Nanobubble-Based Carbon Dioxide Massive Dissolution Using Friction Tubes and Real-Time Reaction

Nanobubble-Based Carbon Dioxide Massive Dissolution Using Friction Tubes and Real-Time Reaction | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Nanobubble-Based Carbon Dioxide Massive Dissolution Using Friction Tubes and Real-Time Reaction Taekeun Yoo, Young-Ho Yoo, Suk-Joo Byun, A-Ram You, Chang-Hee Park, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3836511/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract To prevent global warming, various technologies are being developed to suppress carbon dioxide emissions. Nanobubbles are useful in various industrial fields. Carbon dioxide capture technology was studied using the property of activating the reaction of nanobubbles. In this study, carbon dioxide capture was attempted using nanobubble generation tubes based on the friction principle. The world has paid attention to carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) to inhibit and reduce carbon dioxide emissions, which are known as the main cause of global warming. The problem is that the new process that utilizes carbon dioxide must consume less energy and resources than existing alternative processes. To address this problem, research was conducted on the possibility of dissolving carbon dioxide in large quantities at low power consumption using a nanobubble generation system and real-time chemical reactions in this study. In addition, a mass dissolution system was constructed, and real-time neutralization was verified through the reactions of nanobubble carbon dioxide with ammonia water (NH 4 OH) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2 ) solution. Nanoscience Environmental Engineering Plasma and Fluids CCUS carbon dioxide emission carbon dioxide capture nanobble nanobubble generation device Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 I. Introduction 1. Research Background Nanobubbles are tiny microbubbles with a size of hundreds of nm or less. They have various characteristics, unlike conventional bubbles. Conventional bubbles with a diameter of several millimeters or higher in a liquid float to the surface and burst when generated, but nanobubbles can stay longer in the liquid due to very low buoyancy. As the bubble size decreases, the ratio of the surface area to the volume increases, thereby increasing the rate and efficiency at which the gas inside nanobubbles dissolves in the liquid. The nanobubbles may also serve as catalysts for various reactions due to the increase in surface tension-related energy. These physicochemical properties of nanobubbles, including the gas dissolution effect, self-pressurization effect, and charging effect, enable various applications. Animals, including humans, inhale oxygen and exhale the carbon dioxide generated in the metabolic process. The carbon dioxide absorbed by plants during the photosynthetic process is used as a reactant. As described, carbon dioxide ( \({CO}_{2}\) ), one of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) that absorb the radiant energy in the infrared range emitted from the ground surface, plays an important role in maintaining energy balance on earth for the interactions of all living organisms and their components. Industrialization, however, exponentially increased the use of fossil fuels, which also rapidly increased the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere. As long as fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, are used as major energy sources in industrial activities, an increase in carbon dioxide emissions is inevitable. The world has paid attention to carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) to inhibit and reduce carbon dioxide emissions, which are known as the main cause of global warming. Carbon neutrality is the concept of making practical carbon dioxide emissions “zero” by establishing measures to absorb and remove the carbon dioxide emitted by human activities. The 2020 energy technology report from the International Energy Agency revealed that carbon neutrality cannot be realized without CCUS. In fact, carbon capture is a technology for collecting carbon dioxide emissions from power plants, steel mills, and factories to recycle them or store them in the ground or in the rock layer under the sea. Methods of carbon dioxide capture can be divided into capture methods before and after combustion. Technology to capture carbon in the process of producing synthetic gas with fossil fuels is referred to as pre-combustion capture and technology to capture carbon through an absorbent from the exhaust gas generated after burning fossil fuels as post-combustion capture. The captured carbon dioxide is transported through transportation means, such as ships and railways, or the dedicated pipelines installed on land and sea to be stored in the ground, in the seawater, and on the ground. Storage methods are divided into storage in the ground, under the sea, and on the ground. Technology to store carbon dioxide in the ground is referred to as geological storage and technology to store it under the sea as ocean storage. The method of chemically storing carbon dioxide through reactions with minerals that can contain carbon dioxide, such as magnesium and potassium, is referred to as surface storage. Previously, carbon dioxide was captured and stored in the ground or under the sea. Recently, it has been recycled as products with market values, such as fuels, chemical products, and construction materials, through separate conversion processes. Methods to convert the captured carbon dioxide into products can be mainly classified into chemical, biological, and mineral carbonation methods. The chemical conversion method uses carbon dioxide as a reaction material to convert it into chemical products to replace synthetic gas, products to replace polymers, products to replace hydrocarbon (e.g. methane), and various carbon compounds. The biological conversion method converts microalgae into biomass using carbon dioxide to produce liquid-solid fuels or materials for cosmetics, food, and medicine. Mineral carbonation converts alkaline industrial by-products, such as steel slag, livestock wastewater, waste concrete, and waste batteries, into carbonates through direct reactions with carbon dioxide. It is difficult, however, to expect these technologies to capture carbon dioxide and convert it into products to be complete GHG reduction measures. In the case of capture, practically accessible storage locations are limited, and regional interests can be complicated in terms of the transport cost and line construction for transportation. For conversion into products, considerable energy is required in addition to electricity, which may cause additional GHG emissions. To address these problems, it is necessary to reduce carbon dioxide emissions that are generated from processes for capture and conversion and to minimize processes that use electricity and energy along with an improvement in efficiency. In other words, the new process that utilizes carbon dioxide must consume less energy and resources than existing alternative processes. It has been suggested in previous literature that nanobubbles could be another solution to this problem. 2. Research Objective In this study, the real-time neutralization of a strong alkaline solution and the possibility of adjusting the pH to a target value were tested by dissolving carbon dioxide in a system that generates nanobubbles using the friction method to improve the efficiency of carbon dioxide utilization and minimize product conversion processes. In addition, a carbon dioxide mass dissolution system was constructed to examine its applicability to industrial sites, and its economic feasibility was determined by measuring its power consumption during operation. In general, the amount of carbon dioxide dissolved in 1 liter of water is theoretically 1.44g at 1 atm 25℃ and 1.64g at 1 atm 0℃. Using the nanobubble generating device described in this paper, it is possible to dissolve about 2g of carbon dioxide at 1 atm 16.5℃ and about 6g at 1 atm 1.7℃. Additionally, large-scale dissolution of carbon dioxide and real-time neutralization are possible. This can be used to treat leachate from livestock/fishery/dye wastewater and industrial by-products, converting steel slag, waste concrete, waste batteries, etc. into carbonate form, converting microalgae into biomass, strengthening concrete strength, etc. We studied whether it would be possible to expand the scope of recycling. II. Research Method and Findings 1. Nanobubble water production method 1.1 Experimental setup For the generation of nanobubbles, which is technologically important in this study, nanotubes described in a previous study (Generation of High Concentration Nanobubbles Based on Friction Tubes - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2310.16151 ) were used. In the study, the concepts of (1) the scale factor and (2) the effective friction constant are described. Scale factor = \(\frac{\text{I}\text{n}\text{n}\text{e}\text{r} \text{c}\text{i}\text{r}\text{c}\text{u}\text{m}\text{f}\text{e}\text{r}\text{e}\text{n}\text{c}\text{e} \text{o}\text{f} \text{t}\text{h}\text{e} \text{c}\text{r}\text{o}\text{s}\text{s} \text{s}\text{e}\text{c}\text{t}\text{i}\text{o}\text{n} \left(\text{m}\text{m}\right)}{\text{C}\text{r}\text{o}\text{s}\text{s}-\text{s}\text{e}\text{c}\text{t}\text{i}\text{o}\text{n}\text{a}\text{l} \text{a}\text{r}\text{e}\text{a} \text{o}\text{f} \text{t}\text{h}\text{e} \text{f}\text{l}\text{o}\text{w} \text{p}\text{a}\text{t}\text{h} \left({\text{m}\text{m}}^{2}\right)}\) ----------------------------- (1) Effective friction constant = scale factor * nanotube length (m) ------------------------------------ (2) Table. 1 Scale factor according to the nanotube cross-section 1.2 Sample preparation In the basic experiment to examine the dissolution of carbon dioxide, samples were generated using tap water. For tap water, purification methods and chemical components have been standardized worldwide. Tap water was used after installing a filtration system because it has uniform quality after disinfection and sterilization and is easy to use. 1.3 pH measurement device A pH meter (model name: pH Testr30, OAKTON Instruments) was used to measure the pH concentration of the reacted sample. As for the measurement method, the sample that passed through the system was placed in a glass bottle (2 L) and the inlet of the meter was inserted into the solution to read the displayed concentration value. To improve the reliability of the analysis results, measurements were performed without changing the setting of the system and the dilution of the sample. 2. Carbon dioxide dissolution In general, carbon dioxide ( \({CO}_{2}\) ) is well ionized during reaction with water ( \({H}_{2}O)\) ), and has a higher dissolution rate than other gases. 2.1 System setup The main components of the system to generate nanobubbles can be classified into sample tanks, a pump, and a nanotube hose. Their specifications and detailed configuration are described below. As shown in Fig. 2 , the sample tank made of SUS 304 (stainless steel) was filled with tap water, and the water pump with a rated output of 350 W, a pumping capacity of 26 ℓ/min, and a rated power of 220V/60Hz (model: PW-S354M, Wilo) was prepared to increase flow velocity. The input of the pump was connected to the output of the sample tank using a hose. A nanotube hose with a scale factor of 1.4, an effective friction constant of 7.0, an outer diameter of Ø25, and a length of 5 m was connected to the output of the pump. The opposite end of the nanotube hose was connected to another sample tank made of SUS 304. In this instance, the water pressure of the front nanotube hose was 1.8 bars. After confirming a tap water temperature of 16.5℃, carbon dioxide was injected into the inlet of the pump at 3.5 LPM using the gas bombe to generate samples. 2.2 Test results After confirming a pH value of 7.74 for the tap water prepared as shown in Fig. 2 , the system was operated while injecting carbon dioxide. The pH was measured to be 5.44 after one cycle, 5.11 after two cycles, 4.96 after three cycles, 4.8 after four cycles, and 4.73 after five cycles. The pH decreased as the number of cycles increased. Table 2 Carbon dioxide dissolution using tap water _ Type-A Type-A Tap Water Number of cycles Temperature #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 pH 7.74 5.44 5.11 4.96 4.80 4.73 16.5℃ As shown above, the change in pH was relatively small from four cycles. This indicates that operating the system indefinitely to reduce the pH value may have low efficiency in terms of cost. 3. Carbon dioxide dissolution improvement method 3.1 Experimental method and setup An experiment was performed by constructing a system as described in the “nanobubble concentration increase method” section in a previous study (Generation of High Concentration Nanobubbles Based on Friction Tubes - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2310.16151 ). The system was composed of sample tanks, pumps, and a nanotube hose. Their specifications and detailed configuration are described below. Two pumps were used to increase the effective friction constant and flow velocity. As shown in Fig. 3 , the sample tank made of SUS 304 was filled with tap water and the water pump (#1) with a rated output of 350 W, a pumping capacity of 26 ℓ/min, and a rated power of 220V/60Hz (model: PW-S354M, Wilo) was prepared to increase flow velocity. The input of the pump was connected to the output of the sample tank using a hose. The input of the pump (#2) with the same specifications was connected to the output of the #1 pump using a hose. A silicon nanotube hose with a scale factor of 1.4, an effective friction constant of 14, an outer diameter of Ø25, and a length of 10 m was connected to the output of the #2 pump. In this instance, the water pressure of the front nanotube hose connected to the #2 pump was 3.6 bars. After confirming a tap water temperature of 16.5℃, carbon dioxide was injected into the inlet of the pump at 7.1 LPM using the gas bombe to generate samples. 3.2 Experiment results and discussion In the case of the system (Type-B) configuration in Fig. 3 , the nanotube hose length was increased from 5 to 10 m compared to the system (Type-A) configuration in Fig. 2 . Accordingly, the effective friction constant increased from 7 to 14. The water pressure of the front nanotube hose also increased from 1.8 to 3.6 bars. While the power consumption doubled due to the use of two pumps, production per unit time was the same with 30 tons per day. When reactions were induced by recirculating carbon dioxide three times at 7.1 LPM in the system that produces 30 tons (21 ℓ/min) a day, it was found that the reaction ratio between tap water and carbon dioxide is 1:1. (Tap Water − 21ℓ/min : \({CO}_{2}\) – 7.1LPM*3 = 21 : 21.3 = 1 : 1) In other words, based on the weight of CO2, it can be determined that 2g/L of carbon dioxide is dissolved in 1 liter of tap water. Table 3 Carbon dioxide dissolves in tap water at 16.5℃ Type-B Tap Water Number of cycles Temperature #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 pH 7.74 5.05 4.66 4.48 4.42 4.40 16.5℃ Utility of value O O O X X Under the same tap water condition, the pH after one cycle in the Type-B system (pH 5.05) was lower than that after two cycles in the Type-A system (pH 5.11). The pH after two cycles in the Type-B system (pH 4.66) was lower than that after five cycles in the Type-A system (pH 4.73). After three cycles, carbon dioxide was not dissolved and bubbles occurred excessively. Further repeating the experiment was economically meaningless. In other words, approximately pH 4.48 at 16.5℃ is judged to be the maximum value from an economic perspective for carbon dioxide dissolution by the friction method. 3.3 Carbon dioxide dissolution test results in tap water at 1.7℃ The temperature of the prepared tap water was confirmed to be 0.5°C, and 30 tons (21 liters/min) were produced per day. Carbon dioxide was dissolved in the Fig. 3 device (Type-B) while re-passing it 5 times at 14 LPM. When the water temperature was measured after passing through the device, it increased by about 1°C. And when it was re-passed 3 times, microbubbles began to appear, and as it was re-passed 4 and 5 times, the number of microbubbles increased compared to when it was re-passed 3 times. Table 4 Carbon dioxide dissolves in tap water at 1.7℃ Type-B Tap Water Number of cycles #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 pH 7.37 4.41 4.04 3.84 3.78 3.73 3.79 Solution Temperature - Inlet (℃) 0.5 0.9 1.5 1.8 0.9 - Solution Temperature - Outlet (℃) 1.5 1.7 2.3 2.6 1.7 - \({H}^{+}\) Molar concentration - mol/ℓ ( \({*10}^{-5}\) ) 3.65 9.32 14.8 16.2 17.5 - As shown above, a significant drop in pH occurred until the 5th re-pass, but the pH rose again to 3.79 from the 6th re-pass. As a result, Fig. When using the Type-B nanobubble generator in the Fig. 3 , pH 3.73 is judged to be the maximum value at a water temperature of 1.7℃. In this way, when carbon dioxide is dissolved in a device that produces 30 tons (21 liters/min) per day while re-passing it 5 times at 14 LPM, it can be seen that the volume-based reaction ratio of tap water and carbon dioxide is 1:3.3. (Tap Water − 21ℓ/min : \({CO}_{2}\) – 14LPM*5 = 21 : 70 = 1 : 3.3) Excluding about 10% (estimated) of carbon dioxide that is not dissolved due to microbubbles (Tap Water: CO2 = 1:3), it can be determined that 6 g/L of carbon dioxide is dissolved in 1 liter of tap water based on the weight of CO2. And in Table 4 , the pH change was measured over time for the solution with pH 3.78 produced after re-passing 4 times. During the experiment, it was placed in a 2 liter glass container and the lid was opened when measuring. Table. 5. Change in pH over time of pH 3.78 solution repassed 4 times Type-B #4 Solution pH concentration over time - Hour Note 1h 2h 3h 4h 5h Room Temperature 13.2℃ pH 3.78 3.75 3.76 3.79 3.82 3.84 Temperature (℃) 2.6 6.7 7.0 9.1 9.6 10.7 Type-B #4 Solution pH concentration over time - Days Note 1 Day 2 Days 3 Days 4 Days Room Temperature 16~18℃ pH 3.78 3.96 4.07 4.08 4.09 Temperature (℃) 2.6 16.9 16.9 18.0 18.0 CO2 bubbles formed on the inner surface of the glass container rose to the surface and disappeared over time, but the change in pH over time was minimal, as shown in Table 5 . Consequently, it can be seen that the dissolution of carbon dioxide and the efficiency of the system are increased compared to the same time by increasing the pressure, flow velocity, and effective friction constant during the construction of the system. Through this experiment, it was possible to improve the utilization efficiency of carbon dioxide and secure economic feasibility. 4. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) neutralization experiment 4.1 Experimental setup A pH 13.03 solution was prepared by dissolving sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in tap water, and pH 4.48, which was generated through three cycles in Table 3 , was used for mixing as follows. 4.2 Experimental method and results 50cc and 500cc of a NaOH solution at pH 13 were prepared along with 50cc and 500cc of carbon dioxide nanobubble water.at pH 4.48. First, 50cc of each of the two solutions was mixed. Second, 500cc of each of the two solutions was mixed and the pH concentration was measured. Table 6 Concentration measurement after mixing the sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution and carbon dioxide nanobubble water ① NaOH Solution ② \({CO}_{2}\) Nanobubble Water ①+② Mixed Solution Mixing Amount pH 13.03 4.48 7.46 50cc + 50cc 13.03 4.48 7.30 500cc + 500cc In general, chemical knowledge, a solution at pH 1.0 is required to neutralize a strong alkaline sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution at pH 13.0, but carbon dioxide nanobubble water shows reactions against this common sense. Its potential is considered approximately 3,000 times higher compared to conventional solutions. 5. Waste concrete leachate neutralization experiment 5.1 Experimental setup After collecting waste concrete from building demolition sites, it was crushed to obtain materials with a diameter between 0.1 and 10 mm. 1,370 g of the crushed concrete waste was placed in a transparent container, and it was mixed with 1,370 g of tap water to obtain a solution at pH 13.07 in 30 seconds. In addition, the carbon dioxide nanobubble water generated through three cycles (pH 4.48) in Table 3 was used. 5.2 Experimental method and results 50cc and 500cc of a calcium hydroxide ( \({Ca\left(OH\right)}_{2}\) ) solution at pH 13.07 were prepared along with 50cc and 500cc of carbon dioxide nanobubble water at pH 4.48. First, 50cc of each of the two solutions was mixed. Second, 500cc of each of the two solutions was mixed and the pH concentration was measured. Table 7 Concentration measurement after mixing the calcium hydroxide ( \({Ca\left(OH\right)}_{2}\) ) solution and carbon dioxide nanobubble water ① \({Ca\left(OH\right)}_{2}\) Solution ② \({CO}_{2}\) Nanobubble Water ①+② Mixed Solution Mixing Amount pH 13.07 4.48 6.48 50cc + 50cc 13.07 4.48 6.47 500cc + 500cc The concentration measurement results in Table 7 are similar to those in Table 6 . In other words, the solution used in the laboratory and the waste solution from the field have no difference in reaction. 6. Waste concrete leachate real-time neutralization experiment 6.1 Experimental preparation and setup 1,370 g of the crushed concrete waste shown in Fig. 5 was placed in a plastic container, and it was mixed with 100 ℓ of tap water. The solution at pH 12.5 generated in 48 hours was used. The same system as in Fig. 3 was used for the experiment. 6.2 Experiment results and discussion When the calcium hydroxide ( \({Ca\left(OH\right)}_{2}\) ) solution at pH 12.5 passed through the nanobubble generation system once, it was neutralized to pH 5.05 to 7.96 in real-time depending on the carbon dioxide consumption. Table 8 pH measurement results after real-time neutralization of the calcium hydroxide ( \({Ca\left(OH\right)}_{2}\) ) solution \({Ca\left(OH\right)}_{2}\) Solution Nano Tube + \({CO}_{2}\) Result pH 12.5 Transfer by Friction 5.05 ~ 7.96 Table 9 Change in pH depending on the carbon dioxide consumption \({Ca\left(OH\right)}_{2}\) Solution \({CO}_{2}\) - pressure \({CO}_{2}\) – Consumption pH pH 12.50 (18.3℃) 4 bar 3.3 LPM 7.96 7.2 LPM 6.54 10 LPM 5.93 22 LPM 5.55 30 LPM 5.05 At a calcium hydroxide ( \({Ca\left(OH\right)}_{2}\) ) solution temperature of 18.3℃, the concentration changed depending on the carbon dioxide consumption as shown in Table 9 . When the solution passed through the nanobubble generation system while carbon dioxide was injected at 30 LPM, the pH concentration decreased to 5.05. In other words, it is possible to meet the target pH value by adjusting the carbon dioxide consumption. 7. Carbon dioxide mass dissolution and reaction 7.1 Essential conditions for carbon dioxide mass dissolution For the fast reaction of an alkaline solution with carbon dioxide, the solution must contain many bubbles and the reactive surface area must be large compared to the bubble volume. It is also necessary to inject a large amount of carbon dioxide into the solution. In other words, the use of the nanobubble generation system for reactions between an alkaline solution and carbon dioxide can increase the reactive surface area due to numerous nanobubbles and induce reactions in real-time while injecting carbon dioxide in large quantities. 7.2 Experiment purpose With the increasing number of electric vehicles, technologies related to lithium battery regeneration have been rapidly developed. During the regeneration of waste lithium batteries, cobalt carbonate ( \({CoCO}_{3}\) ) and lithium carbonate ( \({{Li}_{2}CO}_{3}\) ) are generated through the reactions of lithium hydroxide (LiOH) and cobalt hydroxide ( \({Co\left(OH\right)}_{2}\) ) with carbon dioxide in the wet process to recover metal ions. This reaction process needs to be rapidly processed using a simple system. In addition, sodium bicarbonate ( \({NaHCO}_{3})\) is used to remove sulfur dioxide ( \({SO}_{2})\) from the combustion gases generated during the smelting process. Sodium sulfide \(\left({Na}_{2}{SO}_{4}\right)\) , which is a waste after the reaction, is regenerated into sodium bicarbonate ( \({NaHCO}_{3}\) ). In this instance, the reaction between ammonia water ( \({NH}_{4}OH\) ) and carbon dioxide is essential. For this reason, a carbon dioxide mass dissolution system was constructed and a real-time reaction experiment was performed. 7.3 Experimental preparation and setup Based on the system configuration in Fig. 3 , multiple pumps and nanotubes were connected to increase the flow velocity and flow rate. After calculating the appropriate nanotube length for reactions with strong alkaline conditions, the system was constructed as shown in Fig. 6 . Ammonia water ( \({NH}_{4}OH\) ) and calcium hydroxide ( \({Ca\left(OH\right)}_{2}\) ) solution were used as the experimental solution. Both solutions were set to pH 13.4 to 13.7. A transparent pipe was connected to the outlet of the mixture to visually examine the generation of white bubbles in the reactant solution and real-time reactivity. In addition, the end of the pipe was inserted into the solution to examine the condition of the rising bubbles, and carbon dioxide was injected until no bubbles rose. Types A, B, and C constructed in this study induced complete reactions by setting the ratio of carbon dioxide to strong alkaline solution at 1:1. As shown in Table 10 , Type A was constructed first and real-time reactivity with strong alkaline solution was tested. Tests were conducted by gradually increasing the capacity of the experimental setup. 7.4 Experiment results and discussion Table. 10 Comparison of the carbon dioxide consumption and power consumption rate according to the type 1) The carbon dioxide consumption reacted in real time to 115% of the suction solution, but 100% was stable. 2) Since re-penetration causes an exothermic reaction, a cooling device suitable for the system capacity is required. 3) From approximately pH 8.7, bubbles began to appear at the end of the pipe inserted into the solution. 4) As the system capacity (daily production) increased, the power consumption rate [(electricity consumption/daily production)*100)] decreased. 5) For the carbon dioxide consumption data of Type C, ammonia water ( \({NH}_{4}OH\) ) could not be used, and only calcium hydroxide ( \({Ca\left(OH\right)}_{2}\) ) solution was used in the experiment because a test solution of more than 150 ℓ was required. Figure 7 shows the carbonation production process in which the carbon dioxide emissions collected from power plants, steel mills, and factories react with ammonia water ( \({NH}_{4}OH\) ) and sodium sulfide \(\left({Na}_{2}{SO}_{4}\right)\) . Unlike the configuration of a typical carbonate production facility, reaction containers and mixing devices are not required because real-time chemical reactions occur in the nanobubble generation system that can dissolve a large amount of carbon dioxide. III. Conclusions In this study, efficient carbon dioxide capture was attempted using a large amount of nanobubble solution generated through friction tubes. Since it was possible to produce nanobubbles in large quantities in previous studies, it is expected that large-capacity carbon dioxide capture will be possible. It was confirmed that the use of the nanobubble generation system proposed in this study can dissolve carbon dioxide in large quantities and induce real-time reactions without separate reaction containers and mixing devices. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. 1) The use of the nanobubble generation system is effective in neutralizing strong alkaline solutions, such as ammonia water ( \({NH}_{4}OH\) ) and calcium hydroxide ( \({Ca\left(OH\right)}_{2}\) ), and reducing the pH. 2) The nanobubble generation system can be efficiently used at industrial sites because a target pH value can be met by adjusting the carbon dioxide consumption. 3) Approximately pH 4.48 at a tap water temperature of 16.5℃ is judged to be the maximum value from an economic perspective for carbon dioxide dissolution. (Tap Water : \({CO}_{2}\) =(by volume) 1 : 1 = (by weight) 1ℓ : 2g/L) 4) In general tap water at 1.7℃, it is judged that the maximum value for dissolution of carbon dioxide is approximately pH 3.73 from an economic standpoint. (Tap Water : \({CO}_{2}\) = (by volume) 1 : 3 = (by weight) 1ℓ : 6g/L) 5) If you lower the temperature of the solution to be reacted, increase the pressure and flow rate, and increase the effective friction constant, the solubility of carbon dioxide increases compared to the same time and the efficiency of the device improves. 6) Since the power consumption rate decreases as the system capacity (daily production) increases, it is possible to secure economic feasibility in terms of conversion cost and energy efficiency. If the nanobubble generation system is applied to the product conversion process after carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS), it is expected that the carbon dioxide capture and utilization (CCU) scope will expand because economic feasibility is secured. The use of the proposed method is expected to make it possible to respond to carbon dioxide-related environmental problems, such as global warming, by effectively capturing carbon dioxide at industrial sites that generate various carbon dioxide emissions. The generation of nanobubbles using friction tubes is an appropriate method to be used at actual industrial sites. In conventional technologies to reduce the size of nanobubbles, turbulence, and cavitation are usually induced in the fluid and shear force is applied to bubbles by creating a detour flow path. In addition, structures that extend the residence time of the fluid in the chamber were used. The cavitation generation method, however, is not economically feasible due to the excessive manufacturing cost of the system caused by the large weight of the complex structure and the massive operation cost caused by the operation of the rotating body. It also occupies a large installation space, making it difficult to use the system at small businesses or homes. Friction tubes, however, are easy to use at industrial sites because the setting of equipment is simple and nanobubbles can be efficiently produced. They are expected to spread the utilization of nanobubbles to various industrial fields dramatically because they can be easily installed in systems that require various forms of bends as flow path members for microbubble generation are made of flexible tubes. With efforts to respond to climate change spreading to all industries, countermeasures are urgently required for institutions with systems that generate carbon dioxide in large quantities. Various carbon dioxide capture technologies have been introduced, but most of them are complex and inefficient. Carbon dioxide capture technology that uses the nanobubble generation system, however, can efficiently capture carbon dioxide. Further research will be required on whether it can exhibit high capture efficiency in various environments, but it is expected to be established as a key technology for response to climate change in the future. References Jia, M. et al. Nanobubbles in water and wastewater treatment systems: small bubbles making big difference. Water Research 245 , 120613 (2023). Byun, S. et al. Friction Tubes to Generate Nanobubble Ozone Water with an Increased Half-Life for Virucidal Activity. Preprint at https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2311.06943 (2023). Jiménez-de-la-Cuesta, D. & Mauritsen, T. Emergent constraints on Earth’s transient and equilibrium response to doubled CO2 from post-1970s global warming. Nat. Geosci. 12 , 902–905 (2019). Madejski, P., Chmiel, K., Subramanian, N. & Kuś, T. Methods and Techniques for CO2 Capture: Review of Potential Solutions and Applications in Modern Energy Technologies. Energies 15 , 887 (2022). Li, X., Peng, B., Liu, Q., Liu, J. & Shang, L. Micro and nanobubbles technologies as a new horizon for CO2-EOR and CO2 geological storage techniques: A review. Fuel 341 , 127661 (2023). Yoo, T. et al. Generation of high concentration nanobubbles based on friction tubes. Preprint at https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2310.16151 (2023). Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Yoo","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAuUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBAC9gYQWWED4ycQ1sJzAESeSSNVC2PbYVK0sJ8xfPCB7by9uUQC44cfDGn5hLXw5BgbzuC5nbhzRgKzZA9DjmUDIS32DLnbpHkkbicY3EhgkAYGhAFhW/jfArUYnLMHamH+TZwWCZAtCQcYN9xIYAPakkOMlvefDWccSE7ccOZhm2WPQRoxDktLfPDxn529wfHkwzd+VCQT1oIEGBsYGEjSMApGwSgYBaMAJwAAwso3GvHPtpgAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Fawoo Nanotech Corporation, Rep. of Korea","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Taekeun","middleName":"","lastName":"Yoo","suffix":""},{"id":265355079,"identity":"2a727c41-26bb-4f66-9f27-47657eafb0c0","order_by":1,"name":"Young-Ho Yoo","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAwklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBAC9gZMFgHAcwCTRbQWiQRitbCfMXzwcYddHr/k24OfeSruMfC3d+PXzMOTY2w480xyseTsvGRpnjPFDBJnzm7Aq8WeIXebNG8bc+KG2zkGkjPbEhgMJHLxa+HhfwvSUp+44eYZ458z/xGjRQJsy+HEDTd4zCQ+NhCl5f1nw5ltxxNn9uSYWXw4lsBD0C88/GmJDz62VSf2s58xvpFQkyDH396LXwumGaQpHwWjYBSMglGAFQAAeUhE+BjOZakAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Fawoo Nanotech Corporation, Rep. of Korea","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Young-Ho","middleName":"","lastName":"Yoo","suffix":""},{"id":265355080,"identity":"a553d86d-1875-4e24-b84d-cb14c5d89e09","order_by":2,"name":"Suk-Joo Byun","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Fawoo Nanotech Corporation, Rep. of Korea","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Suk-Joo","middleName":"","lastName":"Byun","suffix":""},{"id":265355081,"identity":"4b04b67c-a3b9-42f3-8a0f-dedb8e467c0b","order_by":3,"name":"A-Ram You","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"School of Architecture, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Rep. of Korea","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"A-Ram","middleName":"","lastName":"You","suffix":""},{"id":265355082,"identity":"b0a0542d-96ca-498c-8a2d-f6e80f516e4c","order_by":4,"name":"Chang-Hee Park","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Fawoo Nanotech Corporation, Rep. of Korea","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chang-Hee","middleName":"","lastName":"Park","suffix":""},{"id":265355083,"identity":"2223d9ef-2d47-416a-ad86-1899925e8d48","order_by":5,"name":"Dae-Hyun Choi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Fawoo Nanotech Corporation, Rep. of Korea","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dae-Hyun","middleName":"","lastName":"Choi","suffix":""},{"id":265355084,"identity":"2ef7f3fe-366e-4f23-923c-36cc62ef4e0a","order_by":6,"name":"Woo-Seung Lee","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Fawoo Nanotech Corporation, Rep. of Korea","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Woo-Seung","middleName":"","lastName":"Lee","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-01-05 07:06:13","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":true,"vertebrateSubjects":true,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true,"humanSubjectConsent":true,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3836511/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3836511/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":49314491,"identity":"42f57ba4-8eb4-42f3-8842-993848b0e21b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-08 14:44:47","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":18127,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChemical reaction between CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3836511/v1/78faf45427198f93c2b9f5a0.png"},{"id":49314493,"identity":"bb1ea232-eda3-4332-ab1e-056327b24160","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-08 14:44:47","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":120863,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eConfiguration of the nanobubble generation system _ Type-A\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3836511/v1/f3e3e469d2604ef3f37fefa7.png"},{"id":49314494,"identity":"6dd9a758-fc99-4cfb-b15f-50032fa67448","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-08 14:44:47","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":142254,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eConfiguration of the nanobubble generation system _ Type-B\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3836511/v1/149a8eb3ff65f473a20bc46d.png"},{"id":49314846,"identity":"5fba90b0-0d29-4aaf-8d5b-2c6a60dea66a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-08 14:52:47","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":24775,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparison of the pH concentration according to the nanobubble generation system configuration\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3836511/v1/e6889831b518f25c61d3d415.png"},{"id":49314497,"identity":"3ff9e1b6-36b8-4f44-8370-bbe33bd50fc6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-08 14:44:47","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":152428,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePreparation of a sample using waste concrete\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3836511/v1/ab359c9f441474818e45a750.png"},{"id":49314495,"identity":"b877b832-1778-47e5-b95a-b80eaebfa6bd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-08 14:44:47","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":219947,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eConfiguration of the nanobubble generation system for carbon dioxide mass dissolution\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3836511/v1/bbcf6d57401a638dc5bafb4e.png"},{"id":49314496,"identity":"966158aa-1fc4-41f0-979b-fdec76fcab52","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-08 14:44:47","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":229674,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHigh Concentration CO2 NB Mineralization Solution\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3836511/v1/ee2af544aa9884ff1b406256.png"},{"id":49315314,"identity":"a7916b07-ce6b-4718-8bb3-5228e0b1ed02","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-08 15:00:49","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1461142,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3836511/v1/4a5f678f-b3ed-4706-91fd-378c4f50dba5.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNanobubble-Based Carbon Dioxide Massive Dissolution Using Friction Tubes and Real-Time Reaction\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"I. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. Research Background\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNanobubbles are tiny microbubbles with a size of hundreds of nm or less.\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn1\" id=\"#FNLinkFn1\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e They have various characteristics, unlike conventional bubbles. Conventional bubbles with a diameter of several millimeters or higher in a liquid float to the surface and burst when generated, but nanobubbles can stay longer in the liquid due to very low buoyancy. As the bubble size decreases, the ratio of the surface area to the volume increases, thereby increasing the rate and efficiency at which the gas inside nanobubbles dissolves in the liquid. The nanobubbles may also serve as catalysts for various reactions due to the increase in surface tension-related energy. These physicochemical properties of nanobubbles, including the gas dissolution effect, self-pressurization effect, and charging effect, enable various applications.\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn2\" id=\"#FNLinkFn2\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnimals, including humans, inhale oxygen and exhale the carbon dioxide generated in the metabolic process. The carbon dioxide absorbed by plants during the photosynthetic process is used as a reactant. As described, carbon dioxide (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({CO}_{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e), one of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) that absorb the radiant energy in the infrared range emitted from the ground surface, plays an important role in maintaining energy balance on earth for the interactions of all living organisms and their components.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndustrialization, however, exponentially increased the use of fossil fuels, which also rapidly increased the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere. As long as fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, are used as major energy sources in industrial activities, an increase in carbon dioxide emissions is inevitable. The world has paid attention to carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) to inhibit and reduce carbon dioxide emissions, which are known as the main cause of global warming.\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn3\" id=\"#FNLinkFn3\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCarbon neutrality is the concept of making practical carbon dioxide emissions \u0026ldquo;zero\u0026rdquo; by establishing measures to absorb and remove the carbon dioxide emitted by human activities. The 2020 energy technology report from the International Energy Agency revealed that carbon neutrality cannot be realized without CCUS. In fact, carbon capture is a technology for collecting carbon dioxide emissions from power plants, steel mills, and factories to recycle them or store them in the ground or in the rock layer under the sea.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMethods of carbon dioxide capture can be divided into capture methods before and after combustion. Technology to capture carbon in the process of producing synthetic gas with fossil fuels is referred to as pre-combustion capture and technology to capture carbon through an absorbent from the exhaust gas generated after burning fossil fuels as post-combustion capture.\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn4\" id=\"#FNLinkFn4\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe captured carbon dioxide is transported through transportation means, such as ships and railways, or the dedicated pipelines installed on land and sea to be stored in the ground, in the seawater, and on the ground. Storage methods are divided into storage in the ground, under the sea, and on the ground. Technology to store carbon dioxide in the ground is referred to as geological storage and technology to store it under the sea as ocean storage. The method of chemically storing carbon dioxide through reactions with minerals that can contain carbon dioxide, such as magnesium and potassium, is referred to as surface storage.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePreviously, carbon dioxide was captured and stored in the ground or under the sea. Recently, it has been recycled as products with market values, such as fuels, chemical products, and construction materials, through separate conversion processes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMethods to convert the captured carbon dioxide into products can be mainly classified into chemical, biological, and mineral carbonation methods. The chemical conversion method uses carbon dioxide as a reaction material to convert it into chemical products to replace synthetic gas, products to replace polymers, products to replace hydrocarbon (e.g. methane), and various carbon compounds. The biological conversion method converts microalgae into biomass using carbon dioxide to produce liquid-solid fuels or materials for cosmetics, food, and medicine. Mineral carbonation converts alkaline industrial by-products, such as steel slag, livestock wastewater, waste concrete, and waste batteries, into carbonates through direct reactions with carbon dioxide.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is difficult, however, to expect these technologies to capture carbon dioxide and convert it into products to be complete GHG reduction measures. In the case of capture, practically accessible storage locations are limited, and regional interests can be complicated in terms of the transport cost and line construction for transportation. For conversion into products, considerable energy is required in addition to electricity, which may cause additional GHG emissions. To address these problems, it is necessary to reduce carbon dioxide emissions that are generated from processes for capture and conversion and to minimize processes that use electricity and energy along with an improvement in efficiency.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn other words, the new process that utilizes carbon dioxide must consume less energy and resources than existing alternative processes. It has been suggested in previous literature that nanobubbles could be another solution to this problem.\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn5\" id=\"#FNLinkFn5\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. Research Objective\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, the real-time neutralization of a strong alkaline solution and the possibility of adjusting the pH to a target value were tested by dissolving carbon dioxide in a system that generates nanobubbles using the friction method to improve the efficiency of carbon dioxide utilization and minimize product conversion processes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition, a carbon dioxide mass dissolution system was constructed to examine its applicability to industrial sites, and its economic feasibility was determined by measuring its power consumption during operation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn general, the amount of carbon dioxide dissolved in 1 liter of water is theoretically 1.44g at 1 atm 25℃ and 1.64g at 1 atm 0℃. Using the nanobubble generating device described in this paper, it is possible to dissolve about 2g of carbon dioxide at 1 atm 16.5℃ and about 6g at 1 atm 1.7℃. Additionally, large-scale dissolution of carbon dioxide and real-time neutralization are possible. This can be used to treat leachate from livestock/fishery/dye wastewater and industrial by-products, converting steel slag, waste concrete, waste batteries, etc. into carbonate form, converting microalgae into biomass, strengthening concrete strength, etc. We studied whether it would be possible to expand the scope of recycling.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"II. Research Method and Findings","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. Nanobubble water production method\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.1 Experimental setup\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor the generation of nanobubbles, which is technologically important in this study, nanotubes described in a previous study (Generation of High Concentration Nanobubbles Based on Friction Tubes - \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2310.16151\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) were used. In the study, the concepts of (1) the scale factor and (2) the effective friction constant are described.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eScale factor = \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\frac{\\text{I}\\text{n}\\text{n}\\text{e}\\text{r} \\text{c}\\text{i}\\text{r}\\text{c}\\text{u}\\text{m}\\text{f}\\text{e}\\text{r}\\text{e}\\text{n}\\text{c}\\text{e} \\text{o}\\text{f} \\text{t}\\text{h}\\text{e} \\text{c}\\text{r}\\text{o}\\text{s}\\text{s} \\text{s}\\text{e}\\text{c}\\text{t}\\text{i}\\text{o}\\text{n} \\left(\\text{m}\\text{m}\\right)}{\\text{C}\\text{r}\\text{o}\\text{s}\\text{s}-\\text{s}\\text{e}\\text{c}\\text{t}\\text{i}\\text{o}\\text{n}\\text{a}\\text{l} \\text{a}\\text{r}\\text{e}\\text{a} \\text{o}\\text{f} \\text{t}\\text{h}\\text{e} \\text{f}\\text{l}\\text{o}\\text{w} \\text{p}\\text{a}\\text{t}\\text{h} \\left({\\text{m}\\text{m}}^{2}\\right)}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e ----------------------------- (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEffective friction constant\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;scale factor * nanotube length (m) ------------------------------------ (2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable. 1 Scale factor according to the nanotube cross-section\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample preparation\u003c/strong\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the basic experiment to examine the dissolution of carbon dioxide, samples were generated using tap water. For tap water, purification methods and chemical components have been standardized worldwide. Tap water was used after installing a filtration system because it has uniform quality after disinfection and sterilization and is easy to use.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.3 pH measurement device\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA pH meter (model name: pH Testr30, OAKTON Instruments) was used to measure the pH concentration of the reacted sample. As for the measurement method, the sample that passed through the system was placed in a glass bottle (2 L) and the inlet of the meter was inserted into the solution to read the displayed concentration value. To improve the reliability of the analysis results, measurements were performed without changing the setting of the system and the dilution of the sample.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. Carbon dioxide dissolution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn general, carbon dioxide (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({CO}_{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) is well ionized during reaction with water (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({H}_{2}O)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e), and has a higher dissolution rate than other gases.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1 System setup\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe main components of the system to generate nanobubbles can be classified into sample tanks, a pump, and a nanotube hose. Their specifications and detailed configuration are described below.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, the sample tank made of SUS 304 (stainless steel) was filled with tap water, and the water pump with a rated output of 350 W, a pumping capacity of 26 ℓ/min, and a rated power of 220V/60Hz (model: PW-S354M, Wilo) was prepared to increase flow velocity. The input of the pump was connected to the output of the sample tank using a hose. A nanotube hose with a scale factor of 1.4, an effective friction constant of 7.0, an outer diameter of \u0026Oslash;25, and a length of 5 m was connected to the output of the pump. The opposite end of the nanotube hose was connected to another sample tank made of SUS 304. In this instance, the water pressure of the front nanotube hose was 1.8 bars.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter confirming a tap water temperature of 16.5℃, carbon dioxide was injected into the inlet of the pump at 3.5 LPM using the gas bombe to generate samples.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2 Test results\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter confirming a pH value of 7.74 for the tap water prepared as shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, the system was operated while injecting carbon dioxide. The pH was measured to be 5.44 after one cycle, 5.11 after two cycles, 4.96 after three cycles, 4.8 after four cycles, and 4.73 after five cycles. The pH decreased as the number of cycles increased.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCarbon dioxide dissolution using tap water _ Type-A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType-A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTap Water\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of cycles\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTemperature\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e#1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e#2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e#3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e#4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e#5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.5℃\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs shown above, the change in pH was relatively small from four cycles. This indicates that operating the system indefinitely to reduce the pH value may have low efficiency in terms of cost.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. Carbon dioxide dissolution improvement method\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1 Experimental method and setup\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn experiment was performed by constructing a system as described in the \u0026ldquo;nanobubble concentration increase method\u0026rdquo; section in a previous study (Generation of High Concentration Nanobubbles Based on Friction Tubes - \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2310.16151\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e). The system was composed of sample tanks, pumps, and a nanotube hose. Their specifications and detailed configuration are described below.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTwo pumps were used to increase the effective friction constant and flow velocity. As shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, the sample tank made of SUS 304 was filled with tap water and the water pump (#1) with a rated output of 350 W, a pumping capacity of 26 ℓ/min, and a rated power of 220V/60Hz (model: PW-S354M, Wilo) was prepared to increase flow velocity. The input of the pump was connected to the output of the sample tank using a hose. The input of the pump (#2) with the same specifications was connected to the output of the #1 pump using a hose.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA silicon nanotube hose with a scale factor of 1.4, an effective friction constant of 14, an outer diameter of \u0026Oslash;25, and a length of 10 m was connected to the output of the #2 pump. In this instance, the water pressure of the front nanotube hose connected to the #2 pump was 3.6 bars.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter confirming a tap water temperature of 16.5℃, carbon dioxide was injected into the inlet of the pump at 7.1 LPM using the gas bombe to generate samples.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.2 Experiment results and discussion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the case of the system (Type-B) configuration in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, the nanotube hose length was increased from 5 to 10 m compared to the system (Type-A) configuration in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. Accordingly, the effective friction constant increased from 7 to 14. The water pressure of the front nanotube hose also increased from 1.8 to 3.6 bars. While the power consumption doubled due to the use of two pumps, production per unit time was the same with 30 tons per day.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen reactions were induced by recirculating carbon dioxide three times at 7.1 LPM in the system that produces 30 tons (21 ℓ/min) a day, it was found that the reaction ratio between tap water and carbon dioxide is 1:1. (Tap Water \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;21ℓ/min : \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({CO}_{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u0026ndash; 7.1LPM*3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21 : 21.3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1 : 1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn other words, based on the weight of CO2, it can be determined that 2g/L of carbon dioxide is dissolved in 1 liter of tap water.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCarbon dioxide dissolves in tap water at 16.5℃\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType-B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTap\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWater\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of cycles\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTemperature\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e#1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e#2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e#3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e#4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e#5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.5℃\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUtility of value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnder the same tap water condition, the pH after one cycle in the Type-B system (pH 5.05) was lower than that after two cycles in the Type-A system (pH 5.11). The pH after two cycles in the Type-B system (pH 4.66) was lower than that after five cycles in the Type-A system (pH 4.73). After three cycles, carbon dioxide was not dissolved and bubbles occurred excessively. Further repeating the experiment was economically meaningless. In other words, approximately pH 4.48 at 16.5℃ is judged to be the maximum value from an economic perspective for carbon dioxide dissolution by the friction method.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.3 Carbon dioxide dissolution test results in tap water at 1.7℃\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe temperature of the prepared tap water was confirmed to be 0.5\u0026deg;C, and 30 tons (21 liters/min) were produced per day. Carbon dioxide was dissolved in the Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e device (Type-B) while re-passing it 5 times at 14 LPM. When the water temperature was measured after passing through the device, it increased by about 1\u0026deg;C. And when it was re-passed 3 times, microbubbles began to appear, and as it was re-passed 4 and 5 times, the number of microbubbles increased compared to when it was re-passed 3 times.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCarbon dioxide dissolves in tap water at 1.7℃\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType-B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTap\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWater\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of cycles\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e#1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e#2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e#3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e#4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e#5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e#6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSolution Temperature - Inlet (℃)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSolution Temperature - Outlet (℃)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({H}^{+}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e Molar concentration - mol/ℓ (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({*10}^{-5}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs shown above, a significant drop in pH occurred until the 5th re-pass, but the pH rose again to 3.79 from the 6th re-pass. As a result, Fig. When using the Type-B nanobubble generator in the Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, pH 3.73 is judged to be the maximum value at a water temperature of 1.7℃.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this way, when carbon dioxide is dissolved in a device that produces 30 tons (21 liters/min) per day while re-passing it 5 times at 14 LPM, it can be seen that the volume-based reaction ratio of tap water and carbon dioxide is 1:3.3. (Tap Water \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;21ℓ/min : \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({CO}_{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u0026ndash; 14LPM*5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21 : 70\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1 : 3.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluding about 10% (estimated) of carbon dioxide that is not dissolved due to microbubbles (Tap Water: CO2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1:3), it can be determined that 6 g/L of carbon dioxide is dissolved in 1 liter of tap water based on the weight of CO2. And in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, the pH change was measured over time for the solution with pH 3.78 produced after re-passing 4 times. During the experiment, it was placed in a 2 liter glass container and the lid was opened when measuring.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003eTable. 5. Change in pH over time of pH 3.78 solution repassed 4 times\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.241681260945708%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eType-B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.309982486865149%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e#4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSolution\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.40980735551664%\" colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epH concentration over time - Hour\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.038528896672503%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNote\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.402173913043478%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.402173913043478%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.402173913043478%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.402173913043478%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.402173913043478%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.98913043478261%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRoom Temperature\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.2℃\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.136752136752136%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.23931623931624%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.324786324786325%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.324786324786325%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.324786324786325%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.324786324786325%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.324786324786325%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.136752136752136%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTemperature (℃)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.23931623931624%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.324786324786325%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.324786324786325%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.324786324786325%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.324786324786325%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.324786324786325%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.241681260945708%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eType-B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.309982486865149%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e#4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSolution\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.40980735551664%\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epH concentration over time - Days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.038528896672503%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNote\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.983651226158038%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 Day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.983651226158038%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 Days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.983651226158038%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 Days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.983651226158038%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 Days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.065395095367847%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRoom Temperature\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16~18℃\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.194860813704498%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.27408993576017%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.132762312633833%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.132762312633833%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.132762312633833%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.132762312633833%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.194860813704498%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTemperature (℃)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.27408993576017%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.132762312633833%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.132762312633833%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.132762312633833%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.132762312633833%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\u0026nbsp;\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003eCO2 bubbles formed on the inner surface of the glass container rose to the surface and disappeared over time, but the change in pH over time was minimal, as shown in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. Consequently, it can be seen that the dissolution of carbon dioxide and the efficiency of the system are increased compared to the same time by increasing the pressure, flow velocity, and effective friction constant during the construction of the system. Through this experiment, it was possible to improve the utilization efficiency of carbon dioxide and secure economic feasibility.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) neutralization experiment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.1 Experimental setup\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA pH 13.03 solution was prepared by dissolving sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in tap water, and pH 4.48, which was generated through three cycles in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, was used for mixing as follows.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.2 Experimental method and results\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50cc and 500cc of a NaOH solution at pH 13 were prepared along with 50cc and 500cc of carbon dioxide nanobubble water.at pH 4.48. First, 50cc of each of the two solutions was mixed. Second, 500cc of each of the two solutions was mixed and the pH concentration was measured.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConcentration measurement after mixing the sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution and carbon dioxide nanobubble water\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e①\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNaOH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSolution\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e②\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({CO}_{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e Nanobubble Water\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e①+②\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMixed Solution\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMixing Amount\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50cc\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;50cc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500cc\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;500cc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn general, chemical knowledge, a solution at pH 1.0 is required to neutralize a strong alkaline sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution at pH 13.0, but carbon dioxide nanobubble water shows reactions against this common sense. Its potential is considered approximately 3,000 times higher compared to conventional solutions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5. Waste concrete leachate neutralization experiment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.1 Experimental setup\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter collecting waste concrete from building demolition sites, it was crushed to obtain materials with a diameter between 0.1 and 10 mm. 1,370 g of the crushed concrete waste was placed in a transparent container, and it was mixed with 1,370 g of tap water to obtain a solution at pH 13.07 in 30 seconds. In addition, the carbon dioxide nanobubble water generated through three cycles (pH 4.48) in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e was used.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.2 Experimental method and results\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50cc and 500cc of a calcium hydroxide (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({Ca\\left(OH\\right)}_{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) solution at pH 13.07 were prepared along with 50cc and 500cc of carbon dioxide nanobubble water at pH 4.48. First, 50cc of each of the two solutions was mixed. Second, 500cc of each of the two solutions was mixed and the pH concentration was measured.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConcentration measurement after mixing the calcium hydroxide (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({Ca\\left(OH\\right)}_{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) solution and carbon dioxide nanobubble water\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e①\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({Ca\\left(OH\\right)}_{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSolution\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e②\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({CO}_{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e Nanobubble Water\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e①+②\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMixed Solution\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMixing Amount\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50cc\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;50cc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500cc\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;500cc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe concentration measurement results in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e are similar to those in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. In other words, the solution used in the laboratory and the waste solution from the field have no difference in reaction.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6. Waste concrete leachate real-time neutralization experiment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.1 Experimental preparation and setup\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1,370 g of the crushed concrete waste shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e was placed in a plastic container, and it was mixed with 100 ℓ of tap water. The solution at pH 12.5 generated in 48 hours was used. The same system as in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e was used for the experiment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.2 Experiment results and discussion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen the calcium hydroxide (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({Ca\\left(OH\\right)}_{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) solution at pH 12.5 passed through the nanobubble generation system once, it was neutralized to pH 5.05 to 7.96 in real-time depending on the carbon dioxide consumption.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epH measurement results after real-time neutralization of the calcium hydroxide (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({Ca\\left(OH\\right)}_{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) solution\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({Ca\\left(OH\\right)}_{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e Solution\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNano Tube +\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({CO}_{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResult\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTransfer by Friction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.05\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;7.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChange in pH depending on the carbon dioxide consumption\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({Ca\\left(OH\\right)}_{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e Solution\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({CO}_{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e - pressure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({CO}_{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u0026ndash; Consumption\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epH 12.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(18.3℃)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 bar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3 LPM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.2 LPM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 LPM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 LPM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 LPM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt a calcium hydroxide (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({Ca\\left(OH\\right)}_{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) solution temperature of 18.3℃, the concentration changed depending on the carbon dioxide consumption as shown in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e. When the solution passed through the nanobubble generation system while carbon dioxide was injected at 30 LPM, the pH concentration decreased to 5.05.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn other words, it is possible to meet the target pH value by adjusting the carbon dioxide consumption.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7. Carbon dioxide mass dissolution and reaction\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.1 Essential conditions for carbon dioxide mass dissolution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor the fast reaction of an alkaline solution with carbon dioxide, the solution must contain many bubbles and the reactive surface area must be large compared to the bubble volume. It is also necessary to inject a large amount of carbon dioxide into the solution.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn other words, the use of the nanobubble generation system for reactions between an alkaline solution and carbon dioxide can increase the reactive surface area due to numerous nanobubbles and induce reactions in real-time while injecting carbon dioxide in large quantities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.2 Experiment purpose\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith the increasing number of electric vehicles, technologies related to lithium battery regeneration have been rapidly developed. During the regeneration of waste lithium batteries, cobalt carbonate (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({CoCO}_{3}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) and lithium carbonate (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({{Li}_{2}CO}_{3}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) are generated through the reactions of lithium hydroxide (LiOH) and cobalt hydroxide (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({Co\\left(OH\\right)}_{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) with carbon dioxide in the wet process to recover metal ions. This reaction process needs to be rapidly processed using a simple system.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn addition, sodium bicarbonate (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({NaHCO}_{3})\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is used to remove sulfur dioxide (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({SO}_{2})\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e from the combustion gases generated during the smelting process. Sodium sulfide \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\left({Na}_{2}{SO}_{4}\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, which is a waste after the reaction, is regenerated into sodium bicarbonate (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({NaHCO}_{3}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e). In this instance, the reaction between ammonia water (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({NH}_{4}OH\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) and carbon dioxide is essential.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor this reason, a carbon dioxide mass dissolution system was constructed and a real-time reaction experiment was performed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.3 Experimental preparation and setup\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on the system configuration in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, multiple pumps and nanotubes were connected to increase the flow velocity and flow rate. After calculating the appropriate nanotube length for reactions with strong alkaline conditions, the system was constructed as shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmmonia water (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({NH}_{4}OH\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) and calcium hydroxide (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({Ca\\left(OH\\right)}_{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) solution were used as the experimental solution. Both solutions were set to pH 13.4 to 13.7.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA transparent pipe was connected to the outlet of the mixture to visually examine the generation of white bubbles in the reactant solution and real-time reactivity. In addition, the end of the pipe was inserted into the solution to examine the condition of the rising bubbles, and carbon dioxide was injected until no bubbles rose.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTypes A, B, and C constructed in this study induced complete reactions by setting the ratio of carbon dioxide to strong alkaline solution at 1:1. As shown in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, Type A was constructed first and real-time reactivity with strong alkaline solution was tested. Tests were conducted by gradually increasing the capacity of the experimental setup.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.4 Experiment results and discussion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable. 10 Comparison of the carbon dioxide consumption and power consumption rate according to the type\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cimg 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\"\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1) The carbon dioxide consumption reacted in real time to 115% of the suction solution, but 100% was stable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2) Since re-penetration causes an exothermic reaction, a cooling device suitable for the system capacity is required.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3) From approximately pH 8.7, bubbles began to appear at the end of the pipe inserted into the solution.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cp\u003e4) As the system capacity (daily production) increased, the power consumption rate [(electricity consumption/daily production)*100)] decreased.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cp\u003e5) For the carbon dioxide consumption data of Type C, ammonia water (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({NH}_{4}OH\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) could not be used, and only calcium hydroxide (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({Ca\\left(OH\\right)}_{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) solution was used in the experiment because a test solution of more than 150 ℓ was required.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e shows the carbonation production process in which the carbon dioxide emissions collected from power plants, steel mills, and factories react with ammonia water (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({NH}_{4}OH\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) and sodium sulfide \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\left({Na}_{2}{SO}_{4}\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. Unlike the configuration of a typical carbonate production facility, reaction containers and mixing devices are not required because real-time chemical reactions occur in the nanobubble generation system that can dissolve a large amount of carbon dioxide.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"III. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, efficient carbon dioxide capture was attempted using a large amount of nanobubble solution generated through friction tubes. Since it was possible to produce nanobubbles in large quantities in previous studies, it is expected that large-capacity carbon dioxide capture will be possible. It was confirmed that the use of the nanobubble generation system proposed in this study can dissolve carbon dioxide in large quantities and induce real-time reactions without separate reaction containers and mixing devices.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of this study can be summarized as follows.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1) The use of the nanobubble generation system is effective in neutralizing strong alkaline solutions, such as ammonia water (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({NH}_{4}OH\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) and calcium hydroxide (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({Ca\\left(OH\\right)}_{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e), and reducing the pH.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2) The nanobubble generation system can be efficiently used at industrial sites because a target pH value can be met by adjusting the carbon dioxide consumption.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3) Approximately pH 4.48 at a tap water temperature of 16.5℃ is judged to be the maximum value from an economic perspective for carbon dioxide dissolution.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Tap Water : \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({CO}_{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e =(by volume) 1 : 1 = (by weight) 1ℓ : 2g/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4) In general tap water at 1.7℃, it is judged that the maximum value for dissolution of carbon dioxide is approximately pH 3.73 from an economic standpoint. (Tap Water : \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({CO}_{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e = (by volume) 1 : 3 = (by weight) 1ℓ : 6g/L)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5) If you lower the temperature of the solution to be reacted, increase the pressure and flow rate, and increase the effective friction constant, the solubility of carbon dioxide increases compared to the same time and the efficiency of the device improves.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6) Since the power consumption rate decreases as the system capacity (daily production) increases, it is possible to secure economic feasibility in terms of conversion cost and energy efficiency.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIf the nanobubble generation system is applied to the product conversion process after carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS), it is expected that the carbon dioxide capture and utilization (CCU) scope will expand because economic feasibility is secured. The use of the proposed method is expected to make it possible to respond to carbon dioxide-related environmental problems, such as global warming, by effectively capturing carbon dioxide at industrial sites that generate various carbon dioxide emissions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe generation of nanobubbles using friction tubes is an appropriate method to be used at actual industrial sites. In conventional technologies to reduce the size of nanobubbles, turbulence, and cavitation are usually induced in the fluid and shear force is applied to bubbles by creating a detour flow path. In addition, structures that extend the residence time of the fluid in the chamber were used. The cavitation generation method, however, is not economically feasible due to the excessive manufacturing cost of the system caused by the large weight of the complex structure and the massive operation cost caused by the operation of the rotating body. It also occupies a large installation space, making it difficult to use the system at small businesses or homes. Friction tubes, however, are easy to use at industrial sites because the setting of equipment is simple and nanobubbles can be efficiently produced. They are expected to spread the utilization of nanobubbles to various industrial fields dramatically because they can be easily installed in systems that require various forms of bends as flow path members for microbubble generation are made of flexible tubes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith efforts to respond to climate change spreading to all industries, countermeasures are urgently required for institutions with systems that generate carbon dioxide in large quantities. Various carbon dioxide capture technologies have been introduced, but most of them are complex and inefficient. Carbon dioxide capture technology that uses the nanobubble generation system, however, can efficiently capture carbon dioxide. Further research will be required on whether it can exhibit high capture efficiency in various environments, but it is expected to be established as a key technology for response to climate change in the future.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJia, M. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Nanobubbles in water and wastewater treatment systems: small bubbles making big difference. \u003cem\u003eWater Research\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e245\u003c/strong\u003e, 120613 (2023).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eByun, S. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Friction Tubes to Generate Nanobubble Ozone Water with an Increased Half-Life for Virucidal Activity. Preprint at https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2311.06943 (2023).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJim\u0026eacute;nez-de-la-Cuesta, D. \u0026amp; Mauritsen, T. Emergent constraints on Earth\u0026rsquo;s transient and equilibrium response to doubled CO2 from post-1970s global warming. \u003cem\u003eNat. Geosci.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e12\u003c/strong\u003e, 902\u0026ndash;905 (2019).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMadejski, P., Chmiel, K., Subramanian, N. \u0026amp; Kuś, T. Methods and Techniques for CO2 Capture: Review of Potential Solutions and Applications in Modern Energy Technologies. \u003cem\u003eEnergies\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e15\u003c/strong\u003e, 887 (2022).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLi, X., Peng, B., Liu, Q., Liu, J. \u0026amp; Shang, L. Micro and nanobubbles technologies as a new horizon for CO2-EOR and CO2 geological storage techniques: A review. \u003cem\u003eFuel\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e341\u003c/strong\u003e, 127661 (2023).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYoo, T. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Generation of high concentration nanobubbles based on friction tubes. Preprint at https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2310.16151 (2023).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Fawoo Nanotech Corporation","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"CCUS, carbon dioxide emission, carbon dioxide capture, nanobble, nanobubble generation device","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3836511/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3836511/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eTo prevent global warming, various technologies are being developed to suppress carbon dioxide emissions. Nanobubbles are useful in various industrial fields. Carbon dioxide capture technology was studied using the property of activating the reaction of nanobubbles. In this study, carbon dioxide capture was attempted using nanobubble generation tubes based on the friction principle. The world has paid attention to carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) to inhibit and reduce carbon dioxide emissions, which are known as the main cause of global warming. The problem is that the new process that utilizes carbon dioxide must consume less energy and resources than existing alternative processes. To address this problem, research was conducted on the possibility of dissolving carbon dioxide in large quantities at low power consumption using a nanobubble generation system and real-time chemical reactions in this study. In addition, a mass dissolution system was constructed, and real-time neutralization was verified through the reactions of nanobubble carbon dioxide with ammonia water (NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eOH) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) solution.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Nanobubble-Based Carbon Dioxide Massive Dissolution Using Friction Tubes and Real-Time Reaction","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-01-08 14:44:42","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3836511/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"6200a487-fada-4562-844e-9142e8d3d7f7","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 8th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":27967940,"name":"Nanoscience"},{"id":27967941,"name":"Environmental Engineering"},{"id":27967942,"name":"Plasma and Fluids"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-01-08T14:44:43+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-01-08 14:44:42","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3836511","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3836511","identity":"rs-3836511","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}