CT-based measurement and analysis of distal humerus morphology in healthy adults from Northern China

CT-based measurement and analysis of distal humerus morphology in healthy adults from Northern China | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article CT-based measurement and analysis of distal humerus morphology in healthy adults from Northern China Shuai Yang, Fengkun Wang, Boyu Zhang, Zhipeng Ye, Haitao Guan, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4318944/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background This study utilized computed tomography and three-dimensional reconstruction techniques to investigate the morphological characteristics of the distal humerus in healthy adults from northern China, and compared whether there were differences in populations distal humeral data from different geographical areas. Methods 80 standard CT images of the distal humerus were selected from the hospital's image archiving system and analysed using Mimics software. The differences in geometric and morphological parameters of the distal humerus between sexes and sides were compared, and whether there was a correlation between each parameter was investigated. The geometric and morphological parameters of the distal humerus were compared between Western and Chinese populations based on current and previous pooled results. Results 31 morphological parameters were measured and analysed in this study. On the whole, in the morphological parameters section, the mean and standard deviation of capitellum depth, capitellum width and capitellum height were 10.83 ± 1.18 mm, 17.60 ± 2.06 mm and 21.10 ± 2.03 mm, respectively. The mean of distal humerus width and humeral metaphyseal width were 44.38 ± 4.07 mm and 58.95 ± 4.86 mm. The trochlear groove high and trochlear widthwere 16.63 ± 1.96 mm and 26.78 ± 2.96 mm. The humeral axis angle, medial crest coronal tangential angle, lateral crest coronal tangential angle, medial crest sagittal tangential angle, lateral crest sagittal tangential angle was 86.22 ± 3.27°, 43.05 ± 7.53°, 16.03 ± 7.32°, 7.52 ± 11.00° and 37.31 ± 9.10° , respectively. This study shows that all morphological parameters of the distal humerus are significantly higher in males than in females, with the exception of the trochlear offset distance. The gender differences in the angle parameters in this study were insignificant. The capitellum width (r = -0.300, P < 0.01), anterior lateral trochlear depth (r =-0.227, P< 0.05), medial crest coronal tangential angle (r = 0.307, P<0.01), olecranon fossa volume (r = -0.408, P <0.01), olecranon fossa surface area (r = -0.345, P< 0.01) and coronoid fossa surface area (r = -0.279, P<0.05) were significantly correlated with the age of the subjects. The capitellum height (P < 0.001*), lateral trochlear high (P < 0.001*), trochlear groove high (P < 0.001*), trochlear depth (P < 0.001*) and medial trochlear high (P < 0.001*) were smaller in the Chinese population compared with the Western people, while capitellum width (P < 0.001 *) and capitellum depth (P < 0.001 *) were more prominent. Conclusion This research aims to serve as a reference for diagnosing and classifying distal humeral diseases, designing orthopedic implants, improving surgical quality and guiding patient recovery. Humerus elbow Three-dimensional analysis Computed tomography Background The distal humerus, a crucial component of the elbow joint, significantly contributes to its normal physiological function and activity. Distal humerus fractures, comprising roughly 2% of adult fractures, have gradually increased incidence due to the escalating occurrence of high-energy accidental injuries in contemporary society[ 1 ]. The complex interactions between the bone structure, articular surface, and soft tissue attachments of the distal humerus significantly affect its overall function and contribute to the overall stability and mobility of the elbow joint. The morphological study of the distal humerus plays a vital role in clinical research. It provides an essential theoretical basis for improving the quality of clinical diagnosis and treatment of distal humerus-related disorders[ 2 ]. In previous studies, researchers have used cadaver bone specimens or radiographic techniques to partially investigate the morphological characteristics of the distal humerus to optimize the design of artificial distal humerus joint prostheses and improve the quality of clinical diagnosis and treatment[ 3 , 4 ]. The X-ray is a two-dimensional (2D) planar image, there is overlap between different structures and some errors in the measurement results. CT and 3D reconstruction technology can measure the parts being inspected from multiple angles and planes and establish coordinate systems and standardized cross-sections, making the measurement more accurate. In recent years, advances in CT and 3D reconstruction techniques have provided researchers and clinicians with unprecedented opportunities to explore the three-dimensional complexity of the skeletal structure of the distal humerus, allowing accurate measurement and detailed analysis of the morphology of the distal humerus. In this research, CT and 3D reconstruction methods were employed to accurately gauge the configuration of the lower end of the humerus in the northern Chinese population, followed by an analysis of the correlation between bone configuration, age, gender and other variables. Through an examination of the intricate features and alterations of the distal humerus, this study presents an overview of the morphological and geometric parameters of the distal humerus, providing precise reference data for use in orthopedics and anatomy. This research aims to deepen understanding of the distal humerus and elbow joints, and offer insights that may enhance clinical practice and treatment intervention. Methods and materials The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of our hospital (2020-083-1) and conducted by the Declaration of Helsinki. The data source for this study was CT images of the humerus from the hospital from 2019 to 2021. Image data were acquired in the Digital Medical Imaging and Communication (DICOM) standard format. All CT images were scanned by experts on a Siemens 64-slice spiral CT machine, and the thickness of the scanning and reconstruction slices was ≤ 1 mm. Exclusion criteria included: (1) incomplete baseline data, (2) sub-optimal image quality, (3) middle and lower humerus fractures, bone defects, bone diseases, bone tumors, or (4) severe osteoporosis or autoimmune diseases. CT image processing and 3D modelling were performed using Mimics software (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium). The influence of the patient's position on the CT image was eliminated by realigning the examination plane. The 3D humerus model was reconstructed from the CT thresholds and measured using the 2D images and the 3D model. As shown in Figure 1, the 3D reconstruction of the distal humerus is adjusted to the standard anatomical position, and a sphere is drawn at the humeral head and the humeral trochlear groove using the sphere drawing tool. Its position is adjusted in the horizontal and sagittal planes so that the cross-section of the sphere essentially coincides with the humeral head section and the humeral trochlear groove section, respectively. So that the multiple sagittal sections of the humeral head and the humeral trochlear groove roughly match the corresponding areas of the ball, ensuring that the ball is the best fit for the humeral head and trochlear groove. The centers of the two balls were then calibrated in the horizontal and coronal planes as the center of the humeral head ball and the center of the humeral trochlear groove, respectively. The humeral flexion axis was defined as the straight line passing through the center of the humeral head and the center of the humeral trochlear groove. The plane passing through the elbow flexion axis and parallel to the humeral shaft axis was defined as the coronal plane. Then, with the elbow flexion axis as the axis of rotation, adjust the horizontal plane to a position perpendicular to the coronal plane and determine the direction of the sagittal plane to establish the final coordinate system[5,6]. The parameters to be measured include: (1) morphological parameters of the distal humerus: capitellum depth(CD), width(CW), height(CH), distal humerus width(W), epitrochlear width(EW) and humeral metaphyseal width (HMW),(2)The trochlear shape parameters: Offset distance of trochlear(ODT), anterior medial trochlear depth(AMTD), posterior medial trochlear depth(PMTD), trochlear depth(TD), anterior lateral trochlear depth(ALTD), posterior lateral trochlear depth(PLTD),anterior medial trochlear width(AMTW), anterior medial trochlear width(PMTW),anterior lateral trochlear width(ALTW), posterior lateral trochlear width(PLTW),lateral trochlear height(LTH),trochlear groove high(TH),medial trochlear high(MTH),trochlear width(TW),(3) Angle parameters: Humeral axial angle(HAA), medial crest coronal tangential angle(MCCTA), lateral crest coronal tangential angle(LCCTA), medial crest sagittal tangential angle(MCSTA)(positive posterior), lateral crest sagittal tangential angle(LCSTA)(positive anterior),(4) Three-dimensional(3D) morphological parameters of the distal humerus: Medial epicondyle volume(MEV), olecranon fossa volume(OFV), coronoid fossa volume(CFV), olecranon fossa surface area(OFSA), coronoid fossa surface area(CFSA), medial epicondyle surface area(MESA). The measurement method and parameters are shown in Figure 2. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 26 (SPSS Inc, Almond, NY). Individual parameters are described by mean and standard deviation. The K-S test was used to test the normality of all parameters. The independent samples t-test was used to compare gender and side differences for continuous variables with normal distribution, and the Kruskal-Walli’s test was used for continuous variables with non-normal distribution. Pearson correlation analysis was used for continuous variables with normal distribution to explore possible correlations between parameters, and Spearman correlation analysis was used for continuous variables with non-normal distribution. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. To compare whether there are differences in the morphological measurement data of the distal humerus between the Chinese population and the Western population, we use the formula shown in Figure 3 to summaries the mean and standard deviation of previous studies. The pooled data of the Western and Chinese people were subjected to the pooled data T-test, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant[7-12]. Results A total of 80 subjects were included in this study, including 45 males and 35 females, 44 left humerus and 36 right humerus. The mean age of the subjects was 38.03 ± 12.21 years. The data characteristics of the subjects' test parameters are shown in Table 1. Table1. Morphological parameters. Means±SD 1/4 quartile 3/4 quartile Age 48.15±15.32 28 47 Morphological parameter of distal humerus W (mm) 44.38±4.07 41.38 47.55 CW (mm) 17.60±2.06 16.14 18.98 CD (mm) 10.83±1.18 10.07 11.7 CH (mm) 21.10±2.03 20 22 HMW (mm) 58.95±4.86 54.18 62.53 EW (mm) 12.02±1.9 10.77 13.24 Morphological parameter of trochlea humeri ODT (mm) 5.98±1.66 4.79 7.15 AMTD (mm) 12.01±1.40 10.95 12.84 PMTD (mm) 12.03±1.79 10.94 13.24 TD (mm) 16.28±1.95 14.78 17.41 ALTD (mm) 9.97±1.19 9.03 10.8 PLTD (mm) 14.94±1.57 13.78 15.95 AMTW (mm) 11.94±1.60 10.9 13.01 PMTW (mm) 8.98±1.35 7.91 9.9 ALTW (mm) 7.81±1.81 6.3 8.83 PLTW (mm) 11.92±1.92 10.76 13.23 LTH (mm) 18.79±2.07 17.12 20.23 TH (mm) 16.63±1.96 15.47 17.85 MTH (mm) 23.87±2.40 21.98 25.4 TW (mm) 26.78±2.96 24.75 28.8 Angle parameter of distal humerus HAA (°) 86.22±3.27 83.76 88.71 MCCTA (°) 43.05±7.53 38.64 47.46 LCCTA (°) 16.03±7.32 10.26 20.08 MCSTA (°) 7.52±11.00 2.73 13.35 LCSTA (°) 37.31±9.10 31.73 42.81 Three-dimensional morphological parameters of distal humerus MEV (mm 3 ) 2334.49±591.95 1845.2 2688.38 OFV (mm 3 ) 1613.52±401.63 1377.14 1813.9 CFV (mm 3 ) 388.42±165.57 264.48 528.06 OFSA (mm 2 ) 481.84±91.13 431.03 535.79 CFSA (mm 2 ) 134.59±36.85 106.12 157.3 MESA (mm 2 ) 751.61±134.77 660.64 828.83 Morphological parameters of distal humerus The mean and standard deviation of CD, CW and CH measured at the flexion axis cross-section were 10.83 ± 1.18 mm, 17.60 ± 2.06 mm and 21.10 ± 2.03 mm, respectively. The W, EW and HMW were 44.38 ± 4.07 mm, 12.02 ± 1.90 mm and 58.95 ± 4.86 mm, respectively. Humeral trochlea shape parameters The humeral trochlea is an important anatomical structure for maintaining the normal motion of the elbow joint. It is the anatomical basis of the functional range of motion of the elbow joint. The mean TH, LTH and MTH were 16.63 ± 1.96 mm, 18.79 ± 2.07 mm and 23.87 ± 2.40 mm, respectively. The AMTD, PMTD, ALTD and PLTD were 12.01 ± 1.40 mm, 12.03 ± 1.79 mm, 9.97 ± 1.19 mm and 14.94 ± 1.57 mm, respectively. The TW, AMTW, PMTW, ALTW and PLTW were 26.78 ± 2.96 mm, 11.94 ± 1.60 mm, 8.98 ± 1.35 mm, 7.81 ± 1.81 mm and 11.92 ± 1.92 mm, respectively. The ODT and TD were 5.98 ± 1.66 mm and 16.28 ± 1.95 mm, respectively. Angle parameters The means of the HAA in 80 subjects was 86.22 ± 3.27°. The MCCTA and LCCTA were 43.05 ± 7.53° and 16.03 ± 7.32° respectively. The MCSTA and LCSTA were 7.52 ± 11.00° and 37.31 ± 9.10°, respectively. 3D shape parameters The MEVB were 2334.49 ± 591.95mm 3 . The OFV and CFV were 1613.52 ± 401.63mm 3 and 388.42 ± 165.57mm 3 , respectively. The OFSA, CFSA and MESA were 134.59 ± 36.85 mm 2 ,134.59 ± 36.85 mm 2 and 751.61 ± 134.77 mm 2 , respectively. Gender differences and left- right side differences As shown in Table 2, CD (P < 0.001*), CW (P < 0.001*), CH (P<0.001 *), W (P < 0.001 *), EW (P < 0.001 *), and HMW (P < 0.001 *) were significantly higher in males than in females. There was no significant difference between the sexes in the shape parameters of the humeral trochlea except for ODT (P = 0.098).AMTD (P < 0.001 *), PMTD (P < 0. 001 *), TD (P < 0.001 *), ALTD (P < 0.001 *), PLTD (P < 0.001 *), AMTW (P < 0.001 *), PMTW (P = 0.01 *), ALTW (P < 0.001 *), PLTW (P < 0.001 *), LTH (P < 0. 001 *), TH (P < 0.001 *), MTH (P < 0.001 *), TW (P < 0.001 *) of males were significantly higher than those of females, and MEV (P < 0.001 *), OFV (P < 0.001 *), CFV (P = 0.003 *), OFSA (P = 0.001 *), CFSA (P = 0.007 *), MESA (P < 0.001 *) were also significantly higher in men than in women. However, the gender differences in the angle parameters included in this study were insignificant. There was no significant difference in the distal humerus parameters between the left and right sides, except for the HAA (P= 0.045 *). Table2. Gender differences and left-right side differences. Total Male Female P value Left Right P value Age 38.02±12.28 34.58±11.25 42.46±12.29 0.005* 37.02±12.54 39.25±12.03 0.333 Morphological parameter of distal humerus CD (mm) 10.83±1.18 11.45±1.01 10.04±0.87 ＜0.001* 10.94±1.33 10.71±0.96 0.366 CW (mm) 17.60±2.06 18.64±1.78 16.25±1.57 ＜0.001* 17.84±2.21 17.31±1.85 0.252 CH (mm) 21.10±2.03 22.25±1.77 19.62±1.24 ＜0.001* 21.16±2.16 21.03±1.9 0.67 W (mm) 44.38±4.07 47.1±2.63 40.88±2.66 ＜0.001* 44.06±4.28 44.77±3.81 0.439 EW (mm) 12.02±1.90 12.95±1.6 10.83±1.57 ＜0.001* 11.97±2.07 12.08±1.68 0.803 HMW (mm) 58.95±4.86 62.43±2.93 54.47±2.7 ＜0.001* 58.37±5.28 59.65±4.27 0.164 Morphological parameter of the trochlea ODT (mm) 5.98±1.66 6.25±1.63 5.63±1.65 0.098 5.67±1.42 6.35±1.86 0.067 AMTD (mm) 12.01±1.40 12.79±1.26 11±0.78 ＜0.001* 11.99±1.38 12.03±1.43 0.89 PMTD (mm) 12.03±1.79 12.69±1.6 11.18±1.68 ＜0.001* 11.77±1.73 12.34±1.83 0.153 TD (mm) 16.28±1.95 17.22±1.68 15.08±1.58 ＜0.001* 16.18±1.94 16.4±1.97 0.622 ALTD (mm) 9.97±1.19 10.67±1.03 9.08±0.64 ＜0.001* 9.92±1.12 10.04±1.28 0.671 PLTD (mm) 14.94±1.57 15.8±1.22 13.85±1.26 ＜0.001* 14.93±1.49 14.95±1.67 0.653 AMTW (mm) 11.94±1.60 12.6±1.59 11.08±1.14 ＜0.001* 11.78±1.51 12.12±1.71 0.342 PMTW (mm) 8.98±1.35 9.32±1.5 8.54±0.97 0.01* 8.87±1.2 9.12±1.51 0.505 ALTW (mm) 7.81±1.81 8.39±1.78 7.07±1.57 ＜0.001* 7.79±1.62 7.84±2.04 0.839 PLTW (mm) 11.92±1.92 12.77±1.62 10.82±1.73 ＜0.001* 11.47±1.98 12.47±1.72 0.02* LTH (mm) 18.79±2.07 19.72±1.97 17.6±1.52 ＜0.001* 19±1.86 18.53±2.29 0.309 TH (mm) 16.63±1.96 17.57±1.7 15.43±1.6 ＜0.001* 16.44±1.94 16.87±1.99 0.336 MTH (mm) 23.87±2.40 25.23±1.79 22.12±1.91 ＜0.001* 23.7±2.53 24.09±2.25 0.475 TW (mm) 26.78±2.96 28.46±2.23 24.63±2.32 ＜0.001* 26.22±3.12 27.47±2.63 0.06 Angle parameter HAA (°) 86.22±3.27 85.73±3.27 86.85±3.2 0.128 86.88±3.31 85.41±3.07 0.045* MCCTA (°) 43.05±7.53 43.51±6.91 42.46±8.33 0.538 42.3±7.37 43.97±7.74 0.326 LCCTA (°) 16.03±7.32 14.91±7.93 17.47±6.29 0.122 16.84±6.95 15.05±7.75 0.281 MCSTA (°) 7.52±11.00 5.97±11.58 9.51±10.01 0.116 7.32±10.05 7.77±12.2 0.95 LCSTA (°) 37.31±9.10 36.38±9.32 38.51±8.8 0.302 37.32±9.19 37.3±9.12 0.995 Three-dimensional parameter MEV (mm 3 ) 2334.49±591.95 2657.68±522.29 1918.97±381.04 ＜0.001* 2330.39±623.27 2339.51±560.02 0.946 OFV (mm 3 ) 1613.52±401.63 1759±410.67 1426.47±304.19 ＜0.001* 1663.04±432.39 1552.99±357.14 0.225 CFV (mm 3 ) 388.42±165.57 429.16±154.59 336.05±166.58 0.003* 402.78±169.47 370.88±161.3 0.459 OFSA (mm 2 ) 481.84±91.13 511.38±80.14 443.85±91.35 0.001* 495.19±103.28 465.52±71.7 0.135 CFSA (mm 2 ) 134.59±36.85 144.28±39.03 122.13±29.99 0.007* 139.65±37.39 128.4±35.73 0.176 MESA (mm 2 ) 751.61±134.77 815.83±129.74 669.04±89.12 ＜0.001* 752.98±137.93 749.93±132.73 0.921 Correlation analysis of parameters of distal humerus The results of the correlation analysis are shown in Tables 3,4,5,6. Among them, CW (r = -0.300, P< 0.01), ALTD (r = -0.227, P < 0.05), MCCTA (r = 0.307, P < 0.01), OFV (r = -0.408, P < 0.01), OFSA (r = -0.345, P < 0.01) and CFSA (r = -0.279, P < 0.05) were significantly correlated with the age of the subjects. There was no correlation between the angle parameters of the distal humerus. However, the correlation analysis results between the distal humerus morphological parameters were positively correlated. In summary, there is a broad and complex correlation between the measured parameters. Table3. Shape parameters of the humerus schematic diagram of the correlation between morphological parameters of the distal humerus. Age CD CW CH W EW HMW Age 1 CD -0.05 1 CW -.300** 0.545** 1 CH -0.067 .801** .591** 1 W -0.149 .789** .719** .786** 1 EW -0.199 .350** .341** .305** .409** 1 HMW -0.126 .684** .664** .679** .885** .588** 1 **Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (two-tailed). *Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (two-tailed). Table4. Correlation analysis between humeral trochlea shape parameters. **Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (two-tailed). Age ODT AMTD PMTD TD ALTD PLTD AMTW PMTW ALTW PLTW LTH TH MTH TW Age 1 ODT 0.063 1 AMTD -0.184 0.057 1 PMTD 0.139 0.172 .426** 1 TD -0.118 0.043 .626** .590** 1 ALTD -.227* 0.092 .747** .598** .697** 1 PLTD -0.172 0.202 .692** .609** .675** .720** 1 AMTW 0.143 0.108 .280* .590** .351** .411** .361** 1 PMTW 0.133 0.013 .346** .450** .463** .289** .373** .592** 1 ALTW -0.188 0.027 .386** -0.009 0.175 0.154 0.134 0.026 0.037 1 PLTW -0.108 0.138 .382** .537** .264* .516** .357** .346** -0.026 .260* 1 LTH -0.183 0.071 .561** .455** .585** .601** .610** .339** .331** .289** .302** 1 TH -0.133 0.069 .622** .561** .929** .700** .691** .306** .378** 0.122 .262* .519** 1 MTH 0.003 0.144 .724** .718** .674** .647** .740** .493** .426** .276* .443** .619** .660** 1 TW 0.005 0.19 .541** .614** .399** .560** .521** .644** .308** .356** .790** .367** .363** .648** 1 **Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (two-tailed).*Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (two-tailed). Table5. Correlation analysis of angle parameters. Age HAA MCCTA LCCTA MCSTA LCSTA Age 1 HAA 0.037 1 MCCTA .307** 0.052 1 LCCTA 0.134 -0.022 -0.078 1 MCSTA 0.084 -0.091 -0.059 0.089 1 LCSTA 0.015 0.032 -0.044 0.07 0.19 1 **Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (two-tailed) . *Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (two-tailed). Table6. Correlation analysis of 3D morphological parameters. Age MEV OFV CFV OFSA CFSA MESA Age 1 MEV -0.174 1 OFV -.408** .561** 1 CFV -0.108 .426** .452** 1 OFSA -.345** .296** .531** .304** 1 CFSA -.279* .300** .399** .509** .388** 1 MESA -0.105 .959** .508** .386** .222* .247* 1 **Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (two-tailed). *Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (two-tailed Comparative analysis with other populations As shown in Table 7, the mean values of CH(P < 0.001 *), CD (P < 0.001 *), LTH (P < 0.001 *), TH (P < 0.001 *) and TD (P < 0.001 *) were smaller in the Chinese population compared with the Western people, while CW (P < 0.001 *) and CD (P < 0.001 *) were more prominent. There was no significant difference in W (P = 0.263) and TW (P = 0.08) between the two groups. Table7. Comparison of morphological parameters of some distal humerus between Eastern and Western populations. Western cohort Chinese cohort Anatomical parameter Sample size Mean ± SD Sample size Mean ± SD P Value CH 100 23.25±2.56 270 20.26±1.89 ＜0.001* CW 100 15.55±2.68 309 17.31±2.33 ＜0.001* LTH 50 21.6±2.20 270 19.02±1.76 ＜0.001* TH 50 17.8±2.00 270 16.43±1.93 ＜0.001* MTH 50 29.9±4.10 270 23.66±2.41 ＜0.001* W 50 42.5±4.60 201 41.72±4.35 0.263 TW 50 25.3±3.20 270 24.48±3.00 0.08 CD 50 9.00±1.00 201 10.44±1.13 ＜0.001* TD 50 17.80±2.00 201 16.48±1.83 ＜0.001* *p<0.05, the distinction is statistically significant. Discussion In this study, the distal humerus of the northern Chinese population was scanned and reconstructed using CT and 3D reconstruction techniques, and the geometric parameters of multiple samples were measured to describe the morphology of the distal humerus. These measurement data provide the morphological parameters of the distal humerus in the northern Chinese population and add to the anatomical data of the distal humerus. This research helps to improve the surgeon's understanding of the morphology of the distal humerus. At the same time, it also helps to improve the design and clinical application of orthopedic implants, including elbow prosthesis and internal fixation of distal humerus fractures. It provides valuable guidance on treatment strategies for distal humerus trauma and other conditions. Most previous studies on measuring the distal humerus have been based on direct measurement of bone specimens using callipers or 2D measurements based on radiographs. It should be noted that these measurement methods do not establish a coordinate system to standardize the measurement process. There is overlap in the radiographs and inconsistencies in taking positions, which can lead to significant errors. Therefore, these measurement methods are more suitable for angle than size measurement[ 13 ]. CT technology was employed in this study to measure the morphological parameters of the distal humerus. Standardized cross-sections can be obtained through three-dimensional reconstruction, resulting in more precise measurement outcomes. The morphometric parameters of the anatomical structures of the distal humerus were measured in detail. The whole distal humerus's shape, the humerus's medial condyle, and the humeral capitulum are described in detail using CD, CW, CH, W, EW, and HMW. The humeral trochlea is a crucial anatomical structure in the elbow joint's motion. Fourteen parameters have been chosen to describe its anatomical morphology for enhanced understanding of its morphology. The position of the distal humerus fracture plate is usually placed on the medial or lateral aspect of the distal humerus adjacent to the medial and lateral humeral cristae. To optimize the design of the steel plate and enhance its fit while reducing complications such as nonunion, pain, limited mobility, screw loosening, and even plate fracture caused by improper plate sizing, we have not only employed the commonly used HAA but also introduced innovative methods such as MCCTA, LCCTA, MCSTA, and LCSTA. These methods enable us to accurately measure the angles of the distal humerus, thus improving the parameter data related to the distal humerus. The precise analysis of MEV, OFV, CFV, OFSA, CFSA and MESA by computer 3D reconstruction technology helps improve the surgeon's spatial perception and understanding of the distal humerus structure. By measuring the shape, angles, and three-dimensional design of the distal humerus, healthcare professionals and researchers can utilize these parameters to grasp the morphological characteristics of the distal humerus. Regarding gender differences, 21 parameters were significantly more prominent in males than females (P < 0.05). The distal humerus of males was broader and thicker than that of females, and there were noticeable structural differences. However, there was no gender difference in the angular parameters. The difference between the left and right sides was only found in the HAA (p = 0.045) and the PLTW (p = 0.02). When designing bone implants in the distal humerus, gender differences should be considered to design implants that better match the anatomical structure and biomechanics of the humerus, thereby improving the clinical treatment effect and achieving differentiated and precise treatment of orthopedic conditions. OFV (r = -0.408, P < 0.001), OFSA (r = -0.345, P < 0.001), CFSA (r = -0.105, P < 0.001), CW (r = -0.300, P < 0.001) and ALTD (r = -0.227, P < 0.001) were negatively correlated with age, whereas MCCTA (r = 0.307, P < 0.001) was positively correlated with age. With increasing age, the human bone structure undergoes mechanical adaptive and degenerative changes[ 14 , 15 ]. The changes in trabecular bone and bone surface curvature may be the reasons for the differences in these parameters with age. Similar to the proximal humerus, there is a complex relationship between the dimensions of the distal humerus, suggesting that the morphology of the distal humerus has a synergistic developmental mechanism[ 16 ]. To investigate whether there is a difference between the Chinese population and the Western population in the morphology of the distal humerus, it is found that the CH in the Chinese population is significantly lower than that of the Western population, but the CW and CD are considerably higher than those of the Western population. The different changes of the humeral capitulum in diverse populations place higher demands on the design of internal fixation devices such as bone plates and screws in this part, and according to their specific morphological characteristics, the creation of internal fixation devices is optimized to improve the clinical diagnosis and treatment of diseases such as elbow fracture. The LTH, TH, MTH and TD in the Chinese population were significantly smaller than in the Western population. The SD of all differential parameters was more significant in the Western population, indicating that the dispersion of humeral parameters was more critical in the Western population. This suggests that the Chinese population may need a more diminutive size and a smaller range of internal plants. In conclusion, this study used CT and 3D reconstruction techniques to statistically analyses the morphological parameters of the distal humerus in the northern Chinese population, exploring gender differences, right-left side differences and correlations between different parameters. The angles of the medial and lateral ridges of the distal humerus were measured at different levels, and the reference data were optimized. This study provisionally established a morphological dataset of the distal humerus in the northern Chinese population, and comparing this dataset with that of the western population can further deepen the digital understanding of the morphology of the distal humerus by clinicians and researchers. It can also provide a reference for optimizing the design of orthopedic implants, improving the accuracy of surgery, and guiding the rehabilitation of patients. Abbreviations CT Computer tomography 2D Two-dimensional 3D Three-dimensional SD Standard deviation CD Capitellum depth CW Capitellum width CH Capitellum height W Distal humerus width EW Epitrochlea width HMW Humeral metaphyseal width ODT Offset distance of trochlear AMTD Anterior medial trochlear depth PMTD Posterio medial trochlear depth TD Trochlear depth ALTD Anterior lateral trochlear depth PLTD Posterior lateral trochlear depth AMTW Anterior medial trochlear width PMTW Posterior medial trochlear width ALTW Anterior lateral trochlear width PLTW Posterior lateral trochlear width LTH Lateral trochlear high TH Trochlear groove high MTH Medial trochlear high TW Trochlear width HAA Humeral axis angle MCCTA Medial crest coronal tangential angle LCCTA Lateral crest coronal tangential angle MCSTA Medial crest sagittal tangential angle LCSTA Lateral crest sagittal tangential angle MEV Medial epicondyle volume LEV Lateral epicondyle volume OFV Olecranon fossa volume CFV Coronoid fossa volume OFSA Olecranon fossa surface area CFSA Coronoid fossa surface area MESA Medial epicondyle surface area LESA Lateral epicondyle surface area Declarations Acknowledgements Not applicable. Author contributions SY and YZ designed this study. BY , ZP and HT contributed to the data collection. SY and FK and BY did the statistical analysis and prepared the tables and figures. The first draft of the manuscript was written by SY, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. YZ and XJ provided critical review and substantially revised the manuscript. All authors reviewed the manuscript. Funding No funding. Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of our hospital (2021-083-1). Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests in this work. References Lauder A, Richard MJ (2020) Management of distal humerus fractures. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol 30:745-62. https://10.1007/s00590-020-02626-1 Vlachopoulos L, Luthi M, Carrillo F, et al (2018) Restoration of the Patient-Specific Anatomy of the Proximal and Distal Parts of the Humerus: Statistical Shape Modeling Versus Contralateral Registration Method. J Bone Joint Surg Am 100:e50. https://10.2106/JBJS.17.00829 Barth KA, Schimizzi GV, Megerian MF, et al (2023) Apex posterior angulation of the humerus: A characterization of normal sagittal plane anatomy with implications for surgical fixation. Injury 54:578-83. https://10.1016/j.injury.2022.11.059 Tallman SD, Blanton AI (2020) Distal Humerus Morphological Variation and Sex Estimation in Modern Thai Individuals. J Forensic Sci 65:361-71. https://10.1111/1556-4029.14218 McDonald CP, Johnson JA, Peters TM, et al (2010) Image-based navigation improves the positioning of the humeral component in total elbow arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 19:533-43. https://10.1016/j.jse.2009.10.010 Brownhill JR, King GJ, Johnson JA (2007) Morphologic analysis of the distal humerus with special interest in elbow implant sizing and alignment. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 16:S126-32. https://10.1016/j.jse.2006.01.018 Sabo MT, McDonald CP, Ng J, et al (2011) A morphological analysis of the humeral capitellum with an interest in prosthesis design. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 20:880-4. https://10.1016/j.jse.2011.01.007 Desai SJ, Deluce S, Johnson JA, et al (2014) An anthropometric study of the distal humerus. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 23:463-9. https://10.1016/j.jse.2013.11.026 Lim JR, Yoon TH, Lee HM, et al (2021) Anatomic fit of precontoured extra-articular distal humeral locking plates: a cadaveric study. Clin Shoulder Elb 24:66-71. https://10.5397/cise.2021.00227 Yang, W et al (2020) CT anatomical features of the distal humerus in healthy adults. Chinese Journal of Orthopaedics 40(03):160-168. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2352.2020.03.005 Wang Y, et al. Association of designing internal fixator and prosthesis for the distal end of humerus with the anatomical parameters." Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research. 2007,7098-7101 Luo Bin (2007) Correlative analysis of parameters of the distal end of humerus and the personalized design for humerus prosthesis. Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy. (04):409-410+412. https://doi.org/10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2007.04.008 Krengel WF, 3rd, Wiater BP, Pace JL, et al (2012) Does using the medial or lateral humeral line improve reliability of Baumann angle measurement on plain x-ray? The effect of humeral length visualized on the x-ray. J Pediatr Orthop 32:373-7. https://10.1097/BPO.0b013e318251969f Wang L, You X, Lotinun S, et al (2020) Mechanical sensing protein PIEZO1 regulates bone homeostasis via osteoblast-osteoclast crosstalk. Nat Commun 11:282. https://10.1038/s41467-019-14146-6 Ries C, Boese CK, Sturznickel J, et al (2020) Age-related changes of micro-morphological subchondral bone properties in the healthy femoral head. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 28:1437-47. https://10.1016/j.joca.2020.08.001 Zhang B, Guan H, Ye Z, et al (2023) Study on geometry and morphology of proximal humerus in Northern Chinese population based on 3-D CT. J Orthop Surg Res 18:47. https://10.1186/s13018-023-03504-2 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4318944","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":297442781,"identity":"334ab05a-9201-49f6-bb16-42428fa48a7e","order_by":0,"name":"Shuai Yang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hebei Orthopaedic Clinical Research Center, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shuai","middleName":"","lastName":"Yang","suffix":""},{"id":297442786,"identity":"9d2dd252-6e67-4bd9-b576-0a82e297f1ad","order_by":1,"name":"Fengkun Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"School of Medicine, Nankai University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fengkun","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":297442790,"identity":"aa68e60c-29f3-441e-9b6c-7d84fac3bfe8","order_by":2,"name":"Boyu Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"School of Medicine, Nankai University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Boyu","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":297442794,"identity":"eab3e99b-c75a-4983-9817-7e939cf5abb9","order_by":3,"name":"Zhipeng Ye","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"School of Medicine, Nankai University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhipeng","middleName":"","lastName":"Ye","suffix":""},{"id":297442797,"identity":"831a968f-d7d1-4957-9084-3ea51734a702","order_by":4,"name":"Haitao Guan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"School of Medicine, Nankai University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Haitao","middleName":"","lastName":"Guan","suffix":""},{"id":297442799,"identity":"88dfc663-3609-44c3-b5b5-ce3303c98062","order_by":5,"name":"Xiaojuan Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Endocrinology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiaojuan","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":297442801,"identity":"03e61abc-96c4-4962-b89d-e48cda1cec38","order_by":6,"name":"Yingze Zhang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA0UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFAC5oYDQFKGjYH5wIEPP4jSwgjWwsPGwJZ4cGYPkVpAJA8QGR/mYCNCg8H5g42HC34x8PBJ5Hw4DNQpzy92gICWAwcbDs/sAzpMInfD4QILBsOZsxMIaDnY2HCYtweqZQYPQ4LBbUJaDjPCtOQ8OAwMBCK0HANq4fkB1sJAnBbJMyBbGoBaeJ4ZAANZgrBf+M4fPvyZ5w+DnHx78uMPH37YyPNLE9CicABIMLb9h/El8CsHAfkGEPmHsMJRMApGwSgYwQAAaqdFe9BlnY0AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hebei Orthopaedic Clinical Research Center, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yingze","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-04-24 14:32:55","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4318944/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4318944/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":57325762,"identity":"f9299a99-8406-4487-b94e-c652630d9413","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-29 07:12:05","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1006856,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4318944/v1/47b01f37-1911-4c41-a1f2-5e659ac9c6d6.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"CT-based measurement and analysis of distal humerus morphology in healthy adults from Northern China","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe distal humerus, a crucial component of the elbow joint, significantly contributes to its normal physiological function and activity. Distal humerus fractures, comprising roughly 2% of adult fractures, have gradually increased incidence due to the escalating occurrence of high-energy accidental injuries in contemporary society[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. The complex interactions between the bone structure, articular surface, and soft tissue attachments of the distal humerus significantly affect its overall function and contribute to the overall stability and mobility of the elbow joint. The morphological study of the distal humerus plays a vital role in clinical research. It provides an essential theoretical basis for improving the quality of clinical diagnosis and treatment of distal humerus-related disorders[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn previous studies, researchers have used cadaver bone specimens or radiographic techniques to partially investigate the morphological characteristics of the distal humerus to optimize the design of artificial distal humerus joint prostheses and improve the quality of clinical diagnosis and treatment[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. The X-ray is a two-dimensional (2D) planar image, there is overlap between different structures and some errors in the measurement results. CT and 3D reconstruction technology can measure the parts being inspected from multiple angles and planes and establish coordinate systems and standardized cross-sections, making the measurement more accurate. In recent years, advances in CT and 3D reconstruction techniques have provided researchers and clinicians with unprecedented opportunities to explore the three-dimensional complexity of the skeletal structure of the distal humerus, allowing accurate measurement and detailed analysis of the morphology of the distal humerus.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this research, CT and 3D reconstruction methods were employed to accurately gauge the configuration of the lower end of the humerus in the northern Chinese population, followed by an analysis of the correlation between bone configuration, age, gender and other variables. Through an examination of the intricate features and alterations of the distal humerus, this study presents an overview of the morphological and geometric parameters of the distal humerus, providing precise reference data for use in orthopedics and anatomy. This research aims to deepen understanding of the distal humerus and elbow joints, and offer insights that may enhance clinical practice and treatment intervention.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods and materials","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of our hospital (2020-083-1) and conducted by the Declaration of Helsinki. The data source for this study was CT images of the humerus from the hospital from 2019 to 2021. Image data were acquired in the Digital Medical Imaging and Communication (DICOM) standard format. All CT images were scanned by experts on a Siemens 64-slice spiral CT machine, and the thickness of the scanning and reconstruction slices was \u0026le; 1 mm. Exclusion criteria included: (1) incomplete baseline data, (2) sub-optimal image quality, (3) middle and lower humerus fractures, bone defects, bone diseases, bone tumors, or (4) severe osteoporosis or autoimmune diseases.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCT image processing and 3D modelling were performed using Mimics software (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium). The influence of the patient\u0026apos;s position on the CT image was eliminated by realigning the examination plane. The 3D humerus model was reconstructed from the CT thresholds and measured using the 2D images and the 3D model. As shown in Figure 1, the 3D reconstruction of the distal humerus is adjusted to the standard anatomical position, and a sphere is drawn at the humeral head and the humeral trochlear groove using the sphere drawing tool. Its position is adjusted in the horizontal and sagittal planes so that the cross-section of the sphere essentially coincides with the humeral head section and the humeral trochlear groove section, respectively. So that the multiple sagittal sections of the humeral head and the humeral trochlear groove roughly match the corresponding areas of the ball, ensuring that the ball is the best fit for the humeral head and trochlear groove. The centers of the two balls were then calibrated in the horizontal and coronal planes as the center of the humeral head ball and the center of the humeral trochlear groove, respectively. The humeral flexion axis was defined as the straight line passing through the center of the humeral head and the center of the humeral trochlear groove. The plane passing through the elbow flexion axis and parallel to the humeral shaft axis was defined as the coronal plane. Then, with the elbow flexion axis as the axis of rotation, adjust the horizontal plane to a position perpendicular to the coronal plane and determine the direction of the sagittal plane to establish the final coordinate system[5,6].\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eThe parameters to be measured include: (1) morphological parameters of the distal humerus: capitellum depth(CD), width(CW), height(CH), distal humerus width(W), epitrochlear width(EW) and humeral metaphyseal width (HMW),(2)The trochlear shape parameters: Offset distance of trochlear(ODT), anterior medial trochlear depth(AMTD), posterior medial trochlear depth(PMTD), trochlear depth(TD), anterior lateral trochlear depth(ALTD), posterior lateral trochlear depth(PLTD),anterior medial trochlear width(AMTW), anterior medial trochlear width(PMTW),anterior lateral trochlear width(ALTW), posterior lateral trochlear width(PLTW),lateral trochlear height(LTH),trochlear groove high(TH),medial trochlear high(MTH),trochlear width(TW),(3) Angle parameters: Humeral axial angle(HAA), medial crest coronal tangential angle(MCCTA), lateral crest coronal tangential angle(LCCTA), medial crest sagittal tangential angle(MCSTA)(positive posterior), lateral crest sagittal tangential angle(LCSTA)(positive anterior),(4) Three-dimensional(3D) morphological parameters of the distal humerus: Medial epicondyle volume(MEV), olecranon fossa volume(OFV), coronoid fossa volume(CFV), olecranon fossa surface area(OFSA), coronoid fossa surface area(CFSA), medial epicondyle surface area(MESA). The measurement method and parameters are shown in Figure 2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStatistical analysis was performed using SPSS 26 (SPSS Inc, Almond, NY). Individual parameters are described by mean and standard deviation. The K-S test was used to test the normality of all parameters. The independent samples t-test was used to compare gender and side differences for continuous variables with normal distribution, and the Kruskal-Walli\u0026rsquo;s test was used for continuous variables with non-normal distribution. Pearson correlation analysis was used for continuous variables with normal distribution to explore possible correlations between parameters, and Spearman correlation analysis was used for continuous variables with non-normal distribution. P \u0026lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo compare whether there are differences in the morphological measurement data of the distal humerus between the Chinese population and the Western population, we use the formula shown in Figure 3 to summaries the mean and standard deviation of previous studies. The pooled data of the Western and Chinese people were subjected to the pooled data T-test, and P \u0026lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant[7-12].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eA total of 80 subjects were included in this study, including 45 males and 35 females, 44 left humerus and 36 right humerus. The mean age of the subjects was 38.03 \u0026plusmn; 12.21 years. The data characteristics of the subjects\u0026apos; test parameters are shown in Table 1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable1.\u003c/strong\u003e Morphological parameters.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMeans\u0026plusmn;SD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1/4 quartile\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3/4 quartile\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.15\u0026plusmn;15.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMorphological parameter of distal humerus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.38\u0026plusmn;4.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCW (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.60\u0026plusmn;2.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCD (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.83\u0026plusmn;1.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCH (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.10\u0026plusmn;2.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHMW (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.95\u0026plusmn;4.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEW (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.02\u0026plusmn;1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMorphological parameter of trochlea humeri\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eODT (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.98\u0026plusmn;1.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAMTD (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.01\u0026plusmn;1.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePMTD (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.03\u0026plusmn;1.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTD (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.28\u0026plusmn;1.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eALTD (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.97\u0026plusmn;1.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePLTD (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.94\u0026plusmn;1.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAMTW (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.94\u0026plusmn;1.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePMTW (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.98\u0026plusmn;1.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eALTW (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.81\u0026plusmn;1.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePLTW (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.92\u0026plusmn;1.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLTH (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.79\u0026plusmn;2.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTH (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.63\u0026plusmn;1.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMTH (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.87\u0026plusmn;2.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTW (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.78\u0026plusmn;2.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAngle parameter of distal humerus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHAA (\u0026deg;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.22\u0026plusmn;3.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCCTA (\u0026deg;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.05\u0026plusmn;7.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLCCTA (\u0026deg;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.03\u0026plusmn;7.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCSTA (\u0026deg;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.52\u0026plusmn;11.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLCSTA (\u0026deg;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.31\u0026plusmn;9.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThree-dimensional morphological parameters of distal humerus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMEV (mm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2334.49\u0026plusmn;591.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1845.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2688.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOFV (mm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1613.52\u0026plusmn;401.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1377.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1813.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCFV (mm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e388.42\u0026plusmn;165.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e264.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e528.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOFSA (mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e481.84\u0026plusmn;91.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e431.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e535.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCFSA (mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e134.59\u0026plusmn;36.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e157.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMESA (mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e751.61\u0026plusmn;134.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e660.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e828.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMorphological parameters of distal humerus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mean and standard deviation of CD, CW and CH measured at the flexion axis cross-section were 10.83 \u0026plusmn; 1.18 mm, 17.60 \u0026plusmn; 2.06 mm and 21.10 \u0026plusmn; 2.03 mm, respectively. The W, EW and HMW were 44.38 \u0026plusmn; 4.07 mm, 12.02 \u0026plusmn; 1.90 mm and 58.95 \u0026plusmn; 4.86 mm, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHumeral trochlea shape parameters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe humeral trochlea is an important anatomical structure for maintaining the normal motion of the elbow joint. It is the anatomical basis of the functional range of motion of the elbow joint. The mean TH, LTH and MTH were 16.63 \u0026plusmn; 1.96 mm, 18.79 \u0026plusmn; 2.07 mm and 23.87 \u0026plusmn; 2.40 mm, respectively. The AMTD, PMTD, ALTD and PLTD were 12.01 \u0026plusmn; 1.40 mm, 12.03 \u0026plusmn; 1.79 mm, 9.97 \u0026plusmn; 1.19 mm and 14.94 \u0026plusmn; 1.57 mm, respectively. The TW, AMTW, PMTW, ALTW and PLTW were 26.78 \u0026plusmn; 2.96 mm, 11.94 \u0026plusmn; 1.60 mm, 8.98 \u0026plusmn; 1.35 mm, 7.81 \u0026plusmn; 1.81 mm and 11.92 \u0026plusmn; 1.92 mm, respectively. The ODT and TD were 5.98 \u0026plusmn; 1.66 mm and 16.28 \u0026plusmn; 1.95 mm, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAngle parameters\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe means of the HAA in 80 subjects was 86.22 \u0026plusmn; 3.27\u0026deg;. The MCCTA and LCCTA were 43.05 \u0026plusmn; 7.53\u0026deg; and 16.03 \u0026plusmn; 7.32\u0026deg; respectively. The MCSTA and LCSTA were 7.52 \u0026plusmn; 11.00\u0026deg; and 37.31 \u0026plusmn; 9.10\u0026deg;, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3D shape parameters\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe MEVB were 2334.49 \u0026plusmn; 591.95mm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e. The OFV and CFV were 1613.52 \u0026plusmn; 401.63mm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e and 388.42 \u0026plusmn; 165.57mm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively. The OFSA, CFSA and MESA were 134.59 \u0026plusmn; 36.85 mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e,134.59 \u0026plusmn; 36.85 mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e and 751.61 \u0026plusmn; 134.77 mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender differences and left- right side differences\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table 2, CD (P \u0026lt; 0.001*), CW (P \u0026lt; 0.001*), CH (P\u0026lt;0.001 *), W (P \u0026lt; 0.001 *), EW (P \u0026lt; 0.001 *), and HMW (P \u0026lt; 0.001 *) were significantly higher in males than in females. There was no significant difference between the sexes in the shape parameters of the humeral trochlea except for ODT (P = 0.098).AMTD (P \u0026lt; 0.001 *), PMTD (P \u0026lt; 0. 001 *), TD (P \u0026lt; 0.001 *), ALTD (P \u0026lt; 0.001 *), PLTD (P \u0026lt; 0.001 *), AMTW (P \u0026lt; 0.001 *), PMTW (P = 0.01 *), ALTW (P \u0026lt; 0.001 *), PLTW (P \u0026lt; 0.001 *), LTH (P \u0026lt; 0. 001 *), TH (P \u0026lt; 0.001 *), MTH (P \u0026lt; 0.001 *), TW (P \u0026lt; 0.001 *) of males were significantly higher than those of females, and MEV (P \u0026lt; 0.001 *), OFV (P \u0026lt; 0.001 *), CFV (P = 0.003 *), OFSA (P = 0.001 *), CFSA (P = 0.007 *), MESA (P \u0026lt; 0.001 *) were also significantly higher in men than in women. However, the gender differences in the angle parameters included in this study were insignificant. There was no significant difference in the distal humerus parameters between the left and right sides, except for the HAA (P= 0.045 *).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable2.\u003c/strong\u003eGender differences and left-right side differences.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLeft\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRight\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.02\u0026plusmn;12.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.58\u0026plusmn;11.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.46\u0026plusmn;12.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.02\u0026plusmn;12.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.25\u0026plusmn;12.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.333\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMorphological parameter of distal humerus\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCD\u0026nbsp;(mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.83\u0026plusmn;1.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.45\u0026plusmn;1.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.04\u0026plusmn;0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.94\u0026plusmn;1.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.71\u0026plusmn;0.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.366\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCW\u0026nbsp;(mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.60\u0026plusmn;2.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.64\u0026plusmn;1.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.25\u0026plusmn;1.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.84\u0026plusmn;2.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.31\u0026plusmn;1.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.252\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCH\u0026nbsp;(mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.10\u0026plusmn;2.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.25\u0026plusmn;1.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.62\u0026plusmn;1.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.16\u0026plusmn;2.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.03\u0026plusmn;1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW\u0026nbsp;(mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.38\u0026plusmn;4.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.1\u0026plusmn;2.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.88\u0026plusmn;2.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.06\u0026plusmn;4.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.77\u0026plusmn;3.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.439\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEW\u0026nbsp;(mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.02\u0026plusmn;1.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.95\u0026plusmn;1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.83\u0026plusmn;1.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.97\u0026plusmn;2.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.08\u0026plusmn;1.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.803\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHMW\u0026nbsp;(mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.95\u0026plusmn;4.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.43\u0026plusmn;2.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.47\u0026plusmn;2.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.37\u0026plusmn;5.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.65\u0026plusmn;4.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.164\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMorphological parameter of the trochlea\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eODT\u0026nbsp;(mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.98\u0026plusmn;1.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.25\u0026plusmn;1.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.63\u0026plusmn;1.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.098\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.67\u0026plusmn;1.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.35\u0026plusmn;1.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.067\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAMTD\u0026nbsp;(mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.01\u0026plusmn;1.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.79\u0026plusmn;1.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u0026plusmn;0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.99\u0026plusmn;1.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.03\u0026plusmn;1.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePMTD\u0026nbsp;(mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.03\u0026plusmn;1.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.69\u0026plusmn;1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.18\u0026plusmn;1.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.77\u0026plusmn;1.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.34\u0026plusmn;1.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.153\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n 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\u003cp\u003e9.32\u0026plusmn;1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.54\u0026plusmn;0.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.87\u0026plusmn;1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.12\u0026plusmn;1.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.505\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eALTW\u0026nbsp;(mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.81\u0026plusmn;1.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.39\u0026plusmn;1.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.07\u0026plusmn;1.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n 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\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.41\u0026plusmn;3.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.045*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCCTA\u0026nbsp;(\u0026deg;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.05\u0026plusmn;7.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.51\u0026plusmn;6.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.46\u0026plusmn;8.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.538\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.3\u0026plusmn;7.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.97\u0026plusmn;7.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.326\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLCCTA\u0026nbsp;(\u0026deg;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.03\u0026plusmn;7.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.91\u0026plusmn;7.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.47\u0026plusmn;6.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.122\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.84\u0026plusmn;6.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.05\u0026plusmn;7.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.281\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCSTA\u0026nbsp;(\u0026deg;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.52\u0026plusmn;11.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.97\u0026plusmn;11.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.51\u0026plusmn;10.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.32\u0026plusmn;10.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.77\u0026plusmn;12.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLCSTA\u0026nbsp;(\u0026deg;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.31\u0026plusmn;9.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.38\u0026plusmn;9.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.51\u0026plusmn;8.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.302\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.32\u0026plusmn;9.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.3\u0026plusmn;9.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.995\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThree-dimensional parameter\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMEV\u0026nbsp;(mm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2334.49\u0026plusmn;591.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2657.68\u0026plusmn;522.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1918.97\u0026plusmn;381.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2330.39\u0026plusmn;623.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2339.51\u0026plusmn;560.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.946\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOFV\u0026nbsp;(mm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1613.52\u0026plusmn;401.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1759\u0026plusmn;410.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1426.47\u0026plusmn;304.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1663.04\u0026plusmn;432.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1552.99\u0026plusmn;357.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.225\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCFV\u0026nbsp;(mm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e388.42\u0026plusmn;165.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e429.16\u0026plusmn;154.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e336.05\u0026plusmn;166.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e402.78\u0026plusmn;169.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e370.88\u0026plusmn;161.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.459\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOFSA\u0026nbsp;(mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e481.84\u0026plusmn;91.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e511.38\u0026plusmn;80.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e443.85\u0026plusmn;91.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e495.19\u0026plusmn;103.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e465.52\u0026plusmn;71.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCFSA\u0026nbsp;(mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e134.59\u0026plusmn;36.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e144.28\u0026plusmn;39.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122.13\u0026plusmn;29.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e139.65\u0026plusmn;37.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e128.4\u0026plusmn;35.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.176\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMESA\u0026nbsp;(mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e751.61\u0026plusmn;134.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e815.83\u0026plusmn;129.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e669.04\u0026plusmn;89.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e752.98\u0026plusmn;137.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e749.93\u0026plusmn;132.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.921\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorrelation analysis of parameters of distal humerus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of the correlation analysis are shown in Tables 3,4,5,6. Among them, CW (r = -0.300, P\u0026lt; 0.01), ALTD (r = -0.227, P \u0026lt; 0.05), MCCTA (r = 0.307, P \u0026lt; 0.01), OFV (r = -0.408, P \u0026lt; 0.01), OFSA (r = -0.345, P \u0026lt; 0.01) and CFSA (r = -0.279, P \u0026lt; 0.05) were significantly correlated with the age of the subjects. There was no correlation between the angle parameters of the distal humerus. However, the correlation analysis results between the distal humerus morphological parameters were positively correlated. In summary, there is a broad and complex correlation between the measured parameters.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable3.\u003c/strong\u003eShape parameters of the humerus schematic diagram of the correlation between morphological parameters of the distal humerus.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHMW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.300**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.545**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.067\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.801**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.591**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.149\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.789**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.719**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.786**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.199\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.350**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.341**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.305**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.409**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHMW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.126\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.684**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.664**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.679**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.885**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.588**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e**Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (two-tailed). *Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (two-tailed).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"16\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable4.\u003c/strong\u003eCorrelation analysis between humeral trochlea shape parameters. **Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (two-tailed).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eODT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAMTD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePMTD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eALTD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePLTD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAMTW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePMTW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eALTW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePLTW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLTH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMTH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eODT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.063\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAMTD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.184\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.057\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePMTD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.139\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.172\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.426**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.118\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.043\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.626**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.590**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eALTD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.227*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.092\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.747**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.598**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.697**\u003c/p\u003e\n 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\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePLTD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.172\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.202\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.692**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.609**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.675**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.720**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAMTW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.143\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.280*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.590**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.351**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.411**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.361**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePMTW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.133\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.346**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.450**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.463**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.289**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.373**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.592**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eALTW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.188\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.386**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.175\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.154\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.134\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.037\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePLTW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.138\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.382**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.537**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.264*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.516**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.357**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.346**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.260*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLTH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.183\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.071\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.561**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.455**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.585**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.601**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.610**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.339**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.331**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.289**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.302**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.133\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.069\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.622**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.561**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.929**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.700**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.691**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.306**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.378**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.122\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.262*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.519**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMTH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.724**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.718**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.674**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.647**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.740**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.493**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.426**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.276*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.443**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.619**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.660**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.541**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.614**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.399**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.560**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.521**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.644**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.308**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.356**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.790**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.367**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.363**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.648**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e**Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (two-tailed).*Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (two-tailed).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable5.\u003c/strong\u003eCorrelation analysis of angle parameters.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHAA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCCTA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLCCTA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCSTA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLCSTA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHAA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.037\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCCTA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.307**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.052\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLCCTA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.134\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.078\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCSTA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.084\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.091\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.059\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.089\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLCSTA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.044\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e**Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (two-tailed) . *Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (two-tailed).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable6.\u003c/strong\u003eCorrelation analysis of 3D morphological parameters.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMEV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOFV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCFV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOFSA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCFSA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMESA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMEV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.174\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOFV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.408**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.561**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCFV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.426**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.452**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOFSA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.345**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.296**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.531**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.304**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCFSA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.279*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.300**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.399**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.509**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.388**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMESA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.959**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.508**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.386**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.222*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.247*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e**Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (two-tailed). *Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (two-tailed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComparative analysis with other populations\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table 7, the mean values of CH(P \u0026lt; 0.001 *), CD (P \u0026lt; 0.001 *), LTH (P \u0026lt; 0.001 *), TH (P \u0026lt; 0.001 *) and TD (P \u0026lt; 0.001 *) were smaller in the Chinese population compared with the Western people, while CW (P \u0026lt; 0.001 *) and CD (P \u0026lt; 0.001 *) were more prominent. There was no significant difference in W (P = 0.263) and TW (P = 0.08) between the two groups.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"755\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58.0119%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable7.\u003c/strong\u003eComparison of morphological parameters of some distal humerus between Eastern and Western populations.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.264900662251655%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.0174%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.47682119205298%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.6977%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWestern cohort\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.05298013245033%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22.0797%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChinese cohort\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.08609271523179%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8186%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.29177718832891%\" style=\"width: 14.0174%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnatomical parameter\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.660477453580901%\" style=\"width: 9.4366%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample size\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.854111405835544%\" style=\"width: 10.2611%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.660477453580901%\" style=\"width: 9.4366%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample size\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.30238726790451%\" style=\"width: 12.6432%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.108753315649867%\" style=\"width: 11.8186%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP Value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.29177718832891%\" style=\"width: 14.0174%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.660477453580901%\" style=\"width: 9.4366%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.854111405835544%\" style=\"width: 10.2611%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.25\u0026plusmn;2.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.660477453580901%\" style=\"width: 9.4366%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.30238726790451%\" style=\"width: 12.6432%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.26\u0026plusmn;1.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.108753315649867%\" style=\"width: 11.8186%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.29177718832891%\" style=\"width: 14.0174%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.660477453580901%\" style=\"width: 9.4366%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.854111405835544%\" style=\"width: 10.2611%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.55\u0026plusmn;2.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.660477453580901%\" style=\"width: 9.4366%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e309\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.30238726790451%\" style=\"width: 12.6432%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.31\u0026plusmn;2.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.108753315649867%\" style=\"width: 11.8186%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.29177718832891%\" style=\"width: 14.0174%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLTH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.660477453580901%\" style=\"width: 9.4366%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.854111405835544%\" style=\"width: 10.2611%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.6\u0026plusmn;2.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.660477453580901%\" style=\"width: 9.4366%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.30238726790451%\" style=\"width: 12.6432%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.02\u0026plusmn;1.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.108753315649867%\" style=\"width: 11.8186%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.29177718832891%\" style=\"width: 14.0174%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.660477453580901%\" style=\"width: 9.4366%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.854111405835544%\" style=\"width: 10.2611%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.8\u0026plusmn;2.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.660477453580901%\" style=\"width: 9.4366%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.30238726790451%\" style=\"width: 12.6432%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.43\u0026plusmn;1.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.108753315649867%\" style=\"width: 11.8186%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.29177718832891%\" style=\"width: 14.0174%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMTH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.660477453580901%\" style=\"width: 9.4366%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.854111405835544%\" style=\"width: 10.2611%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.9\u0026plusmn;4.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.660477453580901%\" style=\"width: 9.4366%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.30238726790451%\" style=\"width: 12.6432%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.66\u0026plusmn;2.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.108753315649867%\" style=\"width: 11.8186%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.29177718832891%\" style=\"width: 14.0174%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.660477453580901%\" style=\"width: 9.4366%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.854111405835544%\" style=\"width: 10.2611%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.5\u0026plusmn;4.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.660477453580901%\" style=\"width: 9.4366%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e201\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.30238726790451%\" style=\"width: 12.6432%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.72\u0026plusmn;4.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.108753315649867%\" style=\"width: 11.8186%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.263\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.29177718832891%\" style=\"width: 14.0174%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.660477453580901%\" style=\"width: 9.4366%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.854111405835544%\" style=\"width: 10.2611%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.3\u0026plusmn;3.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.660477453580901%\" style=\"width: 9.4366%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.30238726790451%\" style=\"width: 12.6432%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.48\u0026plusmn;3.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.108753315649867%\" style=\"width: 11.8186%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.29177718832891%\" style=\"width: 14.0174%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.660477453580901%\" style=\"width: 9.4366%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.854111405835544%\" style=\"width: 10.2611%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.00\u0026plusmn;1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.660477453580901%\" style=\"width: 9.4366%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e201\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.30238726790451%\" style=\"width: 12.6432%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.44\u0026plusmn;1.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.108753315649867%\" style=\"width: 11.8186%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.29177718832891%\" style=\"width: 14.0174%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.660477453580901%\" style=\"width: 9.4366%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.854111405835544%\" style=\"width: 10.2611%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.80\u0026plusmn;2.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.660477453580901%\" style=\"width: 9.4366%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e201\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.30238726790451%\" style=\"width: 12.6432%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.48\u0026plusmn;1.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.108753315649867%\" style=\"width: 11.8186%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*p\u0026lt;0.05, the distinction is statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, the distal humerus of the northern Chinese population was scanned and reconstructed using CT and 3D reconstruction techniques, and the geometric parameters of multiple samples were measured to describe the morphology of the distal humerus. These measurement data provide the morphological parameters of the distal humerus in the northern Chinese population and add to the anatomical data of the distal humerus. This research helps to improve the surgeon's understanding of the morphology of the distal humerus. At the same time, it also helps to improve the design and clinical application of orthopedic implants, including elbow prosthesis and internal fixation of distal humerus fractures. It provides valuable guidance on treatment strategies for distal humerus trauma and other conditions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost previous studies on measuring the distal humerus have been based on direct measurement of bone specimens using callipers or 2D measurements based on radiographs. It should be noted that these measurement methods do not establish a coordinate system to standardize the measurement process. There is overlap in the radiographs and inconsistencies in taking positions, which can lead to significant errors. Therefore, these measurement methods are more suitable for angle than size measurement[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. CT technology was employed in this study to measure the morphological parameters of the distal humerus. Standardized cross-sections can be obtained through three-dimensional reconstruction, resulting in more precise measurement outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe morphometric parameters of the anatomical structures of the distal humerus were measured in detail. The whole distal humerus's shape, the humerus's medial condyle, and the humeral capitulum are described in detail using CD, CW, CH, W, EW, and HMW. The humeral trochlea is a crucial anatomical structure in the elbow joint's motion. Fourteen parameters have been chosen to describe its anatomical morphology for enhanced understanding of its morphology. The position of the distal humerus fracture plate is usually placed on the medial or lateral aspect of the distal humerus adjacent to the medial and lateral humeral cristae. To optimize the design of the steel plate and enhance its fit while reducing complications such as nonunion, pain, limited mobility, screw loosening, and even plate fracture caused by improper plate sizing, we have not only employed the commonly used HAA but also introduced innovative methods such as MCCTA, LCCTA, MCSTA, and LCSTA. These methods enable us to accurately measure the angles of the distal humerus, thus improving the parameter data related to the distal humerus. The precise analysis of MEV, OFV, CFV, OFSA, CFSA and MESA by computer 3D reconstruction technology helps improve the surgeon's spatial perception and understanding of the distal humerus structure. By measuring the shape, angles, and three-dimensional design of the distal humerus, healthcare professionals and researchers can utilize these parameters to grasp the morphological characteristics of the distal humerus.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding gender differences, 21 parameters were significantly more prominent in males than females (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The distal humerus of males was broader and thicker than that of females, and there were noticeable structural differences. However, there was no gender difference in the angular parameters. The difference between the left and right sides was only found in the HAA (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.045) and the PLTW (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.02). When designing bone implants in the distal humerus, gender differences should be considered to design implants that better match the anatomical structure and biomechanics of the humerus, thereby improving the clinical treatment effect and achieving differentiated and precise treatment of orthopedic conditions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOFV (r = -0.408, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), OFSA (r = -0.345, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), CFSA (r = -0.105, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), CW (r = -0.300, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) and ALTD (r = -0.227, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) were negatively correlated with age, whereas MCCTA (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.307, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) was positively correlated with age. With increasing age, the human bone structure undergoes mechanical adaptive and degenerative changes[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. The changes in trabecular bone and bone surface curvature may be the reasons for the differences in these parameters with age. Similar to the proximal humerus, there is a complex relationship between the dimensions of the distal humerus, suggesting that the morphology of the distal humerus has a synergistic developmental mechanism[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo investigate whether there is a difference between the Chinese population and the Western population in the morphology of the distal humerus, it is found that the CH in the Chinese population is significantly lower than that of the Western population, but the CW and CD are considerably higher than those of the Western population. The different changes of the humeral capitulum in diverse populations place higher demands on the design of internal fixation devices such as bone plates and screws in this part, and according to their specific morphological characteristics, the creation of internal fixation devices is optimized to improve the clinical diagnosis and treatment of diseases such as elbow fracture. The LTH, TH, MTH and TD in the Chinese population were significantly smaller than in the Western population. The SD of all differential parameters was more significant in the Western population, indicating that the dispersion of humeral parameters was more critical in the Western population. This suggests that the Chinese population may need a more diminutive size and a smaller range of internal plants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, this study used CT and 3D reconstruction techniques to statistically analyses the morphological parameters of the distal humerus in the northern Chinese population, exploring gender differences, right-left side differences and correlations between different parameters. The angles of the medial and lateral ridges of the distal humerus were measured at different levels, and the reference data were optimized. This study provisionally established a morphological dataset of the distal humerus in the northern Chinese population, and comparing this dataset with that of the western population can further deepen the digital understanding of the morphology of the distal humerus by clinicians and researchers. It can also provide a reference for optimizing the design of orthopedic implants, improving the accuracy of surgery, and guiding the rehabilitation of patients.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"227\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.110132158590307%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"74.8898678414097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComputer tomography\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.110132158590307%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"74.8898678414097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTwo-dimensional\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.110132158590307%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3D\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"74.8898678414097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThree-dimensional\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.110132158590307%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"74.8898678414097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStandard deviation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.110132158590307%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"74.8898678414097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCapitellum depth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.110132158590307%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"74.8898678414097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCapitellum width\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.110132158590307%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"74.8898678414097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCapitellum height\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.110132158590307%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"74.8898678414097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDistal humerus width\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.110132158590307%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"74.8898678414097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEpitrochlea width\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.110132158590307%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHMW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"74.8898678414097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHumeral metaphyseal width\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.110132158590307%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eODT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"74.8898678414097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOffset distance of trochlear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.110132158590307%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAMTD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"74.8898678414097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnterior medial trochlear depth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.110132158590307%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePMTD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"74.8898678414097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePosterio medial trochlear depth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.110132158590307%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"74.8898678414097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrochlear depth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.110132158590307%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eALTD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"74.8898678414097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnterior lateral trochlear depth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.110132158590307%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePLTD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"74.8898678414097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePosterior lateral trochlear depth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.110132158590307%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAMTW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"74.8898678414097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnterior medial trochlear width\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.110132158590307%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePMTW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"74.8898678414097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePosterior medial trochlear width\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.110132158590307%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eALTW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"74.8898678414097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnterior lateral trochlear width\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.110132158590307%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePLTW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"74.8898678414097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePosterior lateral trochlear width\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.110132158590307%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLTH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"74.8898678414097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLateral trochlear high\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.110132158590307%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"74.8898678414097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrochlear groove high\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.110132158590307%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMTH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"74.8898678414097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedial trochlear high\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.110132158590307%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"74.8898678414097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrochlear width\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.110132158590307%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHAA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"74.8898678414097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHumeral axis angle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.110132158590307%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCCTA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"74.8898678414097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedial crest coronal tangential angle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.110132158590307%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLCCTA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"74.8898678414097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLateral crest coronal tangential angle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.110132158590307%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCSTA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"74.8898678414097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedial crest sagittal tangential angle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.110132158590307%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLCSTA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"74.8898678414097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLateral crest sagittal tangential angle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.110132158590307%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMEV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"74.8898678414097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedial epicondyle volume\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.110132158590307%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLEV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"74.8898678414097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLateral epicondyle volume\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.110132158590307%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOFV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"74.8898678414097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOlecranon fossa volume\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.110132158590307%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCFV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"74.8898678414097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCoronoid fossa volume\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.110132158590307%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOFSA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"74.8898678414097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOlecranon fossa surface area\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.110132158590307%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCFSA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"74.8898678414097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCoronoid fossa surface area\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.110132158590307%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMESA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"74.8898678414097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedial epicondyle surface area\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.110132158590307%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLESA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"74.8898678414097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLateral epicondyle surface area\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSY and YZ designed this study. BY , ZP and HT contributed to the data collection. SY and FK and BY did the statistical analysis and prepared the tables and figures. The first draft of the manuscript was written by SY, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. YZ and XJ provided critical review and substantially revised the manuscript. All authors reviewed the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo funding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of our hospital (2021-083-1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests in this work.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLauder A, Richard MJ (2020) Management of distal humerus fractures. \u003cem\u003eEur J Orthop Surg Traumatol\u003c/em\u003e 30:745-62. https://10.1007/s00590-020-02626-1\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVlachopoulos L, Luthi M, Carrillo F, et al (2018) Restoration of the Patient-Specific Anatomy of the Proximal and Distal Parts of the Humerus: Statistical Shape Modeling Versus Contralateral Registration Method. \u003cem\u003eJ Bone Joint Surg Am\u003c/em\u003e 100:e50. https://10.2106/JBJS.17.00829\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBarth KA, Schimizzi GV, Megerian MF, et al (2023) Apex posterior angulation of the humerus: A characterization of normal sagittal plane anatomy with implications for surgical fixation. \u003cem\u003eInjury\u003c/em\u003e 54:578-83. https://10.1016/j.injury.2022.11.059\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTallman SD, Blanton AI (2020) Distal Humerus Morphological Variation and Sex Estimation in Modern Thai Individuals. \u003cem\u003eJ Forensic Sci\u003c/em\u003e 65:361-71. https://10.1111/1556-4029.14218\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMcDonald CP, Johnson JA, Peters TM, et al (2010) Image-based navigation improves the positioning of the humeral component in total elbow arthroplasty. \u003cem\u003eJ Shoulder Elbow Surg\u003c/em\u003e 19:533-43. https://10.1016/j.jse.2009.10.010\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBrownhill JR, King GJ, Johnson JA (2007) Morphologic analysis of the distal humerus with special interest in elbow implant sizing and alignment. \u003cem\u003eJ Shoulder Elbow Surg\u003c/em\u003e 16:S126-32. https://10.1016/j.jse.2006.01.018\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSabo MT, McDonald CP, Ng J, et al (2011) A morphological analysis of the humeral capitellum with an interest in prosthesis design. \u003cem\u003eJ Shoulder Elbow Surg\u003c/em\u003e 20:880-4. https://10.1016/j.jse.2011.01.007\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDesai SJ, Deluce S, Johnson JA, et al (2014) An anthropometric study of the distal humerus. \u003cem\u003eJ Shoulder Elbow Surg\u003c/em\u003e 23:463-9. https://10.1016/j.jse.2013.11.026\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLim JR, Yoon TH, Lee HM, et al (2021) Anatomic fit of precontoured extra-articular distal humeral locking plates: a cadaveric study. \u003cem\u003eClin Shoulder Elb\u003c/em\u003e 24:66-71. https://10.5397/cise.2021.00227\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYang, W et al (2020) CT anatomical features of the distal humerus in healthy adults. Chinese Journal of Orthopaedics 40(03):160-168. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2352.2020.03.005\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWang Y, et al. Association of designing internal fixator and prosthesis for the distal end of humerus with the anatomical parameters.\u0026quot; Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research. 2007,7098-7101\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLuo Bin (2007) Correlative analysis of parameters of the distal end of humerus and the personalized design for humerus prosthesis. Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy. (04):409-410+412. https://doi.org/10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2007.04.008\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKrengel WF, 3rd, Wiater BP, Pace JL, et al (2012) Does using the medial or lateral humeral line improve reliability of Baumann angle measurement on plain x-ray? The effect of humeral length visualized on the x-ray. \u003cem\u003eJ Pediatr Orthop\u003c/em\u003e 32:373-7. https://10.1097/BPO.0b013e318251969f\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWang L, You X, Lotinun S, et al (2020) Mechanical sensing protein PIEZO1 regulates bone homeostasis via osteoblast-osteoclast crosstalk. \u003cem\u003eNat Commun\u003c/em\u003e 11:282. https://10.1038/s41467-019-14146-6\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRies C, Boese CK, Sturznickel J, et al (2020) Age-related changes of micro-morphological subchondral bone properties in the healthy femoral head. \u003cem\u003eOsteoarthritis Cartilage\u003c/em\u003e 28:1437-47. https://10.1016/j.joca.2020.08.001\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhang B, Guan H, Ye Z, et al (2023) Study on geometry and morphology of proximal humerus in Northern Chinese population based on 3-D CT. \u003cem\u003eJ Orthop Surg Res\u003c/em\u003e 18:47. https://10.1186/s13018-023-03504-2\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Humerus, elbow, Three-dimensional analysis, Computed tomography","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4318944/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4318944/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground \u003c/strong\u003eThis study utilized computed tomography and three-dimensional reconstruction techniques to investigate the morphological characteristics of the distal humerus in healthy adults from northern China, and compared whether there were differences in populations distal humeral data from different geographical areas.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods \u003c/strong\u003e80 standard CT images of the distal humerus were selected from the hospital's image archiving system and analysed using Mimics software. The differences in geometric and morphological parameters of the distal humerus between sexes and sides were compared, and whether there was a correlation between each parameter was investigated. The geometric and morphological parameters of the distal humerus were compared between Western and Chinese populations based on current and previous pooled results.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults \u003c/strong\u003e31 morphological parameters were measured and analysed in this study. On the whole, in the morphological parameters section, the mean and standard deviation of capitellum depth, capitellum width and capitellum height were 10.83 ± 1.18 mm, 17.60 ± 2.06 mm and 21.10 ± 2.03 mm, respectively. The mean of distal humerus width and humeral metaphyseal width were 44.38 ± 4.07 mm and 58.95 ± 4.86 mm. The trochlear groove high and trochlear widthwere 16.63 ± 1.96 mm and 26.78 ± 2.96 mm. The humeral axis angle, medial crest coronal tangential angle, lateral crest coronal tangential angle, medial crest sagittal tangential angle, lateral crest sagittal tangential angle was 86.22 ± 3.27°, 43.05 ± 7.53°, 16.03 ± 7.32°, 7.52 ± 11.00° and 37.31 ± 9.10° , respectively. This study shows that all morphological parameters of the distal humerus are significantly higher in males than in females, with the exception of the trochlear offset distance. The gender differences in the angle parameters in this study were insignificant. The capitellum width (r = -0.300, P \u0026lt; 0.01), anterior lateral trochlear depth (r =-0.227, P\u0026lt; 0.05), medial crest coronal tangential angle (r = 0.307, P\u0026lt;0.01), olecranon fossa volume (r = -0.408, P \u0026lt;0.01), olecranon fossa surface area (r = -0.345, P\u0026lt; 0.01) and coronoid fossa surface area (r = -0.279, P\u0026lt;0.05) were significantly correlated with the age of the subjects. The capitellum height (P \u0026lt; 0.001*), lateral trochlear high (P \u0026lt; 0.001*), trochlear groove high (P \u0026lt; 0.001*), trochlear depth (P \u0026lt; 0.001*) and medial trochlear high (P \u0026lt; 0.001*) were smaller in the Chinese population compared with the Western people, while capitellum width (P \u0026lt; 0.001 *) and capitellum depth (P \u0026lt; 0.001 *) were more prominent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003eThis research aims to serve as a reference for diagnosing and classifying distal humeral diseases, designing orthopedic implants, improving surgical quality and guiding patient recovery.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"CT-based measurement and analysis of distal humerus morphology in healthy adults from Northern China","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-05-07 15:24:15","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4318944/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"c597d016-44ce-4930-91b7-e7d2c247d06c","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 7th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-05-29T07:03:58+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-05-07 15:24:15","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4318944","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4318944","identity":"rs-4318944","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}