Green tea catechins as sustainable treatment to albendazole resistant Hamonchus contortus isolates: determination of phytochemicals, antioxidants, cytotoxic effects and anthelmintic potency in natural infected sheep

Green tea catechins as sustainable treatment to albendazole resistant Hamonchus contortus isolates: determination of phytochemicals, antioxidants, cytotoxic effects and anthelmintic potency in natural infected sheep | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Green tea catechins as sustainable treatment to albendazole resistant Hamonchus contortus isolates: determination of phytochemicals, antioxidants, cytotoxic effects and anthelmintic potency in natural infected sheep Noha M. F. Hassan, Bassma S. M. Elsawy, Mohamed A. Helal, Marwa H. Mahmoud, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7420693/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 25 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract H. contortus remains the main multidrug resistant strongyle threatened livestock productivity. The phyto-biomedical components of green tea beverage (GT) may constrain the resistant parasite. So, this study aimed to evaluate the anthelmintic effect of catechins rich GT against albendazole resistant H. contortus among naturally infected sheep. Albendazole resistance was detected through egg hatch inhibition assay. Assessment of phytochemicals, antioxidant ability, anthelmintic effect and cytotoxicity MTT assay of the GT were achieved. Fecal examination of sheep revealed prevalence of H. contortus 75%, Trichostrongylus spp 15% and Ostertagia spp 10%. Resistance to albendazole was monitored; LC 50 was at 0.172 µg/ml. The GT was of high Total Phenolic Content; 555.32 mg gallic acid equivalents /g. Remarkable GT antioxidant qualities were noted where, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (85.14%), DPPH antioxidant activity as 907.57 mg vitamin C/g equivalents, and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (8991.04 µg Trolox/g). High Performance Liquid Chromatography showed rich profile of phenolics mainly catechine (70,190.8 µg/g). A potent anthelmintic activity of the GT was noted at 50 mg/ml; complete inhibition of egg hatchability (LC 50 ; 0.144 mg/ml), significant larval motility inhibition (LC 50 ; 0.127 mg/ml) and severe structural deformity on H. contortus eggs and larvae. Additionally, 100% worm motility inhibition and mortality index 1 were recorded at 400 mg/ml in 2h incubation (LC 50 ; 13.387mg/ml). The light and electron scanning microscopy of the treated adult proved distortion in the muscular layer of the cuticle wall with severe degenerative changes. The GT maintained viability of the BJ1 cell lines without cytotoxic effect at (0.78 to 200 µg/ml) concentrations. Overall, green tea catechins could be offered as safe and potent alternative anthelmintic to combat the albendazole-resistance isolates of H. contortus Biological sciences/Biochemistry Biological sciences/Biotechnology Biological sciences/Drug discovery Biological sciences/Microbiology Biological sciences/Plant sciences Haemonchosis albendazole resistance sheep green tea catechines anthelmintic activity Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 25 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 29 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 23 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 17 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Dec, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 07 Dec, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 06 Dec, 2025 Editor invited by journal 15 Sep, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 09 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 09 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7420693","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":558228826,"identity":"5975c561-c969-4b73-b206-1917f4bf2b20","order_by":0,"name":"Noha M. F. 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and anthelmintic potency in natural infected sheep","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Haemonchosis, albendazole resistance, sheep, green tea catechines, anthelmintic activity","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7420693/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7420693/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH. contortus\u003c/em\u003e remains the main multidrug resistant strongyle threatened livestock productivity. The phyto-biomedical components of green tea beverage (GT) may constrain the resistant parasite. So, this study aimed to evaluate the anthelmintic effect of catechins rich GT against albendazole resistant \u003cem\u003eH. contortus\u003c/em\u003e among naturally infected sheep. Albendazole resistance was detected through egg hatch inhibition assay. Assessment of phytochemicals, antioxidant ability, anthelmintic effect and cytotoxicity MTT assay of the GT were achieved. Fecal examination of sheep revealed prevalence of \u003cem\u003eH. contortus\u003c/em\u003e 75%, \u003cem\u003eTrichostrongylus\u003c/em\u003e spp 15% and \u003cem\u003eOstertagia\u003c/em\u003e spp 10%. Resistance to albendazole was monitored; LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e was at 0.172 \u0026micro;g/ml. The GT was of high Total Phenolic Content; 555.32 mg gallic acid equivalents /g. Remarkable GT antioxidant qualities were noted where, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (85.14%), DPPH antioxidant activity as 907.57 mg vitamin C/g equivalents, and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (8991.04 \u0026micro;g Trolox/g). High Performance Liquid Chromatography showed rich profile of phenolics mainly catechine (70,190.8 \u0026micro;g/g). A potent anthelmintic activity of the GT was noted at 50 mg/ml; complete inhibition of egg hatchability (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e; 0.144 mg/ml), significant larval motility inhibition (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e; 0.127 mg/ml) and severe structural deformity on \u003cem\u003eH. contortus\u003c/em\u003e eggs and larvae. Additionally, 100% worm motility inhibition and mortality index 1 were recorded at 400 mg/ml in 2h incubation (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e; 13.387mg/ml). The light and electron scanning microscopy of the treated adult proved distortion in the muscular layer of the cuticle wall with severe degenerative changes. The GT maintained viability of the BJ1 cell lines without cytotoxic effect at (0.78 to 200 \u0026micro;g/ml) concentrations. Overall, green tea catechins could be offered as safe and potent alternative anthelmintic to combat the albendazole-resistance isolates of \u003cem\u003eH. contortus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Green tea catechins as sustainable treatment to albendazole resistant Hamonchus contortus isolates: determination of phytochemicals, antioxidants, cytotoxic effects and anthelmintic potency in natural infected sheep","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-11 17:20:54","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7420693/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-12-30T03:01:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-23T21:57:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-17T05:54:21+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"68097578408674482990323683505722386135","date":"2025-12-11T12:52:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"168728653067641137234261789159449425750","date":"2025-12-10T12:09:37+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"38711719270318629440801657812569550918","date":"2025-12-07T13:36:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-07T12:49:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-12-06T17:38:45+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-15T07:24:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-09-09T22:31:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-09-09T22:27:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d58d3743-88e8-490e-94bd-4cb9c5f11c69","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 11th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":59420827,"name":"Biological sciences/Biochemistry"},{"id":59420828,"name":"Biological sciences/Biotechnology"},{"id":59420829,"name":"Biological sciences/Drug discovery"},{"id":59420830,"name":"Biological sciences/Microbiology"},{"id":59420831,"name":"Biological sciences/Plant sciences"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-30T16:20:51+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7420693","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-42739-x","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2026-03-25 16:09:01","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 25th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-11 17:20:54","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-026-42739-x","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-42739-x","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7420693","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7420693","identity":"rs-7420693","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}