A cross-biomes bacterial diversity shed light on ocean-atmosphere microbial transmission

Microbes are ubiquitous in the oceans and the atmosphere, playing essential roles in biogeochemical processes. The bio-exchanges between the two environments can provide important insights into microbial distribution and diversity but are still not well understood. We simultaneously surveyed the genomic diversity of airborne and marine bacterial communities across 15 000 kilometers in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Higher variability of microbial community composition was observed in the atmosphere than in the ocean surface waters. In addition, a greater similarity was observed between oceans than their overlaying atmosphere, and between atmospheric samples than with the ocean beneath. We additionally detected a higher coverage rate and relative abundance of marine bacteria in the Pacific atmosphere as compared to the Atlantic, while the dominant fraction in the Atlantic atmosphere was annotated as soil-associated bacteria. This study advances our understanding of microbial dispersion in the ocean, the atmosphere, and the exchange between them, as well as their potential impact on microbial composition, ecology, and biogeochemistry.