Key factors of Sustainable development on strengthening empowerment of environmental volunteer networks.

Key factors of Sustainable development on... | F1000Research "use strict";function _typeof(t){return(_typeof="function"==typeof Symbol&&"symbol"==typeof Symbol.iterator?function(t){return typeof t}:function(t){return t&&"function"==typeof Symbol&&t.constructor===Symbol&&t!==Symbol.prototype?"symbol":typeof t})(t)}!function(){var t=function(){var t,e,o=[],n=window,r=n;for(;r;){try{if(r.frames.__tcfapiLocator){t=r;break}}catch(t){}if(r===n.top)break;r=r.parent}t||(!function t(){var e=n.document,o=!!n.frames.__tcfapiLocator;if(!o)if(e.body){var r=e.createElement("iframe");r.style.cssText="display:none",r.name="__tcfapiLocator",e.body.appendChild(r)}else setTimeout(t,5);return!o}(),n.__tcfapi=function(){for(var t=arguments.length,n=new Array(t),r=0;r 3&&2===parseInt(n[1],10)&&"boolean"==typeof n[3]&&(e=n[3],"function"==typeof n[2]&&n[2]("set",!0)):"ping"===n[0]?"function"==typeof n[2]&&n[2]({gdprApplies:e,cmpLoaded:!1,cmpStatus:"stub"}):o.push(n)},n.addEventListener("message",(function(t){var e="string"==typeof t.data,o={};if(e)try{o=JSON.parse(t.data)}catch(t){}else o=t.data;var n="object"===_typeof(o)&&null!==o?o.__tcfapiCall:null;n&&window.__tcfapi(n.command,n.version,(function(o,r){var a={__tcfapiReturn:{returnValue:o,success:r,callId:n.callId}};t&&t.source&&t.source.postMessage&&t.source.postMessage(e?JSON.stringify(a):a,"*")}),n.parameter)}),!1))};"undefined"!=typeof module?module.exports=t:t()}(); dataLayer = dataLayer || []; // Standard GTM initialization - Google Consent Mode handles consent automatically (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl+ '>m_auth=hzk0Vc3qFsQYhCrIoHz68A>m_preview=env-1>m_cookies_win=x';f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MWFK8L5J'); ;window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.init={distributed_tracing:{enabled:true},privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}}; ;NREUM.loader_config={accountID:"438030",trustKey:"438030",agentID:"772317073",licenseKey:"97f8f67f26",applicationID:"772317073"} ;NREUM.info={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",licenseKey:"97f8f67f26",applicationID:"772317073",sa:1} ;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-spa-1.236.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{"use strict";var e,t,r={5763:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{P_:()=>l,Mt:()=>g,C5:()=>s,DL:()=>v,OP:()=>T,lF:()=>D,Yu:()=>y,Dg:()=>h,CX:()=>c,GE:()=>b,sU:()=>_});var n=r(8632),i=r(9567);const o={beacon:n.ce.beacon,errorBeacon:n.ce.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.D)(t,o),(0,n.Qy)(e,a[e],"info")}var u=r(7056);const d=()=>{const e={blockSelector:"[data-nr-block]",maskInputOptions:{password:!0}};return{allow_bfcache:!0,privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},ajax:{deny_list:void 0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},session:{domain:void 0,expiresMs:u.oD,inactiveMs:u.Hb},ssl:void 0,obfuscate:void 0,jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},metrics:{enabled:!0},page_action:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30},page_view_event:{enabled:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,long_task:!1},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},session_replay:{enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,sampleRate:.1,errorSampleRate:.1,maskTextSelector:"*",maskAllInputs:!0,get blockClass(){return"nr-block"},get ignoreClass(){return"nr-ignore"},get maskTextClass(){return"nr-mask"},get blockSelector(){return e.blockSelector},set blockSelector(t){e.blockSelector+=",".concat(t)},get maskInputOptions(){return e.maskInputOptions},set maskInputOptions(t){e.maskInputOptions={...t,password:!0}}},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10}}},f={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");if(!f[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return f[e]}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");f[e]=(0,i.D)(t,d()),(0,n.Qy)(e,f[e],"config")}function g(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");var r=l(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i {r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(50);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires an object as input");if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires a model to set its initial properties");const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occurred while setting a property of a Configurable",e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting a Configurable",e)}}},6818:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{Re:()=>i,gF:()=>o,q4:()=>n});const n="1.236.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},385:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{FN:()=>a,IF:()=>u,Nk:()=>f,Tt:()=>s,_A:()=>o,il:()=>n,pL:()=>c,v6:()=>i,w1:()=>d});const n="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,i="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),o=n?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),a=""+o?.location,s=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(navigator.userAgent),c=s&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,u=(()=>{const e=navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);return Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2?+e[1]:0})(),d=Boolean(n&&window.document.documentMode),f=!!navigator.sendBeacon},1117:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{w:()=>o});var n=r(50);const i={agentIdentifier:"",ee:void 0};class o{constructor(e){try{if("object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("shared context requires an object as input");this.sharedContext={},Object.assign(this.sharedContext,i),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;Object.keys(i).includes(t)&&(this.sharedContext[t]=r)}))}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting SharedContext",e)}}}},8e3:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{L:()=>d,R:()=>c});var n=r(2177),i=r(1284),o=r(4322),a=r(3325);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:a.p[t]||0};u(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e){e&&(s[e]||(s[e]=new Map))}function d(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:"",t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"feature";if(u(e),!e||!s[e].get(t))return a(t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0;const r=[...s[e]];function a(t){const r=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,a=o.X.handlers;if(r.backlog&&a){var s=r.backlog[t],c=a[t];if(c){for(var u=0;s&&u {let[t,r]=e;return r.staged}))&&(r.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),r.forEach((e=>{let[t]=e;a(t)})))}function f(e,t){var r=e[1];(0,i.D)(t[r],(function(t,r){var n=e[0];if(r[0]===n){var i=r[1],o=e[3],a=e[2];i.apply(o,a)}}))}},2177:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{c:()=>f,ee:()=>u});var n=r(8632),i=r(2210),o=r(1284),a=r(5763),s="nr@context";let c=(0,n.fP)();var u;function d(){}function f(e){return(0,i.X)(e,s,l)}function l(){return new d}function h(){u.aborted=!0,u.backlog={}}c.ee?u=c.ee:(u=function e(t,r){var n={},c={},f={},g=!1;try{g=16===r.length&&(0,a.OP)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var p={on:b,addEventListener:b,removeEventListener:y,emit:v,get:x,listeners:w,context:m,buffer:A,abort:h,aborted:!1,isBuffering:E,debugId:r,backlog:g?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{}};return p;function m(e){return e&&e instanceof d?e:e?(0,i.X)(e,s,l):l()}function v(e,r,n,i,o){if(!1!==o&&(o=!0),!u.aborted||i){t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=m(n),s=w(e),d=s.length,f=0;fn,p:()=>i});var n=r(2177).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},4322:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{X:()=>o});var n=r(5546);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.E,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.E);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3239:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{bP:()=>s,iz:()=>c,m$:()=>a});var n=r(385);let i=!1,o=!1;try{const e={get passive(){return i=!0,!1},get signal(){return o=!0,!1}};n._A.addEventListener("test",null,e),n._A.removeEventListener("test",null,e)}catch(e){}function a(e,t){return i||o?{capture:!!e,passive:i,signal:t}:!!e}function s(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;window.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}function c(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;document.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}},4402:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{Ht:()=>u,M:()=>c,Rl:()=>a,ky:()=>s});var n=r(385);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,++r).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s {r.d(t,{Bq:()=>n,Hb:()=>o,oD:()=>i});const n="NRBA",i=144e5,o=18e5},7894:(e,t,r)=>{function n(){return Math.round(performance.now())}r.d(t,{z:()=>n})},7243:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{e:()=>o});var n=r(385),i={};function o(e){if(e in i)return i[e];if(0===(e||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};let t;var r=n._A?.location,o={};if(n.il)t=document.createElement("a"),t.href=e;else try{t=new URL(e,r.href)}catch(e){return o}o.port=t.port;var a=t.href.split("://");!o.port&&a[1]&&(o.port=a[1].split("/")[0].split("@").pop().split(":")[1]),o.port&&"0"!==o.port||(o.port="https"===a[0]?"443":"80"),o.hostname=t.hostname||r.hostname,o.pathname=t.pathname,o.protocol=a[0],"/"!==o.pathname.charAt(0)&&(o.pathname="/"+o.pathname);var s=!t.protocol||":"===t.protocol||t.protocol===r.protocol,c=t.hostname===r.hostname&&t.port===r.port;return o.sameOrigin=s&&(!t.hostname||c),"/"===o.pathname&&(i[e]=o),o}},50:(e,t,r)=>{function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.warn&&(console.warn("New Relic: ".concat(e)),t&&console.warn(t))}r.d(t,{Z:()=>n})},2587:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{N:()=>c,T:()=>u});var n=r(2177),i=r(5546),o=r(8e3),a=r(3325);const s={stn:[a.D.sessionTrace],err:[a.D.jserrors,a.D.metrics],ins:[a.D.pageAction],spa:[a.D.spa],sr:[a.D.sessionReplay,a.D.sessionTrace]};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);e&&"object"==typeof e&&(Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,n]=e;void 0===u[t]&&(s[t]?s[t].forEach((e=>{n?(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,e,r):(0,i.p)("block-"+t,[],void 0,e,r),(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+t,[Boolean(n)],void 0,e,r)})):n&&(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,void 0,r),u[t]=Boolean(n))})),Object.keys(s).forEach((e=>{void 0===u[e]&&(s[e]?.forEach((t=>(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+e,[!1],void 0,t,r))),u[e]=!1)})),(0,o.L)(t,a.D.pageViewEvent))}const u={}},2210:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{X:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},1284:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{D:()=>n});const n=(e,t)=>Object.entries(e||{}).map((e=>{let[r,n]=e;return t(r,n)}))},4351:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{P:()=>o});var n=r(2177);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}}},3960:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{K:()=>a,b:()=>o});var n=r(3239);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.bP)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.iz)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},8632:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{EZ:()=>u,Qy:()=>c,ce:()=>o,fP:()=>a,gG:()=>d,mF:()=>s});var n=r(7894),i=r(385);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return i._A.NREUM||(i._A.NREUM={}),void 0===i._A.newrelic&&(i._A.newrelic=i._A.NREUM),i._A.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:i._A.setTimeout,SI:i._A.setImmediate,CT:i._A.clearTimeout,XHR:i._A.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:i._A.Request,EV:i._A.Event,PR:i._A.Promise,MO:i._A.MutationObserver,FETCH:i._A.fetch}),e}function c(e,t,r){let i=a();const o=i.initializedAgents||{},s=o[e]||{};return Object.keys(s).length||(s.initializedAt={ms:(0,n.z)(),date:new Date}),i.initializedAgents={...o,[e]:{...s,[r]:t}},i}function u(e,t){a()[e]=t}function d(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},7956:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{N:()=>i});var n=r(3239);function i(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]&&arguments[1],r=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,i=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;return void(0,n.iz)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"==document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},1214:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{em:()=>v,u5:()=>N,QU:()=>S,_L:()=>I,Gm:()=>L,Lg:()=>M,gy:()=>U,BV:()=>Q,Kf:()=>ee});var n=r(2177);const i="nr@original";var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,a=!1;function s(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");var a,s,c,u="-"===n.charAt(0);for(c=0;c 2?n-2:0),o=2;o {r(A[T],e,w),r(E[T],e,w)})),r(l._A,"fetch",y),t.on(y+"end",(function(e,r){var n=this;if(r){var i=r.headers.get("content-length");null!==i&&(n.rxSize=i),t.emit(y+"done",[null,r],n)}else t.emit(y+"done",[e],n)})),t}const O={},j=["pushState","replaceState"];function S(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("history")}(e);return!l.il||O[t.debugId]++||(O[t.debugId]=1,s(t).inPlace(window.history,j,"-")),t}var P=r(3239);const C={},R=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];function I(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("jsonp")}(e);if(!l.il||C[t.debugId])return t;C[t.debugId]=!0;var r=s(t),i=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,o=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,a=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/;function c(e,t){var r=e.match(a),n=r[1],i=r[3];return i?c(i,t[n]):t[n]}return r.inPlace(Node.prototype,R,"dom-"),t.on("dom-start",(function(e){!function(e){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e.nodeName||"script"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase())return;if("function"!=typeof e.addEventListener)return;var n=(a=e.src,s=a.match(i),s?s[1]:null);var a,s;if(!n)return;var u=function(e){var t=e.match(o);if(t&&t.length>=3)return{key:t[2],parent:c(t[1],window)};return{key:e,parent:window}}(n);if("function"!=typeof u.parent[u.key])return;var d={};function f(){t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",f,(0,P.m$)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",l,(0,P.m$)(!1))}function l(){t.emit("jsonp-error",[],d),t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",f,(0,P.m$)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",l,(0,P.m$)(!1))}r.inPlace(u.parent,[u.key],"cb-",d),e.addEventListener("load",f,(0,P.m$)(!1)),e.addEventListener("error",l,(0,P.m$)(!1)),t.emit("new-jsonp",[e.src],d)}(e[0])})),t}var k=r(5763);const H={};function L(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("mutation")}(e);if(!l.il||H[t.debugId])return t;H[t.debugId]=!0;var r=s(t),i=k.Yu.MO;return i&&(window.MutationObserver=function(e){return this instanceof i?new i(r(e,"fn-")):i.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=i.prototype),t}const z={};function M(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("promise")}(e);if(z[t.debugId])return t;z[t.debugId]=!0;var r=n.c,o=s(t),a=k.Yu.PR;return a&&function(){function e(r){var n=t.context(),i=o(r,"executor-",n,null,!1);const s=Reflect.construct(a,[i],e);return t.context(s).getCtx=function(){return n},s}l._A.Promise=e,Object.defineProperty(e,"name",{value:"Promise"}),e.toString=function(){return a.toString()},Object.setPrototypeOf(e,a),["all","race"].forEach((function(r){const n=a[r];e[r]=function(e){let i=!1;[...e||[]].forEach((e=>{this.resolve(e).then(a("all"===r),a(!1))}));const o=n.apply(this,arguments);return o;function a(e){return function(){t.emit("propagate",[null,!i],o,!1,!1),i=i||!e}}}})),["resolve","reject"].forEach((function(r){const n=a[r];e[r]=function(e){const r=n.apply(this,arguments);return e!==r&&t.emit("propagate",[e,!0],r,!1,!1),r}})),e.prototype=a.prototype;const n=a.prototype.then;a.prototype.then=function(){var e=this,i=r(e);i.promise=e;for(var a=arguments.length,s=new Array(a),c=0;c e())),t};function m(e,t){i.inPlace(t,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",E)}function b(){var e=this,t=r.context(e);e.readyState>3&&!t.resolved&&(t.resolved=!0,r.emit("xhr-resolved",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,f,"fn-",E)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(o,p),p.prototype=o.prototype,i.inPlace(p.prototype,J,"-xhr-",E),r.on("send-xhr-start",(function(e,t){m(e,t),function(e){h.push(e),a&&(y?y.then(A):u?u(A):(w=-w,x.data=w))}(t)})),r.on("open-xhr-start",m),a){var y=c&&c.resolve();if(!u&&!c){var w=1,x=document.createTextNode(w);new a(A).observe(x,{characterData:!0})}}else t.on("fn-end",(function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===d||A()}));function A(){for(var e=0;e {r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.ajax},6660:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{A:()=>i,t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.jserrors,i="nr@seenError"},3081:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{gF:()=>o,mY:()=>i,t9:()=>n,vz:()=>s,xS:()=>a});const n=r(3325).D.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},4649:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageAction},7633:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{Dz:()=>i,OJ:()=>a,qw:()=>o,t9:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageViewEvent,i="firstbyte",o="domcontent",a="windowload"},9251:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageViewTiming},3614:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{BST_RESOURCE:()=>i,END:()=>s,FEATURE_NAME:()=>n,FN_END:()=>u,FN_START:()=>c,PUSH_STATE:()=>d,RESOURCE:()=>o,START:()=>a});const n=r(3325).D.sessionTrace,i="bstResource",o="resource",a="-start",s="-end",c="fn"+a,u="fn"+s,d="pushState"},7836:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{BODY:()=>A,CB_END:()=>E,CB_START:()=>u,END:()=>x,FEATURE_NAME:()=>i,FETCH:()=>_,FETCH_BODY:()=>v,FETCH_DONE:()=>m,FETCH_START:()=>p,FN_END:()=>c,FN_START:()=>s,INTERACTION:()=>l,INTERACTION_API:()=>d,INTERACTION_EVENTS:()=>o,JSONP_END:()=>b,JSONP_NODE:()=>g,JS_TIME:()=>T,MAX_TIMER_BUDGET:()=>a,REMAINING:()=>f,SPA_NODE:()=>h,START:()=>w,originalSetTimeout:()=>y});var n=r(5763);const i=r(3325).D.spa,o=["click","submit","keypress","keydown","keyup","change"],a=999,s="fn-start",c="fn-end",u="cb-start",d="api-ixn-",f="remaining",l="interaction",h="spaNode",g="jsonpNode",p="fetch-start",m="fetch-done",v="fetch-body-",b="jsonp-end",y=n.Yu.ST,w="-start",x="-end",A="-body",E="cb"+x,T="jsTime",_="fetch"},5938:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(5763),i=r(2177);class o{constructor(e,t,r){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.aggregator=t,this.ee=i.ee.get(e,(0,n.OP)(this.agentIdentifier).isolatedBacklog),this.featureName=r,this.blocked=!1}}},9144:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{j:()=>m});var n=r(3325),i=r(5763),o=r(5546),a=r(2177),s=r(7894),c=r(8e3),u=r(3960),d=r(385),f=r(50),l=r(3081),h=r(8632);function g(){const e=(0,h.gG)();["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId"].forEach((t=>{e[t]=function(){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r),i=0;i 1?r-1:0),i=1;i {e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&o.push(e.api[t](...n))})),o.length>1?o:o[0]}(t,...n)}}))}var p=r(2587);function m(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},m=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,v=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0,{init:b,info:y,loader_config:w,runtime:x={loaderType:m},exposed:A=!0}=t;const E=(0,h.gG)();y||(b=E.init,y=E.info,w=E.loader_config),(0,i.Dg)(e,b||{}),(0,i.GE)(e,w||{}),(0,i.sU)(e,x),y.jsAttributes??={},d.v6&&(y.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.CX)(e,y),g();const T=function(e,t){t||(0,c.R)(e,"api");const h={};var g=a.ee.get(e),p=g.get("tracer"),m="api-",v=m+"ixn-";function b(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.C5)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.CX)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),x(m,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function y(){}["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"].forEach((e=>h[e]=x(m,e,!0,"api"))),h.addPageAction=x(m,"addPageAction",!0,n.D.pageAction),h.setCurrentRouteName=x(m,"routeName",!0,n.D.spa),h.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,i.OP)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,x(m,"setPageViewName",!0)()},h.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return b(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,f.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nNon-null value must be a string or number type, but a type of was provided."))}else(0,f.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nName must be a string type, but a type of was provided."))},h.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return b("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,f.Z)("Failed to execute setUserId.\nNon-null value must be a string type, but a type of was provided."))},h.interaction=function(){return(new y).get()};var w=y.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,a="function"==typeof t;return(0,o.p)(v+"tracer",[(0,s.z)(),e,r],i,n.D.spa,g),function(){if(p.emit((a?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,s.z)(),i,a],r),a)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){throw p.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,"string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e],r),e}finally{p.emit("fn-end",[(0,s.z)()],r)}}}};function x(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,o.p)(l.xS,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,g),i&&(0,o.p)(e+t,[(0,s.z)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,g),r?void 0:this}}function A(){r.e(439).then(r.bind(r,7438)).then((t=>{let{setAPI:r}=t;r(e),(0,c.L)(e,"api")})).catch((()=>(0,f.Z)("Downloading runtime APIs failed...")))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{w[e]=x(v,e,void 0,n.D.spa)})),h.noticeError=function(e,t){"string"==typeof e&&(e=new Error(e)),(0,o.p)(l.xS,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,g),(0,o.p)("err",[e,(0,s.z)(),!1,t],void 0,n.D.jserrors,g)},d.il?(0,u.b)((()=>A()),!0):A(),h}(e,v);return(0,h.Qy)(e,T,"api"),(0,h.Qy)(e,A,"exposed"),(0,h.EZ)("activatedFeatures",p.T),T}},3325:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{D:()=>n,p:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",jserrors:"jserrors",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.ajax]:5,[n.sessionTrace]:6,[n.pageAction]:7,[n.spa]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>(({78:"page_action-aggregate",147:"metrics-aggregate",242:"session-manager",317:"jserrors-aggregate",348:"page_view_timing-aggregate",412:"lazy-feature-loader",439:"async-api",538:"recorder",590:"session_replay-aggregate",675:"compressor",733:"session_trace-aggregate",786:"page_view_event-aggregate",873:"spa-aggregate",898:"ajax-aggregate"}[e]||e)+"."+{78:"ac76d497",147:"3dc53903",148:"1a20d5fe",242:"2a64278a",317:"49e41428",348:"bd6de33a",412:"2f55ce66",439:"30bd804e",538:"1b18459f",590:"cf0efb30",675:"ae9f91a8",733:"83105561",786:"06482edd",860:"03a8b7a5",873:"e6b09d52",898:"998ef92b"}[e]+"-1.236.0.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d {s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(h);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},h=setTimeout(l.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=l.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=l.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.j=364,i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={364:0,953:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u {i.r(o);var e=i(3325),t=i(5763);const r=Object.values(e.D);function n(e){const n={};return r.forEach((r=>{n[r]=function(e,r){return!1!==(0,t.Mt)(r,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),n}var a=i(9144);var s=i(5546),c=i(385),u=i(8e3),d=i(5938),f=i(3960),l=i(50);class h extends d.W{constructor(e,t,r){let n=!(arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3])||arguments[3];super(e,t,r),this.auto=n,this.abortHandler,this.featAggregate,this.onAggregateImported,n&&(0,u.R)(e,r)}importAggregator(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;const r=c.il&&!0===(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"privacy.cookies_enabled");let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let t;try{if(r){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await Promise.all([i.e(860),i.e(242)]).then(i.bind(i,3228));t=e(this.agentIdentifier)}}catch(e){(0,l.Z)("A problem occurred when starting up session manager. This page will not start or extend any session.",e)}try{if(!this.shouldImportAgg(this.featureName,t))return void(0,u.L)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName);const{lazyFeatureLoader:r}=await i.e(412).then(i.bind(i,8582)),{Aggregate:o}=await r(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new o(this.agentIdentifier,this.aggregator,e),n(!0)}catch(e){(0,l.Z)("Downloading and initializing ".concat(this.featureName," failed..."),e),this.abortHandler?.(),n(!1)}};c.il?(0,f.b)((()=>o()),!0):o()}shouldImportAgg(r,n){return r!==e.D.sessionReplay||!1!==(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"session_trace.enabled")&&(!!n?.isNew||!!n?.state.sessionReplay)}}var g=i(7633),p=i(7894);class m extends h{static featureName=g.t9;constructor(r,n){let i=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];if(super(r,n,g.t9,i),("undefined"==typeof PerformanceNavigationTiming||c.Tt)&&"undefined"!=typeof PerformanceTiming){const n=(0,t.OP)(r);n[g.Dz]=Math.max(Date.now()-n.offset,0),(0,f.K)((()=>n[g.qw]=Math.max((0,p.z)()-n[g.Dz],0))),(0,f.b)((()=>{const t=(0,p.z)();n[g.OJ]=Math.max(t-n[g.Dz],0),(0,s.p)("timing",["load",t],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}))}this.importAggregator()}}var v=i(1117),b=i(1284);class y extends v.w{constructor(e){super(e),this.aggregatedData={}}store(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,r,i);return o.metrics=function(e,t){t||(t={count:0});return t.count+=1,(0,b.D)(e,(function(e,r){t[e]=w(r,t[e])})),t}(n,o.metrics),o}merge(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,n,i);if(o.metrics){var a=o.metrics;a.count+=r.count,(0,b.D)(r,(function(e,t){if("count"!==e){var n=a[e],i=r[e];i&&!i.c?a[e]=w(i.t,n):a[e]=function(e,t){if(!t)return e;t.c||(t=x(t.t));return t.min=Math.min(e.min,t.min),t.max=Math.max(e.max,t.max),t.t+=e.t,t.sos+=e.sos,t.c+=e.c,t}(i,a[e])}}))}else o.metrics=r}storeMetric(e,t,r,n){var i=this.getBucket(e,t,r);return i.stats=w(n,i.stats),i}getBucket(e,t,r,n){this.aggregatedData[e]||(this.aggregatedData[e]={});var i=this.aggregatedData[e][t];return i||(i=this.aggregatedData[e][t]={params:r||{}},n&&(i.custom=n)),i}get(e,t){return t?this.aggregatedData[e]&&this.aggregatedData[e][t]:this.aggregatedData[e]}take(e){for(var t={},r="",n=!1,i=0;i t.max&&(t.max=e),e 2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,r,j.t,n),c.il&&((0,t.OP)(e).initHidden=Boolean("hidden"===document.visibilityState),(0,N.N)((()=>(0,s.p)("docHidden",[(0,p.z)()],void 0,j.t,this.ee)),!0),(0,O.bP)("pagehide",(()=>(0,s.p)("winPagehide",[(0,p.z)()],void 0,j.t,this.ee))),this.importAggregator())}}var P=i(3081);class C extends h{static featureName=P.t9;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,P.t9,r),this.importAggregator()}}var R,I=i(2210),k=i(1214),H=i(2177),L={};try{R=localStorage.getItem("__nr_flags").split(","),console&&"function"==typeof console.log&&(L.console=!0,-1!==R.indexOf("dev")&&(L.dev=!0),-1!==R.indexOf("nr_dev")&&(L.nrDev=!0))}catch(e){}function z(e){try{L.console&&z(e)}catch(e){}}L.nrDev&&H.ee.on("internal-error",(function(e){z(e.stack)})),L.dev&&H.ee.on("fn-err",(function(e,t,r){z(r.stack)})),L.dev&&(z("NR AGENT IN DEVELOPMENT MODE"),z("flags: "+(0,b.D)(L,(function(e,t){return e})).join(", ")));var M=i(6660);class B extends h{static featureName=M.t;constructor(r,n){let i=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(r,n,M.t,i),this.skipNext=0;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}const o=this;o.ee.on("fn-start",(function(e,t,r){o.abortHandler&&(o.skipNext+=1)})),o.ee.on("fn-err",(function(t,r,n){o.abortHandler&&!n[M.A]&&((0,I.X)(n,M.A,(function(){return!0})),this.thrown=!0,(0,s.p)("err",[n,(0,p.z)()],void 0,e.D.jserrors,o.ee))})),o.ee.on("fn-end",(function(){o.abortHandler&&!this.thrown&&o.skipNext>0&&(o.skipNext-=1)})),o.ee.on("internal-error",(function(t){(0,s.p)("ierr",[t,(0,p.z)(),!0],void 0,e.D.jserrors,o.ee)})),this.origOnerror=c._A.onerror,c._A.onerror=this.onerrorHandler.bind(this),c._A.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",(t=>{const r=function(e){let t="Unhandled Promise Rejection: ";if(e instanceof Error)try{return e.message=t+e.message,e}catch(t){return e}if(void 0===e)return new Error(t);try{return new Error(t+(0,D.P)(e))}catch(e){return new Error(t)}}(t.reason);(0,s.p)("err",[r,(0,p.z)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1}],void 0,e.D.jserrors,this.ee)}),(0,O.m$)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),(0,k.gy)(this.ee),(0,k.BV)(this.ee),(0,k.em)(this.ee),(0,t.OP)(r).xhrWrappable&&(0,k.Kf)(this.ee),this.abortHandler=this.#e,this.importAggregator()}#e(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}onerrorHandler(t,r,n,i,o){"function"==typeof this.origOnerror&&this.origOnerror(...arguments);try{this.skipNext?this.skipNext-=1:(0,s.p)("err",[o||new F(t,r,n),(0,p.z)()],void 0,e.D.jserrors,this.ee)}catch(t){try{(0,s.p)("ierr",[t,(0,p.z)(),!0],void 0,e.D.jserrors,this.ee)}catch(e){}}return!1}}function F(e,t,r){this.message=e||"Uncaught error with no additional information",this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r}let U=1;const q="nr@id";function G(e){const t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===c._A?0:(0,I.X)(e,q,(function(){return U++}))}function V(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if("object"==typeof e){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return(0,D.P)(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var X=i(7243);class W{constructor(e){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.generateTracePayload=this.generateTracePayload.bind(this),this.shouldGenerateTrace=this.shouldGenerateTrace.bind(this)}generateTracePayload(e){if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e))return null;var r=(0,t.DL)(this.agentIdentifier);if(!r)return null;var n=(r.accountID||"").toString()||null,i=(r.agentID||"").toString()||null,o=(r.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!i)return null;var a=(0,_.M)(),s=(0,_.Ht)(),c=Date.now(),u={spanId:a,traceId:s,timestamp:c};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(u.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(a,s),u.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(a,c,n,i,o)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(u.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(a,s,c,n,i,o)),u}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return"00-"+t+"-"+e+"-01"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+"@nr=0-1-"+r+"-"+n+"-"+e+"----"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,o){if(!("function"==typeof c._A?.btoa))return null;var a={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return o&&n!==o&&(a.d.tk=o),btoa((0,D.P)(a))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.isDtEnabled()&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var r=!1,n={};if((0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing")&&(n=(0,t.P_)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing),e.sameOrigin)r=!0;else if(n.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var i=0;i 2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(r,n,Z.t,i),(0,t.OP)(r).xhrWrappable&&(this.dt=new W(r),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,s.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee),(0,k.u5)(this.ee),(0,k.Kf)(this.ee),function(r,n,i,o){function a(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=E,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},e.addEventListener("load",(function(r){_(t,e)}),(0,O.m$)(!1)),c.IF||e.addEventListener("progress",(function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded}),(0,O.m$)(!1))}function s(e){this.params={method:e[0]},T(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function u(e,n){var i=(0,t.DL)(r);i.xpid&&this.sameOrigin&&n.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",i.xpid);var a=o.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(a){var s=!1;a.newrelicHeader&&(n.setRequestHeader("newrelic",a.newrelicHeader),s=!0),a.traceContextParentHeader&&(n.setRequestHeader("traceparent",a.traceContextParentHeader),a.traceContextStateHeader&&n.setRequestHeader("tracestate",a.traceContextStateHeader),s=!0),s&&(this.dt=a)}}function d(e,t){var r=this.metrics,i=e[0],o=this;if(r&&i){var a=V(i);a&&(r.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,p.z)(),this.listener=function(e){try{"abort"!==e.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==e.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof t.onload)&&"function"==typeof o.end)&&o.end(t)}catch(e){try{n.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var s=0;s 1?e[1]=i:e.push(i)}else e[0]&&e[0].headers&&s(e[0].headers,n)&&(this.dt=n);function s(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set("newrelic",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set("traceparent",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set("tracestate",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function x(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,p.z)(),this.dt=t,e.length>=1&&(this.target=e[0]),e.length>=2&&(this.opts=e[1]);var r,n=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?r=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof Y?r=i.url:c._A?.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(r=i.href),T(this,r);var o=(""+(i&&i instanceof Y&&i.method||n.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=o,this.txSize=V(n.body)||0}function A(t,r){var n;this.endTime=(0,p.z)(),this.params||(this.params={}),this.params.status=r?r.status:0,"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);var o={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:(0,p.z)()-this.startTime};i("xhr",[this.params,o,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this,e.D.ajax)}function E(t){var r=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(var o=0;o 2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,we.t,r),this.importAggregator()}}new class{constructor(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:(0,_.ky)(16);c._A?(this.agentIdentifier=t,this.sharedAggregator=new y({agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier}),this.features={},this.desiredFeatures=new Set(e.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(m),Object.assign(this,(0,a.j)(this.agentIdentifier,e,e.loaderType||"agent")),this.start()):(0,l.Z)("Failed to initial the agent. Could not determine the runtime environment.")}get config(){return{info:(0,t.C5)(this.agentIdentifier),init:(0,t.P_)(this.agentIdentifier),loader_config:(0,t.DL)(this.agentIdentifier),runtime:(0,t.OP)(this.agentIdentifier)}}start(){const t="features";try{const r=n(this.agentIdentifier),i=[...this.desiredFeatures];i.sort(((t,r)=>e.p[t.featureName]-e.p[r.featureName])),i.forEach((t=>{if(r[t.featureName]||t.featureName===e.D.pageViewEvent){const n=function(t){switch(t){case e.D.ajax:return[e.D.jserrors];case e.D.sessionTrace:return[e.D.ajax,e.D.pageViewEvent];case e.D.sessionReplay:return[e.D.sessionTrace];case e.D.pageViewTiming:return[e.D.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(t.featureName);n.every((e=>r[e]))||(0,l.Z)("".concat(t.featureName," is enabled but one or more dependent features has been disabled (").concat((0,D.P)(n),"). This may cause unintended consequences or missing data...")),this.features[t.featureName]=new t(this.agentIdentifier,this.sharedAggregator)}})),(0,T.Qy)(this.agentIdentifier,this.features,t)}catch(e){(0,l.Z)("Failed to initialize all enabled instrument classes (agent aborted) -",e);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,T.fP)();return delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.[t],delete this.sharedAggregator,r.ee?.abort(),delete r.ee?.get(this.agentIdentifier),!1}}}({features:[J,m,S,class extends h{static featureName=oe;constructor(t,r){if(super(t,r,oe,!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2]),!c.il)return;const n=this.ee;let i;(0,k.QU)(n),this.eventsEE=(0,k.em)(n),this.eventsEE.on(se,(function(e,t){this.bstStart=(0,p.z)()})),this.eventsEE.on(ae,(function(t,r){(0,s.p)("bst",[t[0],r,this.bstStart,(0,p.z)()],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)})),n.on(ce+ne,(function(e){this.time=(0,p.z)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash})),n.on(ce+ie,(function(t){(0,s.p)("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)}));try{i=new PerformanceObserver((t=>{const r=t.getEntries();(0,s.p)(te,[r],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)})),i.observe({type:re,buffered:!0})}catch(e){}this.importAggregator({resourceObserver:i})}},C,xe,B,class extends h{static featureName=de;constructor(e,r){if(super(e,r,de,!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2]),!c.il)return;if(!(0,t.OP)(e).xhrWrappable)return;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}let n,i=0;const o=this.ee.get("tracer"),a=(0,k._L)(this.ee),s=(0,k.Lg)(this.ee),u=(0,k.BV)(this.ee),d=(0,k.Kf)(this.ee),f=this.ee.get("events"),l=(0,k.u5)(this.ee),h=(0,k.QU)(this.ee),g=(0,k.Gm)(this.ee);function m(e,t){h.emit("newURL",[""+window.location,t])}function v(){i++,n=window.location.hash,this[ve]=(0,p.z)()}function b(){i--,window.location.hash!==n&&m(0,!0);var e=(0,p.z)();this[pe]=~~this[pe]+e-this[ve],this[ye]=e}function y(e,t){e.on(t,(function(){this[t]=(0,p.z)()}))}this.ee.on(ve,v),s.on(be,v),a.on(be,v),this.ee.on(ye,b),s.on(ge,b),a.on(ge,b),this.ee.buffer([ve,ye,"xhr-resolved"],this.featureName),f.buffer([ve],this.featureName),u.buffer(["setTimeout"+le,"clearTimeout"+fe,ve],this.featureName),d.buffer([ve,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+fe],this.featureName),l.buffer([me+fe,me+"-done",me+he+fe,me+he+le],this.featureName),h.buffer(["newURL"],this.featureName),g.buffer([ve],this.featureName),s.buffer(["propagate",be,ge,"executor-err","resolve"+fe],this.featureName),o.buffer([ve,"no-"+ve],this.featureName),a.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"],this.featureName),y(l,me+fe),y(l,me+"-done"),y(a,"new-jsonp"),y(a,"jsonp-end"),y(a,"cb-start"),h.on("pushState-end",m),h.on("replaceState-end",m),window.addEventListener("hashchange",m,(0,O.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("load",m,(0,O.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("popstate",(function(){m(0,i>1)}),(0,O.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#e,this.importAggregator()}#e(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}],loaderType:"spa"})})(),window.NRBA=o})(); window.jQuery || document.write(' ') CKEDITOR_BASEPATH='https://f1000research.com/js/vendor/ckeditor/' window.reactTheme = 'research'; window.MathJax = { CommonHTML: { linebreaks: { automatic: true } }, 'HTML-CSS': { linebreaks: { automatic: true } }, SVG: { linebreaks: { automatic: true } }, AuthorInit: function() { MathJax.Hub.Register.MessageHook('End Process', function () { let timeout = false; // holder for timeout id const delay = 250; // delay after event is "complete" to run callback const reflowMath = function() { const dispFormulas = document.querySelectorAll('.disp-formula.panel'); if (!dispFormulas) { return; } for (const dispFormula of dispFormulas) { const child = dispFormula.querySelector('.MathJax_Preview').nextSibling.firstChild; const isMultiline = MathJax.Hub.getAllJax(dispFormula)[0].root.isMultiline; if (dispFormula.offsetWidth < child.offsetWidth || isMultiline) { MathJax.Hub.Queue(['Rerender', MathJax.Hub, dispFormula]); } } }; window.addEventListener('resize', function() { clearTimeout(timeout); // clear the timeout timeout = setTimeout(reflowMath, delay); // start timing for event "completion" }); }); }, }; if (window.location.hash == '#_=_'){ window.location = window.location.href.split('#')[0] } !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s){if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function() {n.callMethod? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)} ;if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n; n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0; t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window, document,'script','https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js'); fbq('init', '1641728616063202'); fbq('track', "PixelInitialized", {}); (function(h,o,t,j,a,r){ h.hj=h.hj||function(){(h.hj.q=h.hj.q||[]).push(arguments)}; h._hjSettings={hjid:2318163,hjsv:6}; a=o.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]; r=o.createElement('script');r.async=1; r.src=t+h._hjSettings.hjid+j+h._hjSettings.hjsv; a.appendChild(r); })(window,document,'https://static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-','.js?sv='); search file_upload Submit your research search menu close search Browse Gateways & Collections How to Publish Submit your Research My Submissions Article Guidelines Article Guidelines (New Versions) Open Data, Software and Code Guidelines Open Data and Accessible Source Materials Guidelines (HSS) Open Data, Software and Code Guidelines (PSE) Prepublication Checks Production Process Posters and Slides Guidelines Document Guidelines Article Processing Charges Peer Review Finding Article Reviewers About How it Works For Reviewers Our Advisors Policies Glossary FAQs For Developers Newsroom Contact My Research Submissions Content and Tracking Alerts My Details Sign In file_upload Submit your research { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "ScholarlyArticle", "mainEntityOfPage": { "@type": "WebPage", "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/15-167" }, "headline": "Key factors of Sustainable development on strengthening empowerment of environmental volunteer networks.", "datePublished": "2026-02-02T14:26:21", "dateModified": "2026-02-02T14:26:21", "author": [ { "@type": "Person", "name": "Supit Boonlab" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Sanitdech Jintana" } ], "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "F1000Research", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://f1000research.com/img/AMP/F1000Research_image.png", "height": 480, "width": 60 } }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://f1000research.com/img/AMP/F1000Research_image.png", "height": 1200, "width": 150 }, "description": "This study investigates the key factors influencing the strengthening empowerment within environmental volunteer networks, with a focus on Thailand’s sustainability context. Environmental volunteer groups, such as Trash Hero Thailand, play an increasingly critical role in addressing ecological challenges, yet their effectiveness is shaped by complex interactions among external factors, individual and community needs, and achievements. A quantitative methods design employed a structured questionnaire distributed among 199 participants from Trash Hero Thailand followers and local volunteer groups in Rayong and Chonburi Provinces, Thailand. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to analyze relationships among variables. Findings reveal that external factors, including political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal dimensions, significantly impact strenthening empowerment both directly and indirectly through achievement. Achievement was confirmed as a strong mediator, highlighting stratab;tegy, organizational structure, and communication style as critical success dimensions. Interestingly, needs negatively influenced strengthening empowerment, suggesting that unmet or excessive needs may undermine self-sufficiency unless translated into concrete achievements. The study concludes that sustainable empowerment requires a balance of external support, organizational achievement, and capacity building. Recommendations include achievement-driven empowerment strategies, graduated support models to reduce dependency, and adaptive monitoring systems. These insights contribute to advancing resilient, self-sustaining environmental volunteer networks aligned with national sustainability goals." } { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "1", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/", "name": "Home" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "2", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/browse/articles", "name": "Browse" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "3", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/15-167/v1", "name": "Key factors of Sustainable development on strengthening empowerment..." } } ] } Home Browse Key factors of Sustainable development on strengthening empowerment... ALL Metrics - Views Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite How to cite this article Boonlab S and Jintana S. Key factors of Sustainable development on strengthening empowerment of environmental volunteer networks. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :167 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.173070.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article Key factors of Sustainable development on strengthening empowerment of environmental volunteer networks. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] Supit Boonlab https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0462-115X 1 , Sanitdech Jintana 1 Supit Boonlab https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0462-115X 1 , Sanitdech Jintana 1 PUBLISHED 02 Feb 2026 Author details Author details 1 Department of Social Science, Faculty of Liberal Arts, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Khlong Hok, Pathum Thani, 12110, Thailand Supit Boonlab Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Project Administration, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Sanitdech Jintana Roles: Data Curation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS Abstract This study investigates the key factors influencing the strengthening empowerment within environmental volunteer networks, with a focus on Thailand’s sustainability context. Environmental volunteer groups, such as Trash Hero Thailand, play an increasingly critical role in addressing ecological challenges, yet their effectiveness is shaped by complex interactions among external factors, individual and community needs, and achievements. A quantitative methods design employed a structured questionnaire distributed among 199 participants from Trash Hero Thailand followers and local volunteer groups in Rayong and Chonburi Provinces, Thailand. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to analyze relationships among variables. Findings reveal that external factors, including political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal dimensions, significantly impact strenthening empowerment both directly and indirectly through achievement. Achievement was confirmed as a strong mediator, highlighting stratab;tegy, organizational structure, and communication style as critical success dimensions. Interestingly, needs negatively influenced strengthening empowerment, suggesting that unmet or excessive needs may undermine self-sufficiency unless translated into concrete achievements. The study concludes that sustainable empowerment requires a balance of external support, organizational achievement, and capacity building. Recommendations include achievement-driven empowerment strategies, graduated support models to reduce dependency, and adaptive monitoring systems. These insights contribute to advancing resilient, self-sustaining environmental volunteer networks aligned with national sustainability goals. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords external factors; achievement; strengthening; empowerment; environmental volunteer networks Corresponding Author(s) Sanitdech Jintana ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Sanitdech Jintana Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: This arcitcle is based on a research project titled “An innovative approach to strengthening the group of online media creators involved in environmental volunteer work.” This research was supported by the National Science, Research and Innovation Fund, Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI), through Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi (FRB67E0906)(Grant No.: FRB670027/0168). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Copyright: © 2026 Boonlab S and Jintana S. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Boonlab S and Jintana S. Key factors of Sustainable development on strengthening empowerment of environmental volunteer networks. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :167 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.173070.1 ) First published: 02 Feb 2026, 15 :167 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.173070.1 ) Latest published: 02 Feb 2026, 15 :167 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.173070.1 ) Introduction Sustainable development has increasingly underscored the significance of community-based efforts, especially environmental volunteer networks, in tackling ecological concerns and promoting enduring resilience. These networks offer vital human resources to enhance institutional initiatives; yet, their efficacy is significantly influenced by external factors, including government policy, institutional backing, and socio-cultural dynamics. Studies show that programs that fit well with local government institutions and community participation frameworks are more likely to thrive and stay important over time ( Oroh 2017 ). Moreover, the longevity of environmental initiatives is significantly affected by elements such as resource availability, regulatory uniformity, and stakeholder reactivity to developing ecological challenges ( Nadvodnyuk 2024 ). So, the way that outside variables and within organizational mechanisms work together is a key part of making volunteer-based sustainability efforts stronger. Achievement in volunteer networks include not only concrete environmental results but also the social and psychological advantages attained by participants. Accomplishments like improving personal skills, being more conscious of the environment, and improving the community’s reputation give volunteers both intrinsic and extrinsic benefits that keep them motivated. Empirical research indicate that perceived rewards, such as acknowledgment, capacity growth, and social contribution, substantially improve individual satisfaction and group motivation among volunteers ( Rahman 2023 ; Rahman and Rahman 2021 ). These accomplishments serve as reinforcing mechanisms, not only improving retention but also validating the significance of environmental volunteers as a vital catalyst for sustainable development. So, achievement serves as both a goal and a way to motivate others, making sure that volunteer work continues and grows. To make volunteer networks stronger, organizations need to use planned tactics that combine organizational structure, leadership development, and collective efficacy. Research shows that group identity, participation training, and coaching programs are important for making sustainability projects more effective and more resilient ( Hamann, Holz, and Reese 2021 ). Strengthened networks are defined by their capacity to efficiently mobilize resources, foster inclusive decision-making, and generate synergies among diverse stakeholders. In practice, strengthening methods have demonstrated particular significance in volunteer tourism and environmental engagement, where partnership between local communities and volunteers promotes information sharing and guarantees culturally sensitive approaches to sustainability ( Tran and Tran 2024 ). So, strengthening isn’t only about making structures stronger; it’s also about creating flexible systems that can handle changing social and ecological situations. There are several things that can help make environmental volunteer networks stronger, but the most important ones are how organizations are set up and how people work together in the community. Strong leadership and training that involves everyone help build a sense of community, which helps volunteers work together and stay motivated ( Hamann, Holz, and Reese 2021 ). Inclusive decision-making is also very important since it brings together different points of view and builds trust among networks. Also, relationships between local communities and outside volunteers let people share what they know and adapt to different cultures, which makes projects more productive in the long run ( Tran and Tran 2024 ). These aspects work together to make volunteer networks strong and flexible systems that can handle difficult sustainability issues. Finally, empowerment is the most important aspect of long-term environmental volunteering since it turns volunteers from passive participants into active agents of change. Capacity-building efforts, inclusive governance, and fair access to resources are all examples of empowerment tactics that help individuals feel like they own something and have control over their own lives. Evidence indicates that community empowerment increases engagement in environmental health and conservation initiatives, fostering sustainable behaviors grounded in local contexts (Syaharuddin, Salomon, and Anggeraent 2024). Additionally, empowering underprivileged groups, especially women, has been recognized as a critical element in promoting environmental sustainability by broadening viewpoints and enhancing the influence of volunteer networks ( Tiwari 2022 ). As a result, empowerment makes sure that environmental volunteer networks are not just reactive groups, but also proactive participants in plans for sustainable development. In Thailand, environmental volunteer networks are becoming more important for solving local sustainability issues, especially when it comes to protecting forests, managing waste, and making communities more resilient to climate change. These groups usually work with government agencies and community organizations to protect natural resources by getting people to share their knowledge and work together. Environmental conservation efforts, such as creating community forests that protect biodiversity and natural resources, are a big part of Thailand’s community-based volunteer programs that help promote sustainable tourism and protect ecosystems. These things are very important for keeping the environment in balance and bringing in tourists who love nature ( Krittayaruangroj and Suriyankietkaew 2024 ; Auesriwong, Nilnoppakun, and Parawech 2015 ). They also help build social capital and take care of the environment at the same time. These projects are often part of community-based tourism plans that put a lot of emphasis on getting locals involved, protecting culture, and protecting the environment ( Thananusak and Suriyankietkaew 2023 ). Putting these things together not only helps tourism that lasts, but it also makes communities stronger and more connected. Studies also show that getting people to volunteer to protect the environment makes people more aware of it and encourages long-term sustainable practices in Thai communities ( Nadvodnyuk 2024 ). Trash Hero Thailand is a great example of how environmental volunteering can empower people by getting them involved in reducing trash through clean-up events and educational efforts. The movement makes communities stronger by getting people to change how they act and use eco-friendly waste methods. Everyone takes better care of the environment as a result ( Mulawarman et al. 2024 ). Its grassroots empowerment goes along with Thailand’s bigger plans to be more sustainable, since community networks work together and share the duty of protecting the environment ( Liu, Run, and Beliatte 2025 ). Due to the above, the case focuses on enhancing its impact by collaborating with government organizations and enterprise agencies to engage more people in sustainability practices. It will concentrate on expanding successful initiatives like Trash Hero Thailand and developing new strategies to protect biodiversity and strengthen community resilience against climate change. Moreover, these efforts will support Thailand’s national sustainability goals by establishing self-sustaining, community-driven environmental protection systems, reducing pressure on government resources while maximizing positive environmental outcomes in the long term. Therefore, the aims of this study were to explore and analyze the factors that impact strengthening empowerment for environment volunteer networks for success. Review literatures External circumstances, accomplishments, and needs interact dynamically to shape empowerment, which affects how people and communities gain the ability to take action and effect change. The first hypothesis (H1) states that external factors have an impact on strengthening empowerment because external conditions like leadership, institutional frameworks, and supportive environments provide the structures that facilitate empowerment. The second hypothesis (H2), according to which achievement mediates this relationship, is based on the fact that accomplishments strengthen empowerment by fostering self-assurance, increasing agency, and guaranteeing sustainability. Lastly, the third hypothesis (H3) is supported by the strengthening of empowerment through the satisfaction of various personal, organizational, and community needs. H1: external factors influence strengthening empowerment External factors, i.e., leadership structures and socio-political environments, significantly impact empowerment theories by shaping individuals’ perceptions of their capacity to act and make decisions. According to structural empowerment theory access to resources and information in work and community settings enhances empowerment. For instance, studies show that external leaders, even in empowered teams, significantly affect team performance and satisfaction through both consistent and differential leadership behaviors ( Luciano, Mathieu, and Ruddy 2014 ). Similarly, empowerment theory in community psychology emphasizes the influence of broader political and institutional contexts, noting that conflicts between internal community goals and external institutional agendas can obstruct empowerment ( Montero 2009 ). Another important perspective is the psychological empowerment framework that examines the external perceptions such as organizational environment or leadership style as the antecedents of individual empowerment outcomes in terms of commitment to change or proactive behaviours. The research in organizational psychology reveals that the perceptions of having a supportive external environment increase employees’ psychological empowerment and their willingness to participate in change management processes ( Mangundjaya 2014 ). In addition, team-based models reveal that external human resource structures and coaching are better predictors of empowerment and performance outcomes than hierarchical leadership ( Rapp et al. 2016 ). Internal empowerment was shown to significantly enhance employee engagement and satisfaction, which in turn contributed to organizational success by increasing motivation, commitment, productivity, and innovation, but these positive outcomes did not automatically translate into external power without supportive organizational systems; instead, studies consistently demonstrated that empowerment was most effective when reinforced by strong and consistent external structures such as access to resources, information, support, and decision-making authority, thereby challenging the traditional assumption that internal empowerment alone was sufficient for organizational success ( Sang 2019 ). Research consistently highlights several key external factors that directly influence empowerment across organizational, social, and environmental contexts. A fundamental role is played by organizational support, which includes communication, resource access, and leadership behaviors. When workers have access to information, support networks, and opportunities for professional growth, structural empowerment is greatly enhanced ( Arogundade and Arogundade 2015 ). According to Thompson, Bailey, and Farmer (1998) , empowerment outcomes are consistently predicted by the perception of strong communication within an organization. Access to resources such as training and performance-based rewards also enhance psychological empowerment, enabling employees to perform effectively and confidently in their roles ( Assadzadeh and Chakherlouy 2013 ). In the public sector, government support and policies that decentralize power contribute to enhanced community empowerment outcomes ( Kilby 2004 ). Experiences of empowerment are also influenced by social networks and the surrounding environment outside of the workplace. Support from family, community, and healthcare providers has been reported to significantly enhance empowerment, for instance, insituations like maternal care ( Petralina et al. 2024 ). Community empowerment is also influenced by the surrounding political and institutional environment, where conflicting agendas and power imbalances can serve as external barriers ( Montero 2009 ). Technology further acts as a modern external driver of empowerment by enhancing access to information, enabling self-management tools, and strengthening individual health behaviors through digital engagement ( Phillips, Sordo, and Wood 2020 ). Otherwise, the results of empowerment are influenced by external elements which encompass economic resources and policy interventions and social support systems ( Reji 2011 ; Gautam 2024 ). The study shows that women who access microfinance services become financially empowered which leads to increased household decision-making power ( Khuan 2024 ; Ramya & Deepak 2024 ). According to Tiwari, Bisht, and Singh (2024) , state-funded scholarships lead to academic and professional empowerment in marginalized communities resulting in improved career opportunities and economic stability. Economic conditions alongside institutional frameworks determine the progression of empowerment. The framework of institutions along with laws and regulatory policies determines economic stability and growth which directly affects empowerment possibilities for people and communities ( He and Tang 2024 ). The existence of supportive institutional contexts that combine effective governance with available resources remains essential for fostering empowerment. People and communities achieve empowerment through a combination of political stability and good governance. The research conducted by Altun (2016) demonstrates that democratic government leads to higher civic involvement along with improved economic prospects. People derive empowerment from technological progress because these advancements create improved access to information and communication tools and financial resources ( David 2018 ). The digital financial services combined with e-governance projects increase empowerment through their economic and decision-making power growth for people ( Lee 2019 ; Yousuf, Bhatti, and Awan 2023 ). The final factor shows that policy laws along with legal institutions serve as fundamental drivers of empowerment because they protect marginalized groups through progressive laws that expand property rights and labor protections. The process of legal empowerment allows people to work with legal institutions thus creating increased social and economic self-advocacy ( Gisselquist 2018 ). Such empowerment holds the key to improving the circumstances of people suffering from persistent human rights violations since it enables them to seek better legal frameworks and justice access ( Satterthwaite 2022 ). The combination of external factors generates a dynamic effect that modifies empowerment levels across various contexts so that H1 has been issued. H2: Achievement role mediates between external factors and strengthening empowerment The mediating role of achievement in the empowerment process can be situated within motivational and organizational behavior theories. Achievement roles function as psychological mechanisms that translate external inputs—such as leadership, structural supports, and autonomy—into internalized empowerment. For example, empowering leadership has been shown to predict positive work outcomes only when filtered through psychological empowerment, with individuals’ achievement needs amplifying this mediation ( Ching 2012 ). Similarly, Chen et al. (2019) demonstrate that satisfaction of autonomy and competence needs predicted achievement goals, which then facilitated intrinsic motivation, thereby supporting empowerment as an achievement-driven outcome ( Chen et al. 2019 ). These findings suggest that empowerment is rarely a direct product of external interventions; rather, it is mediated by individuals’ pursuit and recognition of achievement within their roles. This aligns with Kirkman and Rosen’s (1999) work on team empowerment, which showed that leader actions and organizational structures enhanced empowerment through mechanisms of team responsibility and performance—both achievement-oriented constructs ( Kirkman and Rosen 1999 ). Thus, achievement roles can be conceptualized as the core mediators that integrate external resources into meaningful empowerment experiences. Critically, the literature also emphasizes that achievement roles not only mediate but also condition the strength of empowerment outcomes. Chang, Shih, and Lin (2010) found that psychological empowerment partially mediated the relationship between organizational support and job satisfaction among nurses, implying that empowerment is contingent upon the salience of achievement in professional identity ( Chang, Shih, and Lin 2010 ). Likewise, psychological empowerment has been found to mediate trust and performance, as employees who perceived their roles as avenues for achievement demonstrated higher commitment and initiative ( Liu and Ren 2021 ). In educational contexts, empowerment enhanced both teacher commitment and student achievement, reinforcing the reciprocal dynamic between achievement and empowerment ( Aliakbari and Amoli 2016 ). Taken together, these studies reveal a nuanced relationship: external factors create the conditions for empowerment, but it is the individual’s enactment of achievement roles that determines whether empowerment is realized and strengthened. Theoretically, this underscores empowerment as not merely structural or relational, but as a motivationally mediated process rooted in achievement dynamics. When appropriately nurtured, this empowerment plays a crucial role in both effectiveness (the immediate success of initiatives) and sustainability (the enduring viability of progress). For example, empowerment initiatives rooted in community participation, such as participatory rural appraisals, facilitate the alignment of developmental objectives with local priorities, thereby bolstering their sustainability ( Triatmanto, Natsir, and Rachyunisngsih 2018 ). In educational environments, the empowerment of human resources necessitates coordinated, systemic approaches that integrate individual capacities with overarching institutional objectives ( Kholida et al. 2024 ). Moreover, empowerment is inextricably linked to gender equity; the empowerment of women, for instance, has been recognized as a pivotal element in attaining sustainable development across various sectors, underscoring the notion that empowered groups contribute more effectively and consistently to collective objectives ( Tiwari 2022 ). Consequently, accomplishments should not be regarded as final outcomes, but rather as foundational elements that enhance agency, cultivate capacity, and ensure the longevity of developmental initiatives. H3: Needs influence strengthening empowerment Contemporary empowerment theory recognizes that individual and community empowerment emerges through the fulfillment of diverse, interconnected needs. Christens’s (2019) seminal framework establishes that empowerment operates across intrapersonal, interorganizational, and community levels, requiring multiple supportive conditions to flourish effectively. Belief systems fundamentally shape empowerment processes, as cognitive empowerment depends on self-efficacy and perceived control ( Schulz et al. 1995 ). When individuals cultivate self-assurance regarding their competencies, they exhibit an enhanced propensity to partake in behaviors that promote empowerment. As articulated by Eisman et al. (2016) , psychological empowerment—a significant dimension of individual empowerment—encompasses intrapersonal, interactional, and behavioral elements, which are essential for nurturing a sense of efficacy and a readiness to participate in social engagement. Response mechanisms—pertaining to both individual and institutional dimensions—establish feedback loops that either strengthen or undermine empowerment initiatives ( Speer and Hughey 1995 ). The concept of sustainable empowerment within the realm of community development is increasingly acknowledged as an essential strategy for enhancing resilience and elevating quality of life. In contrast to ephemeral interventions, sustainable empowerment prioritizes long-term capacity building that equips communities with the requisite skills, knowledge, and agency to mitigate vulnerability and attain self-sufficiency. For example, in fishing communities, capacity building in economic, technological, and institutional domains has been shown to significantly influence empowerment outcomes ( Tuan Muhammad Zukri et al. 2023 ). Empowerment thus functions as both a process and an outcome, enabling individuals and groups to make informed decisions and translate them into meaningful action ( Albuquerque, Cruz Santos, and Almeida 2017 ). Equally essential to sustainable empowerment are participation, governance, and cultural values, which together create the foundation for resilient communities. Broad-based participation fosters community ownership of development outcomes, while effective governance ensures the integration and continuity of empowerment processes ( Kumar et al. 2020 ). Participation is not only a tool for capacity building but also a mechanism for instilling responsibility and accountability. Moreover, embedding cultural values such as thrift, openness, and responsibility, alongside strengthening social institutions, enhances dignity and potential in grassroots communities ( Hikmawati 2022 ). Nonetheless, challenges such as institutional voids, inconsistent participation, and the abstract nature of sustainability can limit progress ( Sadan, Churchman, and Amoyal 1996 ; Kumar et al. 2020 ). Despite these barriers, integrating sustainability into empowerment discourse remains a critical strategy for building communities that are both resilient and self-sufficient. Community empowerment initiatives play a crucial role in addressing environmental challenges by enabling marginalized groups to influence policies and promote sustainability. Grassroots approaches foster local responsibility for climate action through collaboration, education, and advocacy ( Kumar et al., 2024 ). Community-led initiatives further advance environmental protection by emphasizing participatory decision-making and environmental justice ( Eslit 2023 ). Similarly, community-based conservation integrates indigenous knowledge and participatory governance to strengthen biodiversity protection and socio-economic resilience, despite challenges like resource scarcity and weak policy support ( Sele & Mukundi 2024 ). Environmental education also enhances civic engagement by equipping learners with lifelong skills and participatory experiences ( Ardoin, Bowers, and Gaillard 2022 ). However, obstacles such as limited resources and restricted policy influence remain. Strengthening capacity, funding, and inclusive governance is essential for ensuring that community-driven environmental initiatives achieve lasting ecological and social outcomes. Methods Population and sample size The population in this study consists of two groups. First, members of the Trash Hero Thailand Facebook page, which has approximately 150,365 followers actively engaged in ongoing activities. Second, local residents who are volunteer groups in Rayong and Chonburi province, East part of Thailand. The study sample is drawn from these populations using cluster sampling at 195 (based on 5 times of 39 parameters ( Hair et al. 2018 )) who are selected directly involved or associated with environmental volunteer activities. Research tools A structured questionnaire, created to guarantee content validity and alignment with the study’s goals, serves as the main research tool in this investigation. There are six sections on the questionnaire using checklist questions with a five-point rating scale. Section 1 collects demographic data. There are 20 items covering six dimensions (political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal) in the second section, which examines external factors influencing environmental volunteer groups. While section four uses 22 items to assess the success of online media creation across seven organizational dimensions, section three uses 10 items to address the needs of online media creators involved in environmental volunteerism. With 20 items, section five looks at strengthening empowerment; section six offers open-ended questions for further recommendations. Iterative revisions, expert consultation, and primary and secondary research were used to build the instrument. Using the Index of Item Congruency (IOC) framework, four subject matter experts evaluated the content validity to make sure it was clear, pertinent, and in line with the goals of the study. Reliability values revealed at total 0.950, while six aspects values 0.915-0.955 ( Cronbach 1951 ). Data collection and analysis Primary data were collected directly from the target sample, including members of the Trash Hero Thailand page and local residents engaged with environmental volunteer groups. An additional 10% of questionnaires was distributed to offset potential non-response and incomplete data and to ensure an adequate number of valid responses for 215. Out of these, 199 responses were fully completed, resulting in a return rate of 92.55%. The process involved obtaining permission through Grant No. FRB67E0906 from Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, which was officially approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) under No. RMUTT_REC No. Exp 63/67 (Expedited), distributing questionnaires in person and online, explaining the research objectives, and obtaining informed consent through standardized forms. Data collection prioritized minimal risk and confidentiality, ensuring participants’ anonymity and voluntary participation. Incomplete or invalid questionnaires were excluded. The data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics with statistical software for social sciences. Descriptive statistics, including frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation, were applied to analyze responses across demographic data, external factors, needs, success in online media creation, and group strength. A five-point Likert scale was used, with interpretation ranging from “very low” (1.00–1.80) to “very high” (4.21–5.00). Inferential statistics were employed to test research hypotheses via structural equation models (SEM). Result Demographic characteristics of respondents The study comprised a total of 199 respondents. In terms of gender, the majority were female (54.8%), while male respondents accounted for 45.2%. Regarding age, most participants were 21–30 years old (58.3%), followed by those aged 31–40 years (18.1%), and a smaller proportion aged 51–60 years (3.0%). In terms of income, nearly half of the respondents reported earning ฿10,001–20,000 per month (approximately US$315–630), while 21.6% earned below ฿10,000 per month (≤ US$315), and a very small group (2.0%) earned more than ฿50,000 per month (> US$1,575). Geographically, the respondents were predominantly from the Northeastern region (70.4%), with smaller proportions from the Central region (13.6%), Bangkok & Metropolitan area (8.0%), and only minor representation from other regions such as the North (2.0%), West (3.5%), South (1.5%), and East (1.0%). Note: Currency conversion is based on the exchange rate of ฿1 ≈ US$0.0315 (September 8-11, 2025). The data presents descriptive and validity statistics for four constructs as Table 1 : External Aspect, Needs, Achievement, and Strengthening Empowerment . Overall, mean scores are consistently high (ranging from 3.83 to 4.06), suggesting respondents generally perceive these dimensions positively. External aspects average 3.92, with the Environmental Dimension rated highest (4.04), highlighting strong environmental awareness. Needs show the highest mean at 4.02, particularly at the national level (4.06), indicating respondents value broader systemic development. Achievement averages 3.98, where the Strategy and Communication Style dimensions stand out, reflecting organizational effectiveness. Strengthening Empowerment also scores highly (4.00), especially in Efficiency (4.02). Reliability measures are robust: Composite Reliability (C.R.) values exceed the recommended 0.70, and Average Variance Extracted (AVE) values surpass 0.50, confirming construct validity. Skewness and kurtosis values mostly fall within acceptable ranges, suggesting normal distribution. Overall, the findings imply that external conditions, organizational performance, and empowerment processes are perceived as strong and interrelated drivers of sustainable outcomes. Table 1. Descriptive data of the aspects. Variable Mean S.D. Skewness Kurtosis R 2 C.R. AVE External aspect 0.905 0.615 Political 3.91 0.559 -0.132 1.346 0.446 Economic 3.83 0.633 0.026 1.576 0.535 Social 3.89 0.541 0.535 0.479 0.648 Technology 3.89 0.592 0.338 0.326 0.698 Environmental 4.04 0.563 0.570 -0.826 0.772 Legal 3.98 0.607 0.232 -0.330 0.575 Total 3.92 0.486 0.791 0.386 Needs 0.778 0.635 National Level 4.06 0.570 0.290 -0.307 0.698 Community Level 3.98 0.592 0.263 0.070 0.575 Total 4.02 0.550 0.575 -0.404 Achievement 0.956 0.756 Strategy 4.05 0.490 0.453 0.328 0.792 Organizational Structure 3.96 0.545 0.552 -0.012 0.805 Work System 3.93 0.606 0.335 -0.376 0.687 Personnel 3.95 0.534 0.654 -0.129 0.804 Skills 3.94 0.608 0.063 0.074 0.633 Communication Style 3.98 0.549 0.497 -0.268 0.780 Shared Values 3.98 0.547 0.555 -0.240 0.796 Total 3.98 0.483 0.955 -0.065 Strengthening empowerment 0.919 0.850 Efficiency 4.02 0.487 0.943 -0.333 0.864 Sustainability 3.98 0.542 0.782 -0.475 0.841 Total 4.00 0.498 0.969 -0.404 Hypothesis testing The structural model results as Table 2 and Figure 1 highlight the central role of external factors in shaping both achievement and empowerment. External factors exert a very strong direct effect on achievement (β = 0.94, p < 0.01), which in turn significantly influences strengthening empowerment (β = 0.88, p < 0.01). The indirect pathway from external factors to empowerment via achievement is also substantial (β = 0.83, p < 0.01), underscoring achievement as a critical mediator. These findings suggest that political, social, economic, technological, environmental, and legal conditions not only create a supportive context for achievement but also translate into strengthened empowerment outcomes when success is realized. Table 2. Direction impact of the factors on strengthening empowerment. Dependent variable R 2 Impact Independent variable External Needs Achievement Achievement 0.87 DE 0.94 ** - - IE - - - TE 0.94 ** - - Strenthening empowerment 1.00 DE 0.82 ** -0.75 ** 0.88 ** IE 0.83 ** - - TE 1.00 ** -0.75 ** 0.88 ** ** p < 0.01. Figure 1. Structural equation Model analysis. Figure presents a Structural Equation Model (SEM) illustrating the relationships among four latent constructs as Factor, Needs, Strength, and Success — and their observed variables. Six indicators capturing external environmental dimensions such as political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal influences, with standardized loadings ranging from.45 to.96. Two indicators ( NAT and COM ) define NEEDS , reflecting natural and community-based drivers, with loadings of.70 and.84. The structural paths show that FACTOR exerts strong positive effects on SUCCESS (.94) and STRENGTH (.82), while NEEDS negatively influences STRENGTH (–.75), suggesting that environmental factors foster organizational outcomes, whereas unmet needs may weaken internal resilience. SUCCESS is indicated by seven observed variables with high loadings between.63 and.89, capturing the multifaceted nature of success through structure, performance, and values. STRENGTH is represented by two highly reliable indicators, EFF (.93) and STA (.92), emphasizing efficiency and stability as key dimensions of internal capability. The model demonstrates excellent fit to the data, supported by fit indices appeared. Overall, this SEM provides strong empirical evidence that external contextual factors significantly enhance both SUCCESS and STRENGTH , while unmet NEEDS may impede the latter, supporting a robust conceptual framework linking environmental influences, internal capabilities, and success outcomes. In contrast, needs demonstrate an unexpected negative influence on empowerment (β = -0.75, p < 0.01), despite being theoretically recognized as a foundation for empowerment processes. This suggests that higher levels of perceived needs—whether at the national or community level—may signal deficits that hinder empowerment unless adequately addressed. The R 2 value for strengthening empowerment is 1.00, indicating that external factors, needs, and achievement together fully explain the variance in empowerment outcomes. These results reinforce that empowerment cannot be driven by needs alone but requires the transformation of external support into tangible achievements. Thus, while needs provide direction, it is the combination of external factors and achievement that ensures sustainable empowerment pathways. Discussion H1: External factors influence strengthening empowerment The results of the structural equation model (SEM) provide compelling empirical evidence supporting Hypothesis 1 (H1), which posits that external factors significantly influence the enhancement of empowerment. The findings indicate that external factors—including political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal dimensions—exert both direct and indirect effects on empowerment outcomes. The substantial path coefficients, with a value of 0.94 from external factors to success and 0.88 from success to strengthening empowerment, illustrate that empowerment is not attained in isolation but is mediated through mechanisms of organizational success. Key dimensions such as strategy, organizational structure, and communication style exhibited high factor loadings, underscoring the mediating role of institutional effectiveness in converting external conditions into sustainable empowerment outcomes. These results align with the principles of structural empowerment theory, which highlights the importance of access to resources, information, and supportive leadership in shaping the capacity of individuals and organizations to act ( Luciano, Mathieu, and Ruddy 2014 ). The model’s emphasis on the significance of social, technological, and environmental factors resonates with prior research indicating that external environments serve as a foundational basis for empowerment by facilitating participation, skill development, and resilience-building ( Montero 2009 ; Mangundjaya 2014 ). The analysis suggests that empowerment initiatives should take into account external contexts in conjunction with internal processes. Policies, governance structures, and legal protections emerge as fundamental drivers of empowerment, promoting inclusivity and sustainability ( He and Tang 2024 ; Gisselquist 2018 ). Ultimately, this study emphasizes that the enhancement of empowerment results from a dynamic interplay between external environments and organizational success factors, thereby reaffirming the critical role of external structures in fostering efficiency, sustainability, and long-term empowerment. Additionally, this finding benefits volunteer networks by demonstrating that access to resources, leadership support, and institutional frameworks enhance efficiency and sustainability, enabling volunteers to collaborate effectively, build resilience, and achieve long-term community development objectives. H2: Achievement role mediates between external factors and strengthening empowerment The findings provide robust support for H2, demonstrating that achievement role mediates the relationship between external factors and strengthening empowerment through both structural model validation and empirical coefficients. External factors strongly predict achievement (β = 0.94, R 2 = 0.87), indicating that contextual supports including political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal influences are essential in shaping achievement roles. However, external interventions alone do not directly yield empowerment; rather, they stimulate individuals’ achievement orientation, which becomes the critical pathway through which empowerment is realized. The SEM results reveal partial mediation, as external factors maintain both an indirect relationship through achievement (β = 0.88) and a direct relationship with strengthening empowerment (β = 0.82). This indicates that empowerment outcomes are multidimensional, shaped by the complex interplay of external structures, individual needs (β = -0.75), and achievement roles. Consistent with prior literature, achievement operates as the psychological mechanism that transforms structural supports into internalized empowerment ( Ching 2012 ; Chen et al. 2019 ; Kirkman and Rosen 1999 ). The mediation role of achievement is further validated by high factor loadings across achievement dimensions, including strategy (0.89), organizational structure (0.83), communication style (0.80), and shared values (0.80), demonstrating that success mechanisms serve as channels transforming external conditions into sustainable empowerment outcomes. This mediating function explains why empowerment is more sustainable when accompanied by organizational effectiveness, as external support gains lasting impact only when embedded into organizational strategies, structures, and systems ( Luciano, Mathieu, and Ruddy 2014 ; Mangundjaya 2014 ). The model illustrates that achievement amplifies empowerment by linking personal motivation with contextual opportunities, ensuring that empowerment is not only immediate but also sustainable through capacity-building and agency that endure over time ( Triatmanto et al. 2018 ; Tiwari 2022 ; Kholida et al. 2024 ). Model fit indices (CFI = 0.988, RMSEA = 0.044) confirm the robustness of this mediated relationship, emphasizing that empowerment programs must embed achievement-oriented opportunities to enable individuals to convert external provisions into meaningful personal and professional growth ( Chang et al. 2010 ; Liu & Ren 2021 ; Aliakbari & Amoli 2016 ). H3: Needs influence strengthening empowerment The SEM results indicate that Needs significantly influence Strengthening Empowerment, but not in a straightforward positive manner. The latent Needs construct—driven by National (λ = 0.84) and Community needs (λ = 0.76)—shows high mean scores (national = 4.06, community = 3.98; overall = 4.02) and acceptable reliability (C.R. = 0.778, AVE = 0.635). Despite these high scores, the standardized path from Needs to Strengthening Empowerment is negative and substantial (β = -0.75), suggesting that greater reported needs are associated with lower perceived empowerment. This pattern can be interpreted in two complementary ways. First, higher “needs” scores may reflect salient, unmet deficits: when needs are prominent but unfulfilled, individual and community agency is weakened—consistent with theoretical work linking resource deficits and low institutional support to reduced empowerment ( Christens 2019 ). Second, the negative coefficient may reflect model dynamics in which Needs covary strongly with External Factors (r = 0.82); without translation into concrete achievements or organizational supports, needs alone indicate vulnerability rather than capability ( Schulz et al. 1995 ; Eisman et al. 2016 ). Practically, this finding implies that need identification must be paired with capacity-building pathways: policy and practice should convert identified needs into targeted achievements (training, resources, governance) to generate empowerment ( Triatmanto et al. 2018 ; Kumar et al. 2020 ). Robust model fit (CFI = 0.988, RMSEA = 0.044) supports these interpretations, but longitudinal and intervention studies are recommended to confirm causality and test whether reducing unmet needs while fostering achievement produces sustained empowerment. Future research should test interventions converting needs into measurable empowerment outcomes effectively. Conclusion and recommendation Based on the statistical analysis and theoretical framework, this study reveals significant insights into environmental volunteer network empowerment. The achievement model (R 2 = 0.87) demonstrates that external factors strongly influence volunteer outcomes, with a total effect of 0.94 indicating robust positive relationships between external support and volunteer achievement levels. The strengthening empowerment model shows perfect explanatory power (R 2 = 1.00), confirming that combined factors fully account for empowerment variance. Notably, while the total effect (1.00) indicates complete positive impact, the negative external needs coefficient (-0.75) suggests that excessive dependency on external resources may constrain self-sufficiency. However, the strong achievement component (0.88) confirms that volunteer accomplishments significantly contribute to empowerment strengthening. These findings align with Thailand’s environmental volunteer networks, where initiatives like Trash Hero Thailand demonstrate how community-driven approaches, supported by strategic external partnerships, create sustainable empowerment. The data validates that achievement serves as a crucial mediator, transforming external support into lasting community capacity while maintaining autonomy and resilience in environmental conservation efforts. According to result findings above, there are 2 aspects have been recommented as: First, theoretical Aspect Integrated Empowerment Framework Development: Future research should develop comprehensive theoretical models that balance external support with community autonomy. Given the negative coefficient (-0.75) for external needs dependency, theories must address the empowerment paradox where excessive external reliance can undermine self-sufficiency. A multi-dimensional framework incorporating social capital theory, community resilience models, and participatory development approaches should be established. This framework should emphasize transformational leadership theories that enable volunteers to transition from recipients to autonomous change agents. Research should also integrate systems thinking approaches to understand dynamic interactions between external factors, achievement outcomes, and empowerment processes, ensuring theoretical models capture the complexity of volunteer network development. Second, implementation in Future Aspect, there are three dimens as: a) Achievement-Driven Empowerment Strategy: Based on the strong achievement coefficient (0.88) in the empowerment model, implement systematic achievement recognition and documentation systems that translate volunteer accomplishments into tangible empowerment outcomes. Establish milestone-based progression frameworks where volunteers advance through capability levels, ensuring each achievement reinforces their sense of agency and expertise. Create achievement showcases and peer learning platforms where successful environmental outcomes are shared across networks, amplifying the empowerment effect of individual and collective accomplishments. b) Balanced External Support Model: Given the perfect explanatory power (R 2 = 1.00) yet negative external dependency (-0.75), design graduated support withdrawal mechanisms. Implement “empowerment ladders” where external assistance systematically decreases as networks demonstrate increased achievement levels and self-sufficiency. Establish partnership agreements with time-bound external support phases, ensuring networks develop internal capacity rather than dependency. Create buffer mechanisms that provide emergency external support while maintaining network autonomy. c) Continuous Monitoring and Adaptation: Deploy real-time strengthening empowerment measurement tools tracking the balance between external support, achievement levels, and autonomous decision-making capacity. Implement adaptive management protocols that adjust support intensity based on network maturity and achievement demonstrated capacity, ensuring sustainable long-term empowerment in environmental volunteer networks. Informed consent We confirm that written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement in the study. Participants were informed about the research objectives, procedures, potential risks and benefits, and their right to withdraw at any time without consequences. All participants voluntarily signed a written consent form to indicate their agreement to participate. They were also assured that the information provided would be used strictly for research purposes, that their identities would remain confidential, and that all data would be anonymised during analysis and reporting. Data availability statement Underlying data Zenodo: [An innovative approach to strengthening the group of online media creators involved in environmental volunteer work]. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17836159 ( Boonlab & Jintana, 2025a ). The project contains the following underlying data: • [Raw data] Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0). Extended data Zenodo: [An innovative approach to strengthening the group of online media creators involved in environmental volunteer work]. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18051617 ( Boonlab & Jintana, 2025c ) https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18051882 ( Boonlab & Jintana, 2025b ) https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18051566 ( Boonlab & Jintana, 2025d ) The project contains the following extended data: • Supplementary Table 1-5. (Descriptive data analysis) • Supplementary Figure 1. (structural equation Model analysis) • Questionnaire. (statements of each session to feedback from participants) Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0). References Albuquerque C, Cruz Santos C, Almeida H: Assessing ‘empowerment’ as social development:goal and process. Eur. J. Soc. Work. 2017; 20 (1): 88–100. Publisher Full Text Aliakbari M, Amoli F: The effects of teacher empowerment on teacher commitment and student achievement. Mediterr. J. Soc. Sci. 2016; 7 : 649. Publisher Full Text Altun RK: The effect of political stability and governance on economic development. Soc. Sci. Res. Netw. 2016. Publisher Full Text Ardoin NM, Bowers AW, Gaillard E: A systematic mixed studies review of civic engagement outcomes in environmental education. Environ. Educ. Res. 2022; 29 (1): 1–26. Publisher Full Text Arogundade O, Arogundade A: Psychological Empowerment in the Workplace: Implications for Employees’ Career Satisfaction. N. Am. J. Psychol. 2015; 17 : 27. Assadzadeh A, Chakherlouy F: Specification and Prioritization of the Effective Factors in Human Resources Empowerment Using AHP Method: A survey in Telecommunication Company of East Azerbaijan State, Iran. Asian Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities. 2013; 3 : 294–306. Auesriwong A, Nilnoppakun A, Parawech W: Integrative Participatory Community-based Ecotourism at Sangkhom District, Nong Khai Province, Thailand. Procedia Econ. Financ. 2015; 23 : 778–782. Publisher Full Text Boonlab S, Jintana S: Rawdata. [Dataset]. Zenodo. 2025a. Publisher Full Text Boonlab S, Jintana S: Figure: supplementary. Zenodo. 2025b. Publisher Full Text Boonlab S, Jintana S: descriptive analysis results. Zenodo. 2025c. Publisher Full Text Boonlab S, Jintana S: Questionnaire. [Data set]. Zenodo. 2025d. Publisher Full Text Chang L, Shih C, Lin S: The mediating role of psychological empowerment on job satisfaction and organizational commitment for school health nurses: a cross-sectional questionnaire survey. Int. J. Nurs. Stud. 2010; 47 (4): 427–433. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text Chen C, Elliot A, Sheldon K: Psychological need support as a predictor of intrinsic and external motivation: the mediational role of achievement goals. Educ. Psychol. 2019; 39 : 1090–1113. Publisher Full Text Ching Y: Empowering leadership behaviors and work outcomes: mediating role of psychological empowerment and moderating role of need for achievement.2012. Christens BD: Community Power and Empowerment. Oxford University Press; 2019. Publisher Full Text Phillips C: Digital Communication and the Rise of Online Activism. J. Commun. 2024; 5 (3): 31–44. 2791-3201. Cronbach LJ: Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika. 1951; 16 : 297–334. Publisher Full Text David NP: Democratizing Government: What We Know About E-Government and Civic Engagement. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan; 2018; pp. 73–96. Publisher Full Text Eisman AB, Zimmerman MA, Kruger D, et al. : Psychological Empowerment Among Urban Youth: Measurement Model and Associations with Youth Outcomes. Am. J. Community Psychol. 2016; 58 (3-4): 410–421. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Eslit ER: Empowering Change at the Grassroots: Community-Led Initiatives for Local Environmental Protection.2023. Publisher Full Text Gautam S: Socio-Economic Empowerment of Women Through Microfinance: A Case Study of Baijnath Rural Municipality, Banke. Voice. 2024; 16 (2): 48–60. Publisher Full Text Gisselquist RM: Legal Empowerment and Group-Based Inequality. J. Dev. Stud. 2018; 55 (3): 333–347. Publisher Full Text Hair JF, Sarstedt M, Ringle CM, et al. : Advanced Issues in Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). SAGE Publications; 2018. Publisher Full Text Hamann K, Holz J, Reese G: Coaching for a Sustainability Transition: Empowering Student-Led Sustainability Initiatives by Developing Skills, Group Identification, and Efficacy Beliefs. Front. Psychol. 2021; 12 : 12. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text He W, Tang C: Navigating the Complex Landscape of Global Economics: The Role of Political Decisions and Institutional Frameworks. Adv. Econ. Manag. Political Sci. 2024; 100 (1): 35–40. Publisher Full Text Hikmawati N: Community Empowerment Efforts. Journal Intellectual Sufism Research. 2022; 4 (2): 96–103. Publisher Full Text Kholida L, Muliyani M, Fitriah F: Encourage the participation of the Community in the Sustainable Education Project: Towards Human Resource Empowerment. Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen Sosial Humaniora (JIMSH). 2024; 6 : 134–146. Publisher Full Text Khuan H: Financial Inclusion and Economic Empowerment. Accounting Studies and Tax Journal. 2024; 1 : 178–181. Publisher Full Text Kilby P: Is Empowerment Possible Under a new Public Management Environment? Some Lessons From India. Int. Public Manag. J. 2004. Kirkman B, Rosen B: Beyond Self-Management: Antecedents and Consequences of Team Empowerment. Acad. Manag. J. 1999; 42 : 58–74. Publisher Full Text Krittayaruangroj K, Suriyankietkaew S: Baan Khoa Lak: A Case Study on Sustainable Rural Development through Community-Based Tourism and Natural Resource Conservation. Tourism Cases. 2024. Publisher Full Text Kumar KCR, Sigdel ER, Ojha SK, et al. : Empowering Communities With Grassroots Approaches to Climate Solutions. Community Resilience and Climate Change Challenges.2024; 203–226. Publisher Full Text Kumar S, Kumar D, Sengupta K, et al. : Through convergence and governance: embedding empowerment in community development interventions. Community Dev. J. 2020; 57 : 295–318. Publisher Full Text Lee Y-S: Political Governance, Law, and Economic Development. The Law and Development Review. 2019; 12 (3): 723–759. Publisher Full Text Lin Y, Kant S: Using Social Media for Citizen Participation: Contexts, Empowerment, and Inclusion. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (12): 6635. Publisher Full Text Liu X, Ren X: Analysis of the Mediating Role of Psychological Empowerment in Perceived Trust and Work Performance.2021. Publisher Full Text Liu Y, Run P, Beliatte M: Eco-Sattva: a Buddhist response to the plastic waste crisis in Thailand. Front. Psychol. 2025; 16 . PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Luciano MM, Mathieu J, Ruddy T: Leading multiple teams. J. Appl. Psychol. 2014; 99 (2): 322–331. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text Mangundjaya WL: Psychological empowerment and organizational task environment in commitment to change. Int. J. Bus. Manag. 2014; 2 : 119–126. Montero M: Scopes and Obstacles in Community Empowerment. Univ. Psychol. 2009; 8 : 615–626. Mulawarman K, Rosilawati Y, Rafique Z, et al. : Trash hero Yogyakarta community campaign strategy in education of the community through the environmental care movement in the city of Yogyakarta. E3S Web Conf. 2024; 595 . Publisher Full Text Nadvodnyuk O: Characteristics of factors affecting the sustainable development of agricultural enterprises. Ekonomìka ta upravlìnnâ APK. 2024; 129–139. Publisher Full Text Nazneen K: Civil Society and Economic Empowerment.2021. Oroh K: Project strategy and leadership: Effect of External Factors.2017. Patriani I, Trustisari H, Parmawati S, et al. : Network society: digital empowerment or disempowerment. Al Qalam: Jurnal Ilmiah Keagamaan dan Kemasyarakatan. 2023; 17 : 161. Publisher Full Text Petralina BR, Amiruddin WW, Irwandy I, et al. : Analysis of the Influence of Internal and External Factors on Empowered Pregnant Women Through the Behavior of Pregnant Women in Early Detection of Pregnancy Complications. Pharm. J. 2024; 15 : 1029–1035. Publisher Full Text Phillips A, Sordo M, Wood L: Agent-Based Modeling to Examine Patient Behavior Within a Social Network. CIN Comput. Informatics Nurs. 2020; 38 : 599–604. Publisher Full Text Rahman N: Developing an Instrument of Sustainability in Environmental Volunteering Participation (I-SEVP) Among Youth. Int. J. Acad. Res. Progress. Educ. Dev. 2023; 12 . Publisher Full Text Rahman N, Rahman A: Extrinsic Motivation and Perceived Benefits of Environmental Volunteering: Perspectives from Students. Creat. Educ. 2021; 12 : 2792–2805. Publisher Full Text Ramya HP, Deepak R: Empowering Women. IGI Global; 2024; pp. 95–110. Publisher Full Text Rapp TL, Gilson L, Mathieu J, et al. : Leading empowered teams. Leadersh. Q. 2016; 27 : 109–123. Publisher Full Text Reji EM: Microfinance and Women Empowerment: Evidence from Field Study. J. Rural. Dev. 2011; 30 (1): 25–44. Sadan E, Churchman A, Amoyal R: Global Sustainability and Community Empowerment.1996. Reference Source San Cornelio G, Martorell S, Ardèvol E: My goal is to make sustainability mainstream: emerging visual narratives on the environmental crisis on Instagram. Front. Commun. 2024; 8 : 1265466. Publisher Full Text Sang M: The power of employee empowerment in influencing organizational success: A literature review. Int. J. Bus. Manag. 2019; 7 (7). Publisher Full Text Satterthwaite ML: Critical Legal Empowerment for Human Rights. Oxford University Press eBooks; 2022; pp. 89–122. Publisher Full Text Schulz AJ, Israel BA, Zimmerman MA, et al. : Empowerment as a multi-level construct: Perceived control at the individual, organizational, and community levels. Health Educ. Res. 1995; 10 (3): 309–327. Publisher Full Text Sele JP, Mukundi MB: Community-Based Approaches to Environmental Conservation: Empowering Local Initiatives. Greener Journal of Social Sciences. 2024; 14 (2): 289–299. Publisher Full Text Speer PW, Hughey J: Community organizing: An ecological route to empowerment and power. Am. J. Community Psychol. 1995; 23 (5): 729–748. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text Syaharuddin S, Salomon G, Anggeraeni A: Community empowerment efforts in improving environmental health. Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Edukasi Indonesia. 2024; 1 : 42–48. Publisher Full Text Tuan Muhammad Zukri TS, Adi Syahid MA, Shaari A, et al. : Capacity buiding planning for fishermen community’s empowerment. Planning Malaysia. 2023; 21 (30). Publisher Full Text Thananusak T, Suriyankietkaew S: Unpacking key sustainability drivers for sustainable social enterprises: a community-based tourism perspective. Sustainability. 2023; 15 (4): 3401. Publisher Full Text Thompson R, Bailey L, Farmer W: Predictors of Perceived Empowerment: An Initial Assessment.1998. Publisher Full Text Tiwari A: Women Empowerment to Achieve Sustainable Development Goal. Int. J. Sci. Res. 2022; 11 : 1267–1270. Publisher Full Text Tiwari NB, Bisht PS, Singh PK: The role of microfinance in women’s empowerment in the himalayan region. ShodhKosh J. Vis. Per. Arts. 2024; 5 (5). Publisher Full Text Tran T, Tran T: Volunteer tourism in farm communities: interrelationships between capital, empowerment and sustainability. Tour. Rev. 2024; 80 : 1368–1393. Publisher Full Text Triatmanto B, Natsir M, Rachyunisngsih E: The achievement of sustainability development goals (SDG’s) in community empowerment with participatory rural appraisal approach.2018. Yousuf H, Bhatti MA, Awan MA: Evidence on the role of institutions in economic growth: A panel data study of developing countries. Bus. Manag. Rev. 2023; 14 . Publisher Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 02 Feb 2026 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Department of Social Science, Faculty of Liberal Arts, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Khlong Hok, Pathum Thani, 12110, Thailand Supit Boonlab Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Project Administration, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Sanitdech Jintana Roles: Data Curation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information This arcitcle is based on a research project titled “An innovative approach to strengthening the group of online media creators involved in environmental volunteer work.” This research was supported by the National Science, Research and Innovation Fund, Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI), through Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi (FRB67E0906)(Grant No.: FRB670027/0168). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Article Versions (1) version 1 Published: 02 Feb 2026, 15:167 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.173070.1 Copyright © 2026 Boonlab S and Jintana S. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Boonlab S and Jintana S. Key factors of Sustainable development on strengthening empowerment of environmental volunteer networks. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :167 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.173070.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 02 Feb 2026 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Kulachai W. Reviewer Report For: Key factors of Sustainable development on strengthening empowerment of environmental volunteer networks. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :167 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.190848.r472219 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-167/v1#referee-response-472219 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 06 May 2026 Waiphot Kulachai , Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Bangkok, Thailand Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.190848.r472219 Strengths The manuscript demonstrates several notable strengths, particularly in addressing a timely and socially relevant topic: environmental volunteer networks and sustainable empowerment in Thailand. It adopts an appropriate quantitative approach using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), which allows ... Continue reading READ ALL Strengths The manuscript demonstrates several notable strengths, particularly in addressing a timely and socially relevant topic: environmental volunteer networks and sustainable empowerment in Thailand. It adopts an appropriate quantitative approach using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), which allows for the examination of complex relationships, including mediation effects, and reflects a commendable level of analytical ambition. The study also benefits from a clear empirical context, drawing data from both community-based volunteers and digitally engaged participants, thereby capturing contemporary forms of civic engagement. In addition, the instrument development process shows attention to reliability and content validity, and the inclusion of ethical approval and open data availability enhances the transparency and integrity of the research. Overall, the paper has strong potential to contribute to the literature on community empowerment and sustainability, particularly at the applied and policy-oriented level. Major Concerns 1. Serious statistical credibility issue The reported R² = 1.00 for strengthening empowerment represents a significant statistical concern, as such perfect explanatory power is highly unlikely in social science research based on perceptual survey data. This raises important questions regarding potential model misspecification, multicollinearity, construct overlap, or possible reporting inaccuracies. It is essential to carefully re-examine the model specification, estimation procedures, and underlying data. Without addressing this issue, the analysis's overall credibility may be substantially weakened. 2. Methodological limitations The methodological design would benefit from further clarification and strengthening, particularly regarding sampling and bias control. The inclusion of both Facebook followers and local volunteers requires clearer justification, as it may raise concerns about representativeness and sample heterogeneity. In addition, key diagnostic procedures—such as tests for common method bias, robustness checks, and potential endogeneity—are not reported. Incorporating these elements would enhance the methodological rigor and increase confidence in the findings. 3. Construct clarity The conceptual definitions of key constructs require greater precision. In particular, the distinction between “achievement” and “strengthening empowerment” is not sufficiently clear, as the two constructs appear to overlap conceptually. Similarly, the construct “needs” is somewhat ambiguous and could be interpreted either as a motivational driver or as an indicator of deficiency. Clarifying these definitions and aligning theory, measurement, and analysis would strengthen the study's conceptual foundation. 4. Theory–model integration While the manuscript draws on a broad range of literature, the integration between theory and the empirical model could be further developed. The theoretical discussion is largely descriptive and would benefit from a clearer articulation of how specific theories inform the proposed relationships and underlying mechanisms. Strengthening this linkage would help ensure that the model is firmly grounded in theory rather than appearing primarily data-driven. 5. Interpretation of results The interpretation of the findings would benefit from a more cautious, balanced approach. In particular, statements such as “perfect explanatory power” and strong policy implications appear to extend beyond what can be supported by the cross-sectional research design. It would be helpful to more explicitly acknowledge potential limitations, alternative explanations, and data constraints when interpreting the results. 6. Writing quality The overall clarity of the manuscript could be improved through careful language editing. While the content is generally understandable, there are instances of grammatical errors, inconsistent terminology, and complex sentence structures that may affect readability. Refining the language and ensuring consistent use of key terms would enhance the clarity and professionalism of the manuscript. Overall, the manuscript addresses an important and relevant topic and shows promise; however, several key issues need to be carefully addressed to strengthen its academic rigor and clarity. In particular, the authors are encouraged to revisit the statistical analysis, refine the conceptual framework, enhance methodological transparency, and improve the overall quality of writing. Addressing these concerns will significantly improve the study's credibility and contribution. Therefore, I recommend that the authors undertake a thorough revision of the manuscript in line with the comments provided before it can be considered for indexing. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: My research focuses on the interdisciplinary integration of criminology, public administration, and transportation, with particular emphasis on road safety, traffic law enforcement, and legal reforms targeting habitual offenders. It also examines cybercrime and organized crime—especially digital deception and online victimization—alongside broader issues in public sector governance, decentralization, and citizen trust. In recent years, my work has increasingly incorporated emerging domains such as artificial intelligence in governance, digital government transformation, and sustainable organizational practices, including green human resource management. Methodologically, I employ advanced quantitative approaches, particularly Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and bibliometric analysis, to generate rigorous, policy-relevant insights that contribute to both academic scholarship and practical governance solutions. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Kulachai W. Reviewer Report For: Key factors of Sustainable development on strengthening empowerment of environmental volunteer networks. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :167 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.190848.r472219 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-167/v1#referee-response-472219 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 02 Feb 2026 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 Version 1 02 Feb 26 read Waiphot Kulachai , Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Bangkok, Thailand Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Kulachai W. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 06 May 2026 | for Version 1 Waiphot Kulachai , Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Bangkok, Thailand 0 Views copyright © 2026 Kulachai W. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Strengths The manuscript demonstrates several notable strengths, particularly in addressing a timely and socially relevant topic: environmental volunteer networks and sustainable empowerment in Thailand. It adopts an appropriate quantitative approach using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), which allows for the examination of complex relationships, including mediation effects, and reflects a commendable level of analytical ambition. The study also benefits from a clear empirical context, drawing data from both community-based volunteers and digitally engaged participants, thereby capturing contemporary forms of civic engagement. In addition, the instrument development process shows attention to reliability and content validity, and the inclusion of ethical approval and open data availability enhances the transparency and integrity of the research. Overall, the paper has strong potential to contribute to the literature on community empowerment and sustainability, particularly at the applied and policy-oriented level. Major Concerns 1. Serious statistical credibility issue The reported R² = 1.00 for strengthening empowerment represents a significant statistical concern, as such perfect explanatory power is highly unlikely in social science research based on perceptual survey data. This raises important questions regarding potential model misspecification, multicollinearity, construct overlap, or possible reporting inaccuracies. It is essential to carefully re-examine the model specification, estimation procedures, and underlying data. Without addressing this issue, the analysis's overall credibility may be substantially weakened. 2. Methodological limitations The methodological design would benefit from further clarification and strengthening, particularly regarding sampling and bias control. The inclusion of both Facebook followers and local volunteers requires clearer justification, as it may raise concerns about representativeness and sample heterogeneity. In addition, key diagnostic procedures—such as tests for common method bias, robustness checks, and potential endogeneity—are not reported. Incorporating these elements would enhance the methodological rigor and increase confidence in the findings. 3. Construct clarity The conceptual definitions of key constructs require greater precision. In particular, the distinction between “achievement” and “strengthening empowerment” is not sufficiently clear, as the two constructs appear to overlap conceptually. Similarly, the construct “needs” is somewhat ambiguous and could be interpreted either as a motivational driver or as an indicator of deficiency. Clarifying these definitions and aligning theory, measurement, and analysis would strengthen the study's conceptual foundation. 4. Theory–model integration While the manuscript draws on a broad range of literature, the integration between theory and the empirical model could be further developed. The theoretical discussion is largely descriptive and would benefit from a clearer articulation of how specific theories inform the proposed relationships and underlying mechanisms. Strengthening this linkage would help ensure that the model is firmly grounded in theory rather than appearing primarily data-driven. 5. Interpretation of results The interpretation of the findings would benefit from a more cautious, balanced approach. In particular, statements such as “perfect explanatory power” and strong policy implications appear to extend beyond what can be supported by the cross-sectional research design. It would be helpful to more explicitly acknowledge potential limitations, alternative explanations, and data constraints when interpreting the results. 6. Writing quality The overall clarity of the manuscript could be improved through careful language editing. While the content is generally understandable, there are instances of grammatical errors, inconsistent terminology, and complex sentence structures that may affect readability. Refining the language and ensuring consistent use of key terms would enhance the clarity and professionalism of the manuscript. Overall, the manuscript addresses an important and relevant topic and shows promise; however, several key issues need to be carefully addressed to strengthen its academic rigor and clarity. In particular, the authors are encouraged to revisit the statistical analysis, refine the conceptual framework, enhance methodological transparency, and improve the overall quality of writing. Addressing these concerns will significantly improve the study's credibility and contribution. Therefore, I recommend that the authors undertake a thorough revision of the manuscript in line with the comments provided before it can be considered for indexing. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise My research focuses on the interdisciplinary integration of criminology, public administration, and transportation, with particular emphasis on road safety, traffic law enforcement, and legal reforms targeting habitual offenders. It also examines cybercrime and organized crime—especially digital deception and online victimization—alongside broader issues in public sector governance, decentralization, and citizen trust. In recent years, my work has increasingly incorporated emerging domains such as artificial intelligence in governance, digital government transformation, and sustainable organizational practices, including green human resource management. Methodologically, I employ advanced quantitative approaches, particularly Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and bibliometric analysis, to generate rigorous, policy-relevant insights that contribute to both academic scholarship and practical governance solutions. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Kulachai W. Peer Review Report For: Key factors of Sustainable development on strengthening empowerment of environmental volunteer networks. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :167 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.190848.r472219) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-167/v1#referee-response-472219 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Adjust parameters to alter display View on desktop for interactive features Includes Interactive Elements View on desktop for interactive features Competing Interests Policy Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. Consider the following examples, but note that this is not an exhaustive list: Examples of 'Non-Financial Competing Interests' Within the past 4 years, you have held joint grants, published or collaborated with any of the authors of the selected paper. You have a close personal relationship (e.g. parent, spouse, sibling, or domestic partner) with any of the authors. You are a close professional associate of any of the authors (e.g. scientific mentor, recent student). You work at the same institute as any of the authors. You hope/expect to benefit (e.g. favour or employment) as a result of your submission. You are an Editor for the journal in which the article is published. Examples of 'Financial Competing Interests' You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, any of the following from any commercial organisation that may gain financially from your submission: a salary, fees, funding, reimbursements. You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, shared grant support or other funding with any of the authors. You hold, or are currently applying for, any patents or significant stocks/shares relating to the subject matter of the paper you are commenting on. Stay Updated Sign up for content alerts and receive a weekly or monthly email with all newly published articles Register with F1000Research Already registered? Sign in Not now, thanks close PLEASE NOTE If you are an AUTHOR of this article, please check that you signed in with the account associated with this article otherwise we cannot automatically identify your role as an author and your comment will be labelled as a “User Comment”. If you are a REVIEWER of this article, please check that you have signed in with the account associated with this article and then go to your account to submit your report, please do not post your review here. If you do not have access to your original account, please contact us . All commenters must hold a formal affiliation as per our Policies . The information that you give us will be displayed next to your comment. User comments must be in English, comprehensible and relevant to the article under discussion. We reserve the right to remove any comments that we consider to be inappropriate, offensive or otherwise in breach of the User Comment Terms and Conditions . Commenters must not use a comment for personal attacks. When criticisms of the article are based on unpublished data, the data should be made available. I accept the User Comment Terms and Conditions Please confirm that you accept the User Comment Terms and Conditions. Affiliation ✕ refresh Please enter your institution. Note: To add your institution or organisation, start typing the name and then select the correct name from the list. Where applicable, the name will appear in both the original language and in English. Do not paste in the name. If the name does not appear in the drop-down list, we will display the information you have entered. ✕ refresh Country/Region * USA UK Canada China France Germany Afghanistan Aland Islands Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Anguilla Antarctica Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Bouvet Island Brazil British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Colombia Comoros Congo Cook Islands Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Falkland Islands Faroe Islands Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Finland France French Guiana French Polynesia French Southern Territories Gabon Georgia Germany Ghana Gibraltar Greece Greenland Grenada Guadeloupe Guam Guatemala Guernsey Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Heard Island and Mcdonald Islands Holy See (Vatican City State) Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jersey Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kosovo (Serbia and Montenegro) Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao People's Democratic Republic Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macao Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Martinique Mauritania Mauritius Mayotte Mexico Minor Outlying Islands of the United States Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Montserrat Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands Antilles New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Niue Norfolk Island North Korea North Macedonia Northern Mariana Islands Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Palestinian Territory Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Pitcairn Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Reunion Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Saint Helena Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Georgia and the South Sandwich Is South Korea South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Svalbard and Jan Mayen Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand The Gambia The Netherlands Timor-Leste Togo Tokelau Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Turks and Caicos Islands Tuvalu UK USA Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United States Virgin Islands Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Vietnam Wallis and Futuna West Bank and Gaza Strip Western Sahara Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Please select your country/region. You must enter a comment. Competing Interests Please disclose any competing interests that might be construed to influence your judgment of the article's or peer review report's validity or importance. Competing Interests Policy Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. Consider the following examples, but note that this is not an exhaustive list: Examples of 'Non-Financial Competing Interests' Within the past 4 years, you have held joint grants, published or collaborated with any of the authors of the selected paper. You have a close personal relationship (e.g. parent, spouse, sibling, or domestic partner) with any of the authors. You are a close professional associate of any of the authors (e.g. scientific mentor, recent student). You work at the same institute as any of the authors. You hope/expect to benefit (e.g. favour or employment) as a result of your submission. You are an Editor for the journal in which the article is published. Examples of 'Financial Competing Interests' You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, any of the following from any commercial organisation that may gain financially from your submission: a salary, fees, funding, reimbursements. You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, shared grant support or other funding with any of the authors. You hold, or are currently applying for, any patents or significant stocks/shares relating to the subject matter of the paper you are commenting on. Please state your competing interests The comment has been saved. An error has occurred. Please try again. Cancel Post var lTitle = "Key factors of Sustainable development on...".replace("'", ''); var linkedInUrl = "http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https://f1000research.com/articles/15-167/v1" + "&title=" + encodeURIComponent(lTitle) + "&summary=" + encodeURIComponent('Read the article by '); var deliciousUrl = "https://del.icio.us/post?url=https://f1000research.com/articles/15-167/v1&title=" + encodeURIComponent(lTitle); var redditUrl = "http://reddit.com/submit?url=https://f1000research.com/articles/15-167/v1" + "&title=" + encodeURIComponent(lTitle); linkedInUrl += encodeURIComponent('Boonlab S and Jintana S'); var offsetTop = /chrome/i.test( navigator.userAgent ) ? 4 : -10; var addthis_config = { ui_offset_top: offsetTop, services_compact : "facebook,twitter,www.linkedin.com,www.mendeley.com,reddit.com", services_expanded : "facebook,twitter,www.linkedin.com,www.mendeley.com,reddit.com", services_custom : [ { name: "LinkedIn", url: linkedInUrl, icon:"/img/icon/at_linkedin.svg" }, { name: "Mendeley", url: "http://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=https://f1000research.com/articles/15-167/v1/mendeley", icon:"/img/icon/at_mendeley.svg" }, { name: "Reddit", url: redditUrl, icon:"/img/icon/at_reddit.svg" }, ] }; var addthis_share = { url: "https://f1000research.com/articles/15-167", templates : { twitter : "Key factors of Sustainable development on strengthening empowerment.... Boonlab S and Jintana S, published by " + "@F1000Research" + ", https://f1000research.com/articles/15-167/v1" } }; if (typeof(addthis) != "undefined"){ addthis.addEventListener('addthis.ready', checkCount); addthis.addEventListener('addthis.menu.share', checkCount); } $(".f1r-shares-twitter").attr("href", "https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=" + addthis_share.templates.twitter); $(".f1r-shares-facebook").attr("href", "https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=" + addthis_share.url); $(".f1r-shares-linkedin").attr("href", addthis_config.services_custom[0].url); $(".f1r-shares-reddit").attr("href", addthis_config.services_custom[2].url); $(".f1r-shares-mendelay").attr("href", addthis_config.services_custom[1].url); function checkCount(){ setTimeout(function(){ $(".addthis_button_expanded").each(function(){ var count = $(this).text(); if (count !== "" && count != "0") $(this).removeClass("is-hidden"); else $(this).addClass("is-hidden"); }); }, 1000); } close How to cite this report {{reportCitation}} Cancel Copy Citation Details $(function(){R.ui.buttonDropdowns('.dropdown-for-downloads');}); $(function(){R.ui.toolbarDropdowns('.toolbar-dropdown-for-downloads');}); $.get("/articles/acj/173070/190848") new F1000.Clipboard(); new F1000.ThesaurusTermsDisplay("articles", "article", "190848"); $(document).ready(function() { $( "#frame1" ).on('load', function() { var mydiv = $(this).contents().find("div"); var h = mydiv.height(); console.log(h) }); var tooltipLivingFigure = jQuery(".interactive-living-figure-label .icon-more-info"), titleLivingFigure = tooltipLivingFigure.attr("title"); tooltipLivingFigure.simpletip({ fixed: true, position: ["-115", "30"], baseClass: 'small-tooltip', content:titleLivingFigure + " " }); tooltipLivingFigure.removeAttr("title"); $("body").on("click", ".cite-living-figure", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var ref = $(this).attr("data-ref"); $(this).closest(".living-figure-list-container").find("#" + ref).fadeIn(200); }); $("body").on("click", ".close-cite-living-figure", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).closest(".popup-window-wrapper").fadeOut(200); }); $(document).on("mouseup", function(e) { var metricsContainer = $(".article-metrics-popover-wrapper"); if (!metricsContainer.is(e.target) && metricsContainer.has(e.target).length === 0) { $(".article-metrics-close-button").click(); } }); var articleId = $('#articleId').val(); if($("#main-article-count-box").attachArticleMetrics) { $("#main-article-count-box").attachArticleMetrics(articleId, { articleMetricsView: true }); } }); var figshareWidget = $(".new_figshare_widget"); if (figshareWidget.length > 0) { window.figshare.load("f1000", function(Widget) { // Select a tag/tags defined in your page. In this tag we will place the widget. _.map(figshareWidget, function(el){ var widget = new Widget({ articleId: $(el).attr("figshare_articleId") //height:300 // this is the height of the viewer part. [Default: 550] }); widget.initialize(); // initialize the widget widget.mount(el); // mount it in a tag that's on your page // this will save the widget on the global scope for later use from // your JS scripts. This line is optional. //window.widget = widget; }); }); } close Error Close Add Reset F1000.MICROSERVICES.AFFILIATION = ''; $(document).ready(function () { $('.js-affiliations-form').each((index, form) => { new AffiliationForm({ formId: form.id, institutionErrorSelector: '.comment-enter-institution', departmentErrorSelector: '.comment-enter-department', placeSelector: '.js-add-comment-place', stateSelector: '.js-add-comment-state', zipCodeSelector: '.js-add-comment-zipcode', countrySelector: '.js-add-comment-country', countryErrorSelector: '.comment-enter-country', }); }); }); $(document).ready(function () { var reportIds = { "462599": 0, "462598": 0, "457860": 0, "462597": 0, "462596": 0, "457858": 0, "462595": 0, "457859": 0, "462594": 0, "457856": 0, "462593": 0, "457857": 0, "462592": 0, "472220": 0, "472219": 4, "472218": 0, "466607": 0, "466606": 0, "466605": 0, "466614": 0, "466613": 0, "466612": 0, "466611": 0, "466610": 0, "466609": 0, "466608": 0, "455110": 0, "455111": 0, "455108": 0, "455109": 0, "455106": 0, "455107": 0, "455105": 0, "455114": 0, "455112": 0, "455113": 0, "460383": 0, "460391": 0, "460390": 0, "460389": 0, "460388": 0, "460387": 0, "460386": 0, "460385": 0, "460384": 0, "460392": 0, "457854": 0, "462591": 0, "457855": 0, "462590": 0, "457852": 0, "457853": 0, "457851": 0, }; $(".referee-response-container,.js-referee-report").each(function(index, el) { var reportId = $(el).attr("data-reportid"), reportCount = reportIds[reportId] || 0; $(el).find(".comments-count-container,.js-referee-report-views").html(reportCount); }); var uuidInput = $("#article_uuid"), oldUUId = uuidInput.val(), newUUId = "238065c3-14c8-4ebb-b4de-ac7f3836c497"; uuidInput.val(newUUId); $("a[href*='article_uuid=']").each(function(index, el) { var newHref = $(el).attr("href").replace(oldUUId, newUUId); $(el).attr("href", newHref); }); }); An innovative open access publishing platform offering rapid publication and open peer review, whilst supporting data deposition and sharing. Browse Gateways Collections How it Works Contact For Developers Cookie Notice Privacy Notice RSS Submit Your Research Follow us © 2012-2026 F1000 Research Ltd. ISSN 2046-1402 | Legal | Partner of Research4Life • CrossRef • ORCID • FAIRSharing R.templateTests.simpleTemplate = R.template(' $text $text $text $text $text '); R.templateTests.runTests(); var F1000platform = new F1000.Platform({ name: "f1000research", displayName: "F1000Research", hostName: "f1000research.com", id: "1", editorialEmail: "[email protected]", infoEmail: "[email protected]", usePmcStats: true }); $(function(){R.ui.dropdowns('.dropdown-for-authors, .dropdown-for-about, .dropdown-for-myresearch');}); // $(function(){R.ui.dropdowns('.dropdown-for-referees');}); $(document).ready(function () { if ($(".cookie-warning").is(":visible")) { $(".sticky").css("margin-bottom", "35px"); $(".devices").addClass("devices-and-cookie-warning"); } $(".cookie-warning .close-button").click(function (e) { $(".devices").removeClass("devices-and-cookie-warning"); $(".sticky").css("margin-bottom", "0"); }); $("#tweeter-feed .tweet-message").each(function (i, message) { var self = $(message); self.html(linkify(self.html())); }); $(".partner").on("mouseenter mouseleave", function() { $(this).find(".gray-scale, .colour").toggleClass("is-hidden"); }); }); Sign In Remember me Forgotten your password? Sign In Cancel Email or password not correct. Please try again Please wait... $(function(){ // Note: All the setup needs to run against a name attribute and *not* the id due the clonish // nature of facebox... $("a[id=googleSignInButton]").click(function(event){ event.preventDefault(); $("input[id=oAuthSystem]").val("GOOGLE"); $("form[id=oAuthForm]").submit(); }); $("a[id=facebookSignInButton]").click(function(event){ event.preventDefault(); $("input[id=oAuthSystem]").val("FACEBOOK"); $("form[id=oAuthForm]").submit(); }); $("a[id=orcidSignInButton]").click(function(event){ event.preventDefault(); $("input[id=oAuthSystem]").val("ORCID"); $("form[id=oAuthForm]").submit(); }); }); If you've forgotten your password, please enter your email address below and we'll send you instructions on how to reset your password. The email address should be the one you originally registered with F1000. Email address not valid, please try again You registered with F1000 via Google, so we cannot reset your password. To sign in, please click here . If you still need help with your Google account password, please click here . You registered with F1000 via Facebook, so we cannot reset your password. To sign in, please click here . If you still need help with your Facebook account password, please click here . Code not correct, please try again Reset password Cancel Email us for further assistance. Server error, please try again. If your email address is registered with us, we will email you instructions to reset your password. If you think you should have received this email but it has not arrived, please check your spam filters and/or contact for further assistance. Please wait... Register $(document).ready(function () { signIn.createSignInAsRow($("#sign-in-form-gfb-popup")); $(".target-field").each(function () { var uris = $(this).val().split("/"); if (uris.pop() === "login") { $(this).val(uris.toString().replace(",","/")); } }); });