The Persistence of COVID-19 Vaccine Artifacts in Bodily Fluids and Tissues: A Systematic Review

Several studies have reported the initially unexpected presence of COVID-19 vaccine artifacts (modified mRNA, spike protein) in human tissues and bodily fluids. Questions remain regarding the true persistence of both spike protein and mRNA, and the mechanism of this phenomenon, which defies initial expectations. While n1-methyl-pseudouridine was chosen for its ability to resist immune degradation, it was still expected to decay at a time course somewhat similar to that characterized for RNA or pseudouridinylated RNA. Recent studies have indicated possible persistence exceeding one year in duration, motivating explanation. This review examines the methodologies for which spike protein, mRNA, or other vaccine contents (e.g., lipid nanoparticles) have been detected at long durations since the last injection, the tissues or bodily fluids in which they have been identified, and the accompanying sensitivities of the assays. This review also discusses potential explanations for the persistent vaccine artifacts.