding phosphorus accumulation in roots, compared with the NPK treatment, the OM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK, OM, TI, C\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK, and ST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK treatments showed a significant increase (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDifferent treatments exerted an influence on the distribution ratio of phosphorus accumulation in rice at maturity (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eb). The proportion of phosphorus in grains ranged from 31.48\u0026ndash;46.32%, that in straw was 38.05\u0026ndash;59.02%, while the nitrogen content in roots was the lowest, accounting for only 7.31\u0026ndash;19.02%.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.8 Potassium accumulation and distribution ratio in rice plants under different treatments\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn terms of potassium accumulation in grains, compared with NPK, the C\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK, OM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK, and TI treatments significantly increased, while the CK treatment significantly decreased (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ea). For potassium accumulation in straw, compared with the NPK treatment, the C\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK, ST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK, OM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK, and TI treatments significantly increased, and CK significantly decreased. Regarding potassium accumulation in roots, compared with NPK, the OM, ST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK, C\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK, OM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK, and TI treatments all showed a significant increase (all P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnder different treatment conditions, the proportion of potassium in rice straw was the highest, reaching 77.93\u0026ndash;83.06%, followed by grains, with a proportion ranging from 13.92\u0026ndash;18.96%, and the proportion in roots was the smallest, with the highest proportion not exceeding 4.00% (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eb).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.9 Economic benefits of different treatments\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe input-output ratios of CK and ST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK were relatively high, being 4.10:1 and 3.90:1 respectively, which were significantly higher than that of NPK by 1.13:1 and 0.93:1 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). The input-output ratios of the other treatments were all lower than that of NPK, with the OM treatment showing the lowest ratio (1.22:1), which was significantly lower than that of NPK by 1.75:1. Compared with NPK, the net profit per hectare of the ST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK treatment was significantly increased by 30.28%, and that of the OM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK treatment was increased by 21.69% (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), while the net profit per hectare of the TI treatment was increased by 6.47% (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDifferent treatments for economic benefits\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal Output Value (yuan\u0026middot;ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFertilizer/Material Cost (yuan\u0026middot;ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLabor Cost (yuan\u0026middot;ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMachine Harvesting Cost (yuan\u0026middot;ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal Input (yuan\u0026middot;ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNet Profit (yuan\u0026middot;ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInput-Output Ratio\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14341c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10841d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.10:1a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNPK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19088b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2924\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6424\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12664cd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.97:1b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17628b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5624\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9124\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8504e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.93:1d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22192a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2192\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5692\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16499a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.90:1a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22531a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11853\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15353\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7178e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.47:1e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23873a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4963\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8463\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15411ab\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.82:1b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19253b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12342\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15842\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3410f\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.22:1e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22755a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5773\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9273\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13483bc\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.45:1c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eNote: Rice is calculated at 2.5 yuan per kilogram.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.10 Analysis of main controlling factors for rice yield and soil physicochemical properties\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe PCA -biplot of rice yield and paddy soil physicochemical properties showed that the variance contribution rates of soil physicochemical property factors to PC1 and PC2 were 50.1% and 17.5%, respectively. The sample differences among different treatments were small, with strong similarity (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). OM, NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e-N, pH, and Fe\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e were the main soil factors with the highest contribution to PC1. AP and Mn\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e had an extremely strong correlation. There was an extremely strong positive correlation between pH, OM, AK, NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e-N and yield, while Fe\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, BD, TRS, and NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e-N showed an extremely strong negative correlation with yield.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.11 Factors affecting rice yield\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe PLS-PM showed that organic carbon input had a significant and extremely significant negative effect on soil reductive substances and physical properties, respectively (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Soil physical properties positively drove the accumulation of reductive substances and inhibited chemical properties, while reductive substances further weakened chemical properties. Reductive substances and chemical properties jointly promoted the accumulation of plant nutrients, which in turn significantly increased rice yield through yield components.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study confirms that organic-inorganic improvement measures (such as OM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK and ST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK) have significantly optimized the soil's capacity to supply nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium by increasing soil organic matter content (11.97%-12.35% higher than that in the NPK treatment) and improving pore structure. Among them, the ST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK treatment continuously releases nitrogen through straw decomposition (with soil total nitrogen increased by 5.29%), which is consistent with the findings of Liu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023a\u003c/span\u003e). It is worth noting that although the C\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK treatment significantly increases soil pH, its total nitrogen content is 19.00% lower than that in the NPK treatment. This may be attributed to the high-porosity structure of biochar, which adsorbs ammonium nitrogen (NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e-N) and delays its release (Dai et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Rashid et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). This adsorption effect slows down nitrogen release and reduces the content of soluble nitrogen in the soil solution. Meanwhile, rice absorbs a large amount of nitrogen nutrients from the soil during its growth period, resulting in less nitrogen residue in the soil. This is consistent with the result in this study that the nitrogen accumulation in rice grains, straw, and roots under the C\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK treatment is significantly higher than that under the NPK treatment. In addition, biochar may change the soil microenvironment by increasing soil pH, thereby affecting the structure and function of microbial communities, altering the activity and quantity of nitrogen cycle-related microorganisms, and influencing nitrogen transformation and availability. The application of biochar in alkaline soils may also promote ammonia volatilization (Luo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Sha et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Shanmugam et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) which is further confirmed by the fact that the soil pH in the C\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK treatment is significantly higher than that in the NPK treatment in this experiment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHowever, the total nitrogen content in the OM treatment also decreased significantly, indicating that nitrogen in organic fertilizers mainly exists in the form of organic nitrogen, which needs to be decomposed and mineralized by soil microorganisms to be converted into inorganic nitrogen that can be directly absorbed and utilized by plants. In the short term, organic residues with a high C/N ratio fix mineral nitrogen due to their higher carbon content and faster nitrogen decomposition rate, resulting in a decrease in nitrogen levels in the improved soil (Marzi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, nitrogen released through mineralization of organic fertilizers is more likely to combine with soil colloids, reducing leaching, but may fail to meet the demand during the rapid growth period of crops due to slow release, causing plants to shift to absorbing the original soil nitrogen pool and indirectly reducing total soil nitrogen (Xu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). This is consistent with the result in this study that the apparent nitrogen use efficiency in the OM treatment was only 11.14%. The significantly higher NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e-N content in the C\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK treatment compared with NPK may be attributed to denitrification after drainage in the later stage.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompared with the application of chemical fertilizer alone (NPK), the NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e-N contents in ST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK, C\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK, OM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK, OM, and TI treatments were all significantly increased, which further indicates that the above improvement measures have enhanced the soil nitrogen supply capacity and ensured the nitrogen demand of rice. The ST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK, SD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK, and C\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK treatments significantly increased the soil NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e-N content, while no nitrate nitrogen was detected in OM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK, TI, and OM treatments, which might be related to denitrification. Improvement measures such as organic fertilizers and biochar can regulate the release rhythm of soil nutrients, complementing the quick-acting property of chemical fertilizers. During the decomposition of organic materials, microbial activity is enhanced, which promotes the mineralization and release of nutrients in the soil, thus significantly increasing the soil ammonium nitrogen content. Meanwhile, the application of biochar enhances the soil's ability to adsorb nutrients, reduces nutrient loss, and improves the availability of soil nutrients.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn addition, the AP content in the ST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK, TI, and SD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK treatments was significantly higher than that in the NPK treatment, which may be related to the regulation of soil pH and microbial activity by these treatments. Changes in soil pH can affect the solubility and adsorption of phosphate, thereby influencing the content of available phosphorus (Eduardo and Aparicio \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The application of organic materials can promote the reproduction and activity of soil microorganisms. During the decomposition of organic substances, some organic acids and enzymes produced by microorganisms can dissolve insoluble phosphorus in the soil, improving phosphorus availability (Timofeeva et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Meanwhile, certain microorganisms also have phosphorus-solubilizing effects, which can convert fixed phosphorus in the soil into available phosphorus that can be absorbed and utilized by plants (Iftikhar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). For potassium, the AK content in the OM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK, OM, and TI treatments was significantly higher than that in the NPK treatment, which may be attributed to the certain amount of potassium in organic fertilizers and their activation effect on soil potassium. On one hand, potassium in organic fertilizers is gradually released during decomposition, increasing the content of available potassium in the soil. On the other hand, the application of organic materials can improve soil structure, enhance soil adsorption performance, facilitate the adsorption and preservation of potassium ions, reduce potassium leaching, and thus increase the content of soil available potassium (Guo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Zhou et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn paddy fields, due to waterlogging and anaerobic conditions, ions such as Fe\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e and Mn\u003csup\u003e4+\u003c/sup\u003e are easily reduced to reductive substances like Fe\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e and Mn\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, which are toxic to rice roots and affect nutrient uptake by roots (Ahmed et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Haque et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). In this study, the content of reductive substances was significantly reduced under the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers. This effect is attributed to the input of organic carbon, which stimulates root growth, enhances root oxygen secretion capacity, and promotes the oxidation and deposition of Fe\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e/ Mn\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e(Yu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). The OM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK treatment showed the most prominent inhibitory effect on total reductive substances, Fe\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, and Mn\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e (with a reduction range of 21.02\u0026ndash;43.62%, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). This is because humus in organic fertilizers can complex reductive metal ions (Li et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e) and promote an increase in aeration porosity (bulk density was reduced by 2.65% compared with NPK) (Zhao et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). This synergistic effect directly alleviated root toxicity in rice and explained the 28.34% increase in root nitrogen accumulation under this treatment (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ea). Notably, although the ST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK treatment did not significantly reduce reductive substances, organic acids produced by straw decomposition might have dissolved occluded phosphorus in the soil (Liu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023b\u003c/span\u003e), increasing soil available phosphorus by 46.28% (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003eb), which provided a key driver for the increase in effective panicles (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). In contrast, although the SD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK treatment improved aeration through sand incorporation, it did not significantly reduce reductive substances. This might be because quartz sand did not provide degradable carbon sources, failing to sustain microbial oxidation activities. This finding supplements the research by Peng et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), indicating that the input of organic materials has a more long-term effect in regulating redox potential compared with physical improvement measures.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eImprovement measures enhance rice root activity by improving soil physicochemical properties, enabling more efficient absorption of nutrients from the soil. Among them, the OM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK treatment achieves dual improvements in PFP\u003csub\u003eN\u003c/sub\u003e (45.47 kg kg⁻\u0026sup1;) and PE\u003csub\u003eN\u003c/sub\u003e (49.51 kg kg⁻\u0026sup1;) through a synergistic pathway of \u0026ldquo;soil nitrogen supply-root absorption-grain distribution\u0026rdquo;. Mechanistically, low-molecular-weight organic acids (such as acetic acid and propionic acid) produced by the decomposition of organic fertilizers can activate soil-fixed phosphorus (available phosphorus increased by 18.7%), and the nitrogen accumulation in grains is significantly higher than that in the NPK treatment, with the proportion of nitrogen in grains being the highest (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eb). Meanwhile, it improves the rhizosphere microenvironment and promotes root absorption of potassium (potassium accumulation in grains increased by 19.42%), which is consistent with the research by Moe et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) The ST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK treatment, through the slow-release effect of straw returning, achieves a REN of 36.72%, which is 40.05% higher than that of the NPK treatment. This is consistent with the theory proposed by Liu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023a\u003c/span\u003e) that after returning to the field, through microbial decomposition and transformation, straw returning can increase soil nitrogen through microbial decomposition to provide a continuous supply. In addition, the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers and the addition of straw are beneficial to the transfer of phosphorus to grains or roots, while potassium is mainly concentrated in the straw. It is worth noting that although the TI treatment integrates multiple improvement measures, its harvest index (0.53) is lower than that of the OM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK treatment, which may be due to excessive input of organic materials leading to excessive vegetative growth (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e), affecting the distribution of photosynthates to grains.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe synergistic promoting effect of improvement measures on soil physicochemical properties and nutrient absorption is ultimately reflected in rice yield. The combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers can increase yield by optimizing soil nutrient supply, improving rice photosynthetic efficiency and dry matter accumulation (Liu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Mi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Ran et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Compared with single application of chemical fertilizers, the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers significantly increased rice yield. In terms of yield components, the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers optimized the 1000-grain weight, effective panicle number, and grain number per panicle of rice. Sufficient and balanced nutrient supply enables rice plants to grow robustly, increasing the number of effective panicles; meanwhile, the good soil environment and nutrient status are conducive to grain filling and maturation, improving the 1000-grain weight and increasing the number of grains per panicle. The synergistic effect of multiple aspects contributes to a substantial increase in yield.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis experiment only lasted for one growing season, making it difficult to fully reflect the long-term effects of various improvement measures and their impacts on subsequent crops, resulting in an incomplete assessment. Additionally, it did not involve research on micro-mechanisms such as soil microorganisms and enzyme activities, failing to completely reveal the relevant regulatory pathways. Therefore, it is necessary to set up long-term fixed-position experiments to deeply analyze the micro-mechanisms of organic carbon input regulating the soil-crop system and improve the coupling pathway of \u0026ldquo;organic carbon input-soil environment optimization-yield increase\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverall, different improvement measures have achieved a synergistic effect of increasing rice yield and improving soil quality by improving soil physicochemical properties, regulating the redox environment, and optimizing nutrient supply. The improvement of soil physicochemical properties through appropriate organic carbon input, the inhibition of reducing substances, and the subsequent promotion of plant nutrient accumulation to enhance yield components (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e) explain the internal mechanism by which the OM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK treatment achieves the highest yield. However, the economic benefit analysis shows that the ST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK treatment significantly reduces costs while ensuring rice yield, with a higher input-output ratio and net profit, making it a more economical choice. In contrast, although the C\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK treatment can significantly increase yield, its economic benefit is not significant due to the high cost of biochar. This indicates that when selecting improvement measures, it is necessary to comprehensively consider their impact on yield and economic benefits, and balance costs and benefits to achieve the sustainable development of paddy field production. Measures such as the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers and straw returning not only improve yield and nutrient use efficiency but also reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers and mitigate agricultural non-point source pollution, which is in line with the concept of sustainable agricultural development.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn summary, under different improvement measures, the combined application of straw, biochar, organic fertilizer with chemical fertilizers, as well as integrated technologies, can all increase rice nutrient absorption and utilization efficiency, raise rice yield, and increase the organic matter content in the plow layer soil to varying degrees. Through the analysis of organic carbon input under different improvement measures, it is found that organic carbon input directly changes soil physical properties and reductive substances, and indirectly affects soil chemical properties, thereby increasing plant nutrient accumulation, promoting the improvement of rice yield components, and ultimately increasing rice yield. From the perspective of economic benefits, the combined application of straw and chemical fertilizers significantly reduces costs while ensuring rice yield, making it a better choice. In contrast, the combined application of biochar and chemical fertilizers has higher costs and cannot guarantee economic benefits.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYongbo Xu (Y.X.) and Baokun Lei (B.L.) conceived the idea; Changfei Li (C.L.) performed the field experiment; Changfei Li (C.L.) and Xiuxian Li (X.L.) conducted the chemical and data analysis; Yongbo Xu, Changfei Li and Xiuxian Li wrote and revised the manuscript. All authors gave final approval for publication.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData will be made available on request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of Competing Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32460808, 32160758), Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Prevention and Control Innovation Team of Yunnan Province (202405AS350023), and National Key Research and Development Program (2022YFD1901501).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAhmed SF, Ullah H, Tisarum R, Cha-um S, Datta A (2025) Protective role of silicon and potassium in enhancing root tolerance of rice against ferrous iron (Fe\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e) toxicity. 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J Plant Nutr Fert 18: 234-240. https://doi.org/10.11674/zwyf.2012.11186 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"plant-and-soil","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"plso","sideBox":"Learn more about [Plant and Soil](https://www.springer.com/journal/11104)","snPcode":"11104","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11104/3","title":"Plant and Soil","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"organic-inorganic combined application, rice yield, nutrient use efficiency, soil fertility","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7146787/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7146787/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground and aims\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eRice, as the staple food for half of the global population, its yield improvement is crucial for ensuring food security. However, excessive application of chemical fertilizers has led to paddy soil degradation and reduced nutrient use efficiency, making it urgent to adopt reasonable improvement measures to achieve high and stable rice yield and sustainable soil utilization.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this study, 8 treatments were set up: CK (no fertilization); NPK (chemical fertilizer alone); SD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK (soil replacement\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;chemical fertilizer); ST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK (straw\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;chemical fertilizer); C\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK (biochar\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;chemical fertilizer); OM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK (organic fertilizer\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;chemical fertilizer); OM (organic fertilizer alone); and TI (technology integration). A systematic comparison was made on the effects of various improvement measures on paddy soil physicochemical properties and rice yield, aiming to provide theoretical basis and technical support for paddy soil cultivation and productivity improvement.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eOM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK reduced soil reductive substances, Fe\u0026sup2;⁺, and Mn\u0026sup2;⁺ to alleviate toxicity, optimized yield components, achieved the highest harvest index, and increased grain N/K accumulation (17.42%-19.42%). ST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK improved soil nitrogen, phosphorus, and supply capacity, boosted yields via more panicles, and cut costs. Both outperformed NPK alone, with OM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK as \"high-yield/quality\" and ST\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPK as \"fertility/efficiency\" models.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrganic-inorganic improvement regulates soil physicochemical properties and redox environment through organic carbon input, optimizes nutrient supply, and achieves a synergistic effect of increasing rice yield and improving soil quality. This provides a scientific basis for sustainable paddy field production and a feasible agronomic strategy to address food security challenges.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Organic-inorganic amendments regulate paddy soil redox properties and nutrient supply to enhance rice yield and nutrient use efficiency","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-23 15:27:10","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7146787/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revisions","date":"2025-08-13T09:13:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2025-08-02T17:14:21+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-07-21T19:23:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"Plant and Soil","date":"2025-07-18T13:55:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-07-18T08:33:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Plant and Soil","date":"2025-07-17T04:42:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"plant-and-soil","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"plso","sideBox":"Learn more about [Plant and Soil](https://www.springer.com/journal/11104)","snPcode":"11104","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11104/3","title":"Plant and Soil","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"dd12ee48-14d5-4d09-aa0e-a6dc76b0daed","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 23rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-20T16:05:46+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7146787","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-025-07978-3","journal":{"identity":"plant-and-soil","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Plant and Soil"},"publishedOn":"2025-10-13 15:57:24","publishedOnDateReadable":"October 13th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-23 15:27:10","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s11104-025-07978-3","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-025-07978-3","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7146787","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7146787","identity":"rs-7146787","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}