Evaluation and modulation of bactericidal potential of different antibacterial agents against bacterial pathogens from conjunctivitis infections

Evaluation and modulation of bactericidal potential of different antibacterial agents against bacterial pathogens from conjunctivitis infections | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Evaluation and modulation of bactericidal potential of different antibacterial agents against bacterial pathogens from conjunctivitis infections Saman arshad, Nazish Mazhar Ali, Sidra Munir, Mariam Dar, Maham Chaudhry, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4883324/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 06 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection → Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Conjunctivitis is one of the most common disorders seen in hospitals. Youngsters under the age of seven are most likely to be diagnosed. The second highest point in the distribution is reached by women at age 22 and men at age 28. The goal of the current study was to identify and characterize the pathogens that cause conjunctivitis and determine their sensitivity against various antibiotics (such as metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, and levofloxacin), as well as aqueous plant extracts ( Ficus religiosa, Syzygium cumini, Azadirachta indica, Allium cepa, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Syzygium aromaticum, Aloe barbadensis , and Citrus limon ) and their green synthetic silver nanoparticles. The samples were taken at Fatima Memorial Hospital, Lahore. The blood agar test was used for screening of pathogenic bacteria after samples were isolated. Types of hemolysis that the bacteria displayed were observed in order to assess the pathogenicity of the bacterial isolates. To monitor the antibacterial activity of particular pathogenic strains, the well diffusion method was employed. The outcomes demonstrated that every antibiotic was considerably more effective against isolated bacteria. Significant antibacterial activity against bacterial strains was demonstrated by E. camaldulensis , S. cumini , and C. limon (13.66±1.20 to 9±0.57, 15.5±0.76 to 10.33±1.45, and 21.33±0.88 to 12.66±0.33 respectively) out of all aqueous plant extracts. Green synthesized silver nanoparticles from A. barbadensis, S. aromaticum , C. limon , A. indica , F. religiosa and A. cepa displayed more noteworthy outcomes, with the zones of inhibition measuring 11.66±0.66 to 8.83±0.72; 12.5±0.62 to 9.83±0.72; 16.16±1.09 to 10.83±1.01; 13.33±1.20 to 8.83±0.72; 12.16±1.16 to 7.33±0.66, and 13.16±0.59 to 8.33±0.88 respectively. Bacterial strains were identified as Bacillus thuringiensis , Bacillus cereus , Bacillus paramycoides , Bacillus coahuilensis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . This study showed that due to the rise in bacterial resistance to drugs, antibiotic medication may be replaced by biological antibacterial tools such as plant extracts and green synthesized silver nanoparticle formulations. Conjunctivitis plant extracts nanoparticles antibiotics resistance biochemical characterization Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 1. Introduction Conceivably the most delicate organ in the human body is the eye (Astley et al ., 2023). Conjunctivitis is a common condition found in ophthalmology clinics worldwide (Azari et al ., 2020). Conjunctivitis is typified by inflammation of the conjunctival tissue, ocular discharge, and vascular enlargement. It could be infectious or not, acute or chronic, etc. Allergies, viruses, and bacteria can all cause conjunctivitis (Hashmi et al ., 2023). The months with the highest frequency of bacterial conjunctivitis are December through April (Alfonso et al., 2015; Ramirez et al., 2017). Common bacterial infections are usually the cause of bacterial conjunctivitis. These pathogens include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus spp ., Haemophilus spp. , Moraxella spp ., (Arrfa, 1997) and. Most cases of bacterial conjunctivitis resolve on their own in 1 to 2 weeks. Children are impacted by bacterial conjunctivitis far more frequently than adults (Hvding et al ., 2008). Youngsters under the age of seven are most likely to be diagnosed, and the age range between 0 and 4 years old is of greatest importance. The second highest point in the distribution is reached by women at age 22 and men at age 28 (Adebayo et al., 2010). Since antibiotic resistance causes millions of deaths worldwide, it poses a serious threat to public health. Antibiotic resistance has become frighteningly widespread in recent years (Hetta et al., 2023). Antibiotic resistance is a major global health concern, since it is estimated to have caused at least 1.27 million deaths worldwide and roughly 5 million deaths in 2019 (CDC, 2022). The urgent need for safer and more effective agents stems from the growing burden of microbial resistance and the adverse effects of synthetic medications on global health and death rates. The pursuit of this project has intensified the hunt for alternatives to plant extracts and their nanoparticles (Chukwuma et al ., 2023). According to their diameters, nanoparticles are the end product of technologically modifying matter and are a few orders of magnitude larger than an atom as a result of molecular processing of matter (Yusuf et al. , 2023). Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Si, and Se are examples of metal NPs. AgNPs are a well-researched nanomaterial that can be produced chemically or biologically, primarily using plants and microbes (Husain et al. , 2021). The medical field has shown that AgNPs' antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties are helpful in managing microbial infections (Barrasa et al., 2010; Mie et al., 2013). AgNPs' effects on microorganisms are explained by a number of theories, including as the inhibition of enzymes required for cell life, the activation of enzymes required for cell survival, the increase in cell permeability, and the penetration of silver ions into cells. AgNPs interact with the phosphate and sulfur of bacterial DNA to form a byproduct of microbial death. According to Wang et al . (2022), nanoparticles stop signal transduction and stop bacteria from growing. The utilisation of diverse bio-based materials sourced from bacteria, fungi, plants, and algae for the manufacturing of nanoparticles has stimulated the development of pragmatic, eco-friendly, economical, and easily expandable techniques (Bhandari et al ., 2023). The WHO recommends incorporating herbal medicines into national health care programs since they are safer, more widely available, and less expensive than modern synthetic treatments (Gandhimathi et al., 2022). In affluent countries, conventional medicine derived from medicinal plants is used by about 80% of the population (Hindi & Chabuck, 2013; Solanki et al ., 2022). Certain antibacterial substances can be found in plants, spices, and herbs. Aloe Vera leaves have an inside gel that may be rich in bioactive materials such as vitamins, minerals, enzymes, amino acids, and polysaccharides. Aloe vera is a multipurpose plant with numerous medical applications because of its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiviral qualities (Bhargava & Singh, 2023). Citric acid (Kundu et al ., 2020), secondary metabolites (Ghasemi et al., 2009), phenolic derivatives (Ortuno et al ., 2006), and a host of other chemicals that exhibit broad antibacterial activity comprise the majority of citrus fruits (Solanki et al ., 2022). Flavonoids are found in citrus fruits like lemons in addition to alkaloids (Ortuno et al ., 2006). Syzygium aromaticum , the clove tree, is native to Indonesia (Rojas et al ., 2014). Cloves are mostly composed of the phenolic chemicals flavonoids, hydroxoxibenzoic acid, hydroxicinamic acid, and hydroxoxiphenyl propense. Additionally, higher gallic acid concentrations were found (Patel et al ., 2022). Due to their high phytonutrient content, which includes flavonoids and anthocyanins (Al-Khafaji, 2019), onions have antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, anticancer, and antioxidant qualities (Albandary, 2023). The majority of jamun leaves' health benefits are attributed to phytochemicals such gallic acid, flavonoids, tannins, mallic acid, jambolin, essential oils, jambosine, ellagic acid, betulinic acid and antimellin that are present in jamun leaves (Kumari et al., 2023). The leaves of F. reli giosa contain tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, and other phytochemicals (Sharma et al., 2023). It is well recognized that Eucalyptus members serve as significant repositories of a diverse array of secondary metabolites, numerous of which possess several biological functions (Zriouli et al., 2023). 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Sampling Five samples of conjunctivitis eye infection were collected from Fatima Memorial Hospital (FMH), Shadman Lahore by using sterilized culture sticks. Further study was done in microbiology research laboratory of Zoology department in Government College University, Lahore. 2.2. Bacterial Isolation For isolation of bacteria from culture sticks, 2.8% Nutrient agar medium (2.8g nutrient agar/100ml distilled water) was prepared and autoclaved at 121 ºC temperature and 15 psi pressure for 60 minutes. Autoclaved nutrient agar medium was poured into sterile petri plates inside sterilized laminar air flow. Spread plate method was used to isolate bacteria. After solidification of nutrient agar in petri plates, collected samples were spread on nutrient agar plates with the help of culture sticks and sterilized glass spreader and plates were incubated for 24 hours at 37 ºC. After isolation, bacterial isolates were purified by using streak plate method (Figures 1 &2). 2.3. Pathogenicity test Blood agar test was performed to check the pathogenicity of isolated bacterial strains. 6ml human blood was added in 2.8% autoclaved nutrient agar. Bacterial strains were streaked on already prepared blood nutrient agar plates and incubated at 37 ºC for 24 hours. After incubation, blood hemolysis around bacterial streaks were observed. Greenish zone indicated α-hemolysis, clear zone indicated β-hemolysis and no zone indicated γ-hemolysis (non-pathogenic). After pathogenicity test, glycerol stocks of pathogenic bacteria were prepared for future use (Figure 3). 2.4. Antibacterial activity of antibiotics, aqueous plant extracts and green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) To check antibacterial activity of antibiotics, aqueous plant extracts and green synthesized silver nanoparticles, and resistance of bacteria against them, well diffusion method was used. For this purpose, four antibiotic (metronidazole, levofloxacin, azithromycin and ciprofloxacin) solutions were prepared by solubilizing 10mg antibiotic in 50ml distilled water. Eight different types of aqueous plant extracts were synthesized by heating 40g of plant medium (leaves/seeds/peel/gel/bulb) in 200ml distilled water, at 50 ⁰C for 20 minutes. These extracts included A. indica, S, cumini, E. camaldulensis, F. religiosa (leaf extract), C. limon (peel extract), A. barbadensis (gel extract), S. aromaticum (seed extract) and A. cepa (bulb extract). After heating, extracts were filtered (whattman filter paper) and stored in refrigerator (Figures 4 &5). For preparation of green synthesized AgNPs, biological method was used. 100ml silver nitrate solution (0.017g AgNO 3 /100ml distilled water) was prepared. After that, 10ml of already prepared aqueous plant extract was mixed with 90ml of AgNO 3 solution, covered the opening of flask and placed in sunlight for 10 minutes to observe colour change. Colour change from extract colour to dark reddish brown was the indication of AgNPs formation. All nanoparticles were covered with aluminum foil and stored in refrigerator. For the confirmation of nanoparticle formation, UV-visible spectrophotometry was performed. Peak should be in the range of 350-600nm (Figure 6). For well diffusion method, nutrient agar plates were prepared by pouring autoclaved nutrient agar. 5 wells were formed on a single plate and bacteria were spread on the agar plate. 50μl of antibiotic solutions, aqueous plant extracts and AgNPs were poured in the well. Distilled water was used as a negative control. After incubation at 37 ⁰C for 24 hours, zones of inhibition were observed and measured. Clear zones indicated susceptibility of bacteria while no zones indicated resistance of bacteria (Figures 4`). 3. Results In the present study, different bacteria were isolated from samples of conjunctivitis infection, cultured in microbiology laboratory of Government College University, Lahore and observed their resistance against different antibiotics, aqueous plant extracts and green synthesized silver nanoparticles. These bacterial strains were identified by biochemical characterization as Bacillus thuringiensis (strain-H), Bacillus paramycoides (strain-I), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain-J), Bacillus coahuilensis (strain-K), and Bacillus cereus (strain-L). Bacillus is a rod-shaped, gram-positive, motile bacterium that is widely found in nature and forms spores (Astley et al., 2023). B. thuringiensis and Bacillus cereus are food pathogens and can cause vomiting and diarrhea (Okamoto & Okutani, 2024), systemic infections like meningitis and bacteremia, as well as localized infections such infections of the ear canal and eyes (Baindara & Aslam, 2023). P. aeruginosa is a gram negative, lactose-fermenting and non-fermenting bacteria (Ayehubizu et al., 2021; Manuel et al ., 2023). It is a common rod-shaped (Pachori et al., 2019) opportunistic pathogen possessing a broad range of adaptable virulence factors. The 16s rRNA has also been used to identify Pseudomonas sp. as a component of the conjunctival microbiome. Acute conjunctivitis (Pandey et al., 2020), dacryocystitis (Luo et al., 2021), post-surgical and post-traumatic endophthalmitis are all brought on by P. aeruginosa (Astley et al., 2023). Table 1 indicates antibacterial activity of 4 different kinds of antibiotics i.e. azithromycin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and metronidazole with 50μl concentration against isolated bacterial strains. All bacteria show resistance against metronidazole. All bacterial strains are sensitive to levofloxacin, azithromycin and ciprofloxacin. All the strains show least sensitivity against levofloxacin except P. aeruginosa with 39mm zone of inhibition (ZOI). B. thuringiensis is highly susceptible to azithromycin with 33mm ZOI followed by P. aeruginosa with 29mm ZOI then B. coahuilensis and B. paramycoides with 28mm ZOI and B. cereus is least sensitive with 25mm ZOI. In case of ciprofloxacin, P. aeruginosa is highly sensitive with 43mm ZOI while B. coahuilensis is least sensitive with 28mm ZOI (Figures 7 & 10). Table 1. Antibacterial activity of antibiotics Antibiotics Zone of inhibition (mm)±S.E Bacillus thuringiensis Bacillus paramycoides Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacillus coahuilensis Bacillus cereus Metronidazole R R R R R Levofloxacin 32±0.72 34±0.57 39.66±0.5 28.33±0.33 29±0.57 Azithromycin 33±0.28 28±0.88 29±0.57 28.66±0.88 25.66±0.88 Ciprofloxacin 30±1.01 33±0.33 43.33±0.88 28±0.57 29.66±0.88 R=Resistant Table 2 shows antibacterial activity of aqueous plant extracts against isolated bacterial strains. All bacterial strains are resistant to aqueous extracts of A. indica , F. religiosa and A. barbadensis . P. aeruginosa , B. coahuilensis and B. cereus show resistance against aqueous extracts of A. cepa and S. aromaticum . Out of S. cumini , E. camaldulensis and C. limon aqueous extracts, C. limon shows maximum antibacterial activity against B. thuringiensis (21mm), B. coahuilensis (14.33mm) and B. paramycoides (14mm). While S. cumini aqueous extract is most effective against P. aeruginosa (13mm), B. coahuilensis (15mm) and B. cereus (13mm). Table 2. Antibacterial activity of aqueous plant extracts Aqueous plant extracts Zones of inhibition (mm)±S.E Bacillus thuringiensis Bacillus paramycoides Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacillus coahuilensis Bacillus cereus Azadirachta indica R R R R R Syzygium cumini 14.66±0.88 12.16±0.60 12.83±0.6 15.5±0.76 13.16±0.60 Eucalyptus camaldulensis 13.66±1.20 11±1.15 9.83±0.44 10.66±0.88 11.16±0.44 Ficus religiosa R R R R R Aloe barbadensis R R R R R Allium cepa 9.33±0.33 11.66±0.66 R R R Syzygium aromaticum 10±0.57 R R R R Citrus limon 21.33±0.88 14±0.57 12.66±0.33 14.33±0.33 12.66±0.88 R=Resistant Table 3 indicates antibacterial activity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against all isolated bacterial strains. According to results, A. indica , F. religiosa, S. aromaticum and C. limon green synthesized AgNPs are effective against all isolated bacterial strains. C. limon AgNPs show maximum antibacterial activity against all bacterial strains. B. thuringiensis (16mm) is highly sensitive to C. limon AgNPs followed by B. coahuilensis (14mm), B. paramycoides (13mm), P. aeruginosa (12mm), and B. cereus (11mm). While E. camaldulensis AgNPs gave significant positive results against B. cereus (7mm). Out of all bacterial strains, P. aeruginosa is resistant to A. barbadensis and A. cepa AgNPs. All bacterial strains are resistant to only S. cumini AgNPs (Figures 8 & 11). Table 3. Antibacterial activity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles (Figures 9 & 12) AgNPs Zones of inhibition (mm)±S.E Bacillus thuringiensis Bacillus paramycoides Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacillus coahuilensis Bacillus cereus Azadirachta indica 13.33±1.20 11.66±0.27 10±1.01 10.66±1.20 8.83±0.72 Syzygium cumini R R R R R Eucalyptus camaldulensis R R R R 7.5±0.28 Ficus religiosa 12.16±1.16 12±0.47 13±1.15 12.33±1.45 7.33±0.66 Aloe barbadensis 11.66±0.66 9.66±0.72 R 8.83±0.72 9.83±0.60 Allium cepa 13.33±0.88 13.16±0.59 R 9.33±0.33 8.33±0.88 Syzygium aromaticum 10.83±0.92 12.5±0.62 12±1.01 11.66±1.20 11.66±0.88 Citrus limon 16.16±1.09 13±0.47 12±0.57 14±1.15 10.83±1.01 R=Resistant 4. Discussion One major supply of antimicrobials is natural items. Identification of substances that function as suitable antibacterial agents has been the subject of extensive research (Ramalivhana et al., 2014). Plant products containing phyto-chemicals and antibacterial agents are the most valuable resources for producing antibiotics that are both less harmful and more effective (Meher et al ., 2017). The previously mentioned plant extracts demonstrated noteworthy or moderate activities against clinical isolates of B. thuringiensis, B. paramycoides, P. aeruginosa, B. coahuilensis and B. cereus . These plant extracts have excellent antibacterial activity. Moreover, conjunctivitis, which is typically brought on by resistant bacteria, can be treated and/or cured with these plant species. Nsofor et al. (2023) evaluated the aqueous and methanolic gel extracts of Aloe vera against gram-negative bacteria ( P. aeruginosa ) and gram-positive bacteria ( B. cereus ) by well diffusion method. According to Nsofor et al. (2023), aqueous extract of Aloe vera showed the least antibacterial activity against B. cereus and P. aeruginosa . While ethanolic extracts of Aloe vera displayed a high antibacterial activity against B. cereus and P. aeruginosa . However, in our present study, aqueous gel extract of Aloe vera showed no antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa and B. cereus . Similar to this, there are several reports on the antibacterial effects of various Aloe vera kinds (Akinniyi et al ., 2013; Etusim et al. , 2013). Aqueous extracts of S. cumini, E. camaldulensis and C. limon exhibited inhibition against all isolated bacterial strains. Extract of S. cumini showed maximum inhibition percentage against B. coahuilensis followed by B. thuringiensis . Extract of E. camaldulensis demonstrated maximum inhibition percentage against B. thuringiensis followed by B. paramycoides and B. cereus . And extract of C. limon displayed maximum inhibition percentage against B. thuringiensis followed by B. coahuilensis and B. paramycoides . Aqueous and methanolic leaf extracts of Syzygium cumini (Jamun) exhibited antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria ( Bacillus subtilis and S. aureus ) and gram-negative bacteria, such as P. aeruginosa and Salmonella spp. Methanol extracts outperformed aqueous extracts in terms of potency (Gowri & Vasantha, 2010). In present study, aqueous leaf extract of S. cumini inhibited both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Antibacterial activity was maximum against B. coahuilensis and minimum against P. aeruginosa and B. paramycoides . According to Gowri & Vasantha (2010), flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, glycosides, tannins, phenols, and saponins were abundant in the leaves of S. cumini . Tshabalala et al . (2021) and Patel et al . (2022) found that clove exhibit high antibacterial activity. Furthermore, Elisha et al. (2022) prepared cold water, hot water and ethanolic extracts of S. aromaticum to observe the antibacterial activity against different bacterial isolates including S. typhi by disc and well diffusion method. The plant extracts showed antibacterial activity against all tested isolates, including S. typhi . According to my present research study, aqueous extract of S. aromaticum (clove) showed significant antibacterial results against B. thuringiensis only while other bacterial strains were resistant to it. And green synthesized AgNPs of S. aromaticum aqueous extract showed antibacterial activity against all bacterial strains. They were most effective against P. aeruginosa and B. paramycoides while least effective against B. thuringiensis. Ethanolic and aqueous leaf extracts of F. religiosa were shown to have antibacterial action against pathogenic bacterial strains such as B. subtilis , E. coli , S. aureus , and P. aeruginosa and S. typhi . The leaf extracts significantly and varyingly inhibited most of the examined bacteria (Walia et al ., 2022). While in this present research, aqueous leaf extract of F. religiosa didn’t show any significant inhibitory activity against any of bacterial strains. Rather than aqueous extracts, green synthesized AgNPs of F. religiosa aqueous leaf extract showed antibacterial activity against all bacterial strains. Maximum inhibitory percentage was against P. aeruginosa and minimum inhibitory percentage was against B. cereus . Abd & Hasan (2023) proved that silver nanoparticles of Aloe Vera leaf extract were effective against both gram-positive ( S. epidermidis ) and gram-negative ( P. aeruginosa ) bacteria. While, according to our study, green synthesized AgNPs of Aloe Vera showed significant antibacterial activity against all gram-positive bacteria while there was no activity against gram-negative bacteria ( P. aeruginosa ). In related study, Anavil et al. (2023) exhibited that silver nanoparticles of A. barbadensis (Aloe vera) showed maximum antibacterial activity against E. coli than S. aureus . Rossos et al. (2021) demonstrated that silver nanoparticles of eucalyptus leaves extract were highly active against P. aeruginosa , S. epidermidis but they performed poorly against S. aureus . In this present work, these AgNPs were slightly active against B. cereus while no activity was observed against other bacterial strains including P. aeruginosa, B. thuringiensis, B. paramycoides and B. coahuilensis . Similarly, antibacterial properties of lemon ( C. limon ) have been determined against variety of bacteria (Ali et al. , 2017; Mustafa et al ., 2021; Solanki et al. , 2022). This present study showed that aqueous extract and green synthesized AgNPs of C. limon were significantly active against all identified bacterial strains. Other than C. limon , A. indica. F. religiosa and S. aromaticum showed antibacterial activity against all identified bacterial strains. Aqueous extracts of some plants such as A. indica , F. religiosa and A. barbadensis and AgNPs of plant S. cumini didn’t exhibit any antibacterial activity against isolated identified bacterial strains. The medicinal plant species included in this study that showed efficacy against the bacterial isolates may be studied in more detail to find naturally occurring bioactive compounds. Conclusion Significant antibacterial activity against isolated bacterial strains has been demonstrated by a few aqueous plant extracts ( C. limon, S. cumini, E. camaldulensis, A. cepa, and S. aromaticum ) and green synthesized silver nanoparticles ( A. indica, F. religiosa, C. limon, S. aromaticum, A. cepa, and A. barbadensis ). Due to the adverse effects that chemically manufactured antibiotics have on the human body at high dosages. Antibiotic medication may be replaced by biological antibacterial tools such as plant extracts and green synthesized silver nanoparticle formulations. In order to prepare these antibacterial agents for their therapeutic use against ocular infections, additional study on them can be undertaken. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The current study is approved by board of studies and the sampling was done by ophthalmologist. Consent for publication All authors gave their consent for publication. Availability of data and material Available Competing interests No competing interests among authors Funding None Authors' contributions S.A and B.M carried out experiment work. N.A wrote the first and final draft of manuscript and supervised the experimental work. M.C, S.M and M.D did the analysis. MAR provided resources and helped in rough draft. all authors approved final draft. Acknowledgements Highly highly to DR. 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European Chemical Bulletin, 2(S3), 3054 – 3080 Solanki, N., Khandla, H., Gohil, A., & Anshuman, K. (2022). Antimicrobial Activity of Citrus Lemon Juice on Different Microorganisms. Thanuj International Publishers, Tamil Nadu, India , 63. Walia, A., Kumar, N., Singh, R., Kumar, H., Kumar, V., Kaushik, R., & Kumar, A. P. (2022). Bioactive Compounds in Ficus Fruits, Their Bioactivities, and Associated Health Benefits: A Review Journal of Food Quality , 19 . Yusuf, A., Almotairy, A. R. Z., Henidi, H., Alshehri, O. Y., & Aldughaim, M. S. (2023). Nanoparticles as drug delivery systems: A review of the implication of nanoparticles’ physicochemical properties on responses in biological systems. Polymers , 15 (7), 1596; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15071596 Zriouli, E. R., Yacoubi, E. H., Imtara, H., Mesfioui, A., Hessni, E. A., Kamaly, A. O., Alshawwa, S. Z., Nasr, F. A., Ouaritini, Z. B. & Rochdi, A. (2023). Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities and acute toxicity of Cedrus atlantica , Chenopodium ambrosioides and Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oils. Molecules , 28(7), 2974. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28072974 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 06 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 08 Dec, 2024 Reviews received at journal 18 Nov, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Nov, 2024 Reviews received at journal 16 Nov, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Oct, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 13 Aug, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 12 Aug, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 12 Aug, 2024 First submitted to journal 08 Aug, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4883324","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":341638521,"identity":"7b49ad64-1b4d-4bd8-bb5e-d229d37d5e92","order_by":0,"name":"Saman arshad","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Government College University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Saman","middleName":"","lastName":"arshad","suffix":""},{"id":341638522,"identity":"0fc42394-6032-4d1d-ab61-7de35952b70d","order_by":1,"name":"Nazish Mazhar 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strains, *** shows significant statistical difference between control and other groups.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4883324/v1/88f8ce23b9dd442b6a09213d.jpg"},{"id":64091380,"identity":"9975852b-a889-40f0-b669-5dcdff67071a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-06 14:45:08","extension":"jpg","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":82492,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAntibacterial activity of aqueous plant extracts against 6 bacterial strains, *** shows significant statistical difference between control and other groups.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4883324/v1/0db9a563b680f88c344ee9dc.jpg"},{"id":64091099,"identity":"f5e0bf53-3bd2-4943-9be2-26377bb6ce50","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-06 14:37:07","extension":"jpg","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":100061,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAntibacterial activity of green synthesized AgNPs against 6 isolated bacterial strains, *** shows significant statistical difference between control and other groups\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4883324/v1/593637519fa0f3d1b731fec8.jpg"},{"id":104251660,"identity":"f938e7bd-757f-4621-81f2-374cd6e8ed8e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-09 16:14:46","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1871732,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4883324/v1/2c7f4cd6-ed4a-4a57-a311-411c2e95cafd.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Evaluation and modulation of bactericidal potential of different antibacterial agents against bacterial pathogens from conjunctivitis infections","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eConceivably the most delicate organ in the human body is the eye (Astley\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2023). Conjunctivitis is a common condition found in ophthalmology clinics worldwide\u0026nbsp;(Azari \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2020). Conjunctivitis is typified by inflammation of the conjunctival tissue, ocular discharge, and vascular enlargement. It could be infectious or not, acute or chronic, etc. Allergies, viruses, and bacteria can all cause conjunctivitis (Hashmi\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2023). The months with the highest frequency of bacterial conjunctivitis are December through April (Alfonso\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2015; Ramirez\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2017). Common bacterial infections are usually the cause of bacterial conjunctivitis. These pathogens include \u003cem\u003eStreptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003espp\u003cem\u003e., Haemophilus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003espp.\u003cem\u003e, Moraxella\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003espp\u003cem\u003e.,\u003c/em\u003e (Arrfa, 1997) and. Most cases of bacterial conjunctivitis resolve on their own in 1 to 2 weeks. Children are impacted by bacterial conjunctivitis far more frequently than adults (Hvding\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2008). Youngsters under the age of seven are most likely to be diagnosed, and the age range between 0 and 4 years old is of greatest importance. The second highest point in the distribution is reached by women at age 22 and men at age 28 (Adebayo \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2010).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSince antibiotic resistance causes millions of deaths worldwide, it poses a serious threat to public health. Antibiotic resistance has become frighteningly widespread in recent years (Hetta \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2023). Antibiotic resistance is a major global health concern, since it is estimated to have caused at least 1.27 million deaths worldwide and roughly 5 million deaths in 2019 (CDC, 2022). The urgent need for safer and more effective agents stems from the growing burden of microbial resistance and the adverse effects of synthetic medications on global health and death rates. The pursuit of this project has intensified the hunt for alternatives to plant extracts and their nanoparticles (Chukwuma \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2023).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to their diameters, nanoparticles are the end product of technologically modifying matter and are a few orders of magnitude larger than an atom as a result of molecular processing of matter (Yusuf \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2023). \u0026nbsp;Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Si, and Se are examples of metal NPs. AgNPs are a well-researched nanomaterial that can be produced chemically or biologically, primarily using plants and microbes (Husain \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2021). The medical field has shown that AgNPs\u0026apos; antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties are helpful in managing microbial infections (Barrasa \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2010; Mie \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2013). AgNPs\u0026apos; effects on microorganisms are explained by a number of theories, including as the inhibition of enzymes required for cell life, the activation of enzymes required for cell survival, the increase in cell permeability, and the penetration of silver ions into cells. AgNPs interact with the phosphate and sulfur of bacterial DNA to form a byproduct of microbial death. According to Wang \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (2022), nanoparticles stop signal transduction and stop bacteria from growing. The utilisation of diverse bio-based materials sourced from bacteria, fungi, plants, and algae for the manufacturing of nanoparticles has stimulated the development of pragmatic, eco-friendly, economical, and easily expandable techniques (Bhandari \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2023). The WHO recommends incorporating herbal medicines into national health care programs since they are safer, more widely available, and less expensive than modern synthetic treatments (Gandhimathi \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2022).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn affluent countries, conventional medicine derived from medicinal plants is used by about 80% of the population (Hindi \u0026amp; Chabuck, 2013; Solanki \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2022). Certain antibacterial substances can be found in plants, spices, and herbs. Aloe Vera leaves have an inside gel that may be rich in bioactive materials such as vitamins, minerals, enzymes, amino acids, and polysaccharides. Aloe vera is a multipurpose plant with numerous medical applications because of its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiviral qualities (Bhargava \u0026amp; Singh, 2023). Citric acid (Kundu \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2020), secondary metabolites (Ghasemi \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2009), phenolic derivatives (Ortuno \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2006), and a host of other chemicals that exhibit broad antibacterial activity comprise the majority of citrus fruits (Solanki \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2022).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFlavonoids are found in citrus fruits like lemons in addition to alkaloids (Ortuno \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2006). \u003cem\u003eSyzygium aromaticum\u003c/em\u003e, the clove tree, is native to Indonesia (Rojas \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2014). Cloves are mostly composed of the phenolic chemicals flavonoids, hydroxoxibenzoic acid, hydroxicinamic acid, and hydroxoxiphenyl propense. Additionally, higher gallic acid concentrations were found (Patel \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2022). Due to their high phytonutrient content, which includes flavonoids and anthocyanins (Al-Khafaji, 2019), onions have antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, anticancer, and antioxidant\u0026nbsp;qualities (Albandary, 2023). The majority of jamun leaves\u0026apos; health benefits are attributed to phytochemicals such gallic acid, flavonoids, tannins, mallic acid, jambolin, essential oils, jambosine, ellagic acid, betulinic acid and antimellin that are present in jamun leaves (Kumari \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2023).\u0026nbsp;The leaves of \u003cem\u003eF. reli\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003egiosa\u003c/em\u003e contain tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, and other phytochemicals (Sharma \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2023). It is well recognized that Eucalyptus members serve as significant repositories of a diverse array of secondary metabolites, numerous of which possess several biological functions (Zriouli \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2023).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003ch2\u003e2.1. Sampling\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFive samples of conjunctivitis eye infection were collected from Fatima Memorial Hospital (FMH), Shadman Lahore by using sterilized culture sticks. Further study was done in microbiology research laboratory of Zoology department in Government College University, Lahore.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2. Bacterial Isolation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor isolation of bacteria from culture sticks, 2.8% Nutrient agar medium (2.8g nutrient agar/100ml distilled water) was prepared and autoclaved at 121 ºC temperature and 15 psi pressure for 60 minutes. Autoclaved nutrient agar medium was poured into sterile petri plates inside sterilized laminar air flow. Spread plate method was used to isolate bacteria. After solidification of nutrient agar in petri plates, collected samples were spread on nutrient agar plates with the help of culture sticks and sterilized glass spreader and plates were incubated for 24 hours at 37 ºC. After isolation, bacterial isolates were purified by using streak plate method (Figures 1 \u0026amp;2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3. Pathogenicity test\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBlood agar test was performed to check the pathogenicity of isolated bacterial strains. 6ml human blood was added in 2.8% autoclaved nutrient agar. Bacterial strains were streaked on already prepared blood nutrient agar plates and incubated at 37 ºC for 24 hours. After incubation, blood hemolysis around bacterial streaks were observed. Greenish zone indicated α-hemolysis, clear zone indicated β-hemolysis and no zone indicated γ-hemolysis (non-pathogenic). After pathogenicity test, glycerol stocks of pathogenic bacteria were prepared for future use (Figure 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.4. Antibacterial activity of antibiotics, aqueous plant extracts and green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo check antibacterial activity of antibiotics, aqueous plant extracts and green synthesized silver nanoparticles, and resistance of bacteria against them, well diffusion method was used. For this purpose, four antibiotic (metronidazole, levofloxacin, azithromycin and ciprofloxacin) solutions were prepared by solubilizing 10mg antibiotic in 50ml distilled water. Eight different types of aqueous plant extracts were synthesized by heating 40g of plant medium (leaves/seeds/peel/gel/bulb) in 200ml distilled water, at 50\u0026nbsp;⁰C for 20 minutes. These extracts included \u003cem\u003eA. indica, S, cumini, E. camaldulensis, F. religiosa\u003c/em\u003e (leaf extract), \u003cem\u003eC. limon\u003c/em\u003e (peel extract), \u003cem\u003eA. barbadensis\u003c/em\u003e (gel extract), \u003cem\u003eS. aromaticum\u003c/em\u003e (seed extract) and \u003cem\u003eA. cepa\u003c/em\u003e (bulb extract). After heating, extracts were filtered (whattman filter paper) and stored in refrigerator (Figures 4 \u0026amp;5). For preparation of green synthesized AgNPs, biological method was used. 100ml silver nitrate solution (0.017g AgNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/100ml distilled water) was prepared. After that, 10ml of already prepared aqueous plant extract was mixed with 90ml of AgNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e solution, covered the opening of flask and placed in sunlight for 10 minutes to observe colour change. Colour change from extract colour to dark reddish brown was the indication of AgNPs formation. All nanoparticles were covered with aluminum foil and stored in refrigerator. For the confirmation of nanoparticle formation, UV-visible spectrophotometry was performed. Peak should be in the range of 350-600nm (Figure 6). \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor well diffusion method, nutrient agar plates were prepared by pouring autoclaved nutrient agar. 5 wells were formed on a single plate and bacteria were spread on the agar plate. 50μl of antibiotic solutions, aqueous plant extracts and AgNPs were poured in the well. Distilled water was used as a negative control. After incubation at 37 ⁰C for 24 hours, zones of inhibition were observed and measured. Clear zones indicated susceptibility of bacteria while no zones indicated resistance of bacteria (Figures 4`).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the present study, different bacteria were isolated from samples of conjunctivitis infection, cultured in microbiology laboratory of Government College University, Lahore and observed their resistance against different antibiotics, aqueous plant extracts and green synthesized silver nanoparticles. These bacterial strains were identified by biochemical characterization as \u003cem\u003eBacillus thuringiensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(strain-H),\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Bacillus paramycoides\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(strain-I), \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(strain-J), \u003cem\u003eBacillus coahuilensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(strain-K), and\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Bacillus cereus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(strain-L).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBacillus is a rod-shaped, gram-positive, motile bacterium that is widely found in nature and forms spores\u0026nbsp;(Astley \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2023). \u003cem\u003eB. thuringiensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eBacillus cereus\u003c/em\u003e are food pathogens and can cause vomiting and diarrhea (Okamoto \u0026amp; Okutani, 2024), systemic infections like meningitis and bacteremia, as well as localized infections such infections of the ear canal and eyes (Baindara \u0026amp; Aslam, 2023). \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eis a gram negative, lactose-fermenting and non-fermenting bacteria (Ayehubizu \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2021;\u0026nbsp;Manuel \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2023). It is a common rod-shaped\u0026nbsp;(Pachori \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2019)\u0026nbsp;opportunistic pathogen possessing a broad range of adaptable virulence factors. The 16s rRNA has also been used to identify \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e sp. as a component of the conjunctival microbiome. Acute conjunctivitis (Pandey \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2020), dacryocystitis (Luo \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2021), post-surgical and post-traumatic endophthalmitis are all brought on by \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e (Astley \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2023).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1 indicates antibacterial activity of 4 different kinds of antibiotics i.e. azithromycin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and metronidazole with 50\u0026mu;l concentration against isolated bacterial strains. All bacteria show resistance against metronidazole. All bacterial strains are sensitive to levofloxacin, azithromycin and ciprofloxacin. All the strains show least sensitivity against levofloxacin except\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e with 39mm zone of inhibition (ZOI).\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eB. thuringiensis\u003c/em\u003e is highly susceptible to azithromycin with 33mm ZOI followed by\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e with 29mm ZOI then\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eB. coahuilensis\u003c/em\u003e and\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eB. paramycoides\u003c/em\u003e with 28mm ZOI and\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eB. cereus\u003c/em\u003e is least sensitive with 25mm ZOI. In case of ciprofloxacin,\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e is highly sensitive with 43mm ZOI while\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eB. coahuilensis\u003c/em\u003e is least sensitive with 28mm ZOI\u0026nbsp;(Figures 7 \u0026amp; 10).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u003c/strong\u003e Antibacterial activity of antibiotics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"602\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.93687707641196%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAntibiotics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"81.06312292358804%\" colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZone of inhibition (mm)\u0026plusmn;S.E\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.69672131147541%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus thuringiensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.33606557377049%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus paramycoides\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.131147540983605%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.672131147540984%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus coahuilensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.163934426229508%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus cereus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.93687707641196%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMetronidazole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.777408637873755%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.106312292358805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.940199335548172%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.946843853820598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.29235880398671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.93687707641196%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLevofloxacin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.777408637873755%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u0026plusmn;0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.106312292358805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u0026plusmn;0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.940199335548172%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.66\u0026plusmn;0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.946843853820598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.33\u0026plusmn;0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.29235880398671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u0026plusmn;0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.93687707641196%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAzithromycin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.777408637873755%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u0026plusmn;0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.106312292358805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u0026plusmn;0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.940199335548172%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u0026plusmn;0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.946843853820598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.66\u0026plusmn;0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.29235880398671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.66\u0026plusmn;0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.93687707641196%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCiprofloxacin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.777408637873755%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u0026plusmn;1.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.106312292358805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u0026plusmn;0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.940199335548172%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.33\u0026plusmn;0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.946843853820598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u0026plusmn;0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.29235880398671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.66\u0026plusmn;0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eR=Resistant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2 shows antibacterial activity of aqueous plant extracts against isolated bacterial strains. All bacterial strains are resistant to aqueous extracts of \u003cem\u003eA. indica\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eF. religiosa\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. barbadensis\u003c/em\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eB. coahuilensis\u003c/em\u003e and\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eB. cereus\u003c/em\u003e show resistance against aqueous extracts of \u003cem\u003eA. cepa\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. aromaticum\u003c/em\u003e. Out of \u003cem\u003eS. cumini\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eE. camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. limon\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eaqueous extracts, \u003cem\u003eC. limon\u003c/em\u003e shows maximum antibacterial activity against\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eB. thuringiensis\u003c/em\u003e (21mm),\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eB. coahuilensis\u003c/em\u003e (14.33mm) and\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eB. paramycoides\u003c/em\u003e (14mm). While \u003cem\u003eS. cumini\u003c/em\u003e aqueous extract is most effective against\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e (13mm),\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eB. coahuilensis\u003c/em\u003e (15mm) and\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eB. cereus\u003c/em\u003e (13mm).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u003c/strong\u003e Antibacterial activity of aqueous plant extracts\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"598\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.565217391304348%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAqueous plant extracts\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"80.43478260869566%\" colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZones of inhibition (mm)\u0026plusmn;S.E\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus thuringiensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus paramycoides\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus coahuilensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus cereus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.597989949748744%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAzadirachta indica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.08040201005025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.08040201005025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.08040201005025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.08040201005025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.08040201005025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.597989949748744%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSyzygium cumini\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.08040201005025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.66\u0026plusmn;0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.08040201005025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.16\u0026plusmn;0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.08040201005025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.83\u0026plusmn;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.08040201005025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.5\u0026plusmn;0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.08040201005025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.16\u0026plusmn;0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.597989949748744%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEucalyptus camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.08040201005025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.66\u0026plusmn;1.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.08040201005025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u0026plusmn;1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.08040201005025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.83\u0026plusmn;0.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.08040201005025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.66\u0026plusmn;0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.08040201005025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.16\u0026plusmn;0.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.597989949748744%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFicus religiosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.08040201005025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.08040201005025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.08040201005025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.08040201005025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.08040201005025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.597989949748744%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAloe barbadensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.08040201005025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.08040201005025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.08040201005025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.08040201005025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.08040201005025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.597989949748744%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAllium cepa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.08040201005025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.33\u0026plusmn;0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.08040201005025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.66\u0026plusmn;0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.08040201005025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.08040201005025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.08040201005025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.597989949748744%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSyzygium aromaticum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.08040201005025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u0026plusmn;0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.08040201005025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.08040201005025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.08040201005025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.08040201005025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.597989949748744%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCitrus limon\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.08040201005025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.33\u0026plusmn;0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.08040201005025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u0026plusmn;0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.08040201005025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.66\u0026plusmn;0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.08040201005025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.33\u0026plusmn;0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.08040201005025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.66\u0026plusmn;0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eR=Resistant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3 indicates antibacterial activity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against all isolated bacterial strains. According to results, \u003cem\u003eA. indica\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eF. religiosa, S. aromaticum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. limon\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003egreen synthesized AgNPs are effective against all isolated bacterial strains. \u003cem\u003eC. limon\u003c/em\u003e AgNPs show maximum antibacterial activity against all bacterial strains.\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eB. thuringiensis\u003c/em\u003e (16mm) is highly sensitive to \u003cem\u003eC. limon\u003c/em\u003e AgNPs followed by\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eB. coahuilensis\u003c/em\u003e (14mm),\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eB. paramycoides\u003c/em\u003e (13mm),\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e (12mm), and\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eB. cereus\u003c/em\u003e (11mm). While \u003cem\u003eE. camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e AgNPs gave significant positive results against\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eB. cereus\u003c/em\u003e (7mm). Out of all bacterial strains,\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e is resistant to \u003cem\u003eA. barbadensis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. cepa\u003c/em\u003e AgNPs. All bacterial strains are resistant to only \u003cem\u003eS. cumini\u003c/em\u003e AgNPs\u0026nbsp;(Figures 8 \u0026amp; 11).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3.\u003c/strong\u003e Antibacterial activity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles\u0026nbsp;(Figures 9 \u0026amp; 12)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"596\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.469798657718123%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAgNPs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"79.53020134228188%\" colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZones of inhibition (mm)\u0026plusmn;S.E\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.464135021097047%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus thuringiensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.675105485232066%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus paramycoides\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.72151898734177%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.88607594936709%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus coahuilensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.253164556962027%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus cereus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.469798657718123%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAzadirachta indica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.2751677852349%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.33\u0026plusmn;1.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.44295302013423%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.66\u0026plusmn;0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.093959731543624%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u0026plusmn;1.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.610738255033556%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.66\u0026plusmn;1.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.107382550335572%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.83\u0026plusmn;0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.469798657718123%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSyzygium cumini\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.2751677852349%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.44295302013423%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.093959731543624%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.610738255033556%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.107382550335572%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.469798657718123%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEucalyptus camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.2751677852349%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.44295302013423%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.093959731543624%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.610738255033556%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.107382550335572%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u0026plusmn;0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.469798657718123%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFicus religiosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.2751677852349%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.16\u0026plusmn;1.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.44295302013423%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u0026plusmn;0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.093959731543624%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u0026plusmn;1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.610738255033556%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.33\u0026plusmn;1.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.107382550335572%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.33\u0026plusmn;0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.469798657718123%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAloe barbadensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.2751677852349%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.66\u0026plusmn;0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.44295302013423%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.66\u0026plusmn;0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.093959731543624%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.610738255033556%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.83\u0026plusmn;0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.107382550335572%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.83\u0026plusmn;0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.469798657718123%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAllium cepa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.2751677852349%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.33\u0026plusmn;0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.44295302013423%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.16\u0026plusmn;0.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.093959731543624%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.610738255033556%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.33\u0026plusmn;0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.107382550335572%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.33\u0026plusmn;0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.469798657718123%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSyzygium aromaticum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.2751677852349%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.83\u0026plusmn;0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.44295302013423%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5\u0026plusmn;0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.093959731543624%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u0026plusmn;1.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.610738255033556%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.66\u0026plusmn;1.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.107382550335572%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.66\u0026plusmn;0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.469798657718123%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCitrus limon\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.2751677852349%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.16\u0026plusmn;1.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.44295302013423%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u0026plusmn;0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.093959731543624%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u0026plusmn;0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.610738255033556%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u0026plusmn;1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.107382550335572%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.83\u0026plusmn;1.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eR=Resistant\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eOne major supply of antimicrobials is natural items. Identification of substances that function as suitable antibacterial agents has been the subject of extensive research (Ramalivhana \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2014). Plant products containing phyto-chemicals and antibacterial agents are the most valuable resources for producing antibiotics that are both less harmful and more effective (Meher \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2017). The previously mentioned plant extracts demonstrated noteworthy or moderate activities against clinical isolates of \u003cem\u003eB. thuringiensis, B. paramycoides, P. aeruginosa, B. coahuilensis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eB. cereus\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e These plant extracts have excellent antibacterial activity. Moreover, conjunctivitis, which is typically brought on by resistant bacteria, can be treated and/or cured with these plant species.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNsofor \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2023) evaluated the aqueous and methanolic gel extracts of Aloe vera against gram-negative bacteria (\u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e) and gram-positive bacteria (\u003cem\u003eB. cereus\u003c/em\u003e) by well diffusion method. According to Nsofor \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2023), aqueous extract of Aloe vera showed the least antibacterial activity against \u003cem\u003eB. cereus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e. While ethanolic extracts of Aloe vera displayed a high antibacterial activity against \u003cem\u003eB. cereus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e. However, in our present study, aqueous gel extract of Aloe vera showed no antibacterial activity against \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eB. cereus\u003c/em\u003e. Similar to this, there are several reports on the antibacterial effects of various Aloe vera kinds (Akinniyi \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2013; Etusim \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2013).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAqueous extracts of\u003cem\u003e S. cumini, E. camaldulensis \u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eC. limon \u003c/em\u003eexhibited inhibition against all isolated bacterial strains. Extract of \u003cem\u003eS. cumini \u003c/em\u003eshowed maximum inhibition percentage against \u003cem\u003eB. coahuilensis \u003c/em\u003efollowed by\u003cem\u003e B. thuringiensis\u003c/em\u003e. Extract of \u003cem\u003eE. camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e demonstrated maximum inhibition percentage against \u003cem\u003eB. thuringiensis \u003c/em\u003efollowed by\u003cem\u003e B. paramycoides and B. cereus\u003c/em\u003e. And extract of \u003cem\u003eC. limon\u003c/em\u003e displayed maximum inhibition percentage against \u003cem\u003eB. thuringiensis \u003c/em\u003efollowed by\u003cem\u003e B. coahuilensis and B. paramycoides\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAqueous and methanolic leaf extracts of \u003cem\u003eSyzygium cumini\u003c/em\u003e (Jamun) exhibited antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria (\u003cem\u003eBacillus subtilis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e) and gram-negative bacteria, such as \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eSalmonella\u003c/em\u003e spp. Methanol extracts outperformed aqueous extracts in terms of potency (Gowri \u0026amp; Vasantha, 2010). In present study, aqueous leaf extract of \u003cem\u003eS. cumini \u003c/em\u003einhibited both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Antibacterial activity was maximum against \u003cem\u003eB. coahuilensis \u003c/em\u003eand minimum against \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa \u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eB. paramycoides\u003c/em\u003e. According to Gowri \u0026amp; Vasantha (2010), flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, glycosides, tannins, phenols, and saponins were abundant in the leaves of \u003cem\u003eS. cumini\u003c/em\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTshabalala \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (2021) and Patel \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (2022) found that clove exhibit high antibacterial activity. Furthermore, Elisha \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2022) prepared cold water, hot water and ethanolic extracts of \u003cem\u003eS. aromaticum\u003c/em\u003e to observe the antibacterial activity against different bacterial isolates including \u003cem\u003eS. typhi\u003c/em\u003e by disc and well diffusion method. The plant extracts showed antibacterial activity against all tested isolates, including \u003cem\u003eS. typhi\u003c/em\u003e. According to my present research study, aqueous extract of \u003cem\u003eS. aromaticum \u003c/em\u003e(clove) showed significant antibacterial results against \u003cem\u003eB. thuringiensis \u003c/em\u003eonly while other bacterial strains were resistant to it. And green synthesized AgNPs of \u003cem\u003eS. aromaticum \u003c/em\u003eaqueous extract showed antibacterial activity against all bacterial strains. They were most effective against \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa \u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eB. paramycoides \u003c/em\u003ewhile least effective against \u003cem\u003eB. thuringiensis. \u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthanolic and aqueous leaf extracts of \u003cem\u003eF. religiosa\u003c/em\u003e were shown to have antibacterial action against pathogenic bacterial strains such as \u003cem\u003eB. subtilis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. typhi\u003c/em\u003e. The leaf extracts significantly and varyingly inhibited most of the examined bacteria (Walia \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2022). While in this present research, aqueous leaf extract of \u003cem\u003eF. religiosa \u003c/em\u003edidn’t show any significant inhibitory activity against any of bacterial strains. Rather than aqueous extracts, green synthesized AgNPs of \u003cem\u003eF. religiosa \u003c/em\u003eaqueous leaf extract showed antibacterial activity against all bacterial strains. Maximum inhibitory percentage was against \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa \u003c/em\u003eand minimum inhibitory percentage was against \u003cem\u003eB. cereus\u003c/em\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbd \u0026amp; Hasan (2023) proved that silver nanoparticles of Aloe Vera leaf extract were effective against both gram-positive (\u003cem\u003eS. epidermidis\u003c/em\u003e) and gram-negative (\u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e) bacteria. While, according to our study, green synthesized AgNPs of Aloe Vera showed significant antibacterial activity against all gram-positive bacteria while there was no activity against gram-negative bacteria (\u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e). In related study, Anavil \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2023) exhibited that silver nanoparticles of \u003cem\u003eA. barbadensis\u003c/em\u003e (Aloe vera) showed maximum antibacterial activity against \u003cem\u003eE. coli \u003c/em\u003ethan \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e. Rossos \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2021) demonstrated that silver nanoparticles of eucalyptus leaves extract were highly active against \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eS. epidermidis\u003c/em\u003e but they performed poorly against \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e. In this present work, these AgNPs were slightly active against \u003cem\u003eB. cereus\u003c/em\u003e while no activity was observed against other bacterial strains including \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa, B. thuringiensis, B. paramycoides \u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eB. coahuilensis\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSimilarly, antibacterial properties of lemon (\u003cem\u003eC. limon\u003c/em\u003e) have been determined against variety of bacteria (Ali \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2017; Mustafa \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2021; Solanki \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2022). This present study showed that aqueous extract and green synthesized AgNPs of \u003cem\u003eC. limon\u003c/em\u003e were significantly active against all identified bacterial strains. Other than \u003cem\u003eC. limon\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eA. indica. F. religiosa \u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eS. aromaticum \u003c/em\u003eshowed antibacterial activity against all identified bacterial strains. Aqueous extracts of some plants such as \u003cem\u003eA. indica\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eF. religiosa\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. barbadensis\u003c/em\u003e and AgNPs of plant \u003cem\u003eS. cumini\u003c/em\u003e didn’t exhibit any antibacterial activity against isolated identified bacterial strains. The medicinal plant species included in this study that showed efficacy against the bacterial isolates may be studied in more detail to find naturally occurring bioactive compounds.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eSignificant antibacterial activity against isolated bacterial strains has been demonstrated by a few aqueous plant extracts (\u003cem\u003eC. limon, S. cumini, E. camaldulensis, A. cepa,\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. aromaticum\u003c/em\u003e) and green synthesized silver nanoparticles (\u003cem\u003eA. indica, F. religiosa, C. limon, S. aromaticum, A. cepa,\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. barbadensis\u003c/em\u003e). Due to the adverse effects that chemically manufactured antibiotics have on the human body at high dosages. Antibiotic medication may be replaced by biological antibacterial tools such as plant extracts and green synthesized silver nanoparticle formulations. In order to prepare these antibacterial agents for their therapeutic use against ocular infections, additional study on them can be undertaken.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe current study is approved by board of studies and the sampling was done by ophthalmologist.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors gave their consent for publication.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and material\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAvailable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo competing interests among authors\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors' contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eS.A and B.M carried out experiment work. N.A wrote the first and final draft of manuscript and supervised the experimental work. M.C, S.M and M.D did the analysis. MAR provided resources and helped in rough draft. all authors approved final draft.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHighly highly to DR. SYED ABDULLAH MAZHAR (FCPS, MRCS) OPHTHALMOLOGIST, HOD OPHTHALMOLOGY, RLMC LAHORE.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbd, E. M., \u0026amp; Hasan, A. Y. (2023). Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles by \u003cem\u003eAloe vera\u003c/em\u003e leaves extract and determination of its antibacterial activity. In \u003cem\u003eAmerican Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e2475\u003c/em\u003e(1).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAkinniyi, A. P., Oluwaseun, E., Mopelola, D. A. A., Mosunmola, O. J., Remi, R. A. R. \u0026amp; Afolabi, O. (2013). 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Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities and acute toxicity of \u003cem\u003eCedrus atlantica\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eChenopodium ambrosioides\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eEucalyptus camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e essential oils. \u003cem\u003eMolecules\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e28(7),\u003c/em\u003e 2974. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28072974\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-ophthalmic-inflammation-and-infection","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"joii","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection](http://joii-journal.springeropen.com)","snPcode":"12348","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12348/3","title":"Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection","twitterHandle":"@SpringerOpen","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Conjunctivitis, plant extracts, nanoparticles, antibiotics, resistance, biochemical characterization","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4883324/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4883324/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eConjunctivitis is one of the most common disorders seen in hospitals. Youngsters under the age of seven are most likely to be diagnosed. The second highest point in the distribution is reached by women at age 22 and men at age 28. The goal of the current study was to identify and characterize the pathogens that cause conjunctivitis and determine their sensitivity against various antibiotics (such as metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, and levofloxacin), as well as aqueous plant extracts (\u003cem\u003eFicus religiosa, Syzygium cumini, Azadirachta indica, Allium cepa, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Syzygium aromaticum, Aloe barbadensis\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eCitrus limon\u003c/em\u003e) and their green synthetic silver nanoparticles. The samples were taken at Fatima Memorial Hospital, Lahore. The blood agar test was used for screening of pathogenic bacteria after samples were isolated. Types of hemolysis that the bacteria displayed were observed in order to assess the pathogenicity of the bacterial isolates. To monitor the antibacterial activity of particular pathogenic strains, the well diffusion method was employed. The outcomes demonstrated that every antibiotic was considerably more effective against isolated bacteria. Significant antibacterial activity against bacterial strains was demonstrated by \u003cem\u003eE. camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eS. cumini\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eC. limon\u003c/em\u003e (13.66±1.20 to 9±0.57, 15.5±0.76 to 10.33±1.45, and 21.33±0.88 to 12.66±0.33 respectively) out of all aqueous plant extracts. Green synthesized silver nanoparticles from \u003cem\u003eA. barbadensis, S. aromaticum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. limon\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eA. indica\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eF. religiosa\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. cepa\u003c/em\u003e displayed more noteworthy outcomes, with the zones of inhibition measuring 11.66±0.66 to 8.83±0.72; 12.5±0.62 to 9.83±0.72; 16.16±1.09 to 10.83±1.01; 13.33±1.20 to 8.83±0.72; 12.16±1.16 to 7.33±0.66, and 13.16±0.59 to 8.33±0.88 respectively. Bacterial strains were identified as \u003cem\u003eBacillus thuringiensis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eBacillus cereus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eBacillus paramycoides\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eBacillus coahuilensis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e. This study showed that due to the rise in bacterial resistance to drugs, antibiotic medication may be replaced by biological antibacterial tools such as plant extracts and green synthesized silver nanoparticle formulations.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Evaluation and modulation of bactericidal potential of different antibacterial agents against bacterial pathogens from conjunctivitis infections","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-09-06 14:37:02","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4883324/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-12-08T17:23:29+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-11-19T04:07:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"336671069499321492439233535634080157675","date":"2024-11-17T09:26:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-11-16T10:16:13+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"210536961958043898297077137485658632727","date":"2024-10-13T16:11:29+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-08-13T06:45:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-08-12T06:42:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-08-12T06:42:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection","date":"2024-08-08T21:56:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-ophthalmic-inflammation-and-infection","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"joii","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection](http://joii-journal.springeropen.com)","snPcode":"12348","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12348/3","title":"Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection","twitterHandle":"@SpringerOpen","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e6a78092-fea7-47cb-935c-6f45eca754ee","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 6th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-09T16:11:41+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4883324","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12348-025-00474-w","journal":{"identity":"journal-of-ophthalmic-inflammation-and-infection","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection"},"publishedOn":"2026-03-06 15:59:57","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 6th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-09-06 14:37:02","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12348-025-00474-w","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12348-025-00474-w","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4883324","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4883324","identity":"rs-4883324","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}