Analysis of Gross Alpha, Gross Beta Activities, Heavy Metal Concentrations, and Cancer Risk Assessment in Isparta's Drinking Tap Water

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Gross alpha and gross beta activity concentrations were determined according to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) protocol. The annual effective dose and lifetime cancer risk were calculated. The gross alpha activity concentrations ranged from 37 mBq/L to 136 mBq/L, and gross beta activity ranged from 111 mBq/L to 181 mBq/L. These values are below the World Health Organization (WHO) limits of 500 mBq/L for alpha and 1000 mBq/L for beta activities. The lifetime cancer risk assessment for adults, based on these concentrations, ranged from 0.59x10 -4 to 2.36x10 -4 (mean 1.37x10 -4 ), with the highest value being lower than the UNSCEAR standard of 0.29x10 -3 . Additionally, concentrations of several heavy metals, including arsenic (As), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), selenium (Se), and thallium (Tl), were measured at 0.0016, 0.0417, 0.0002, 0.0027, 0.005, 0.0016, 0.0088, 0.0028, and 0.0043 ppm, respectively. The concentrations of As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Se were below the WHO and EPA recommended limits. However, Hg and Tl concentrations were below the WHO limits but exceeded EPA standards. The cancer risk assessment was performed based on the concentrations of As, Pb, Cd, and Cr using the EPA's cancer slope factors. The calculated Hazard Index (HI) for these heavy metals was found to be lower than the EPA's critical level. Gross alpha Gross beta Heavy metal Lifetime cancer Annual effective dose Figures Figure 1 Introduction Environmental contamination is a significant challenge faced by society, and heavy metals are among the pollutants that contribute to this issue. These toxic elements can be found in marine environments, groundwater, and industrial wastewater. The presence of heavy metals in the atmosphere results from both natural processes and human activities. For human beings, whose majority consists of water, water and its quality are important for the life and health of human beings. Water carries biological and chemical traces of the elements in its environment. Anthropogenic sources, such as agricultural practices and emissions from industrial facilities, play a crucial role in introducing heavy metals into water systems. In this context, assessing heavy metal concentrations and radioactivity in drinking water is essential for public health. The metal element content in water is in dissolved colloidal form. Some heavy metals and radioactive elements carried by water are transported into the organism by swallowing them with water. If the heavy metal concentration that passes from water to humans is above the recommended value, it causes toxic effects and negatively affects the life balance of the organism [ 1 ]. Natural radionuclides and product elements are found in drinking water sources and are transported to the organism by water [ 2 ]. These elements taken into the human internal structure can accumulate in the body and negatively affect human health [ 3 ]. Since cancer development due to exposure to ionizing radiation is not an immediate effect. Its development may take several years. Temaugee et al. [ 4 ] pointed out that cancer types may occur with increasing frequency after radiation exposure and can only be detected by epidemiological methods. In most cases, cancer only happens when the individual reaches an older age. Therefore, the term 'lifetime risk of cancer' (LCR) is defined as the probability of an individual developing cancer during their lifetime. [ 5 ]. Researchers have been conducted to determine the values of total alpha and beta activities and the concentrations of some heavy metals in drinking water in residential areas in different countries of the world [ 6 , 7 ]. Studies indicate that there is a positive correlation between the increase in radiation dose and the occurrence of cancer. [ 8 ]. For this reason, it is important to control radioelement emissions in drinking water and for human health [ 9 ]. Due to the length of the analysis process of specific radioelements, measurement of total α and β activity concentration has become important to determine the relative radioactivity levels in water [ 10 ]. In addition, α and β radiations, which are High Linear Energy Transfer (LET) radiations, are found in drinking water and are considered an important factor in increasing natural radiation exposure in humans [ 11 ]. Since alpha and beta radiation is found in every structure, it can be carried by water from every point it touches during the movement of water [ 12 ]. In the guideline prepared by the World Health Organization for water quality in 2004, it was stated that determining the total alpha and beta count in water is the basic element in determining the quality of water [ 13 ]. According to the guidelines recommended by the World Health Organization, the total α and β activity concentration limit levels in drinking water are 500 and 1000 mBq L, respectively [ 14 , 15 ]. In summary, understanding heavy metal concentrations and natural radioactivity in tap water is crucial for ensuring safe drinking water and minimizing health risks. This article aims to contribute to the existing knowledge by examining these factors in the context of tap water quality. Material and Methods Study Area Isparta is located in the Antalya Section of the Mediterranean Region and the Lakes Region of Turkey, positioned between 30°20' and 31°33' eastern longitudes and 37°18' and 38°30' northern latitudes. Covering a surface area of 8,933 km², Isparta has a population of 445,325, with 268,595 residents living in the city center. The municipal services, including the drinking and potable water network, are managed by the Isparta Municipality. The municipality sources drinking and utility water by disinfecting water from both underground and surface sources. A municipal drinking water treatment facility supplies water from Eğirdir Lake and Darıderesi Pond. Additionally, groundwater is collected, disinfected in the Andik region, and then distributed through a closed system by the Isparta Municipality. Sampling In this study, 10 tap water samples were collected from various locations within the city center. The sampling locations and the sources of water supply are depicted in Fig. 1, with their coordinates listed in Table 1. The tap water samples were gathered in two 1.5-liter containers for the analysis of gross alpha and beta concentrations, as well as heavy metal content, in February 2023. To prevent any loss due to the sorption of radioelements on the container walls and to minimize microbial activity, the pH of the collected samples was lowered to below 2 using HNO 3 [ 16 ]. Yellow marked: Sampling locations, Blue marked: Tap water supplies locations of the city center Figure 1 . The sampling locations and water supplies of Isparta city center Table 1. Tap water sampling coordinates Sample ID Coordinates S 1 37°45'04"N 30°34'34"E S 2 37°45'15"N 30°32'23"E S 3 37°45'04"N 30°31'45"E S 4 37°46'56"N 30°31'39"E S 5 37°45'57"N 30°31'28"E S 6 37°46'13"N 30°30'50"E S 7 37°45'59"N 30°32'52"E S 8 37°45'57"N 30°34'04"E S 9 37°47'04"N 30°33'15"E S 10 37°49'08"N 30°32'01"E Gross alpha and beta activity analyses and annual effective dose The concentrations of gross alpha and gross beta activities were determined following the protocol established by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), as outlined by Eckeman [ 17 ]. Water samples, collected in 1.5-liter containers, underwent a pH adjustment to below 2 using HNO 3 to prevent any loss through sorption of radioelements on the container walls and to minimize microbial activity [ 16 ]. The EPA 900 method was employed to measure the gross alpha and gross beta radioactive concentrations in these water samples. Experimental procedures were conducted at the Isotope Laboratory of the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSI). The results of gross alpha and gross beta activities from the 10 tap water samples are presented in Table 2. The calculation of the dose of gross alpha and gross beta activities resulting from the consumption of drinking water was performed using the Eq. 1 [ 18 ]: $${DR}_{W}=A x {IR}_{W} x {ID}_{F}$$ 1 Where DR w is the annual effective dose (µSv/year ), A is the activity concentration of isotopes (Bq/L ), IR W is the water consumption of a person in 1 year (L), and ID F is the dose conversion coefficient (Sv/Bq). Table 2. The determined, gross alpha and gross beta activities Activity (mBq/L) Sample ID Alpha Beta S 1 56 ± 24 142 ± 20 S 2 56 ± 18 133 ± 17 S 3 57 ± 15 123 ± 14 S 4 45 ± 13 117 ± 13 S 5 74 ± 16 155 ± 16 S 6 37 ± 17 111 ± 15 S 7 80 ± 23 140 ± 18 S 8 55 ± 25 181 ± 23 S 9 136 ± 32 160 ± 21 S 10 87 ± 26 156 ± 21 To estimate the annual effective doses, individuals were grouped into adults, children, and infants, following the recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), as detailed by Aladeniyi [ 19 ]. Annual water consumptions were taken into account for each group, with values of 250 L for infants, 350 L for children, and 750 L for adults. The dose conversion coefficients for main alpha-emitting radionuclides such as 232 Th, 210 Po, 226 Ra, 230 Th, 234 U, and 238 U were sourced from literature, with values of 2.3x10 − 4 , 1.2x10 − 3 , 2.8x10 − 4 , 2.1x10 − 4 , 4.9x10 − 5 , and 4.5x10 − 5 mSv/Bq, respectively. Additionally, the dose conversion coefficients for beta-emitting radionuclides including 40 K, 228 Ra, and 21 0Pb were obtained from WHO [ 20 ], with values of 6.2x10 − 9 , 6.9x10 − 4 , and 6.9x10 − 4 mSv/Bq, respectively. The mean values of alpha and beta-emitting radionuclides, calculated as 3.4 x 10 − 4 mSv/Bq and 4.6 x 10 − 4 mSv/Bq, respectively, were utilized to compute the annual effective dose for each group. The calculated annual doses are presented in Table 3 Table 3. The calculated annual doses Annual effective dose (µSv/year) Infant Children Adult Alpha Beta Alpha Beta Alpha Beta S 1 4.76 12.07 6.66 16.90 14.28 36.21 S 2 4.76 11.31 6.66 15.83 14.28 33.92 S 3 4.85 10.46 6.78 14.64 14.54 31.37 S 4 3.83 9.95 5.36 13.92 11.48 29.84 S 5 6.29 13.18 8.81 18.45 18.87 39.53 S 6 3.15 9.44 4.40 13.21 9.44 28.31 S 7 6.80 11.90 9.52 16.66 20.40 35.70 S 8 4.68 15.39 6.55 21.54 14.03 46.16 S 9 11.56 13.60 16.18 19.04 34.68 40.80 S 10 7.40 13.26 10.35 18.56 22.19 39.78 Lifetime cancer risk To estimate the lifetime cancer risk the following Eq. 2 was used $$LCR={DR}_{w}xLTxRF$$ 2 Where LCR is the lifetime cancer risk, DR w is the annual effective dose (Sv/year ), LT is the lifetime ( 70 years) and RF is the risk factor (7.3x10 − 2 Sv − 1 according to ICRP 1991 report) [ 21 ]. Heavy metal concentrations and cancer risk assessment Tap water samples were collected in 1.5-liter bottles and underwent a pH adjustment to below 2 using HNO 3 . The concentrations of heavy metals, including As, Ba, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Se, and Tl, were determined using an ICP-OES 720 Axial from Agilent Technologies. The analysis was conducted at the laboratory center of Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University. The results of the determined heavy metal concentrations are presented in Table 4. It is noted that the heavy metal "Be" was not detected in any of the samples, likely due to detection limitations Table 4. The heavy metal concentration of tap water samples (ppm) Sample ID As Ba Be Cd Cr Cu Hg Pb Se TI S 1 0.002 0.034 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.004 0.002 0.014 0.001 0.009 S 2 0.002 0.048 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.005 0.003 0.001 0.003 0.008 S 3 0.002 0.045 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.006 0.001 0.009 0.004 0.002 S 4 0.001 0.045 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.006 0.003 0.008 0.002 0.002 S 5 0.001 0.047 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.006 0.000 0.013 0.002 0.000 S 6 0.002 0.042 0.000 0.001 0.003 0.003 0.000 0.007 0.001 0.009 S 7 0.000 0.039 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.005 0.002 0.010 0.003 0.005 S 8 0.002 0.034 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.005 0.001 0.011 0.006 0.002 S 9 0.001 0.048 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.005 0.003 0.011 0.002 0.002 S 10 0.003 0.035 0.000 0.001 0.003 0.005 0.001 0.004 0.004 0.004 The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects of heavy metal concentrations obtained from tap water on health were calculated with Eq. 3 . $$ADI=\frac{CxIRxEFxED}{BWxAT}$$ 3 Where ADI is the average daily intake of heavy metals ingested from water (mg/kg-day). C is the heavy metal concentration in water (ppm). IR is the daily intake of water, 2.2 L/day. EF is the exposure frequency, 365 days/year. ED is the exposure duration, 70 years. BW is the body weight of the exposed individual (70 kg). AT is the time period over which the dose is averaged, 365 × 70 = 25.550 days for both carcinogens and noncarcinogens. [ 22 ]. The non-carcinogenic hazard quotient (HQ) was obtained by Eq. 4 $$HQ=\frac{ADI}{RfD}$$ 4 Where the chronic reference dose values (RfD) are given in Table 5. [ 23 ] Table 5. Reference dose and cancer slope factors of concentrations determined heavy metals Heavy metals Reference dose Values (RfD) (mg/kg per day) Cancer Slope Factor (SF) 1/(mg/kg per day) Oral Inhalation Dermal Oral Inhalation Dermal As 0.0003 0.0003 0.00012 1.5 15 1.5 Pb 0.0035 0.0035 0.00053 0.85 Cd 0.0005 0.001 0.00001 15 Cr 0.003 0.000029 0.00006 0.5 42 20 Cu 0.04 0.042 0.012 Hg 0.0001 0.000086 0.021 Ba 0.2 The non-carcinogenic effects of heavy metals on the population depend on the total HQ of the heavy metals in the water. It brings out another term hazard ındex (HI) as described by USEPA [ 23 ]. The hazard index was calculated with Eq. 5 . $$HI=\sum _{k=1}^{n}{HQ}_{k}=\sum _{k=1}^{n}\frac{{ADI}_{k}}{{RfD}_{k}}$$ 5 Where HQ k , ADI k , and RfD k are values of heavy metal k. To calculate the excess lifetime cancer risk according to the heavy metals Eq. 6 was used. $$ELCR=\sum _{k=1}^{n}{ADI}_{k}\times {SF}_{k}$$ 6 where ELCR is a unitless probability of an individual developing cancer over a lifetime. ADI k (mg/kg per day) is the average daily intake and SF k (1/(mg/kg per day)) is the cancer slope factor for the k th heavy metal, for n number of heavy metals [ 22 ]. Result and Discussion Gross α and β activity concentrations, annual effective dose, and lifetime cancer risk The gross alpha and beta activity concentrations of tap water samples were presented in Table 2. The gross alpha activity concentrations ranged from 37 mBq/L to 136 mBq/L, with the highest value observed in sample S 9. These values were found to be below the limit of 500 mBq/L set by the World Health Organization (WHO) in their 2011 report [ 14 ]. Similarly, the gross beta activity concentrations ranged from 111 mBq/L to 181 mBq/L, with the highest value recorded in sample S 8. These values also remained below the limit of 1000 mBq/L specified by the WHO in their 2011 report [ 14 ]. To provide context, the obtained activity concentrations were compared with the other global studies, and the results are summarized in Table 6. Table 6. The gross alpha and beta activity values of drinking water in the literature Sampling Area Gross α (mBq/L) Gross β (mBq/L) References min. max. min. max. Galati-Romania 6 85 25 435 [ 24 ] Hail-Saudi Arabia 17 541 480 516 [ 25 ] Guilan- Iran 12 115 23 332 [ 16 ] Balaton- Hungary 35 1749 33 2015 [ 26 ] Siirt- Turkey 50 5640 60 2760 [ 27 ] Dustin Ma- Nigeria 2 37 8 2014 [ 1 ] Isparta- Turkey 37 136 111 181 This Study The annual effective dose of gross α and β activity concentration of tap water is shown in Table 3. The annual effective dose of α ranges from 3.15–11.56 (mean 5.81) µSv/year, 4.40-16.18 (mean 8.13) µSv/year, and 9.44–34.68 (mean 17.42) µSv/year for infant, children, and adult respectively. Meanwhile the annual effective dose β range from 9.44–15.39 (mean 12.05) µSv/year, 13.21–21.54 (mean 16.87) µSv/year, and 28.31–46.16 (mean 36.16) µSv/year for infant, children and adult respectively. The annual effective doses are under the limit of WHO reference level (100 µSv/year) The lifetime cancer risk assessment in the tap water samples were calculated for adults with Eq. 2 and the obtained results were ranged from 0.59x10 − 4 to 2.36x10 − 4 (mean 1.37x10 − 4 ) for both α and β concentrations. The obtained highest value of the lifetime cancer risk value is lower than the average standard value of 0.29x10 − 3 [ 11 , 5 ]. Heavy metal concentrations and cancer risk assessment The concentrations of heavy metals in the tap water samples are presented in Table 4, with mean values for As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Se, and Tl reported as 0.0016, 0.0417, 0.0002, 0.0027, 0.005, 0.0016, 0.0088, 0.0028, and 0.0043 ppm, respectively. These variations in concentration levels are primarily attributed to physical and chemical interactions with minerals in water resources and distribution routes. The concentrations of As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Se are all below the limitation concentration levels set by both the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). However, the concentrations of Hg and Tl, while under the limit level of WHO, exceed the EPA standard of 0.002 ppm, with Tl concentrations reaching up to 4–5 times higher than the EPA limits. Elevated levels of Hg can lead to kidney damage, while TI exposure can result in hair loss, blood, kidney, intestine, or liver problems, according to the EPA. The EPA identifies sources of contamination in drinking water as erosion of natural deposits, discharge from refineries and factories, and runoff from landfills and croplands. Cancer risk assessments were calculated based on the heavy metal concentrations, with results including Hazard Quotient (HQ), Hazard Index (HI), and Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk (ELCR) listed in Table 7. A HI value greater than 1 indicates a potential cancer risk from drinking water [ 22 ]. So, based on the calculated HI values, it can be assumed that there isn’t any carcinogenic effect from the tap water. Table 7. The calculated HQ, HI, and ELCR Hazard quotient (HQ) Hazard ındex (HI) Excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) As Ba Cd Cr Cu Hg Pb 0.0168 0.0066 0.0126 0.0283 0.0039 0.5038 0.0792 0.6387 0.0004 Conclusion This study investigated the gross alpha and beta activities, concentrations of selected heavy metals, and the associated lifetime cancer risks in drinking tap water from various sources in Isparta. The findings revealed that while the levels of gross alpha and beta activities varied across the samples, they were generally within acceptable limits set by international standards such as those of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The gross α and β activities were obtained as 37–136 (mean 68) mBq/L and 111–181 (mean 142) mBq/L respectively. In addition, the annual effective doses were calculated for both α and β and the calculated doses were determined under the limit of WHO reference level (100 µSv/year). Also, the obtained highest lifetime cancer risk value from the sample is lower than the average standard value of 0.29x10 -3 [ 11 ]. The obtained heavy metal concentrations are below the limitation concentration level of the WHO and EPA except for Hg and TI. The reason for this excess can be considered runoff from landfills and croplands around the Isparta. In addition, the cancer risk assessment was calculated from heavy metal concentrations and the calculated HI level of heavy metals is lower than the critical level of EPA. Overall, this study underscores the importance of continuous surveillance and stringent quality control of drinking water to minimize public health risks associated with radioactive and heavy metal contaminants. Future research should focus on identifying the sources of contamination and evaluating the effectiveness of water treatment processes in reducing these harmful substances. Declarations Competing Interests: The author declares no confict of interest Funding: The authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work. Author Contribution Ramazan MANAV: Sampling, Methodology, Validation, Writing, Visualization. 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Radiat Meas 46(1):159–163 Teğin İ, Yolbaş I, Acar O (2017) Assessment of gross alpha and beta activity levels and element concentrations in spa waters from Siirt and Şırnak, Turkey. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 311:109–119 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4623152","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Case Report","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":323071311,"identity":"5bfb9005-de08-4135-ac05-772dc3335768","order_by":0,"name":"Ramazan MANAV","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABFUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYNCDDwZwJjNxOhhnGMBVAwk2IrQw8yAswK3FvP104scfNXei+Wc3P5O2KajL4599/uAHhgrrxAb53gfYtMicyd0sIXHsWe6MO8fMpHMMDhdLnEtmlmA4k57YwMZugE2LBEPuBgkDtsO5DTcSjI1zDA4kNpxhZpBgbDsM1ILdZRL8bzf/SPh3OHf+jfTPxhYGdYnzzzAz/2D8h0eLRO42iYNth3M33MgxfMxgwJy44QwzmwRjAz4tb7dZNvYdzt14I6fwYQ/QL4ZnmM0sEo6lG7expeFwWO7mmz++Hc6ddyN9w4Eff+ry5M4wPr7xocZatp/5GFYtGCABThITk0haRsEoGAWjYBQgAQAGZWIsUmARNwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Isparta University of Applied Sciences","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ramazan","middleName":"","lastName":"MANAV","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-06-22 20:53:14","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4623152/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4623152/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":62732926,"identity":"2900a855-650a-4603-b72d-2c2b84193775","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-18 23:50:01","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2040253,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eYellow marked: Sampling locations, Blue marked: Tap water supplies locations of the city center\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sampling locations and water supplies of Isparta city center\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4623152/v1/5a268398edd310cfcca4cfdd.png"},{"id":64268358,"identity":"761cb53d-f800-44a7-9037-16e21aadb94b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-11 04:44:24","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2730836,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4623152/v1/c8182ecb-8b89-4d1a-811c-8cf9d81276ed.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Analysis of Gross Alpha, Gross Beta Activities, Heavy Metal Concentrations, and Cancer Risk Assessment in Isparta's Drinking Tap Water","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eEnvironmental contamination is a significant challenge faced by society, and heavy metals are among the pollutants that contribute to this issue. These toxic elements can be found in marine environments, groundwater, and industrial wastewater. The presence of heavy metals in the atmosphere results from both natural processes and human activities. For human beings, whose majority consists of water, water and its quality are important for the life and health of human beings. Water carries biological and chemical traces of the elements in its environment. Anthropogenic sources, such as agricultural practices and emissions from industrial facilities, play a crucial role in introducing heavy metals into water systems. In this context, assessing heavy metal concentrations and radioactivity in drinking water is essential for public health. The metal element content in water is in dissolved colloidal form. Some heavy metals and radioactive elements carried by water are transported into the organism by swallowing them with water. If the heavy metal concentration that passes from water to humans is above the recommended value, it causes toxic effects and negatively affects the life balance of the organism [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Natural radionuclides and product elements are found in drinking water sources and are transported to the organism by water [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. These elements taken into the human internal structure can accumulate in the body and negatively affect human health [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Since cancer development due to exposure to ionizing radiation is not an immediate effect. Its development may take several years. Temaugee et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e] pointed out that cancer types may occur with increasing frequency after radiation exposure and can only be detected by epidemiological methods. In most cases, cancer only happens when the individual reaches an older age. Therefore, the term 'lifetime risk of cancer' (LCR) is defined as the probability of an individual developing cancer during their lifetime. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Researchers have been conducted to determine the values of total alpha and beta activities and the concentrations of some heavy metals in drinking water in residential areas in different countries of the world [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Studies indicate that there is a positive correlation between the increase in radiation dose and the occurrence of cancer. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. For this reason, it is important to control radioelement emissions in drinking water and for human health [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDue to the length of the analysis process of specific radioelements, measurement of total α and β activity concentration has become important to determine the relative radioactivity levels in water [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, α and β radiations, which are High Linear Energy Transfer (LET) radiations, are found in drinking water and are considered an important factor in increasing natural radiation exposure in humans [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Since alpha and beta radiation is found in every structure, it can be carried by water from every point it touches during the movement of water [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. In the guideline prepared by the World Health Organization for water quality in 2004, it was stated that determining the total alpha and beta count in water is the basic element in determining the quality of water [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. According to the guidelines recommended by the World Health Organization, the total α and β activity concentration limit levels in drinking water are 500 and 1000 mBq L, respectively [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. In summary, understanding heavy metal concentrations and natural radioactivity in tap water is crucial for ensuring safe drinking water and minimizing health risks. This article aims to contribute to the existing knowledge by examining these factors in the context of tap water quality.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsparta is located in the Antalya Section of the Mediterranean Region and the Lakes Region of Turkey, positioned between 30\u0026deg;20' and 31\u0026deg;33' eastern longitudes and 37\u0026deg;18' and 38\u0026deg;30' northern latitudes. Covering a surface area of 8,933 km\u0026sup2;, Isparta has a population of 445,325, with 268,595 residents living in the city center. The municipal services, including the drinking and potable water network, are managed by the Isparta Municipality. The municipality sources drinking and utility water by disinfecting water from both underground and surface sources. A municipal drinking water treatment facility supplies water from Eğirdir Lake and Darıderesi Pond. Additionally, groundwater is collected, disinfected in the Andik region, and then distributed through a closed system by the Isparta Municipality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSampling\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, 10 tap water samples were collected from various locations within the city center. The sampling locations and the sources of water supply are depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;1, with their coordinates listed in Table\u0026nbsp;1. The tap water samples were gathered in two 1.5-liter containers for the analysis of gross alpha and beta concentrations, as well as heavy metal content, in February 2023. To prevent any loss due to the sorption of radioelements on the container walls and to minimize microbial activity, the pH of the collected samples was lowered to below 2 using HNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eYellow marked: Sampling locations, Blue marked: Tap water supplies locations of the city center\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;1\u003c/b\u003e. The sampling locations and water supplies of Isparta city center\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"1\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;1. Tap water sampling coordinates\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabb\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample ID\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoordinates\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u0026deg;45'04\"N 30\u0026deg;34'34\"E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u0026deg;45'15\"N 30\u0026deg;32'23\"E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u0026deg;45'04\"N 30\u0026deg;31'45\"E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u0026deg;46'56\"N 30\u0026deg;31'39\"E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u0026deg;45'57\"N 30\u0026deg;31'28\"E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u0026deg;46'13\"N 30\u0026deg;30'50\"E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u0026deg;45'59\"N 30\u0026deg;32'52\"E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u0026deg;45'57\"N 30\u0026deg;34'04\"E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u0026deg;47'04\"N 30\u0026deg;33'15\"E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u0026deg;49'08\"N 30\u0026deg;32'01\"E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGross alpha and beta activity analyses and annual effective dose\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe concentrations of gross alpha and gross beta activities were determined following the protocol established by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), as outlined by Eckeman [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. Water samples, collected in 1.5-liter containers, underwent a pH adjustment to below 2 using HNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e to prevent any loss through sorption of radioelements on the container walls and to minimize microbial activity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. The EPA 900 method was employed to measure the gross alpha and gross beta radioactive concentrations in these water samples. Experimental procedures were conducted at the Isotope Laboratory of the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSI). The results of gross alpha and gross beta activities from the 10 tap water samples are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;2. The calculation of the dose of gross alpha and gross beta activities resulting from the consumption of drinking water was performed using the Eq.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Equ1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]:\u003cdiv id=\"Equ1\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ1\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${DR}_{W}=A x {IR}_{W} x {ID}_{F}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere DR\u003csub\u003ew\u003c/sub\u003e is the annual effective dose (\u0026micro;Sv/year ), A is the activity concentration of isotopes (Bq/L ), IR\u003csub\u003eW\u003c/sub\u003e is the water consumption of a person in 1 year (L), and ID\u003csub\u003eF\u003c/sub\u003e is the dose conversion coefficient (Sv/Bq).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabc\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"1\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;2. The determined, gross alpha and gross beta activities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabd\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eActivity (mBq/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample ID\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlpha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeta\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e142\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e181\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e160\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo estimate the annual effective doses, individuals were grouped into adults, children, and infants, following the recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), as detailed by Aladeniyi [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Annual water consumptions were taken into account for each group, with values of 250 L for infants, 350 L for children, and 750 L for adults. The dose conversion coefficients for main alpha-emitting radionuclides such as \u003csup\u003e232\u003c/sup\u003eTh, \u003csup\u003e210\u003c/sup\u003ePo, \u003csup\u003e226\u003c/sup\u003eRa, \u003csup\u003e230\u003c/sup\u003eTh, \u003csup\u003e234\u003c/sup\u003eU, and \u003csup\u003e238\u003c/sup\u003eU were sourced from literature, with values of 2.3x10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/sup\u003e, 1.2x10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e, 2.8x10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/sup\u003e, 2.1x10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/sup\u003e, 4.9x10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/sup\u003e, and 4.5x10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/sup\u003e mSv/Bq, respectively. Additionally, the dose conversion coefficients for beta-emitting radionuclides including \u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003eK, \u003csup\u003e228\u003c/sup\u003eRa, and \u003csup\u003e21\u003c/sup\u003e0Pb were obtained from WHO [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e], with values of 6.2x10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/sup\u003e, 6.9x10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/sup\u003e, and 6.9x10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/sup\u003e mSv/Bq, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mean values of alpha and beta-emitting radionuclides, calculated as 3.4 x 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/sup\u003e mSv/Bq and 4.6 x 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/sup\u003e mSv/Bq, respectively, were utilized to compute the annual effective dose for each group. The calculated annual doses are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabe\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"1\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;3. The calculated annual doses\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabf\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnnual effective dose (\u0026micro;Sv/year)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChildren\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdult\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlpha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeta\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlpha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeta\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlpha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeta\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLifetime cancer risk\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo estimate the lifetime cancer risk the following Eq.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Equ2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e was used\u003cdiv id=\"Equ2\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ2\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$LCR={DR}_{w}xLTxRF$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere LCR is the lifetime cancer risk, DR\u003csub\u003ew\u003c/sub\u003e is the annual effective dose (Sv/year ), LT is the lifetime ( 70 years) and RF is the risk factor (7.3x10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e Sv\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e according to ICRP 1991 report) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eHeavy metal concentrations and cancer risk assessment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTap water samples were collected in 1.5-liter bottles and underwent a pH adjustment to below 2 using HNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e. The concentrations of heavy metals, including As, Ba, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Se, and Tl, were determined using an ICP-OES 720 Axial from Agilent Technologies. The analysis was conducted at the laboratory center of Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University. The results of the determined heavy metal concentrations are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;4. It is noted that the heavy metal \"Be\" was not detected in any of the samples, likely due to detection limitations\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabg\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"1\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;4. The heavy metal concentration of tap water samples (ppm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabh\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample ID\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.048\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.045\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.045\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.047\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.042\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.039\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.048\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.035\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects of heavy metal concentrations obtained from tap water on health were calculated with Eq.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Equ3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cdiv id=\"Equ3\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ3\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$ADI=\\frac{CxIRxEFxED}{BWxAT}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e3\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere ADI is the average daily intake of heavy metals ingested from water (mg/kg-day). C is the heavy metal concentration in water (ppm). IR is the daily intake of water, 2.2 L/day. EF is the exposure frequency, 365 days/year. ED is the exposure duration, 70 years. BW is the body weight of the exposed individual (70 kg). AT is the time period over which the dose is averaged, 365 \u0026times; 70\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;25.550 days for both carcinogens and noncarcinogens. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe non-carcinogenic hazard quotient (HQ) was obtained by Eq.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Equ4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equ4\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ4\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$HQ=\\frac{ADI}{RfD}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e4\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere the chronic reference dose values (RfD) are given in Table\u0026nbsp;5. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabi\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"1\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;5. Reference dose and cancer slope factors of concentrations determined heavy metals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabj\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeavy metals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference dose Values (RfD) (mg/kg per day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCancer Slope Factor (SF) 1/(mg/kg per day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOral\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInhalation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDermal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOral\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInhalation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDermal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0035\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0035\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00053\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000029\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.042\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000086\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe non-carcinogenic effects of heavy metals on the population depend on the total HQ of the heavy metals in the water. It brings out another term hazard ındex (HI) as described by USEPA [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. The hazard index was calculated with Eq.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Equ5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cdiv id=\"Equ5\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ5\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$HI=\\sum _{k=1}^{n}{HQ}_{k}=\\sum _{k=1}^{n}\\frac{{ADI}_{k}}{{RfD}_{k}}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e5\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere HQ\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e, ADI\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e, and RfD\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e are values of heavy metal k. To calculate the excess lifetime cancer risk according to the heavy metals Eq.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Equ6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e was used.\u003cdiv id=\"Equ6\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ6\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$ELCR=\\sum _{k=1}^{n}{ADI}_{k}\\times {SF}_{k}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e6\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhere ELCR is a unitless probability of an individual developing cancer over a lifetime. ADI\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e (mg/kg per day) is the average daily intake and SF\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e (1/(mg/kg per day)) is the cancer slope factor for the k\u003csub\u003eth\u003c/sub\u003e heavy metal, for n number of heavy metals [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Result and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGross α and β activity concentrations, annual effective dose, and lifetime cancer risk\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe gross alpha and beta activity concentrations of tap water samples were presented in Table\u0026nbsp;2. The gross alpha activity concentrations ranged from 37 mBq/L to 136 mBq/L, with the highest value observed in sample S 9. These values were found to be below the limit of 500 mBq/L set by the World Health Organization (WHO) in their 2011 report [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Similarly, the gross beta activity concentrations ranged from 111 mBq/L to 181 mBq/L, with the highest value recorded in sample S 8. These values also remained below the limit of 1000 mBq/L specified by the WHO in their 2011 report [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. To provide context, the obtained activity concentrations were compared with the other global studies, and the results are summarized in Table\u0026nbsp;6.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabk\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"1\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;6. The gross alpha and beta activity values of drinking water in the literature\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabl\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSampling Area\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGross α (mBq/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGross β (mBq/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emin.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emax.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emin.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emax.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGalati-Romania\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e435\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHail-Saudi Arabia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e541\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e480\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e516\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGuilan- Iran\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e332\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBalaton- Hungary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1749\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSiirt- Turkey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5640\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2760\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDustin Ma- Nigeria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsparta- Turkey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e181\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis Study\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe annual effective dose of gross α and β activity concentration of tap water is shown in Table\u0026nbsp;3. The annual effective dose of α ranges from 3.15\u0026ndash;11.56 (mean 5.81) \u0026micro;Sv/year, 4.40-16.18 (mean 8.13) \u0026micro;Sv/year, and 9.44\u0026ndash;34.68 (mean 17.42) \u0026micro;Sv/year for infant, children, and adult respectively. Meanwhile the annual effective dose β range from 9.44\u0026ndash;15.39 (mean 12.05) \u0026micro;Sv/year, 13.21\u0026ndash;21.54 (mean 16.87) \u0026micro;Sv/year, and 28.31\u0026ndash;46.16 (mean 36.16) \u0026micro;Sv/year for infant, children and adult respectively. The annual effective doses are under the limit of WHO reference level (100 \u0026micro;Sv/year)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe lifetime cancer risk assessment in the tap water samples were calculated for adults with Eq.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Equ2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and the obtained results were ranged from 0.59x10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/sup\u003e to 2.36x10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/sup\u003e (mean 1.37x10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/sup\u003e) for both α and β concentrations. The obtained highest value of the lifetime cancer risk value is lower than the average standard value of 0.29x10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eHeavy metal concentrations and cancer risk assessment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe concentrations of heavy metals in the tap water samples are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;4, with mean values for As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Se, and Tl reported as 0.0016, 0.0417, 0.0002, 0.0027, 0.005, 0.0016, 0.0088, 0.0028, and 0.0043 ppm, respectively. These variations in concentration levels are primarily attributed to physical and chemical interactions with minerals in water resources and distribution routes. The concentrations of As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Se are all below the limitation concentration levels set by both the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). However, the concentrations of Hg and Tl, while under the limit level of WHO, exceed the EPA standard of 0.002 ppm, with Tl concentrations reaching up to 4\u0026ndash;5 times higher than the EPA limits. Elevated levels of Hg can lead to kidney damage, while TI exposure can result in hair loss, blood, kidney, intestine, or liver problems, according to the EPA. The EPA identifies sources of contamination in drinking water as erosion of natural deposits, discharge from refineries and factories, and runoff from landfills and croplands.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCancer risk assessments were calculated based on the heavy metal concentrations, with results including Hazard Quotient (HQ), Hazard Index (HI), and Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk (ELCR) listed in Table\u0026nbsp;7. A HI value greater than 1 indicates a potential cancer risk from drinking water [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. So, based on the calculated HI values, it can be assumed that there isn\u0026rsquo;t any carcinogenic effect from the tap water.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabm\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"1\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;7. The calculated HQ, HI, and ELCR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabn\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHazard quotient (HQ)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHazard ındex (HI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExcess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0168\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0066\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0126\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0283\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0039\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5038\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0792\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6387\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigated the gross alpha and beta activities, concentrations of selected heavy metals, and the associated lifetime cancer risks in drinking tap water from various sources in Isparta. The findings revealed that while the levels of gross alpha and beta activities varied across the samples, they were generally within acceptable limits set by international standards such as those of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The gross α and β activities were obtained as 37\u0026ndash;136 (mean 68) mBq/L and 111\u0026ndash;181 (mean 142) mBq/L respectively. In addition, the annual effective doses were calculated for both α and β and the calculated doses were determined under the limit of WHO reference level (100 \u0026micro;Sv/year). Also, the obtained highest lifetime cancer risk value from the sample is lower than the average standard value of 0.29x10\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. The obtained heavy metal concentrations are below the limitation concentration level of the WHO and EPA except for Hg and TI. The reason for this excess can be considered runoff from landfills and croplands around the Isparta. In addition, the cancer risk assessment was calculated from heavy metal concentrations and the calculated HI level of heavy metals is lower than the critical level of EPA. Overall, this study underscores the importance of continuous surveillance and stringent quality control of drinking water to minimize public health risks associated with radioactive and heavy metal contaminants. Future research should focus on identifying the sources of contamination and evaluating the effectiveness of water treatment processes in reducing these harmful substances.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCompeting Interests:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe author declares no confict of interest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eRamazan MANAV: Sampling, Methodology, Validation, Writing, Visualization. The author has read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSequence data that support the findings of this study have been deposited in the science data bank (link: https://www.scidb.cn/en/s/eqaI3m)\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOkunola OJ, Oladipo MO, Aker T, Popoola OB (2020) Risk assessment of drinkable water sources using gross alpha and beta radioactivity levels and heavy metals. Heliyon, \u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e(8)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRajamannan B, Viruthagiri G, Suresh Jawahar K (2013) Natural radionuclides in ceramic building materials available in Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu, India. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 156(4):531\u0026ndash;534\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOgundare FO, Adekoya OI (2015) Gross alpha and beta radioactivity in surface soil and drinkable water around a steel processing facility. J radiation Res Appl Sci 8(3):411\u0026ndash;417\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTemaugee ST, Daniel TA, Oladejo KO, Daniel S (2014) Assessment of public awareness of the detrimental effects of ionizing radiation in Kontagora, Niger State, Nigeria. Int J Sci Technol 4(7):2224\u0026ndash;3577\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eUgbede FO (2018) Measurement of background ionizing radiation exposure levels in selected farms in communities of Ishielu LGA, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. J Appl Sci Environ Manage 22(9):1427\u0026ndash;1432\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAkbulut S, Taskın H (2015) Determination of natural radioactivity by gross α and β measurements in tap waters in Rize province. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 303:413\u0026ndash;420\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTettey-Larbi L, Darko EO, Schandorf C, Appiah AA, Sam F, Faanu A, Osei S (2013) Gross alpha and beta activity and annual committed effective doses due to natural radionuclides in some medicinal plants commonly used in Ghana. Int J Sci Technol 3(4):217\u0026ndash;229\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLiang XiaoJun LX, Song WenLei SW, Li Jian LJ, Zhang JianXin ZJ (2015) Research progress on drinking water radioactivity pollution and its health risk assessment\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKorkmaz ME, Agar O, Şahin M (2016) Gross α and β activity concentrations in various water from Karaman, Turkey. Environ Earth Sci 75:1\u0026ndash;9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eŞahin M, Korkmaz ME, Agar O, Dirican A (2017) A study of gross alpha and beta measurements for thermal springs in Central Anatolia, Turkey. 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J Radioanal Nucl Chem 311:109\u0026ndash;119\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Gross alpha, Gross beta, Heavy metal, Lifetime cancer, Annual effective dose","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4623152/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4623152/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, tap water samples were collected from different locations in the city center of Isparta. Gross alpha and gross beta activity concentrations were determined according to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) protocol. The annual effective dose and lifetime cancer risk were calculated. The gross alpha activity concentrations ranged from 37 mBq/L to 136 mBq/L, and gross beta activity ranged from 111 mBq/L to 181 mBq/L. These values are below the World Health Organization (WHO) limits of 500 mBq/L for alpha and 1000 mBq/L for beta activities. The lifetime cancer risk assessment for adults, based on these concentrations, ranged from 0.59x10\u003csup\u003e-4\u003c/sup\u003e to 2.36x10\u003csup\u003e-4\u003c/sup\u003e (mean 1.37x10\u003csup\u003e-4\u003c/sup\u003e), with the highest value being lower than the UNSCEAR standard of 0.29x10\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e. Additionally, concentrations of several heavy metals, including arsenic (As), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), selenium (Se), and thallium (Tl), were measured at 0.0016, 0.0417, 0.0002, 0.0027, 0.005, 0.0016, 0.0088, 0.0028, and 0.0043 ppm, respectively. The concentrations of As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Se were below the WHO and EPA recommended limits. However, Hg and Tl concentrations were below the WHO limits but exceeded EPA standards. The cancer risk assessment was performed based on the concentrations of As, Pb, Cd, and Cr using the EPA's cancer slope factors. The calculated Hazard Index (HI) for these heavy metals was found to be lower than the EPA's critical level.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Analysis of Gross Alpha, Gross Beta Activities, Heavy Metal Concentrations, and Cancer Risk Assessment in Isparta's Drinking Tap Water","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-08-18 23:49:56","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4623152/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"18ce2166-9a2c-4965-bc5d-5e6440c40bd6","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 18th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-09-11T04:36:16+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-08-18 23:49:56","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4623152","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4623152","identity":"rs-4623152","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}