Pharmacological Screening of Aqueous Extract of Parkia biglobosa Leaves: In Vitro Inhibitory Activity against Key Snake Venom Enzymes

Pharmacological Screening of Aqueous Extract of Parkia biglobosa Leaves: In Vitro Inhibitory Activity against Key Snake Venom Enzymes | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Pharmacological Screening of Aqueous Extract of Parkia biglobosa Leaves: In Vitro Inhibitory Activity against Key Snake Venom Enzymes Precious Adejoh Idakwoji, Momoh Jimoh Abdullahi, Vitalis Chiebuka Ezeizu, and 6 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7886338/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Natural products constitute an invaluable source of bioactive compounds with promising therapeutic potential for the treatment and management of various diseases and disorders. Among such challenges, snake envenomation represents a major health concern due to the complex mixture of biologically active proteins and enzymes in snake venom, which contribute to its potent toxic, inflammatory, and cytotoxic effects. This study investigated the phytochemical composition and enzyme-inhibitory potential of aqueous leaf extract of Parkia biglobosa against key venom enzymes [phospholipase A₂ (PLA 2 ), hyaluronidase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO)] of Naja nigricollis (cobra). Phytochemical analyses were performed using standard procedures, while enzyme inhibition assays were conducted in vitro employing spectrophotometric techniques. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, terpenoids, steroids, and saponins. The extract exhibited concentration-dependent inhibitory activity against PLA₂, with an IC₅₀ of 62.83 µg/ml. It also demonstrated significant inhibition of hyaluronidase (IC₅₀ = 101.3 µg/ml), an enzyme responsible for venom dissemination through degradation of extracellular matrix components. The extract inhibited AChE (IC₅₀ = 67.93 µg/ml), suggesting possible neuroprotective effects against venom-induced neurotoxicity. Furthermore, moderate inhibition was observed against LAAO (IC₅₀ = 115.3 µg/ml), indicating potential attenuation of oxidative stress and cytotoxicity. Conclusively, the collective inhibition of these enzymes highlights the extract’s potential as a natural, multi-target antivenom agent. The results not only substantiate its traditional application in snakebite management but also open avenues for developing phytochemical-based adjunct therapies against envenomation. Toxicology Biochemical Research Methods Aqueous Extract Parkia biglobosa Leaves In Vitro Enzyme Inhibition Snake Venom Antivenom Activity Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7886338","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":531192955,"identity":"5586ef0c-e08d-444d-baed-79210ccc1ecd","order_by":0,"name":"Precious Adejoh 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Enzymes\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Prince Abubakar Audu University, Anyigba","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Aqueous Extract, Parkia biglobosa Leaves, In Vitro, Enzyme Inhibition, Snake Venom, Antivenom Activity","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7886338/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7886338/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eNatural products constitute an invaluable source of bioactive compounds with promising therapeutic potential for the treatment and management of various diseases and disorders. Among such challenges, snake envenomation represents a major health concern due to the complex mixture of biologically active proteins and enzymes in snake venom, which contribute to its potent toxic, inflammatory, and cytotoxic effects. This study investigated the phytochemical composition and enzyme-inhibitory potential of aqueous leaf extract of \u003cem\u003eParkia biglobosa\u003c/em\u003e against key venom enzymes [phospholipase A₂ (PLA\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), hyaluronidase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO)] of \u003cem\u003eNaja nigricollis\u003c/em\u003e (cobra). Phytochemical analyses were performed using standard procedures, while enzyme inhibition assays were conducted \u003cem\u003ein vitro\u003c/em\u003e employing spectrophotometric techniques. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, terpenoids, steroids, and saponins. The extract exhibited concentration-dependent inhibitory activity against PLA₂, with an IC₅₀ of 62.83 µg/ml. It also demonstrated significant inhibition of hyaluronidase (IC₅₀ = 101.3 µg/ml), an enzyme responsible for venom dissemination through degradation of extracellular matrix components. The extract inhibited AChE (IC₅₀ = 67.93 µg/ml), suggesting possible neuroprotective effects against venom-induced neurotoxicity. Furthermore, moderate inhibition was observed against LAAO (IC₅₀ = 115.3 µg/ml), indicating potential attenuation of oxidative stress and cytotoxicity. Conclusively, the collective inhibition of these enzymes highlights the extract’s potential as a natural, multi-target antivenom agent. The results not only substantiate its traditional application in snakebite management but also open avenues for developing phytochemical-based adjunct therapies against envenomation.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Pharmacological Screening of Aqueous Extract of Parkia biglobosa Leaves: In Vitro Inhibitory Activity against Key Snake Venom Enzymes","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-21 13:08:06","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7886338/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"24bc0825-e6cc-428a-80af-9bef984e1709","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 21st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":56474922,"name":"Toxicology"},{"id":56474923,"name":"Biochemical Research Methods"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-21T13:08:06+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-21 13:08:06","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7886338","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7886338","identity":"rs-7886338","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}