Impact of Composite Carbon Policies on Optimal Supply Chain Decisions and Optimization: A Study Based on Stackelberg Game

Impact of Composite Carbon Policies on Optimal Supply Chain Decisions and Optimization: A Study Based on Stackelberg Game | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Impact of Composite Carbon Policies on Optimal Supply Chain Decisions and Optimization: A Study Based on Stackelberg Game Hongyu He, Ning Wang, Yanzhi Zhao This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7551898/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 16 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study constructs a Stackelberg game model of a two-tier supply chain (manufacturer-retailer), endogenizing consumer eco-consciousness into the demand function to holistically examine carbon tax, carbon quota trading, government subsidies, and stochastic demand. It analyzes pricing and emission-reduction decisions under two power structures, deriving equilibrium solutions via backward induction. The key findings of the paper includes : (1) Consumer green preference is pivotal for supply chain decarbonization.(2) Government subsidies incentivize green technology investment, but their efficacy depends on multi-factor synergy, necessitating dynamic policy calibration.(3) Power structures affect profit distribution and emission efficiency, and cost-sharing contracts can coordinate policy impacts.The research provides a theoretical framework for low-carbon supply chain management under multi-policy synergy, recommending governments adopt differentiated carbon policies while firms align green investments with market demand for win-win economic-environmental outcomes. Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental social sciences Carbon quota trading Carbon tax Low-carbon supply chain Carbon emissions Operational decision-making Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 17 Mar, 2026 Reviews received at journal 22 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 06 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 03 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 23 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 23 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 18 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 Jan, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 15 Jan, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 13 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 03 Oct, 2025 First submitted to journal 03 Oct, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7551898","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":576229835,"identity":"e8bd99b1-0b0f-4cac-b77e-3c9da6aa55dc","order_by":0,"name":"Hongyu He","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shenyang University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hongyu","middleName":"","lastName":"He","suffix":""},{"id":576229836,"identity":"fb697db0-e1fd-4300-a6c5-0af19661857c","order_by":1,"name":"Ning Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shenyang University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ning","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":576229837,"identity":"ba10258c-d5bc-4068-93f4-9d82a0d1391e","order_by":2,"name":"Yanzhi Zhao","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABAklEQVRIie3PsUrDQBzH8TsPzuUfsl6I0Ff4SyChUMyrHAjpkk2QDg5XAnFzTlEfwsX5wkGm0j5AHSoFJ4frUpxEKy4deu0oeN/lz8HvMxwhPt9fTPxeZPTWytEAwlAdTVhH7LQ4ixp9LCG8oJPaDFBJt+jdV68ruHnJs1NIV0E9BySa2nW5n9CHLkmge2P9CrIEZgvImGLR5Hk/YUKmMXDD0QDGcL2AvtKcBQ7CxXATw+f3/ofwGaCWbgKiTOOgNgINL6Km1oeJEOXV+eOdQTTMoJ1eQtS0lfMvvWb4tHzfmBzn7XgpRxd5GFatXTvIthPYfVPl3m8nHwcnPp/P96/7AgwjT/0PXzyIAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Shenyang University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yanzhi","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhao","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-09-06 15:38:21","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7551898/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7551898/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":100796366,"identity":"849acd51-4bb6-4c4c-a9f9-753cb475ba7f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-21 13:42:47","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1296400,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7551898/v1/91fb7d19fad907f1e9ae0688.docx"},{"id":100670064,"identity":"ecf25419-1700-4bd1-bdcb-12bb7101ce0b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 10:13:32","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4440,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"7a3782f940994d21b625704f0d6c806f.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7551898/v1/786eac6801ca67560ca03e0a.json"},{"id":100669973,"identity":"c6c9c229-22b6-4c00-9458-4a2f190f422f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 10:11:23","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":166576,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"7a3782f940994d21b625704f0d6c806f1enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7551898/v1/1e109ba19d7ce3cf7dd355f2.xml"},{"id":100670033,"identity":"9e1a9fe5-634a-4cd4-9c93-d711e32cd96e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 10:13:16","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":153640,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7551898/v1/17478d2b32543524b37eaeb4.jpeg"},{"id":100669933,"identity":"ec3ccac9-6b2c-4dc7-9ffc-2e2a5692f085","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 10:10:37","extension":"emf","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":33480,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7551898/v1/79a1909fc0a9fc28c39b16f9.emf"},{"id":100670005,"identity":"065dae7b-8c64-4378-8c66-3dc713b39bb7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 10:11:57","extension":"emf","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":38992,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7551898/v1/5db6c1447554cb76147b015f.emf"},{"id":100669950,"identity":"4670b707-c3b3-4e8b-9e96-4db9429f5e6e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 10:11:07","extension":"emf","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":36900,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage12.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7551898/v1/f8a43ef927d0455a626e7b67.emf"},{"id":100669972,"identity":"e4196992-d4c9-4ffc-a9d6-b815ececb295","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 10:11:21","extension":"emf","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":39516,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage13.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7551898/v1/69b900d4814385301fbc229e.emf"},{"id":100670030,"identity":"1b0a1ff8-e754-4ef7-beec-f9429952f3a0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 10:13:08","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":67508,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7551898/v1/af77705674b71b0f38c53daf.png"},{"id":100670001,"identity":"5eb471ca-1a4e-40f5-b9da-f5fb08bbc693","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 10:11:48","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":44909,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7551898/v1/30f99e615a6398dc1183b07b.png"},{"id":100669970,"identity":"fbb7ed5f-6bb7-41af-b86c-fae63cbb6c2f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 10:11:20","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":50916,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7551898/v1/d1799630925520baacbcfaad.png"},{"id":100670008,"identity":"cfad3923-3b7e-4696-9179-47f9d05952ab","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 10:12:11","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":62773,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage17.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7551898/v1/a5274f1df6dfd228c9d4332b.png"},{"id":100669967,"identity":"b6189299-2ac8-49c0-b5f4-32216aae9955","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 10:11:16","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":646494,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage18.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7551898/v1/773e346b31b95aa86c6a0c38.png"},{"id":100670004,"identity":"42b17b43-e70b-408e-87a1-5a969b35b4c3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 10:11:57","extension":"emf","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":40488,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7551898/v1/351e29d9c1264b00a8d0fabb.emf"},{"id":100670023,"identity":"d071d736-8825-4d21-8c57-7d93ac8b79ab","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 10:12:39","extension":"emf","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":39856,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7551898/v1/c8ea810133486a1a0c762ac1.emf"},{"id":100670006,"identity":"913bcb45-1567-4694-bbfd-28c758a5f638","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 10:12:06","extension":"emf","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":40256,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7551898/v1/db1adafe3390341cf80c78ad.emf"},{"id":100669932,"identity":"cfddb7c8-a3c0-4801-9961-fa81eff1fe3d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 10:10:36","extension":"emf","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":38840,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7551898/v1/8edee4fe421a3d79df4d5862.emf"},{"id":100670014,"identity":"e34c4d80-9b35-455e-a235-908ffff4bd5a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 10:12:21","extension":"emf","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":38528,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7551898/v1/e0a4e83683a3e7936faad81a.emf"},{"id":100670032,"identity":"b63dffc1-b511-4768-859e-b45d1943d92a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 10:13:15","extension":"emf","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":40740,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7551898/v1/81e0d6184e6f19344af3ad70.emf"},{"id":100670028,"identity":"11474988-ad3e-49e9-b145-07e89466fe03","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 10:12:53","extension":"jpeg","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":114638,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7551898/v1/2499601b261d710b2dcbe7ec.jpeg"},{"id":100669968,"identity":"c47ad054-e1fb-42ab-bafd-472bfbe290ba","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 10:11:17","extension":"emf","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":34104,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7551898/v1/6f7bcb6e9f5bc3d3c1439069.emf"},{"id":100670015,"identity":"c7aaf1fe-a6ba-41de-a463-4c1e826bf9eb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 10:12:21","extension":"png","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":39240,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7551898/v1/22a7093c312989d74fec32f5.png"},{"id":100669936,"identity":"87b74a22-da10-45ea-beb3-d8349176f63e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 10:10:41","extension":"png","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":6495,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7551898/v1/bcff335028e4dfd478f87a76.png"},{"id":100669901,"identity":"235502ef-d442-45e5-b88e-ec01ab2d4aa6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 10:10:16","extension":"png","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4948,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7551898/v1/66872b948e6d18f857f7882b.png"},{"id":100670027,"identity":"583ef334-92b8-4200-8dbe-bfe44074c986","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 10:12:52","extension":"png","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4944,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7551898/v1/1ba0a508d7f321af2f3342ef.png"},{"id":100670026,"identity":"e6a1c7bf-566c-4422-9c7d-299422dcf014","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 10:12:51","extension":"png","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":6095,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7551898/v1/660846bcf0b6ed3367397d54.png"},{"id":100669971,"identity":"75290f19-8e1b-4d63-b20b-20dfd1915872","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 10:11:20","extension":"png","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":19175,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7551898/v1/5fca8c4cfa5f25c31e99158c.png"},{"id":100670068,"identity":"0eea47af-8c6b-4ae1-807d-552346f70f9e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 10:13:45","extension":"png","order_by":27,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":14348,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7551898/v1/9ec03a3b3e4b906e1d5318f4.png"},{"id":100669938,"identity":"98abc576-2ce1-46ec-aa0a-14bdc7500ab7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 10:10:42","extension":"png","order_by":28,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":15838,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7551898/v1/7630e2828a7135a101d836a3.png"},{"id":100670085,"identity":"1a9b2dbf-d5bc-44b7-b7f5-b5ae12f2e033","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 10:14:35","extension":"png","order_by":29,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":16172,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage17.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7551898/v1/522bdd1f338555c50a3ad33d.png"},{"id":100669894,"identity":"efb52241-4387-45af-bd2b-c0c37e761aca","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 10:10:11","extension":"png","order_by":30,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":66861,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage18.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7551898/v1/fd9a2c8df11b44a587e4ba0a.png"},{"id":100670025,"identity":"0c8a7579-31e6-4aa0-aedd-4ace02769fd7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 10:12:50","extension":"png","order_by":31,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":5175,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7551898/v1/c61734c745b79cede7d5f206.png"},{"id":100670071,"identity":"69b596d2-fc8a-48b1-aeac-63faa0eeb3ba","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 10:13:58","extension":"png","order_by":32,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":5362,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7551898/v1/35902694fb3c69fb11e9c6b7.png"},{"id":100670065,"identity":"06505326-f5f1-4791-83ca-836d76cac5e5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 10:13:39","extension":"png","order_by":33,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":5794,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7551898/v1/e55b770dd2110a13bcbadbd6.png"},{"id":100670095,"identity":"7e53296d-dad5-4c6e-8a12-0cf09eb34986","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 10:14:41","extension":"png","order_by":34,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":5206,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7551898/v1/4481f2f6d0333395759bcb8f.png"},{"id":100670073,"identity":"d3148af4-aa35-4061-bca9-a977aab09168","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 10:14:07","extension":"png","order_by":35,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4808,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7551898/v1/2820b19d55e56df62142712b.png"},{"id":100669976,"identity":"adadfba6-6541-4c9e-b56f-6bf6dbe34227","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 10:11:31","extension":"png","order_by":36,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":5788,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7551898/v1/07c72db7d45d64c4f44b5822.png"},{"id":100670011,"identity":"169dd87f-8789-4271-97ef-97e830c8734b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 10:12:19","extension":"png","order_by":37,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":17529,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7551898/v1/11fc03863f8dfb0b735f61dd.png"},{"id":100670012,"identity":"26e33cd9-05d4-4440-9499-d95d7d9e8279","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 10:12:20","extension":"png","order_by":38,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4966,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7551898/v1/17b949c0432d66652d14da6c.png"},{"id":100669966,"identity":"08d30cbc-82c4-434f-ae86-9f775cba39fd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 10:11:15","extension":"xml","order_by":39,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":165721,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"7a3782f940994d21b625704f0d6c806f1structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7551898/v1/49dbe2b05f5ff40e79720ce9.xml"},{"id":100670066,"identity":"01eee019-f8cc-4d53-9330-ad824a2fc7b4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 10:13:40","extension":"html","order_by":40,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":194693,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7551898/v1/6f80fb328aeca15f3dcfbbf6.html"},{"id":100797957,"identity":"4dfa98b4-5399-42d3-aea2-4b5f3fca2cf7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-21 13:51:54","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":787843,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7551898/v1_covered_b9148a15-abc9-42d7-83a0-b73dfc43386e.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Impact of Composite Carbon Policies on Optimal Supply Chain Decisions and Optimization: A Study Based on Stackelberg Game","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"humanities-and-social-sciences-communications","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"palcomms","sideBox":"Learn more about [Humanities \u0026 Social Sciences Communications](http://www.nature.com/palcomms/)","snPcode":"41599","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/41599/3","title":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Nature AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Carbon quota trading, Carbon tax, Low-carbon supply chain, Carbon emissions, Operational decision-making","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7551898/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7551898/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study constructs a Stackelberg game model of a two-tier supply chain (manufacturer-retailer), endogenizing consumer eco-consciousness into the demand function to holistically examine carbon tax, carbon quota trading, government subsidies, and stochastic demand. It analyzes pricing and emission-reduction decisions under two power structures, deriving equilibrium solutions via backward induction. The key findings of the paper includes : (1) Consumer green preference is pivotal for supply chain decarbonization.(2) Government subsidies incentivize green technology investment, but their efficacy depends on multi-factor synergy, necessitating dynamic policy calibration.(3) Power structures affect profit distribution and emission efficiency, and cost-sharing contracts can coordinate policy impacts.The research provides a theoretical framework for low-carbon supply chain management under multi-policy synergy, recommending governments adopt differentiated carbon policies while firms align green investments with market demand for win-win economic-environmental outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Impact of Composite Carbon Policies on Optimal Supply Chain Decisions and Optimization: A Study Based on Stackelberg Game","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-20 09:01:17","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7551898/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-03-17T05:34:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-23T04:06:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-06T05:05:26+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-03T05:49:33+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"143043123916258053110745244505468837725","date":"2026-01-24T03:29:43+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-23T05:59:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"150495592923388398861341274581385006166","date":"2026-01-21T04:19:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-18T07:33:21+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"289815221082066528105451956915442920448","date":"2026-01-16T10:09:00+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"8292185826703231463392048101241565120","date":"2026-01-16T08:50:26+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"139639753510664007386528509127898056693","date":"2026-01-16T07:11:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"93168971524259699225417523607416137720","date":"2026-01-16T03:44:32+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-16T02:42:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-10-13T04:06:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-10-03T12:12:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications","date":"2025-10-03T12:07:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"humanities-and-social-sciences-communications","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"palcomms","sideBox":"Learn more about [Humanities \u0026 Social Sciences Communications](http://www.nature.com/palcomms/)","snPcode":"41599","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/41599/3","title":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Nature AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"8c0b21be-f6c5-4fba-bbcc-d545de35a206","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 20th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"in-revision","subjectAreas":[{"id":61311447,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences"},{"id":61311448,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental social sciences"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-17T05:40:27+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-20 09:01:17","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7551898","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7551898","identity":"rs-7551898","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}