A study of Cadmium Yellow paints from Joan Miró’s paintings and studio materials preserved at the Fundació Miró Mallorca

Abstract The deterioration of cadmium yellow paints in artworks by Joan Miró (1893–1983) and from painting materials from his studios in Mallorca (Spain) was investigated for the first time. Artworks showed discolouration and chalking of paints containing cadmium yellow, altering the colour balance of the works. Analysis of samples from these artworks and from tube paints and palettes containing degraded and non-degraded cadmium yellow paints showed that degraded paints are composed of poorly crystalline CdS/Cd1 − xZnxS with a low percentage of Zn in an oil binding medium. Cadmium sulfates were identified as the main deterioration products and their distribution in the paint layers was mapped using SR µXANES and µXRD techniques. Time-resolved photoluminescence measurements demonstrated that highly degraded samples display a peculiar pink/orange emission with microsecond lifetime. In agreement with recent studies on altered cadmium paints, these evidences suggest that the cause of the chemical change of the paint should be related with its manufacturing method, which affects the degree of crystallinity of the resulting pigment and includes the presence of zinc, besides the environmental conditions in which artworks have been exposed. Finally, it is worth noting that the degraded paints in the analysed Miró artworks have a chemical composition very similar to the one of the paint in the tube Cadmium Yellow Lemon No. 1 by Lucien Lefebvre-Foinet. Indeed, paint tubes of this brand were found in the studio, linking the use of this product with Miro’s degraded artworks.