Spatially-Resolved Atmospheric Turbulence Sensing with Two-Dimensional Orbital Angular Momentum Spectroscopy

Spatially-Resolved Atmospheric Turbulence Sensing with Two-Dimensional Orbital Angular Momentum Spectroscopy | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Spatially-Resolved Atmospheric Turbulence Sensing with Two-Dimensional Orbital Angular Momentum Spectroscopy Mingjian Cheng, Wenjie Jiang, Lixin Guo, Andrew Forbes This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7547670/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 19 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Communications Physics → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Atmospheric turbulence characterization is crucial for technologies like free-space optical communications. Existing methods using a spatially-integrated one-dimensional (1D) orbital angular momentum (OAM) spectrum, P(m), obscure the heterogeneous nature of atmospheric distortions. This study introduces a two-dimensional (2D) OAM spectroscopy, P(m, n), which resolves the OAM spectrum (topological charge m) across discrete radial annuli (index n). Integrating this high-dimensional spectral analysis with a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier significantly improves the accuracy of atmospheric turbulence parameter inversion. The full potential of complex probe beams, such as multi-ringed Bessel-Gaussian beams, is realized with this radially-resolved 2D analysis. Through a co-design of the probe beam's spatial structure and the OAM spectral analysis dimensionality, a median classification accuracy of 85.47% was achieved across 20 turbulence conditions, a 23% absolute improvement over 1D techniques. The radial index also mitigates insufficient OAM spectral range, and a targeted feature-selection protocol addresses noise from low signal-to-noise ratio outer radial regions. This framework emphasizes co-design of the optical probe field and its OAM spectral analysis for enhanced fidelity in turbulence characterization. Physical sciences/Optics and photonics/Applied optics/Atmospheric optics Physical sciences/Optics and photonics/Optical techniques/Imaging and sensing Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO Competing Interest. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 19 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Communications Physics → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7547670","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":515597966,"identity":"c598c04b-8565-4cf3-b4fd-d242539332ad","order_by":0,"name":"Mingjian Cheng","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA50lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFCCA2wgUo6BmcHgAESASC3GpGhhAGtJbGBgMGAgSotu4+FnDz7uqE3fcJx544GfOxjk+G4kMH4uwKPF7MAxc8OZZ47nzmxmKzjYe4bBWPJGArP0DLxazrBJ87Ydy+1n5jE4wNvGkLjhRgIbMw8hLX/bjqUDlRkc/NvGUE+cFsa2mgR+oJbDQFsSDAhrOWYm2dt2wBDkl8OybRJAjz1slsar5cbhZxI/2+rkDc4f3vzxbZuNPN/x5IOf8WlhkDgAIg/DuUDM2IBPAwMDP1i+Dr+iUTAKRsEoGNkAAIYAUgXW38JeAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6827-9023","institution":"Xidian University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mingjian","middleName":"","lastName":"Cheng","suffix":""},{"id":515597967,"identity":"00eb1ca8-b663-4bb1-b44f-6eb6c2f464e4","order_by":1,"name":"Wenjie Jiang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wenjie","middleName":"","lastName":"Jiang","suffix":""},{"id":515597968,"identity":"f1cc0721-5cb7-4728-83cb-2795ecc9ec4d","order_by":2,"name":"Lixin Guo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lixin","middleName":"","lastName":"Guo","suffix":""},{"id":515597969,"identity":"e1da65e1-68a7-4dee-ab51-11950c025162","order_by":3,"name":"Andrew Forbes","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2552-5586","institution":"University of the Witwatersrand","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Andrew","middleName":"","lastName":"Forbes","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-09-06 01:55:27","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7547670/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7547670/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-026-02587-7","type":"published","date":"2026-03-19T04:00:00+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":92064146,"identity":"492489cb-add4-4264-a667-08e0a056fb0c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 08:39:14","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2189849,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"commsjphys9.4.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547670/v1/740f275b57c5e043504d9a14.docx"},{"id":92064192,"identity":"bbbbbb6a-3449-4468-b1b0-12d06e247a87","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 08:39:15","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":5633,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"COMMSPHYS251461.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547670/v1/b5cc339073d4b3a7a5a8b853.json"},{"id":92064201,"identity":"b2e4a5f7-e774-4e05-a340-5c305a9d95ed","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 08:39:15","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":105798,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"COMMSPHYS2514610enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547670/v1/d11a3a8a7b0f702f50702fe2.xml"},{"id":92064945,"identity":"eb42ab29-af47-4180-8ae5-5673e04f5706","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 08:47:16","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":142313,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547670/v1/cfd912b60a6a93f271c3b2f3.png"},{"id":92064265,"identity":"b4f55369-a537-477a-984f-966237689a31","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 08:39:17","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":57850,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547670/v1/7251c462ef3d5d537b8f4082.png"},{"id":92064215,"identity":"c4dd7a36-6961-4fc9-baaf-3263f4f1fd23","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 08:39:16","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":136571,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547670/v1/da647b116d05a2d898966948.png"},{"id":92064241,"identity":"fcd03925-4198-4460-949a-02d6d513140a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 08:39:17","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":260255,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547670/v1/8921a45c6494fee16b360381.png"},{"id":92064368,"identity":"1c0b90c6-5c55-4858-969c-93c302318975","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 08:39:20","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":285630,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547670/v1/aac451359eb394e70e09cdad.png"},{"id":92064942,"identity":"011dee2f-b07e-45f8-8ef1-535a2ef96ad4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 08:47:15","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":377704,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547670/v1/8c394c07fff16b30e3d8440e.png"},{"id":92064281,"identity":"8614d0d5-ed94-4157-be2f-961917968968","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 08:39:17","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":53788,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547670/v1/a38e934049f02a378ea03d4c.png"},{"id":92064267,"identity":"53d9473b-7351-46ca-9f20-e8a7ac04eeb4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 08:39:17","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":37585,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547670/v1/8b4ddba3dbcade2a4fe39251.png"},{"id":92064233,"identity":"2cc25e95-f24b-4ece-8980-0b22fa0e9cd1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 08:39:16","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":311302,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547670/v1/3a5886b18b2ae8b119bdd7bf.png"},{"id":92064275,"identity":"98c28a16-46ce-46fa-adf9-6e91bd3be501","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 08:39:17","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":217578,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547670/v1/19455096a5174dfd935251db.png"},{"id":92064953,"identity":"8e575f41-bc5e-40e6-ac8c-05326b3002e6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 08:47:18","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":208326,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547670/v1/16e8d539233ad2972e383304.png"},{"id":92064167,"identity":"e5f7ace7-9830-45de-9d38-a4de20d81601","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 08:39:15","extension":"wmf","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":720,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image18.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547670/v1/1c1f6696c897fb6c5277a6de.wmf"},{"id":92064209,"identity":"4e35fd83-cee8-4c3d-93aa-9c65c2eba244","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 08:39:16","extension":"wmf","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":616,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image19.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547670/v1/608051128bd449f8396acc77.wmf"},{"id":92064292,"identity":"ca96ffd6-17e8-4942-9829-9bf68eeef462","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 08:39:18","extension":"wmf","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":512,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image3.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547670/v1/d1c08af8f08cc61fa8233ebf.wmf"},{"id":92064180,"identity":"3ec693aa-2178-47f1-91a2-8f0a879b9146","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 08:39:15","extension":"wmf","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":512,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image5.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547670/v1/ef925f119761220cde85d09a.wmf"},{"id":92064952,"identity":"5f37e7af-7e0e-4efc-8e1b-fcec3f2b941c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 08:47:18","extension":"wmf","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":512,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image6.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547670/v1/3b754f16d38409981c71efdf.wmf"},{"id":92064943,"identity":"fbdfef51-1c6a-4522-807a-be363fae5be7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 08:47:15","extension":"wmf","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1000,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image8.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547670/v1/9e3ce9fc9a662027111aeca8.wmf"},{"id":92064171,"identity":"3b6ba3be-0373-4fd8-85e6-4a74da760a51","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 08:39:15","extension":"wmf","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":512,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image9.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547670/v1/5597ddb4f4508d2e2bf16042.wmf"},{"id":92064954,"identity":"e78d572b-e744-4081-9c0a-98e02152c1e8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 08:47:18","extension":"png","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":23384,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547670/v1/496fc9ee8abcd759352c401c.png"},{"id":92064212,"identity":"fc022769-cc3f-4536-882e-c450d6477729","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 08:39:16","extension":"png","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":13679,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547670/v1/f3a7dff26611e8645387e00d.png"},{"id":92064357,"identity":"31801b03-36bc-4f40-9c41-285ee31f42e5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 08:39:19","extension":"png","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":34044,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547670/v1/e5117486c76a6a0c13c5ac8c.png"},{"id":92064296,"identity":"378f489a-b9da-4e5a-8ba4-4ae5d330a7d8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 08:39:18","extension":"png","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":59137,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547670/v1/6fddd1cebfbf21c0126b8616.png"},{"id":92064940,"identity":"1291f289-1c8b-418a-8e54-8fbc70d0a554","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 08:47:15","extension":"png","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":51408,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547670/v1/2c3216ddc209db92c8b973c5.png"},{"id":92064334,"identity":"dda4f2d1-ca2a-4d1c-a6e6-e4bff18c692b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 08:39:18","extension":"png","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":62277,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547670/v1/466b606220c756cf2d9e56bd.png"},{"id":92064297,"identity":"040ebb25-aea0-4f01-aef5-1f2ff184d760","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 08:39:18","extension":"png","order_by":27,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":18953,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547670/v1/aaeebd9671f98062e9823703.png"},{"id":92065937,"identity":"cf740143-f8a1-4535-9a0d-df6b2c56938a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 08:55:15","extension":"png","order_by":28,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":10658,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547670/v1/4c224147d883b29cc6d253da.png"},{"id":92064254,"identity":"678f231e-6c5d-4c2e-b7e2-1f3cf550d2a9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 08:39:17","extension":"png","order_by":29,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":62986,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547670/v1/15ce2718e99edbcdfed8a06d.png"},{"id":92064944,"identity":"6e406a89-cbfc-4251-abcc-e015658599d1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 08:47:16","extension":"png","order_by":30,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":48819,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547670/v1/659f9a5d03747f161399b186.png"},{"id":92064223,"identity":"51694af5-d2ba-4204-8d68-cab2b891994d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 08:39:16","extension":"png","order_by":31,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":39512,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547670/v1/207e39e7a28ee5aa7e539123.png"},{"id":92064946,"identity":"fb4b6ef0-f202-4755-82bc-de93b75731d4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 08:47:16","extension":"png","order_by":32,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":505,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage18.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547670/v1/b5919ffceafb2f9804d5ead8.png"},{"id":92064235,"identity":"d848d155-219c-41d5-b9d9-d7abd420cb34","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 08:39:16","extension":"png","order_by":33,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":399,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage19.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547670/v1/389f2fa9f1764769c999d3c3.png"},{"id":92064377,"identity":"64872cd2-1808-433d-a2a4-c1a51ab29220","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 08:39:20","extension":"png","order_by":34,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":330,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547670/v1/31ed3af41aa22a2d123d2e3c.png"},{"id":92064195,"identity":"c9f8a42c-bb0d-4843-ba71-37d982f64f4b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 08:39:15","extension":"png","order_by":35,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":320,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547670/v1/16ac114c8b7eeb33c8c119f5.png"},{"id":92064219,"identity":"56d2512f-a457-4db1-af06-3322cc7b2c72","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 08:39:16","extension":"png","order_by":36,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":326,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547670/v1/c8dbf2729238faa1cb6dd3bf.png"},{"id":92064176,"identity":"b923ad46-23c0-44b6-bc14-7c914e8a589f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 08:39:15","extension":"png","order_by":37,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":889,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547670/v1/6f9bf3f766a37fc4504d9c70.png"},{"id":92064158,"identity":"e180a588-b4ca-4080-baf6-34dadee0d7ee","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 08:39:15","extension":"png","order_by":38,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":320,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547670/v1/923169fb767e984294be07d4.png"},{"id":92064341,"identity":"93e0db4d-b10a-4e08-8ddc-fcac35da6439","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 08:39:19","extension":"xml","order_by":39,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":104665,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"COMMSPHYS2514610structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547670/v1/0e3d527d105e86cf7b70270a.xml"},{"id":92064225,"identity":"8d47ea86-e27e-4d61-a0c5-528de3f030fb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 08:39:16","extension":"html","order_by":40,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":118442,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547670/v1/9bf64c1e6e95bfdab57200b0.html"},{"id":108762883,"identity":"dd8613dd-c74b-4a4b-99b8-a4d8fd4067d3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-08 07:07:55","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1018449,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"commsjphys9.4.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7547670/v1_covered_eac4a663-3fdb-4f86-a7d3-3b58aeb47842.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"There is \u003cb\u003eNO\u003c/b\u003e Competing Interest.","formattedTitle":"Spatially-Resolved Atmospheric Turbulence Sensing with Two-Dimensional Orbital Angular Momentum Spectroscopy","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"nature-portfolio","isNatureJournal":true,"hasQc":false,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Nature Portfolio","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":false,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"ejp","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7547670/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7547670/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Atmospheric turbulence characterization is crucial for technologies like free-space optical communications. Existing methods using a spatially-integrated one-dimensional (1D) orbital angular momentum (OAM) spectrum, P(m), obscure the heterogeneous nature of atmospheric distortions. This study introduces a two-dimensional (2D) OAM spectroscopy, P(m, n), which resolves the OAM spectrum (topological charge m) across discrete radial annuli (index n). Integrating this high-dimensional spectral analysis with a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier significantly improves the accuracy of atmospheric turbulence parameter inversion. The full potential of complex probe beams, such as multi-ringed Bessel-Gaussian beams, is realized with this radially-resolved 2D analysis. Through a co-design of the probe beam's spatial structure and the OAM spectral analysis dimensionality, a median classification accuracy of 85.47% was achieved across 20 turbulence conditions, a 23% absolute improvement over 1D techniques. The radial index also mitigates insufficient OAM spectral range, and a targeted feature-selection protocol addresses noise from low signal-to-noise ratio outer radial regions. This framework emphasizes co-design of the optical probe field and its OAM spectral analysis for enhanced fidelity in turbulence characterization.","manuscriptTitle":"Spatially-Resolved Atmospheric Turbulence Sensing with Two-Dimensional Orbital Angular Momentum Spectroscopy","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-24 08:36:53","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7547670/v1","editorialEvents":[],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"communications-physics","isNatureJournal":true,"hasQc":false,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"commsphys","sideBox":"Learn more about [Communications Physics](http://www.nature.com/commsphys/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Communications Physics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"ejp","reportingPortfolio":"Communications Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d5cb6519-c0d2-49dd-8c8d-a91d8c9e202c","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 24th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":54770018,"name":"Physical sciences/Optics and photonics/Applied optics/Atmospheric optics"},{"id":54770019,"name":"Physical sciences/Optics and photonics/Optical techniques/Imaging and sensing"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-08T07:07:50+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7547670","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-026-02587-7","journal":{"identity":"communications-physics","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Communications Physics"},"publishedOn":"2026-03-19 04:00:00","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 19th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-24 08:36:53","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s42005-026-02587-7","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-026-02587-7","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7547670","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7547670","identity":"rs-7547670","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}