Sustainable Stabilization and Predictive Modeling of Strength Parameters to Improve the Suitability of Tropical Dredged Soils for Low-Cost Infrastructure

Sustainable Stabilization and Predictive Modeling of Strength Parameters to Improve the Suitability of Tropical Dredged Soils for Low-Cost Infrastructure | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Sustainable Stabilization and Predictive Modeling of Strength Parameters to Improve the Suitability of Tropical Dredged Soils for Low-Cost Infrastructure Edson da Graça Manuel Cumbe, Zhai Qian, Esdras Ngezahayo, Angelo Antonio Pascoal This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8099775/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Dredged soils are known to have excessively high moisture content, high fines content and low natural strength. These soils require chemical stabilization to become suitable for construction purposes. This paper assesses the stabilization of tropical dredged clay using ordinary Portland cement (OPC), quicklime, and Class F fly ash. Two series of mixtures were prepared: binary mixes with total binder 5%, 10%, and 15% (cement + lime, 1:1 by weight) and ternary mixes with 5% lime, 20% fly ash, and OPC varied at 5%, 10%, and 15%. Specimens were moist cured for 7, 14, and 28 days and tested for unconfined compression (UCS). The 15% OPC mixes achieved the highest strengths (UCS >1000 kPa at 28 days) but failed abruptly. Lime–fly ash blends gained strength gradually and showed ductile post-peak deformation. Strength generally increased with OPC dosage and curing time. Peak strength was obtained at moderate moisture (~35–40%), reflecting a balance between hydration and compaction. Moreover, a predictive model to estimate the Mohr–Coulomb parameters ( c , φ , and E ) was developed. The model successfully uses adjusted empirical correlations to relate UCS to c and φ , and employs standard UCS–modulus relationships for E . The model predictions agreed with literature and the predicted moduli matched known UCS–E correlations - thus, offering a practical alternative to extensive shear testing. The results demonstrate that stabilizing tropical dredged clay with OPC–lime–fly ash can yield material suitability for road bases and subgrades in low-cost infrastructure projects, hence reduce landfilling disposal and save environment. Tropical dredged soils Sustainable stabilization Unconfined compressive strength Shear strength Mohr–Coulomb parameters Empirical model Low-cost infrastructure Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8099775","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":564235605,"identity":"2800ee8b-f332-498e-a9b7-beefdce037b0","order_by":0,"name":"Edson da Graça Manuel 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Infrastructure","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Tropical dredged soils, Sustainable stabilization, Unconfined compressive strength, Shear strength, Mohr–Coulomb parameters, Empirical model, Low-cost infrastructure","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8099775/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8099775/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eDredged soils are known to have excessively high moisture content, high fines content and low natural strength. These soils require chemical stabilization to become suitable for construction purposes. This paper assesses the stabilization of tropical dredged clay using ordinary Portland cement (OPC), quicklime, and Class F fly ash. Two series of mixtures were prepared: binary mixes with total binder 5%, 10%, and 15% (cement + lime, 1:1 by weight) and ternary mixes with 5% lime, 20% fly ash, and OPC varied at 5%, 10%, and 15%. Specimens were moist cured for 7, 14, and 28 days and tested for unconfined compression (UCS). The 15% OPC mixes achieved the highest strengths (UCS \u0026gt;1000 kPa at 28 days) but failed abruptly. Lime–fly ash blends gained strength gradually and showed ductile post-peak deformation. Strength generally increased with OPC dosage and curing time. Peak strength was obtained at moderate moisture (~35–40%), reflecting a balance between hydration and compaction. Moreover, a predictive model to estimate the Mohr–Coulomb parameters (\u003cstrong\u003ec\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eφ\u003c/strong\u003e, and \u003cstrong\u003eE\u003c/strong\u003e) was developed. The model successfully uses adjusted empirical correlations to relate UCS to \u003cstrong\u003ec\u003c/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003eφ\u003c/strong\u003e, and employs standard UCS–modulus relationships for \u003cstrong\u003eE\u003c/strong\u003e. The model predictions agreed with literature and the predicted moduli matched known UCS–E correlations - thus, offering a practical alternative to extensive shear testing. The results demonstrate that stabilizing tropical dredged clay with OPC–lime–fly ash can yield material suitability for road bases and subgrades in low-cost infrastructure projects, hence reduce landfilling disposal and save environment.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Sustainable Stabilization and Predictive Modeling of Strength Parameters to Improve the Suitability of Tropical Dredged Soils for Low-Cost Infrastructure","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-23 18:46:19","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8099775/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"cef522a6-a6ce-46f5-849e-3da4e7d45a7c","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 23rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-20T14:24:04+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-23 18:46:19","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8099775","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8099775","identity":"rs-8099775","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}