Seroprevalence of and Risk Factors for Q Fever in Dairy and Slaughterhouse Cattle of Jimma Town, South Western Ethiopia

Seroprevalence of and Risk Factors for Q Fever in Dairy and Slaughterhouse Cattle of Jimma Town, South Western Ethiopia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research article Seroprevalence of and Risk Factors for Q Fever in Dairy and Slaughterhouse Cattle of Jimma Town, South Western Ethiopia Feyissa Begna Deressa, David Onafruo Kal, Benti Deressa Gelalcha, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-33782/v4 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 12 Oct, 2020 Read the published version in BMC Veterinary Research → Version 4 posted 2 You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Abstract Background Q fever is a zoonotic disease, caused by Gram negative bacterium C. burnetii, which imparts significant socio-economic burden due to production and reproductive loss (abortion, stillbirth, and infertility) in ruminants and debilitating clinical disease in human populations. While sheep and goats are considered the primary reservoirs of infection to humans, infection can also result from exposure to cattle. Recent studies indicate that in Ethiopia Q fever is a disease of growing public health interest. The top cattle producing region in Ethiopia is the Oromia region and Jimma is the zone that ranks first in the population of cattle within Oromia. While in Jimma zone livestock production plays an important role in people’s livelihoods and nutrition, to date, there is no available report on seroprevalence of Q fever in cattle. This is particularly important due to the low dairy farm biosecurity in Jimma town. This study aimed to evaluate the potential risk for public health from cattle production; a specific objective of this study included the estimation of the seroprevalence of C. burnetii infection and its potential risk factors in dairy cattle and cattle for slaughter in Jimma Town. Results The seroprevalence of C. burnetii in cattle present at dairy farms was significantly lower compared to cattle presented at slaughterhouse [6.17% (95% CI: 3.41-10.13) and 11.79% (95% CI: 7.63-17.17), respectively; (P=0.04)]. As the age of dairy cattle increase by one year, they were 1.51 more likely to be positive of C. burnetii [OR=1.51 (95%CI: 1.30-1.75; (P=0.000)]. Cattle managed in semi-intensive production systems were 8.08 more likely to be C. burnetii seropositive compared to intensively managed dairy cattle [OR=8.08 (95%CI: 1.03-63.68); P=0.047]. Dairy cattle with access to nuisance animals like dogs, cats and mice were 5.65 more likely to be C. burnetii seropositive compared to dairy cattle without access to these animals. On the other hand, dairy cattle that have no tick infestation are 93% less likely to be seropositive for C. burnetii [OR=0.07 (95%CI: 0.01-0.74); P=0.027]. Concerning farm-level data, farms of larger herd sizes were 1.03 more likely to be C. burnetii seropositive than small herd farms [OR=1.03 (95%CI: 0.99-1.06)]. The result from slaughterhouse indicates that as the age of cattle increase by one year their chance of being C. burnetii seropositive increases by 2.27 [OR=2.27 (95%CI: 1.93-2.68); p=0.000]. Conclusion Considering its zoonotic and economic burden the seroprevalence of Q fever recorded in this study is of eminent public health concern with a farm-level and slaughterhouse seroprevalence of 6.17% and 11.79% respectively. Based on modifiable risk factors identified in this study, Q fever management plans better be focused on health education and awareness campaigns for abattoir workers and dairy farm workers. Dairy farm Q fever management plans should contemplate improved dairy herd biosecurity with regards to cattle tick infestation, keeping different livestock species segregated and avoiding mixing of herd with others with unknown health status. Small Animal Medicine Large Animal Medicine Cattle Q fever Seroprevalence Ethiopia Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Background Q fever is caused by highly infectious, ubiquitous and pleomorphic intracellular Gram-negative bacterium name C. burnetii. The organism can persist in a spore‐like form for more than 40 months [11, 40] . The disease is classified as an emerging zoonotic infectious disease according to WHO, FAO, OIE and EFSA/ECDC [3, 15]. Sheep and goats are considered to be the major sources of human outbreaks due to Coxiella, but cattle can also be an important reservoir of the agent to humans [45]. Q fever has long been considered as an occupational zoonosis of major socio-economic importance worldwide associated with exposure to livestock by farmers, veterinarians, slaughterers, and animal researchers [56]. Its outbreaks have been occasionally observed in many countries throughout the world [27, 14, 16, 46, 55]. Despite the fact that the disease is widely distributed, the disease is regarded as neglected, under diagnosed and underreported because of its diverse symptoms, self-limiting course and lack of diagnostic tools [3, 7]. In the African Context Q fever was first reported in 1947, but since then the quantity and quality of epidemiological research on this pathogen has been limited [30]. Ethiopia was ranked highest in Africa in the health burden of zoonotic diseases [19]. The first evidence of C . burnetii was reported in ticks collected from cattle in Ethiopia [41]. As well as seroprevalence of C. burnetii was found to be 6.5% by complement fixation test in workers at Addis Ababa abattoir in goat and sheep slaughterhouses and its peri-urban zone as found by [1]. To date, the only study in Ethiopian concerning cattle was conducted in southeast of the country using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) by [20]. This reported a high seroprevalence of C. burnetii , (31.6% in cattle, 90.0% in camels and 54.2% in goats). A 6.4% prevalence of C. burnetii in Ethiopia was also report from different Ixodid ticks species by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction targeting two different genes followed by multi-spacer sequence typing (MST) by [28]. In recent years, reports of abortion and infertility in domestic ruminants from different corners of Ethiopia are becoming a common concern [2, 21, 33]. The Jimma zone in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia is one of such areas in from 2013-2015 it faced the worst outbreak of abortion, whereby more than 11,487 cases were recorded in domestic ruminants (cattle, goats and sheep) (Jimma zone livestock health and production agency, 2015). The Oromia Region of Ethiopia is the region with the highest population of cattle in the country and the Jimma zone of Oromia Region is the main cattle producing zone in Oromia and the second in Ethiopia with an estimated cattle population of 2,090,000 [17]. The unusually high losses of pregnancies and the resultant infertility in cattle within the Oromia region represent a tremendous economic loss to the nation and it is also a significant blow to the livelihoods of livestock producers in Ethiopia. The initial suspicions of Brucella involvement as a cause of the abortion cases in Oromia was ruled out by [12]. Coxiella was suspected to be one of the potential causes of such abortion episodes, as it can affect all three ruminant species. Nevertheless, to date there was no empirical evaluation of the level of seropositivity of cattle to C. burnetii in this important cattle producing zone of Ethiopia. In this study, we aimed to identify the public health risk of C. burnetii to dairy farmers and communities in Jimma town in the Oromia region of Ethiopia with the objective of estimating the seroprevalence of C. burnetii and associated risk factors in cattle at Jimma dairy farms and its main slaughterhouse. Results A total of 227 and 195 samples were collected from Jimma’s dairy farms and slaughterhouse respectively. The overall seroprevalence was 8.77% (95%CI: 6.07-11.47); C. burnetii seropositivity was significantly lower in dairy farms (6.17%; 95% CI: 3.41-10.13) compared to slaughterhouse (11.79%; 95%CI: 7.27-16.32%) (p-value≤0.042). Dairy farm-level C. burnetii seropositivity and its risk factors Out of 227 animals included in the dairy farm analysis, the majority [n=129 (56.83%)] originated from intensive management system and the vast majority were female [n=223 (98.24%)]. Concerning their breed, the majority [n=220 (96.92%)] were crossbred (Table 2) and in terms of age the minimum age sampled was 6 months and the maximum was 10 years. There was also higher seropositivity to C. burnetii in male cattle compared to female and higher seroprevalence in adult cattle compared to young. Prevalence of C. burnetii is found to be higher in the semi-intensive management system (8.16%; 95%CI: 3.59, 15.45) than in the intensive management system (4.65%; 95%CI: 1.73, 9.85) of dairy farms (Table 2). The final animal-level multivariable logistic regression mixed effect model showed that C. burnetii seropositivity is significantly positively associated with age (OR: 1.51(95%CI: 1.30, 1.75): p-value≤0.000) (Table 3). Our results also show that cattle managed in semi-intensive system were 8.08 more likely to be C. burnetii seropositive compared to intensively managed dairy cattle [OR=8.08 (95%CI: 1.03, 63.68); P=0.047]. Dairy cattle that have access to nuisance animals like dogs, cats, mice and other were 5.65 more likely to be C. burnetii seropositive compared to dairy cattle with no access to nuisance animals (Table 3). On the other hand, dairy cattle that have no tick infestation are 93% less likely to be seropositive for C. burnetii [OR=0.07 (95%CI: 0.01, 0.74); P=0.027] (Table 3). Out of twenty-five dairy farms sampled, seven of them had at least one infected animal resulting in a herd-level C. burnetii seropositivity of 28% (95%CI: 12.07-49.39). Dairy farms which had at least one contact with other herds were 4.63 time more likely C. burnetii seropositive than herd which had no contact [OR=4.63 (95%CI: 0.79, 26.94)] but that difference was marginally significant (Table 4). Slaughterhouse animals’ C. burnetii seroprevalence and their risk factors The overall seroprevalence of C. burnetii antibodies from cattle sampled at slaughterhouse was found to be 11.79% (95%CI: 7.63, 17.17). Out of 195 animals included in the slaughterhouse analysis, all were from extensive management system, males and local breeds. All C. burnetii seropositive cattle were adults. Prevalence of C. burnetii antibody was found to be higher in tick infested cattle (12.14%) than the non-tick infested cattle (9.09%). Higher prevalence was recorded in medium body conditioned (16.22%) cattle compared to good body conditioned cattle (9.09%) (Table 2). In the multivariable model of animals sampled at slaughterhouse age of cattle was the only factor found to be associated with C. burnetii seropositivity [OR=2.27 (95%CI: 1.93, 2.68); p=0.000], which means as age of cattle increase by one year, their chance of being C. burnetii seropositive increases by 2.27. Discussion This research is the first to investigate the seroprevalence of and risk-factors for C. burnetii exposure in cattle in Jimma Town the most important city in the second highest cattle production zone of Ethiopia. The i-ELISA test used was claimed to have 100% sensitivity (Se) and specificity (SP) as described by the manufacturer using serum from confirmed infected animals but other authors cited the test sensitivity and specificity for serum as 100% and 95%, respectively, compared to PCR [18]. Overall our results demonstrate that C. burnetii infection is a significant public health problem in the area in that 8.77% (95%CI: 6.07-11.47) of tested animals were found with evidence of C. burnetii antibodies. Our results suggest that cattle in Jimma town have a high level of exposure to C. burnetii infection which could partly explain the observed reproductive disorders and abortions occurring in Jimma zone. Our findings are in agreement with 7.9% report in Algeria (sample size 311, cross sectional and tested with ELISA) [8], but higher than similar studies undertaken in Bura, Tana River County, Kenya which reported 5% (Sample size 96, cross sectional study design and ELISA test) [35], and 4% in Chad (sample size 195, cross sectional with i-ELISA) [49]. However, the overall seroprevalence reported in our study is lower compared to the previous studies in the Southeast Ethiopia (i.e. a seroprevalence of 31.6% using cELISA) by [20], and other countries in Africa ranging between 13% and 32% [25, 26, 36, 38, 39, 50]. The possible reasons for these variations might be the difference in sample sizes, sampling methods and diagnostic tests used, geographical locations and management systems being practiced. Our results indicate that C. burnetii seroprevalence in cattle in Jimma town is significantly higher in cattle sent to slaughterhouse compared to dairy cattle in dairy farms (11.79% vs 6.17%) suggesting that management systems may play an important role at modulating exposure risk [6]. This might partly be explained by the fact that all cattle sampled at the slaughterhouse were local breeds kept under extensive management systems from a variety of different districts of Jimma zone. This finding is in line with the study conducted in Nigeria which reported a prevalence of 11% in cattle at slaughterhouse and a prevalence of 17.1% and 1.3% in local breed and cross breed respectively [54]. Extensive management systems allow for an increase in exposure opportunities to C. burnetii through aerosol transmission between animals at grazing and watering areas. The extensive management system also exposes cattle to wildlife which could play a relevant role for disease species cross-transmission [47]. Similarly, for dairy cattle our results indicate a significantly increased probability of seropositivity in crossbred dairy cattle kept under semi-intensive dairy production compared to intensive management system of dairy production. Cross breed dairy cattle are expensive and mostly kept under either intensive or semi-intensive management systems so that disease and tick are better controlled. Further, C. burnetii can survive in dry dusty environmental conditions for months and cattle managed in a semi-intensive system can be at greater risk of exposure to contaminated aerosols from known transmission vehicles from infected animals such as urine, feces or birthing products in the field compared to cattle managed in intensive systems [9]. This is in agreement with other studies showing that dairy cows which were partially grazing in the field had higher seropositivity to C. burnetii antibodies [6]. In addition, our study demonstrated that dairy cattle with access to nuisance animals (such as dogs, cats, mice) were more likely to be seropositive to C. burnetii antibodies compared to dairy cattle with no access to nuisance animals. This finding is supported by evidence suggesting the ability for a range of companion animals and pests to be infected with C. burnetii [4, 22, 32, 42, 43]. In our study we found a significant increase in the probability of C. burnetii exposure with increasing age in both dairy cattle and cattle sampled at slaughterhouse. This finding is in agreement with previous studies in Ethiopia and Cameroon [20, 30] and a more recent study by [24] describing the age distribution of C. burnetii antibodies in camels, cattle, goats and sheep. One possible explanation is that the older the animal the greater is the potential exposure to the pathogen infections and keep circulating antibody [5, 31]. On the other hand, the result indicates that dairy cattle with evidence of tick infestation had significantly higher increase in the probability of C. burnetii seropositivity (p-value≤0.027). This result is also in line with evidence from around the world pointing for the isolation of C. burnetii from ticks [23, 26, 28] indicating a potential role of tick infection in the dissemination of Q fever in the herd. Our results indicate that dairy farm-level seroprevalence was marginally higher in farms with contact with other herds. Previous research reported that partial housing of the herds, contact with other herds and extensive management systems increased the likelihood of seropositivityto C. burnetii [6, 24, 48, 53, 57]. These are all modifiable farm-level bio-exclusion factors which can be acted upon by farmers to reduce the changes of C. burnetii transmission into the herd. The findings of this study carry significant public health implications for the need to control Q fever in the community. Our results indicate that there is a significant risk of Q fever particularly in slaughterhouse workers, dairy farmers and other animal workers and the consumers of dairy products in Jimma town. Our results suggest that the burden of Q fever in these occupational groups identified is likely to be high and a collective effort is needed to investigate its impact on human health as well as to improve health promotion and education to these target community groups. Q fever awareness campaigns and on-farm Q fever biosecurity management plans need to be implemented in Jimma slaughterhouse workers and dairy cattle farmers with the aim of reducing their risk of exposure to C. burnetii . Furthermore, the level of seroprevalence demonstrated in dairy farms necessitates more attention because these animals are the milk source for children. The veterinarian and public health sector need to work together in a One health approach to investigate the shared burden of Q fever in the province of Oromia. The findings of this study should be interpreted in light of its limitations. First, the cross-sectional nature of our investigation coupled with the use of serological tests for ascertainment of C. burnetii exposure means that we were unable to conclude on the true infection status of animals/herds. Second, from the slaughterhouse survey we were unable to include female cattle which are usually managed under extensive management systems and thereby provide a more complete epidemiological picture of the level of C. burnetii infection in rural population. Conclusion The present study indicates that C. burnetii exposure is significantly high in cattle in an area in Ethiopia with one of the highest cattle populations in the country. Our findings demonstrate important modifiable farm-level risk factors which can be used to design farm-level Q fever biosecurity management plans and Q fever health promotion campaigns to reduce the public health of risk of C. burnetii exposure. Further studies should be designed to investigate the level of C. burnetii exposure in dairy farmers, slaughterhouse workers and consumers of dairy production in the region. Methods Study area and period This study was conducted in Jimma Town from October 2016 to October 2017. The town is located in the Jimma zone of Oromia Regional State, South Western Ethiopia (Figure 1). Jimma town is situated at a distance of 356Km, South West of Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia, between 7º41"N latitude and 36º50"E longitudes and has an altitude of 1704 meters above sea level. The climate of the area is a tropical humid climate characterized by heavy rainfall which ranges from 1200-2000mm per annum. With the mean annual minimum and maximum temperature ranging from 6ºC and 31ºC respectively, the overall average temperature is approximately 18.5ºC. Jimma zone is one of the largest in livestock populations in Ethiopia with cattle population estimated 2,212,962 heads [10]. Dairy cattle are more under production in Jimma town and the surroundings small towns but more than 95% of the cattle populations are under extensive management which are used for mixed dairy and meat production as well as cash income generation for the rural communities. Target and study population The target population was apparently healthy crossbred dairy cattle kept under intensive and semi-intensive management systems and local breed cattle which are kept under extensive management system. These involved smallholder dairy farms and Jimma Dairy Development Enterprise (JDDE) and the local breed of male cattle presented to slaughterhouse aged between 3 and less than 10 years. Sample size determination The sample size to arrive at the study population was determined using the formula described ((Z 2 x P(1- P))/e 2 where Z=1.96 from normal distribution table, P= expected prevalence, e=desired precision level) by [13]. The conservative estimate of 50% prevalence, 95% level of confidence and 5% absolute precision was used. Accordingly, the estimated sample size of 384 animals was obtained. The calculated sample size was oversampled by 10% to account for possible problems with non-response or missing data [37]. This allowance was added summing up to the total of 422 samples. These samples were approximately halved to be distributed to dairy farms and slaughterhouse for blood sample collection. The proportion of required number of samples from each dairy farm was obtained by multiplying 28.3% expected prevalence of C. burnetii in cattle reported from Kenya [26] to the total number of cattle in each dairy farm; on average a total of 9 animals were sampled from each dairy farm. Study design and sampling strategy Two cross sectional studies were designed to achieve the objectives of this study. First, a slaughterhouse survey was designed in the following way: in each day of visit to the slaughterhouse for a period of two weeks, a representative percentage of 25% of animals were picked by simple random sampling technique from the lairage during ante mortem inspection. The sampling frame was constructed by listing the total number of animals in the lairage of each visiting day. The total number of slaughtered animals in Jimma slaughterhouse ranged from 55–85 per day. On average, 14 samples were sampled per day to attain the total samples required (ie. 195 samples) and after sampling, animal level data like age, sex, tick infestation, breed, body condition score, production system were recorded. Second, a farm-level survey was designed to measure Q fever exposure in the following way: a list of all 61 dairy farms and their contact details and location (ie. Kebele ) was obtained from Jimma town livestock and fisheries resources development office. Thus a total of 25 dairy farms were selected by simple random sampling technique out of the 61 farms on the list to satisfy the total sample required from dairy farms. Each farm was visited once for about one month sampling period. All targeted farms are business oriented dairy farms with crossbred and/or pure exotic breeds of dairy cattle (Holstein- Friesian). Based on [34], herd size was categorized as small if the total number of animals in the herd was 3–10 animals, and large if the animal number in the herd were 11 or above. A farm owner questionnaire was used to collect risk factor data for Q fever infection, including individual-level data and farm-level data. For individual-level data animals’ age in years was recorded by means of dentition (as described by [29]) and also asking farm owners. Additional individual-level independent variables included sex, body condition score (BCS; categorized as poor, good and very good as described by [44]), breed, tick infestation status of animals and animal parity, and abortion status. For farm-level data these included multi species mix, multi age mix, history of contact with other herds, herd size (in a continuous numeric scale), production system (classified as intensive, semi-intensive and extensive), presence of nuisance animals in the farm (eg. presence of dogs, cats, rodents and others), were included in the questionnaire/check list (Appendix 1 ) . Specimen collection procedure About 10 ml of blood sample was collected from the jugular vein of each selected cattle using plain vacutainer tubes and multipurpose disposable blood collection needle 21Gx1 1/2" plus needle holder (Zhejiang Kanshi) Medical Devices Co. Ltd. (HENSO). Before and after sample collection, 70% ethanol alcohol was applied as disinfectant. Each specimen was labeled with unique identification number. The tubes were transported to Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine laboratory in an icebox and the tubes were put in an oblique position of 45˚, for overnight at room temperature, to allow clotting of blood, the next morning sera was gently pipetted into cryovials and stored in deep freezer at -20 0 C, until diagnosis was made in the laboratory of National Veterinary Institute (NVI) at Debre-Zeit, Ethiopia. Laboratory Analysis and Interpretation All serum samples were tested using Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (i-ELISA) from ID Screen ® Q fever Indirect Multi- Species kits (ID.vet, 310; rue Louis Pasteur–Grabels–France) for the detection of antibodies against C. burnetii . All reagents were prepared and results were interpreted according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, the optical densities (OD) were read at 450 nm in a micro-plate photometer (Multi Skan Ex, Thermo Electron Corporation, Finland). Negative control (NC), and positive control (PC) were run as duplicates in the micro–plate wells A, B and C, D respectively whereas sera were run as a single spot in the remaining micro plate wells. Interpretation of the result for each sample was obtained as the percentage of the ratio between the sample Optical The negative and positive samples were determined based on the laboratory test thresholds–values for its status (Table 1). The coloration quantity depends on the presence of antibodies in the specimen; positive sample will remain colored after addition of stop solution, while the light yellow negative sample will be colorless or white. Data management and statistical analysis All data collected during the sero-surveys were entered into MS Office Excel 2010. Data were analyzed separately for cattle sampled in dairy farms and cattle sampled at the slaughterhouse. The overall prevalence was calculated as a total number of positive samples for C. burnetii divided by the total number of samples tested multiplied by 100. For each prevalence, binomial ‘exact’ 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated using Epitools [51]. To statistically test the difference between the overall prevalence in dairy farms and slaughterhouse, a test for two sample proportions was calculated using the proportion test calculator in the statistical software STATA version 13 [52] Univariable mixed effect logistic regression analysis was used to select individual explanatory variable that may predict individual C. burnetii seropositivity. Variables with a p-value < 0.25 at the univariable screening were taken forward to a multivariable mixed effect generalized linear model (farm as random effect) with Bernoulli family with a logit link. A separate multivariable binomial generalized linear model was used to model herd level prevalence data. Slaughterhouse data was analyzed using logit generalized linear model. Furthermore, multicollinearity was also assessed for any correlation between the explanatory variables with Spearman’s rank correlation and between management system and contact with other herds shows there is a correlation (Spearman's rho =-0.6001; P-value≤0.0015). Interaction terms between explanatory variables were entered into the model to investigate the presence of effect modification. Statistical significance in the multivariable model was set at a P–value ≤ 0.05. All statistical analyses were performed in Stata statistical software version 13 [52]. Abbreviations 21Gx1: 21 Needle Gauge BCS: body condition score burnetii : Coxiella burnetii CDC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention cELISA: competitive Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay CI: confidence interval Co. Ltd: Company Limited CSA: Central Statistical Agency E: East ECDC: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control EFSA: European Food Safety Authority FAO: Food and Agricultural Organization ID.vet: diagnostic kits producing company for farm animals; Louis Pasteur, France I-ELISA: Indirect Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay JDDE: Jimma Dairy Development Enterprise Km: kilometer MS: Microsoft N: North NC: Negative control NVI: National Veterinary Institute ºC: degree Celsius OD: Optical densities OIE: World organization for animal health OR: odds ratio P: predictive value (p-value) PC: Positive control PCR: Polymerase chain reaction Q fever: Query fever QLD: Queensland Se: sensitivity SP: specificity UQ: The University of Queensland WHO: World Health Organization Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The research work plan received ethical review and approved by the Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine’s Ethical Review Board. The board approved an oral consent from cattle owners after evaluating the study proposal and confirming that the study did not inflict much injury to the study animals and farmers. Oral consents were taken from cattle owners after explaining the objectives of the study and its benefit and all safety procedure was followed during sample collection from the study units. These consents were taken in the presence of eyewitnesses. The serostatus of the study animals were kept anonymous. Consent for publication Consent to publish the finding of the data was obtained orally from all farm owners during sampling and data collection. Availability of data and material The data supporting the findings of article are not available publicly due to ethical reason and are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Competing interests The authors declare that there is no conflicting interest. Funding The study was funded by Jimma University college of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine. The College financed and supervised the research activities. The funder did not have any role in designing study, collecting, analyzing and interpreting the data and manuscript write up. Authors' contributions FB and BD conceive the research idea, wrote the proposal, analyzed and interpreted the data analysis results and prepared the article. DO was a major contributor in data collection and manuscript write up. RJS contributed in article edition, interpretation of the analysis results and study map preparation. All authors have read and approved the manuscript for publication. Acknowledgments We would like to thank Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine for financing this research work to be realized. References Abebe A. Prevalence of Q fever infection in the Addis Ababa abattoir. Ethiopian medical journal . 1990; 28(3):119-22. 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Herd composition and characteristics of dairy production in Bishoftu Town, Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development . 2011; 3(6):113-7. Mwololo DK. Sero-epidemiological survey of Q fever in livestock and humans in Bura, Tana River County, Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi). 2016; P 82. Nahed HG, Khaled AA. Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii antibodies among farm animals and human contacts in Egypt. Journal of American Science . 2012; 8:619-21. Naing L, Winn T, Rusli BN. Practical issues in calculating the sample size for prevalence studies. Archives of orofacial Sciences . 2006; 1:9-14. Nakeel MJ, Arimi SM, Kitala P, Nduhiu G, Njenga JM, Wabacha JK. A Sero-epidemiological survey of brucellosis, Q fever and leptospirosis in livestock and humans and associated risk factors in Kajiado County-Kenya. Journal of Tropical Diseases . 2016; 4(3):8. Nakouné E, Debaere O, Koumanda-Kotogne F, Selekon B, Samory F, Talarmin A. 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Brucellosis and Q fever seroprevalences of nomadic pastoralists and their livestock in Chad. Preventive veterinary medicine . 2003; 61(4):279-93. Scolamacchia F, Handel IG, Fevre EM, Morgan KL, Tanya VN, Bronsvoort BM. Serological patterns of brucellosis, leptospirosis and Q fever in Bos indicus cattle in Cameroon. PloS one . 2010; 5(1):8623. Sergeant, ESG. Epitools epidemiological calculators. Ausvet Pty Ltd.; 2019. Available at: http://epitools.ausvet.com.au . Accessed on 09/11/2019. Stata Statistical Software: Release 13. College Station, StataCorp LP, Texas, USA 13: 2013. Taurel AF, Guatteo R, Joly A, Seegers H, Beaudeau F. Seroprevalence of Q fever in naturally infected dairy cattle herds. Preventive veterinary medicine . 2011; 101(1-2):51-7. Tukur HB, Ajogi I, Kabir J, Umoh JU. Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii in Cattle and Its Risk Factors in Kaduna Metropolis, Kaduna State, Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science . 2014; 7(2):1-5. Van den Brom R, Moll L, Van Schaik G, Vellema P. Demography of Q fever seroprevalence in sheep and goats in The Netherlands in 2008. Preventive veterinary medicine . 2013; 109(1-2):76-82. Van der Hoek W, Hunink J, Vellema P, Droogers P. Q fever in The Netherlands: the role of local environmental conditions. International journal of environmental health research . 2011; 21(6):441-51. Van Engelen E, Schotten N, Schimmer B, Hautvast JL, Van Schaik G, Van Duijnhoven YT. Prevalence and risk factors for Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) in Dutch dairy cattle herds based on bulk tank milk testing. Preventive veterinary medicine . 2014; 117(1):103-9. Tables Table 1 : Serum and plasma samples thresholds–values and status for the interpretation of ELISA test. Result Status S/P % ≤ 40% Negative 40% < S/P % ≤ 50% Doubtful 50% 80% Strong positive Table 2: Univariable logistic regression analysis (adjusted for herd effect) to select forward factor for final model contributing to C. burnetii distribution in dairy cattle and slaughter cattle of Jimma, Ethiopia (n=227; 195 respectively) Variable Category No tested Prevalence (%) 95%CI OR(95% CI) P- value Lower Upper Age * In years 227 14 (6.17) 3.41 10.13 1.33(1.04-1.69) 0.021 Sex Male 4 3(75.0) 19.41 99.37 57.25(10.29, 318.50) 0.000 Female 223 11(4.93) 2.49 8.65 1 breed local 7 1(14.29) 0.36 57.87 2.71(0.21, 34.95) 0.444 Crossholisten 220 13(5.91) 3.18 9.89 1 BCS ** Ordinal scale 57 2(3.51) 0. 43 12.11 1 0.243 Multiage mix No 115 8(6.96) 3.05 13.25 1.33(0.52,3.43) 0.548 Yes(ref) 112 6(5.36) 1.99 11.30 1 MultiSpecies mix yes 203 14(6.90) 3.82 11.30 ∞ 0.000 No 24 0(0.0) 0.00 14.25 1 Tick infest No (Ref) 123 7(5.69) 2.32 11.37 1 0.746 Yes 104 7(6.73) 3.30 13.25 1.21(0.08, 18.30) Herd size ß Continuous scale 227 14 (6.17) 3.41 10.13 1.01(0.99, 1.03) 0.163 Contact other herd No 206 12(5.83) 3.05 9.95 1 0.477 yes 21 2(9.52) 1.17 30.38 1.71(0.38, 7.51) Management system Intensive 129 6(4.65) 1.73 9.85 1 0.170 Semi-intensive 98 8(8.16) 3.59 15.45 1.84(0.77,4.41 Presence nuisance animals (dog,cat, mice…) No 70 3(4.29) 0.89 12.02 1 0.314 Yes 157 11(7.01) 3.55 12.19 1.71(0.60,4.82) Total cattle 227 14 (6.17) 3.41 10.13 Female data (n=223) Animal aborted No(ref) 191 9(4.71) 2.18 8.76 1 0.722 Yes 32 2(6.25) 0.77 20.71 1.35(0.26, 6.98) Parity Heifer (ref) 65 2(3.08) 0.37 10.68 1 Perimiparous 42 3(7.14) 1.50 19.48 2.43(0.26, 22.34) 0.435 Multiparous 116 6(5.17) 2.39 10.83 1.72(0.39,7.62) 0.476 Slaughterhouse data (n=195) Age In years 195 23 (11.79) 7.63 17.17 6.93(3.51, 13.66) 0.000 BCS ** Ordinal scale 195 23 (11.790 7.63 17.17 0.48(0.24-0.99) 0.049 Tick infest No (Ref) 22 2 (9.09) 1.12 29.16 1 0.678 Yes 173 21 (12.14) 7.67 17.96 1.38 (0.30-6.36) Total cattle 195 23 (11.79) 7.63 17.17 Legend: Ref. = Reference, OR = Odds Ratio, CI = Confidence Interval, * Age was measured in years, ** BSC=Body condition Score on 9 ordinal scale, ß Herd size was the number of cattle in the farm. Table 3: Results of final best fitting multivariable mixed effect generalized linear model for the probability of C. burnetii seropositivity in dairy cattle (n=227) in Jimma, Ethiopia Variables Category N o tested Prevalence (%) 95%CI OR(95% CI) ** P- value Lower Upper Age * In years 227 14 (6.17) 3.41 10.13 1.51 (1.30,1.75) 0.000 Tick infest No (Ref) 123 7(5.69) 2.32 11.37 1 0.027 Yes 104 7(6.73) 3.30 13.25 0.07(0.01, 0.74) Management system Intensive 129 6(4.65) 1.73 9.85 1 0.047 Semi-intensive 98 8(8.16) 3.59 15.45 8.08(1.03,63.68) Presence nuisance animals (dog, cat, mice…) No 70 3(4.29) 0.89 12.02 1 0.120 Yes 157 11(7.01) 3.55 12.19 5.65(0.64,50.23) Parity Heifer (ref) 65 2(3.08) 0.37 10.68 1 Perimiparous 42 3(7.14) 1.50 19.48 0.56(0.07, 4.39) 0.580 Multiparous 116 6(5.17) 2.39 10.83 0.45(0.11, 1.88) 0.272 Legend: Ref. = Reference, OR = Odds Ratio, CI = Confidence Interval, **=Adjusted for random effect of farm, * Age was measured in years Table 4: Multivariable Binomial Generalized linear models of factors at farm level (n=25 farms) for C. Burnetii sero-distribution in dairy cattle of Jimma, Ethiopia Variable Category No tested Prevalence (%) 95%CI OR(95% CI) P- value Lower Upper Herd size small 6 0(0.0) 0.00 45.93 ref 0.120 Large 19 7(36.84) 16.29 61.64 1.03 (0.99, 1.06) Contact other herd No 21 5(23.81) 8.22 47.17 ref 0.088 yes 4 2(50.00) 6.76 93.24 4.63 (0.79, 26.94) Management system Intensive 20 5(25.00) 8.66 49.10 ref 0.348 Semi-intensive 5 2(40.00) 5.27 85.34 2.94 (0.31,25) Total cattle 25 7 (28) 12.07 49.39 Legend: OR = Odds Ratio, CI = Confidence Interval; ref= reference Supplementary Files Questionnaire25092020.docx Additionalfiles.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 12 Oct, 2020 Read the published version in BMC Veterinary Research → Version 4 posted Submission checks completed at journal 28 Sep, 2020 Editorial decision: Accept 28 Sep, 2020 You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-33782","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":2864591,"identity":"6598e024-1813-4ae5-88a1-7adf21ce5326","order_by":0,"name":"Feyissa Begna Deressa","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA90lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBAC9gYgwdjAIMfGzHzwAQPDAcJaeA5AtBjzs7clG5CkJXFmzxkzCeK0sPcYMPzcYcO44UaOWTVPzR05fgbmh49u4NPCc8aAsfdMGrPBjbSy2zzHnhlLNrAZG+fg0WIvkWPAwNt2mM3gRvK22zxshxM3HOBhk8anhUf+jQHj37b/PAY3EsyKef4Ro0WCx4CZt+2AhGTPETMggxgtPGkFzLJnkg1AgSw5t++wsWQzAb/wsB/ewPh2h119GzAqP7z5dliOn7354WN8WhgYOMx/wJhMPCCSGa9yEGB/AGcy/sClaBSMglEwCkY0AADtuk3/om3R0QAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5828-5609","institution":"Jimma University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Feyissa","middleName":"Begna","lastName":"Deressa","suffix":""},{"id":2864592,"identity":"90d967cf-b831-41fc-957e-ac8348e1bf05","order_by":1,"name":"David Onafruo Kal","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bahr El-Ghazal University College of Veterinary Science","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"David","middleName":"Onafruo","lastName":"Kal","suffix":""},{"id":2864593,"identity":"c75a0257-c3b0-47d7-959a-5618aaeb30bf","order_by":2,"name":"Benti Deressa Gelalcha","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Benti","middleName":"Deressa","lastName":"Gelalcha","suffix":""},{"id":2864594,"identity":"55e8eeba-a2f2-4983-9c76-60101f6b3759","order_by":3,"name":"Ricardo J. Soares Magalhães","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory School of Veterinary Science The University of Queensland","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ricardo","middleName":"J. Soares","lastName":"Magalhães","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2020-06-05 15:03:05","currentVersionCode":4,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-33782/v4","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-33782/v4","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-020-02598-8","type":"published","date":"2020-10-12T12:00:00+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":2784358,"identity":"2e59beb4-d60f-46e9-8c13-28c202d2f5f4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-10-05 16:48:07","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":272079,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Study area and location of study farms (Map created by ArcGIS® software Esri version 10.8 (https://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/)) ","description":"","filename":"Fig1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-33782/v4/Fig1.png"},{"id":2784360,"identity":"d3bf4d15-5e4b-40b9-9505-eb816b4159d8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-10-05 16:48:07","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":250588,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Multi- Species Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (i-ELISA) test kits from ID Screen®Q-Fever (ID.vet, 310; rue Louis Pasteur–Grabels–France). A. ELISA Kits Micro – Plate loaded with sera, NC and PC, and B are reagents plus NC and PC. 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Its outbreaks have been occasionally observed in many countries throughout the world [27, 14, 16, 46, 55]. Despite the fact that the disease is widely distributed, the disease is regarded as neglected, under diagnosed and underreported because of its diverse symptoms, self-limiting course and lack of diagnostic tools [3, 7].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the African Context Q fever was first reported in 1947, but since then the quantity and quality of epidemiological research on this pathogen has been limited [30]. Ethiopia was ranked highest in Africa in the health burden of zoonotic diseases [19]. The first evidence of \u003cem\u003eC\u003cem\u003e. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/em\u003e was reported in ticks collected from cattle in Ethiopia [41]. As well as seroprevalence of \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e was found to be 6.5% by complement fixation test in workers at Addis Ababa abattoir in goat and sheep slaughterhouses and its peri-urban zone as found by [1]. To date, the only study in Ethiopian concerning cattle was conducted in southeast of the country using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) by [20]. This reported a high seroprevalence of \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e, (31.6% in cattle, 90.0% in camels and 54.2% in goats). A 6.4% prevalence of \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e in Ethiopia was also report from different Ixodid ticks species by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction targeting two different genes followed by multi-spacer sequence typing (MST) by [28].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn recent years, reports of abortion and infertility in domestic ruminants from different corners of Ethiopia are becoming a common concern [2, 21, 33]. The Jimma zone in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia is one of such areas in from 2013-2015 it faced the worst outbreak of abortion, whereby more than 11,487 cases were recorded in domestic ruminants (cattle, goats and sheep) (Jimma zone livestock health and production agency, 2015). The Oromia Region of Ethiopia is the region with the highest population of cattle in the country and the Jimma zone of Oromia Region is the main cattle producing zone in Oromia and the second in Ethiopia with an estimated cattle population of 2,090,000 [17]. The unusually high losses of pregnancies and the resultant infertility in cattle within the Oromia region represent a tremendous economic loss to the nation and it is also a significant blow to the livelihoods of livestock producers in Ethiopia. The initial suspicions of \u003cem\u003eBrucella\u003c/em\u003e involvement as a cause of the abortion cases in Oromia was ruled out by [12]. \u003cem\u003eCoxiella\u003c/em\u003e was suspected to be one of the potential causes of such abortion episodes, as it can affect all three ruminant species. Nevertheless, to date there was no empirical evaluation of the level of seropositivity of cattle to \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e in this important cattle producing zone of Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca name=\"_Toc498099801\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eIn this study, we aimed to identify the public health risk of \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e to dairy farmers and communities in Jimma town in the Oromia region of Ethiopia with the objective of estimating the seroprevalence of \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e and associated risk factors in cattle at Jimma dairy farms and its main slaughterhouse. \u003ca name=\"_Toc445468714\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca name=\"_Toc471483996\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca name=\"_Toc498099804\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eA total of 227 and 195 samples were collected from Jimma\u0026rsquo;s dairy farms and slaughterhouse respectively. The overall seroprevalence was 8.77% (95%CI: 6.07-11.47); \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e seropositivity was significantly lower in dairy farms (6.17%; 95% CI: 3.41-10.13) compared to slaughterhouse (11.79%; 95%CI: 7.27-16.32%) (p-value\u0026le;0.042).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eDairy farm-level C. burnetii seropositivity and its risk factors\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOut of 227 animals included in the dairy farm analysis, the majority [n=129 (56.83%)] originated from intensive management system and the vast majority were female [n=223 (98.24%)]. Concerning their breed, the majority [n=220 (96.92%)] were crossbred (Table 2) and in terms of age the minimum age sampled was 6 months and the maximum was 10 years.\u0026nbsp; There was also higher seropositivity to \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e in male cattle compared to female and higher seroprevalence in adult cattle compared to young. Prevalence of \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e is found to be higher in the semi-intensive management system (8.16%; 95%CI: 3.59, 15.45) than in the intensive management system (4.65%; 95%CI: 1.73, 9.85) of dairy farms (Table 2). \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; \u003ca name=\"_Toc498101845\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca name=\"_Toc493932552\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca name=\"_Toc503289754\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca name=\"_Toc498101846\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eThe final animal-level multivariable logistic regression mixed effect model showed that \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e seropositivity is significantly positively associated with age (OR: 1.51(95%CI: 1.30, 1.75): p-value\u0026le;0.000) (Table 3). Our results also show that cattle managed in semi-intensive system were 8.08 more likely to be \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e seropositive compared to intensively managed dairy cattle [OR=8.08 (95%CI: 1.03, 63.68); P=0.047]. Dairy cattle that have access to nuisance animals like dogs, cats, mice and other were 5.65 more likely to be \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e seropositive compared to dairy cattle with no access to nuisance animals (Table 3). On the other hand, dairy cattle that have no tick infestation are 93% less likely to be seropositive for \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e [OR=0.07 (95%CI: 0.01, 0.74); P=0.027] (Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOut of twenty-five dairy farms sampled, seven of them had at least one infected animal resulting in a herd-level \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e seropositivity of 28% (95%CI: 12.07-49.39). Dairy farms which had at least one contact with other herds were 4.63 time more likely \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e seropositive than herd which had no contact [OR=4.63 (95%CI: 0.79, 26.94)] but that difference was marginally significant (Table 4).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSlaughterhouse animals\u0026rsquo; C. burnetii seroprevalence and their risk factors \u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe overall seroprevalence of \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e antibodies from cattle sampled at slaughterhouse was found to be 11.79% (95%CI: 7.63, 17.17). Out of 195 animals included in the slaughterhouse analysis, all were from extensive management system, males and local breeds. All \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e seropositive cattle were adults. Prevalence of \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e antibody was found to be higher in tick infested cattle (12.14%) than the non-tick infested cattle (9.09%). Higher prevalence was recorded in medium body conditioned (16.22%) cattle compared to good body conditioned cattle (9.09%) (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the multivariable model of animals sampled at slaughterhouse age of cattle was the only factor found to be associated with \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e seropositivity [OR=2.27 (95%CI: 1.93, 2.68); p=0.000], which means as age of cattle increase by one year, their chance of being \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e seropositive \u0026nbsp;increases by 2.27.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis research is the first to investigate the seroprevalence of and risk-factors for \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii \u003c/em\u003eexposure in cattle in Jimma Town the most important city in the second highest cattle production zone of Ethiopia.\u0026nbsp; The i-ELISA test used was claimed to have 100% sensitivity (Se) and specificity (SP) as described by the manufacturer using serum from confirmed infected animals but other authors cited the test sensitivity and specificity for serum as 100% and 95%, respectively, compared to PCR [18]. \u0026nbsp;Overall our results demonstrate that \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e infection is a significant public health problem in the area in that 8.77% (95%CI: 6.07-11.47) of tested animals were found with evidence of \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii \u003c/em\u003eantibodies. Our results suggest that cattle in Jimma town have a high level of exposure to \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e infection which could partly explain the observed reproductive disorders and abortions occurring in Jimma zone. Our findings are in agreement with 7.9% report in Algeria (sample size 311, cross sectional and tested with ELISA) [8], but higher than similar studies undertaken in Bura, Tana River County, Kenya which reported 5% (Sample size 96, cross sectional study design and ELISA test) [35], and 4% in Chad (sample size 195, cross sectional with i-ELISA) [49]. However, the overall seroprevalence reported in our study is lower compared to the previous studies in the Southeast Ethiopia (i.e. a seroprevalence of 31.6% using cELISA) by [20], and other countries in Africa ranging between 13% and 32% [25, 26, 36, 38, 39, 50]. The possible reasons for these variations might be the difference in sample sizes, sampling methods and diagnostic tests used, geographical locations and management systems being practiced. Our results indicate that \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e seroprevalence in cattle in Jimma town is significantly higher in cattle sent to slaughterhouse compared to dairy cattle in dairy farms (11.79% vs 6.17%) suggesting that management systems may play an important role at modulating exposure risk [6]. This might partly be explained by the fact that all cattle sampled at the slaughterhouse were local breeds kept under extensive management systems from a variety of different districts of Jimma zone. This finding is in line with the study conducted in Nigeria which reported a prevalence of 11% in cattle at slaughterhouse and a prevalence of 17.1% and 1.3% in local breed and cross breed respectively [54]. Extensive management systems allow for an increase in exposure opportunities to \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii \u003c/em\u003ethrough aerosol transmission between animals at grazing and watering areas. The extensive management system also exposes cattle to wildlife which could play a relevant role for disease species cross-transmission [47].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSimilarly, for dairy cattle our results indicate a significantly increased probability of seropositivity in crossbred dairy cattle kept under semi-intensive dairy production compared to intensive management system of dairy production. Cross breed dairy cattle are expensive and mostly kept under either intensive or semi-intensive management systems so that disease and tick are better controlled. Further, \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e can survive in dry dusty environmental conditions for months and cattle managed in a semi-intensive system can be at greater risk of exposure to contaminated aerosols from known transmission vehicles from infected animals such as urine, feces or birthing products in the field compared to cattle managed in intensive systems [9]. This is in agreement with other studies showing that dairy cows which were partially grazing in the field had higher seropositivity to \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e antibodies [6]. In addition, our study demonstrated that dairy cattle with access to nuisance animals (such as dogs, cats, mice) were more likely to be seropositive to\u003cem\u003e C. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e antibodies compared to dairy cattle with no access to nuisance animals. This finding is supported by evidence suggesting the ability for a range of companion animals and pests to be infected with \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e [4, 22, 32, 42, 43].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn our study we found a significant increase in the probability of \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e exposure with increasing age in both dairy cattle and cattle sampled at slaughterhouse. This finding is in agreement with previous studies in Ethiopia and Cameroon [20, 30] and a more recent study by [24] describing the age distribution of \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e antibodies in camels, cattle, goats and sheep.\u0026nbsp; One possible explanation is that the older the animal the greater is the potential exposure to the pathogen infections and keep circulating antibody [5, 31]. On the other hand, the result indicates that dairy cattle with evidence of tick infestation had significantly higher increase in the probability of \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e seropositivity (p-value\u0026le;0.027). This result is also in line with evidence from around the world pointing for the isolation of \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e from ticks [23, 26, 28] indicating a potential role of tick infection in the dissemination of Q fever in the herd.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur results indicate that dairy farm-level seroprevalence was marginally higher in farms with contact with other herds. Previous research reported that partial housing of the herds, contact with other herds and extensive management systems increased the likelihood of seropositivityto \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii \u003c/em\u003e[6, 24, 48, 53, 57]. These are all modifiable farm-level bio-exclusion factors which can be acted upon by farmers to reduce the changes of \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e transmission into the herd.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe findings of this study carry significant public health implications for the need to control Q fever in the community. Our results indicate that there is a significant risk of Q fever particularly in slaughterhouse workers, dairy farmers and other animal workers and the consumers of dairy products in Jimma town. Our results suggest that the burden of Q fever in these occupational groups identified is likely to be high and a collective effort is needed to investigate its impact on human health as well as to improve health promotion and education to these target community groups. Q fever awareness campaigns and on-farm Q fever biosecurity management plans need to be implemented in Jimma slaughterhouse workers and dairy cattle farmers with the aim of reducing their risk of exposure to \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e. Furthermore, the level of seroprevalence demonstrated in dairy farms necessitates more attention because these animals are the milk source for children. The veterinarian and public health sector need to work together in a One health approach to investigate the shared burden of Q fever in the province of Oromia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe findings of this study should be interpreted in light of its limitations. First, the cross-sectional nature of our investigation coupled with the use of serological tests for ascertainment of \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e exposure means that we were unable to conclude on the true infection status of animals/herds. Second, from the slaughterhouse survey we were unable to include female cattle which are usually managed under extensive management systems and thereby provide a more complete epidemiological picture of the level of \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e infection in rural population.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study indicates that \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e exposure is significantly high in cattle in an area in Ethiopia with one of the highest cattle populations in the country. Our findings demonstrate important modifiable farm-level risk factors which can be used to design farm-level Q fever biosecurity management plans and Q fever health promotion campaigns to reduce the public health of risk of \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e exposure. Further studies should be designed to investigate the level of \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e exposure in dairy farmers, slaughterhouse workers and consumers of dairy production in the region.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003ca name=\"_Toc442165287\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca name=\"_Toc445468731\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca name=\"_Toc471484025\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca name=\"_Toc498099831\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca name=\"_Toc505772358\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eStudy area and period\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted in Jimma Town from October 2016 to October 2017. The town is located in the Jimma zone of Oromia Regional State, South Western Ethiopia (Figure 1). Jimma town is situated at a distance of 356Km, South West of Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia, between 7\u0026ordm;41\"N latitude and 36\u0026ordm;50\"E longitudes and has an altitude of 1704 meters above sea level. The climate of the area is a tropical humid climate characterized by heavy rainfall which ranges from 1200-2000mm per annum. With the mean annual minimum and maximum temperature ranging from 6\u0026ordm;C and 31\u0026ordm;C respectively, the overall average temperature is approximately 18.5\u0026ordm;C. Jimma zone is one of the largest in livestock populations in Ethiopia with cattle population estimated 2,212,962 heads [10].\u0026nbsp; Dairy cattle are more under production in Jimma town and the surroundings small towns but more than 95% of the cattle populations are under extensive management which are used for mixed dairy and meat production as well as cash income generation for the rural communities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003ca name=\"_Toc505772359\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca name=\"_Toc498099832\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eTarget and study population\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca name=\"_Toc498099834\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eThe target population was apparently healthy crossbred dairy cattle kept under intensive and semi-intensive management systems and local breed cattle which are kept under extensive management system. These involved smallholder dairy farms and Jimma Dairy Development Enterprise (JDDE) and the local breed of male cattle presented to slaughterhouse aged between 3 and less than 10 years.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003ca name=\"_Toc505772360\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eSample size determination\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sample size to arrive at the study population was determined using the formula described ((Z\u003csup\u003e2 \u003c/sup\u003ex P(1- P))/e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e where Z=1.96 from normal distribution table, P= expected prevalence, e=desired precision level) by [13]. The conservative estimate of 50% prevalence, 95% level of confidence and 5% absolute precision was used. Accordingly, the estimated sample size of 384 animals was obtained. The calculated sample size was oversampled by 10% to account for possible problems with non-response or missing data [37]. This allowance was added summing up to the total of 422 samples. These samples were approximately halved to be distributed to dairy farms and slaughterhouse for blood sample collection. The proportion of required number of samples from each dairy farm was obtained by multiplying 28.3% expected prevalence of \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e in cattle reported from Kenya [26] to the total number of cattle in each dairy farm; on average a total of 9 animals were sampled from each dairy farm.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edesign\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e and \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esampling\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003estrategy \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTwo cross sectional studies were designed to achieve the objectives of this study. First, a slaughterhouse survey was designed in the following way: in each day of visit to the slaughterhouse for a period of two weeks, a representative percentage of 25% of animals were picked by simple random sampling technique from the lairage during ante mortem inspection. The sampling frame was constructed by listing the total number of animals in the lairage of each visiting day. The total number of slaughtered animals in Jimma slaughterhouse ranged from 55\u0026ndash;85 per day. On average, 14 samples were sampled per day to attain the total samples required (ie. 195 samples) and after sampling, animal level data like age, sex, tick infestation, breed, body condition score, production system were recorded.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSecond, a farm-level survey was designed to measure Q fever exposure in the following way: a list of all 61 dairy farms and their contact details and location (ie. \u003cem\u003eKebele\u003c/em\u003e) was obtained from Jimma town livestock and fisheries resources development office. Thus a total of 25 dairy farms were selected by simple random sampling technique out of the 61 farms on the list to satisfy the total sample required from dairy farms. Each farm was visited once for about one month sampling period. All targeted farms are business oriented dairy farms with crossbred and/or pure exotic breeds of dairy cattle (Holstein- Friesian). Based on [34], herd size was categorized as small if the total number of animals in the herd was 3\u0026ndash;10 animals, and large if the animal number in the herd were 11 or above. A farm owner questionnaire was used to collect risk factor data for Q fever infection, including individual-level data and farm-level data. For individual-level data animals\u0026rsquo; age in years was recorded by means of dentition (as described by [29]) and also asking farm owners. Additional individual-level independent variables included sex, body condition score (BCS; categorized as poor, good and very good as described by [44]), breed, tick infestation status of animals and animal parity, and abortion status. For farm-level data these included multi species mix, multi age mix, history of contact with other herds, herd size (in a continuous numeric scale), production system (classified as intensive, semi-intensive and extensive), presence of nuisance animals in the farm (eg. presence of dogs, cats, rodents and others), were included in the questionnaire/check list (Appendix 1\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003ca name=\"_Toc498099835\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003ca name=\"_Toc505772365\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca name=\"_Toc442165291\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca name=\"_Toc445468736\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca name=\"_Toc498099837\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eSpecimen collection procedure\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbout 10 ml of blood sample was collected from the jugular vein of each selected cattle using plain vacutainer tubes and multipurpose disposable blood collection needle 21Gx1 1/2\" plus needle holder (Zhejiang Kanshi) Medical Devices Co. Ltd. (HENSO). Before and after sample collection, 70% ethanol alcohol was applied as disinfectant. Each specimen was labeled with unique identification number. The tubes were transported to Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine laboratory in an icebox and the tubes were put in an oblique position of 45˚, for overnight at room temperature, to allow clotting of blood, the next morning sera was gently pipetted into cryovials and stored in deep freezer at -20 \u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC, until diagnosis was made in the laboratory of National Veterinary Institute (NVI) at Debre-Zeit, Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca name=\"_Toc498099838\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca name=\"_Toc505772366\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLaboratory Analysis and Interpretation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll serum samples were tested using Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (i-ELISA) from ID Screen\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003eQ fever Indirect Multi- Species kits (ID.vet, 310; rue Louis Pasteur\u0026ndash;Grabels\u0026ndash;France) for the detection of antibodies against \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e. \u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eAll reagents were prepared and results were interpreted according to the manufacturer\u0026rsquo;s instructions. Briefly, the optical densities (OD) were read at 450 nm in a micro-plate photometer (Multi Skan Ex, Thermo Electron Corporation, Finland). Negative control (NC), and positive control (PC) were run as duplicates in the micro\u0026ndash;plate wells A, B and C, D respectively whereas sera were run as a single spot in the remaining micro plate wells. Interpretation of the result for each sample was obtained as the percentage of the ratio between the sample Optical\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe negative and positive samples were determined based on the laboratory test thresholds\u0026ndash;values for its status (Table 1). The coloration quantity depends on the presence of antibodies in the specimen; positive sample will remain colored after addition of stop solution, while the light yellow negative sample will be colorless or white.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003ca name=\"_Toc505772367\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eData management and statistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data collected during the sero-surveys were entered into MS Office Excel 2010. Data were analyzed separately for cattle sampled in dairy farms and cattle sampled at the slaughterhouse. The overall prevalence was calculated as a total number of positive samples for \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e divided by the total number of samples tested multiplied by 100. For each prevalence, binomial \u0026lsquo;exact\u0026rsquo; 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated using Epitools [51]. To statistically test the difference between the overall prevalence in dairy farms and slaughterhouse, a test for two sample proportions was calculated using the proportion test calculator in the statistical software STATA version 13 [52]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnivariable mixed effect logistic regression analysis was used to select individual explanatory variable that may predict individual \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e seropositivity. Variables with a p-value \u003cu\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/u\u003e0.25 at the univariable screening were taken forward to a multivariable mixed effect generalized linear model (farm as random effect) with Bernoulli family with a logit link. A separate multivariable binomial generalized linear model was used to model herd level prevalence data. Slaughterhouse data was analyzed using logit generalized linear model. Furthermore, multicollinearity was also assessed for any correlation between the explanatory variables with Spearman\u0026rsquo;s rank correlation and between management system and contact with other herds shows there is a correlation (Spearman's rho =-0.6001; P-value\u0026le;0.0015). Interaction terms between explanatory variables were entered into the model to investigate the presence of effect modification. Statistical significance in the multivariable model was set at a P\u0026ndash;value \u0026le; 0.05. All statistical analyses were performed in Stata statistical software version 13 [52].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003e21Gx1: 21 Needle Gauge\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBCS: body condition score\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003e burnetii\u003c/em\u003e: \u003cem\u003eCoxiella burnetii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCDC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecELISA: competitive Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCI: confidence interval\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCo. Ltd: Company Limited\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCSA: Central Statistical Agency\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eE: East\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eECDC: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEFSA: European Food Safety Authority\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFAO: Food and Agricultural Organization\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eID.vet: diagnostic kits producing company for farm animals; Louis Pasteur, France\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI-ELISA: Indirect Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJDDE: Jimma Dairy Development Enterprise\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKm: kilometer\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMS: Microsoft\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN: North\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNC: Negative control\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNVI: National Veterinary Institute\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ordm;C: degree Celsius\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;OD: Optical densities\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOIE: World organization for animal health\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;OR: odds ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eP: predictive value (p-value)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePC: Positive control\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePCR: Polymerase chain reaction\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQ fever: Query fever\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQLD: Queensland\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSe: sensitivity\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSP: specificity\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUQ: The University of Queensland\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWHO: World Health Organization\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research work plan received ethical review and approved by the Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine\u0026rsquo;s Ethical Review Board. The board approved an oral consent from cattle owners after evaluating the study proposal and confirming that the study did not inflict much injury to the study animals and farmers. Oral consents were taken from cattle owners after explaining the objectives of the study and its benefit and all safety procedure was followed during sample collection from the study units. These consents were taken in the presence of eyewitnesses. The serostatus of the study animals were kept anonymous.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsent to publish the finding of the data was obtained orally from all farm owners during sampling and data collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and material\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data supporting the findings of article are not available publicly due to ethical reason and are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that there is no conflicting interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was funded by Jimma University college of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine. \u0026nbsp;The College financed and supervised the research activities. The funder did not have any role in designing study, collecting, analyzing and interpreting the data and manuscript write up. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors' contributions \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFB and BD conceive the research idea, wrote the proposal, analyzed and interpreted the data analysis results and prepared the article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDO was a major contributor in data collection and manuscript write up.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRJS contributed in article edition, interpretation of the analysis results and study map preparation. All authors have read and approved the manuscript for publication.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe would like to thank Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine for financing this research work to be realized.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbebe A. Prevalence of Q fever infection in the Addis Ababa abattoir. \u003cem\u003eEthiopian medical journal\u003c/em\u003e. 1990; 28(3):119-22.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlemselam B, Harlow CR, Goitom G, Desalew T, Gidena D, Tadesse G, Simon CR. Assessment of reproductive performance and problems in crossbred (Holstein Friesian X Zebu) dairy cattle in and around Mekelle, Tigray. \u003cem\u003eEthiopia Animal and Veterinary Sciences\u003c/em\u003e. 2015; 3(3):94-101.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAngelakis E, Raoult D. 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Demography of Q fever seroprevalence in sheep and goats in The Netherlands in 2008. \u003cem\u003ePreventive veterinary medicine\u003c/em\u003e. 2013; 109(1-2):76-82.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVan der Hoek W, Hunink J, Vellema P, Droogers P. Q fever in The Netherlands: the role of local environmental conditions. \u003cem\u003eInternational journal of environmental health research\u003c/em\u003e. 2011; 21(6):441-51.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVan Engelen E, Schotten N, Schimmer B, Hautvast JL, Van Schaik G, Van Duijnhoven YT. Prevalence and risk factors for \u003cem\u003eCoxiella burnetii\u003c/em\u003e (Q fever) in Dutch dairy cattle herds based on bulk tank milk testing. \u003cem\u003ePreventive veterinary medicine\u003c/em\u003e. 2014; 117(1):103-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:42.55pt;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;text-indent:-42.55pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eSerum and plasma samples thresholds\u0026ndash;values and status\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;for the interpretation of ELISA test.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width:437.4pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 239.8pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 8.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: 200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eResult\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 197.6pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 8.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: 200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eStatus\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 239.8pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.7pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: 200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eS/P % \u0026le; 40%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 197.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.7pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: 200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNegative\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 239.8pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.7pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: 200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e40% \u0026lt; S/P % \u0026le; 50%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 197.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.7pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: 200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eDoubtful\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 239.8pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: 200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e50% \u0026lt; S/P % \u0026le; 80%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 197.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: 200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePositive\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 239.8pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: 200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eS/P % \u0026gt; 80%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 197.6pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: 200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eStrong positive\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.25pt;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;text-indent:-39.25pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTable 2: Univariable logistic regression analysis (adjusted for herd effect) to select forward factor for final model contributing to \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e distribution in dairy cattle and slaughter cattle of Jimma, Ethiopia (n=227; 195 respectively) \u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 5.4e+2pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 83.4pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.8pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eVariable\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 92.1pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.8pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eCategory\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.8pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNo tested\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.8pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePrevalence (%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 85.05pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.8pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e95%CI\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.8pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eOR(95% CI)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 49.6pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.8pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eP- value\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eLower\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eUpper\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 83.4pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eAge\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eIn years\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e227\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e14 (6.17)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3.41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e10.13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.33(1.04-1.69)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.021\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 83.4pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 8.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eSex\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 8.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eMale\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 8.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 8.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3(75.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 8.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e19.41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 8.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e99.37\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 8.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e57.25(10.29, 318.50)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 49.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 8.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 3.85pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eFemale\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 3.85pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e223\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 3.85pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e11(4.93)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 3.85pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.49\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 3.85pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e8.65\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 3.85pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 83.4pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.9pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ebreed\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.9pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003elocal\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.9pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.9pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1(14.29)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.9pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.36\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.9pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e57.87\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.9pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.71(0.21, 34.95)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 49.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.9pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.444\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.55pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eCrossholisten\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.55pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e220\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.55pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e13(5.91)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.55pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3.18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.55pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e9.89\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.55pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 83.4pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 8.55pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eBCS\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 8.55pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eOrdinal scale\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 8.55pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e57\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 8.55pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2(3.51)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 8.55pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0. 43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 8.55pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e12.11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 8.55pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 8.55pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.243\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 83.4pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eMultiage mix\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e115\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e8(6.96)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3.05\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e13.25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.33(0.52,3.43)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 49.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.548 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eYes(ref)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e112\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e6(5.36)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.99\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e11.30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 83.4pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eMultiSpecies mix\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eyes \u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e203\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e14(6.90)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3.82\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e11.30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026infin;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 49.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.9pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;No\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.9pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.9pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.9pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.00\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.9pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e14.25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.9pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 83.4pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.05pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTick infest\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.05pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNo (Ref)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.05pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e123\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.05pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e7(5.69)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.05pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.05pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e11.37\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.05pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 49.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.05pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.746\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.05pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eYes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.05pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e104\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.05pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e7(6.73)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.05pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3.30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.05pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e13.25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.05pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.21(0.08, 18.30)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 83.4pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 27.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eHerd size\u003csup\u003e\u0026szlig;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 27.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eContinuous scale\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 27.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e227\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 27.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e14 (6.17)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 27.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3.41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 27.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e10.13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 27.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.01(0.99, 1.03)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 27.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.163\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 83.4pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.05pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eContact other herd\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.05pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.05pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e206\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.05pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e12(5.83)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.05pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3.05\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.05pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e9.95\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.05pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 49.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.05pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.477 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eyes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2(9.52)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e30.38\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.4pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.71(0.38, 7.51)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 83.4pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 6.25pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eManagement system\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 6.25pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eIntensive\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 6.25pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e129\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 6.25pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e6(4.65)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 6.25pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.73\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 6.25pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e9.85\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 6.25pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 49.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 6.25pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.170 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 24.75pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eSemi-intensive\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 24.75pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e98\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 24.75pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e8(8.16)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 24.75pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3.59\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 24.75pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e15.45\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 24.75pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.84(0.77,4.41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 83.4pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.6pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePresence nuisance animals (dog,cat, mice\u0026hellip;)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.6pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNo\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.6pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e70\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.6pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3(4.29)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.6pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.89\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.6pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e12.02\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.6pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.6pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.314 \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.85pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.85pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e157\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.85pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e11(7.01)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.85pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3.55\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.85pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e12.19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.85pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.71(0.60,4.82)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.85pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 83.4pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTotal\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ecattle\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e227\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e14 (6.17)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3.41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e10.13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" style=\"width: 537pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.45pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eFemale data (n=223)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 49.2pt;border-right: none;border-bottom: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eAnimal aborted\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 126.3pt;border-right: none;border-bottom: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNo(ref)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-right: none;border-bottom: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e191\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-right: none;border-bottom: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e9(4.71)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-right: none;border-bottom: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-right: none;border-bottom: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e8.76\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-right: none;border-bottom: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 49.6pt;border-right: none;border-bottom: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.722\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 126.3pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eYes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2(6.25)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.77\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e20.71\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.35(0.26, 6.98)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 49.2pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eParity\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 126.3pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eHeifer (ref)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e65\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2(3.08)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.37\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e10.68\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 126.3pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePerimiparous\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3(7.14)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e19.48\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.43(0.26, 22.34)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.435\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 126.3pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eMultiparous\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e116\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e6(5.17)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.39\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e10.83\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.72(0.39,7.62)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.476\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" style=\"width: 537pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eSlaughterhouse data (n=195)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.2pt;border-right: none;border-bottom: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 25.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eAge\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 126.3pt;border-right: none;border-bottom: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 25.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eIn years\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-right: none;border-bottom: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 25.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e195\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-right: none;border-bottom: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 25.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e23 (11.79)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-right: none;border-bottom: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 25.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e7.63\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-right: none;border-bottom: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 25.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e17.17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-right: none;border-bottom: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 25.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e6.93(3.51, 13.66)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border-right: none;border-bottom: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 25.15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.2pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.25pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eBCS\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 126.3pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.25pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eOrdinal scale\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.25pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e195\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.25pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e23 (11.790\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.25pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e7.63\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.25pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e17.17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.25pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.48(0.24-0.99)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.25pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.049 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.2pt;border-right: none;border-bottom: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 22pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTick infest\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 126.3pt;border-right: none;border-bottom: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 22pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNo (Ref)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-right: none;border-bottom: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 22pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-right: none;border-bottom: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 22pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2 (9.09)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-right: none;border-bottom: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 22pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-right: none;border-bottom: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 22pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e29.16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-right: none;border-bottom: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 22pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 49.6pt;border-right: none;border-bottom: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 22pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.678 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.2pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 20.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 126.3pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 20.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eYes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 20.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e173\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 20.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e21 (12.14)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 20.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e7.67\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 20.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e17.96\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 20.65pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.38 (0.30-6.36)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.2pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTotal\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 126.3pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ecattle\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;195\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e23 (11.79)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e7.63\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e17.17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.7pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border:none;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border:none;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border:none;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border:none;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border:none;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border:none;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border:none;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border:none;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border:none;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLegend: Ref. = Reference, OR = Odds Ratio, CI = Confidence Interval, \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003eAge was measured in years, \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003eBSC=Body condition Score on 9 ordinal scale, \u003csup\u003e\u0026szlig;\u003c/sup\u003eHerd size was the number of cattle in the farm.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:45.0pt;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;text-indent:-45.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3:\u003c/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eResults of final\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ebest fitting\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003emultivariable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003emixed effect generalized linear model for the probability of \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e seropositivity\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ein\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;dairy cattle (n=227) in Jimma, Ethiopia\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 5.1e+2pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 62.1pt;border-right: none;border-bottom: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 2.55pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eVariables\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 85.05pt;border-right: none;border-bottom: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 2.55pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eCategory\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 49.6pt;border-right: none;border-bottom: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 2.55pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eN\u003cu\u003eo\u003c/u\u003e tested\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 68.1pt;border-right: none;border-bottom: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 2.55pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePrevalence (%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 92.15pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 2.55pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 95%CI\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-right: none;border-bottom: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 2.55pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eOR(95% CI) **\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-right: none;border-bottom: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 2.55pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:-2.2pt;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eP- value\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eLower\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.65pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eUpper\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.1pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eAge\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eIn years\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e227\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68.1pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e14 (6.17)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3.41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.65pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e10.13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.51\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(1.30,1.75)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.1pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 23.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTick infest\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 23.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNo (Ref)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 23.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e123\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68.1pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 23.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e7(5.69)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 23.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.65pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 23.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e11.37\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 23.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 23.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.027\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.1pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eYes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e104\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68.1pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e7(6.73)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3.30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.65pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e13.25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.07(0.01, 0.74)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.1pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eManagement system\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eIntensive\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e129\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68.1pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e6(4.65)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.73\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.65pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e9.85\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New 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none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 0.2in;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eSemi-intensive\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 0.2in;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e98\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68.1pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 0.2in;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e8(8.16)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 0.2in;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3.59\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.65pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 0.2in;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e15.45\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 0.2in;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e8.08(1.03,63.68)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 0.2in;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New 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26.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.89\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.65pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e12.02\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.120\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e157\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68.1pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e11(7.01)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3.55\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.65pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e12.19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e5.65(0.64,50.23)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 62.1pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.9pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n 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normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e65\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68.1pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.9pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2(3.08)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.9pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New 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13.9pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePerimiparous\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68.1pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3(7.14)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.65pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e19.48\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.56(0.07, 4.39)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.580\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eMultiparous\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e116\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68.1pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e6(5.17)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.39\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.65pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e10.83\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.45(0.11, 1.88)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.272\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLegend: Ref. = Reference, OR = Odds Ratio, CI = Confidence Interval, **=Adjusted for random effect of farm, \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003eAge was measured in years\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:49.5pt;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;text-indent:-49.5pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTable 4: Multivariable Binomial Generalized linear models of factors at farm level (n=25 farms) for \u003cem\u003eC. Burnetii\u003c/em\u003e sero-distribution in dairy cattle of Jimma, Ethiopia\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 4.6e+2pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 49.5pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eVariable\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 55.15pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eCategory\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNo tested\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 68.15pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePrevalence (%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 81pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e95%CI\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 98.9pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eOR(95% CI)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 49.6pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eP- value\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.5pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.65pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eLower\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.5pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.65pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eUpper\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 49.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eHerd size\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55.15pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003esmall\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68.15pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.00\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e45.93\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98.9pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eref\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 49.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.120 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55.15pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 19.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eLarge\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 19.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68.15pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 19.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e7(36.84)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 19.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e16.29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 19.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e61.64\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98.9pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 19.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.03 (0.99, 1.06)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 49.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.05pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eContact other herd\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55.15pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.05pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.05pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68.15pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.05pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e5(23.81)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.05pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e8.22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.05pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e47.17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98.9pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.05pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eref\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 49.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.05pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.088 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55.15pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eyes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68.15pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2(50.00)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e6.76\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e93.24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98.9pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e4.63 (0.79, 26.94)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 49.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 6.25pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eManagement system\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55.15pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 6.25pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eIntensive\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 6.25pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68.15pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 6.25pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e5(25.00)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 6.25pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e8.66\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 6.25pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e49.10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98.9pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 6.25pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eref\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 49.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 6.25pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.348\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55.15pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 24.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eSemi-intensive\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 24.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68.15pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 24.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2(40.00)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 24.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e5.27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 24.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e85.34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98.9pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 24.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.94 (0.31,25)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.5pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTotal\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55.15pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ecattle\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68.15pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e7 (28)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.5pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e12.07\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.5pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e49.39\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98.9pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLegend: OR = Odds Ratio, CI = Confidence Interval; ref= reference\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-veterinary-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Veterinary Research](http://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"12917","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12917/3?","title":"BMC Veterinary Research","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Cattle, Q fever, Seroprevalence, Ethiopia","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-33782/v4","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-33782/v4","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c/strong\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ fever is a zoonotic disease, caused by Gram negative bacterium \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii,\u003c/em\u003e which imparts significant socio-economic burden due to production and reproductive loss (abortion, stillbirth, and infertility) in ruminants and debilitating clinical disease in human populations. While sheep and goats are considered the primary reservoirs of infection to humans, infection can also result from exposure to cattle. Recent studies indicate that in Ethiopia Q fever is a disease of growing public health interest. The top cattle producing region in Ethiopia is the Oromia region and Jimma is the zone that ranks first in the population of cattle within Oromia. While in Jimma zone livestock production plays an important role in people’s livelihoods and nutrition, to date, there is no available report on seroprevalence of Q fever in cattle. This is particularly important due to the low dairy farm biosecurity in Jimma town. This study aimed to evaluate the potential risk for public health from cattle production; a specific objective of this study included the estimation of the seroprevalence of \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e infection and its potential risk factors in dairy cattle and cattle for slaughter in Jimma Town. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe seroprevalence of \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e in cattle present at dairy farms was significantly lower compared to cattle presented at slaughterhouse [6.17% (95% CI: 3.41-10.13) and 11.79% (95% CI: 7.63-17.17), respectively; (P=0.04)]. As the age of dairy cattle increase by one year, they were 1.51 more likely to be positive of \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e [OR=1.51 (95%CI: 1.30-1.75; (P=0.000)]. Cattle managed in semi-intensive production systems were 8.08 more likely to be \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e seropositive compared to intensively managed dairy cattle [OR=8.08 (95%CI: 1.03-63.68); P=0.047]. Dairy cattle with access to nuisance animals like dogs, cats and mice were 5.65 more likely to be \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e seropositive compared to dairy cattle without access to these animals. On the other hand, dairy cattle that have no tick infestation are 93% less likely to be seropositive for \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e [OR=0.07 (95%CI: 0.01-0.74); P=0.027]. Concerning farm-level data, farms of larger herd sizes were 1.03 more likely to be \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e seropositive than small herd farms [OR=1.03 (95%CI: 0.99-1.06)]. The result from slaughterhouse indicates that as the age of cattle increase by one year their chance of being \u003cem\u003eC. burnetii\u003c/em\u003e seropositive increases by 2.27 [OR=2.27 (95%CI: 1.93-2.68); p=0.000].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c/strong\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConsidering its zoonotic and economic burden the seroprevalence of Q fever recorded in this study is of eminent public health concern with a farm-level and slaughterhouse seroprevalence of 6.17% and 11.79% respectively. Based on modifiable risk factors identified in this study, Q fever management plans better be focused on health education and awareness campaigns for abattoir workers and dairy farm workers. Dairy farm Q fever management plans should contemplate improved dairy herd biosecurity with regards to cattle tick infestation, keeping different livestock species segregated and avoiding mixing of herd with others with unknown health status.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Seroprevalence of and Risk Factors for Q Fever in Dairy and Slaughterhouse Cattle of Jimma Town, South Western Ethiopia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":4,"date":"2020-10-05 16:48:05","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-33782/v4","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2020-09-28T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"decision","content":"Accept","date":"2020-09-28T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-veterinary-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn 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