Dynamics of gas and greenhouse gases of ensiling barley with lactic acid bacteria during fermentation

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However, little is known regarding the dynamics of GHG productions in silage during fermentation. The GHG accumulation and reduction were assessed in barley silage in the study. Barley was harvested at milk stage and ensiled without (CK) and with commercial lactic acid bacterial additives (L1 or L2). Gas and GHG productions, fermentation quality, fermentation weight loss (FWL), and bacterial communities were analyzed at d 0, d 1, d 3, d 6, d 15, d 35, and d 90 after ensiling. The gas and GHG productions rapidly increased in all silages during early fermentation phase and then decreased ( P < 0.05). The gas and GHG productions in CK were higher than those in L1 and L2 from d 1 to d 35 ( P < 0.05) and the peak productions of gas and GHG were observed at d 6 in CK and at d 3 in L1 and L2. The gas and GHG had positive correlation with Coliforms, Enterobacter , Klebsiella , and Atlantibacter from d 0 to d 6 ( P < 0.05), but had negative correlation with Lentilactobacillus , Lactiplantibacillus , and Lacticaseibacillus from d 1 to d 35 ( P < 0.05). The L1 and L2 had increasing pH and decreasing LA after d 15 ( P < 0.05). Lentilactobacillus in L1 and L2 dominated the bacterial communities from d 35 to d 90 and correlated positively with pH and AA and negatively with LA from d 6 to d 90 ( P < 0.05). The FWL had positive correlation with gas and GHG from d 1 to d 35 ( P < 0.05). The ensiling fermentation process was divided into gas accumulation and reduction phases. Inoculating LAB reduces the gas and GHG productions. The activities of enterobacteria majorly contributes to the gas and GHG accumulations. The gas and GHG might participate in LAB metabolism during gas reduction phase. Lentilactobacillus activity causes mainly fermentation quality deterioration during late fermentation phase. The gas and GHG generated in silage contribute to the FWL during fermentation. bacterial communities barley silage fermentation weight loss gas accumulation phase gas reduction phase greenhouse gases Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction Greenhouse gases (GHG) emission causes global climate change, increasing temperatures, and more extreme weather events [ 1 , 2 ]. The Paris Agreement was signed by many countries in 2016 for limiting global climate change [ 3 ]. China, in 2020, has set carbon peaking (2023) and carbon neutrality (2060) goals [ 4 ]. The sectors of agriculture, forestry, and other land use account to 24% of GHG production globally, respectively [ 5 ]. Agricultural activity (crop and livestock productions) contributes to approximately 10% – 12% of GHG emissions globally [ 6 ]. For the past few years, the studies mainly focused on reducing GHG emissions from crop and livestock productions and has achieved remarkable results [ 7 – 10 ]. However, the GHG generating in and emitting from silage, as an important roughage for ruminant husbandry, are not included in the official inventory [ 11 ]. There is a lack of systematic and in-depth studies in this field. Ensiling, as a traditional method, preserves fresh forage for providing palatable roughage to ruminant all year round [ 12 , 13 ]. Silage making improves land use efficiency, nutrient yields of natural resources, steady development of animal husbandry, and farmer profitability [ 11 ]. However, many instances were reported of the death of men working in silos from 1930s to 1940s, and the deaths were resulted from inhalation of gases generated in silage during fermentation [ 14 , 15 ]. From then on, attention has been paid to the toxic gases (CO 2 and N 2 O) generated in silage and many related studies have been carried out. Meiering et al. [ 16 ] simulated the CO 2 production in ryegrass silage and shown increasing in the first 7 days and then remaining stable from d 7 to d 21. However, Williams et al. [ 17 ] reported the CO 2 production increases rapidly during early fermentation (about 7 days) and then decreases in ryegrass silage banker. NO 2 in silage increases readily during early fermentation because of oxidating NO [ 18 , 19 ]. In baled silage, the early fermentation stage is characterized by creating rapidly CO 2 -rich environment and the film property (color and type) has limited effect on the gas composition [ 20 ]. Moreover, the gas production during fermentation contributes to the loss of dry matter (DM) of silage [ 17 , 21 ]. With the concern of global climate change and after signing Paris Agreement, the gas generated in silage has been studied from the aspect of GHG. Schmithausen et al. [ 22 ] showed that CO 2 is the most important component of gas generated in silage by measuring GHG concentrations during fermentation. Inoculating homofermentative lactic acid bacteria (LAB) or wilting materials can reduce gas and GHG productions in silage [ 13 , 22 – 24 ]. Nevertheless, ensiling with heterofermentative LAB results in higher gas and N 2 O generated in silage [ 23 ]. Li et al. [ 25 ] reported CO 2 is mainly generated at anaerobic fermentation stage and a small amount of CO 2 dissolves in silage water during fermentation. Moreover, some studies reported that inoculating LAB reduces gas and CO 2 productions by optimizing bacterial communities in silage [ 13 , 24 ]. The activities of Enterobacteriaceae and Lactococcus might cause gas generated in oat silage [ 24 ]. Enterobacteriaceae may be involved in N 2 O formed in sorghum-sudangrass silage [ 26 ]. In addition, Lactococcus and Citrobacter have positive correlation with gas and CO 2 productions in silage [ 13 ]. We have previously found that the gas production in barley silage is higher than that in other silages (Figure S1 ) and hypothesized that inoculation of LAB at ensiling barley may optimize bacterial communities for reducing gas and GHG productions during fermentation. Thus, this study aims to determine the gas and GHG productions, fermentation quality, fermentation weight loss (FWL), and bacterial communities during fermentation in barley silage with commercial LAB inoculants. Materials and Methods Preparing Silage Barley ( Hordeum vulgare ; Liangcheng barley) was harvested at milk stage (DM content, 363 g/kg) from four fields as replicates on July 11, 2021, in an experimental farm, Huhhot, China (40◦750 N, 111◦670 E). After chopping into 1 cm – 2 cm and mixing thoroughly, the fresh forages were divided into three batches for treatments. (1) CK, spraying 2 ml/kg fresh weight (FW) of distilled water; (2) L1, spraying 2 g/t FW of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum , Lentilactobacillus buchneri , Lacticaseibacillus casei , and Pediococcus acidilactici (≥ 1.0 × 10 11 CFU/g) and 2 ml/kg FW of distilled water; (3) L2, spraying 5 g/t FW of Lact. plantarum 550 and 360 (≥ 1.3 × 10 10 CFU/g) and Lent. buchneri 225 (≥ 7.0 × 10 9 CFU/g) and 2 ml/kg FW of distilled water. The forages were mixed uniformly and sealed vacuously into a polyethylene bag (500 g); 28 bags of silage were prepared for one treatment (7 bags per field). The silages were sampled at d 0, d 1, d 3, d 6, d 15, d 35, and d 90 after ensiling for analyzing gas and GHG productions, fermentation quality, FWL, and bacterial communities. Greenhouse gases productions The gas production of each silage bag was calculated by the difference between before and after volume of silage bag [ 13 , 24 ]. The gas was sampled from silage bag by injection syringe. The concentrations of CO 2 , N 2 O, and CH 4 in gas were analyzed by a gas chromatography (Shimadzu GC-20A, Shimadzu Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan) within one week [ 13 , 27 ]. Fermentation quality, buffering capacity, and fermentation weight loss The extract of silage was prepared according to Xu et al. [ 28 , 29 ] and used for analyzing pH, organic acids (lactic acid (LA), acetic acid (AA), propionic acid (PA), butyric acid (BA)), and ammonia nitrogen (AN) of silage. The silage extracts were measured by pH meter (PB-10, Sartorius, Gottingen, Germany) for determining pH of silage, by high-performance liquid chromatography (DAD, 210 nm, SPD-20A, Shimadzu Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan) for assessing organic acids concentrations of silage [ 28 , 29 ], and by Kjeldahl method for detecting AN of silage [ 30 ]. The silages were dried at 65 ℃ for 48 h to determine DM of silage and used for assessing total nitrogen of silage by Kjeldahl method with copper as the catalyst and detecting buffering capacity (BC) according to Playne and McDonald [ 31 ]. The FWL was assessed by the difference between before and after weight of silage bag [ 29 ]. Microbial counts and bacterial communities Man, Rogosa and Sharpe agar, violet red bile agar, nutrient agar, and potato dextrose agar were used as mediums for determining LAB, coliforms, total aerobic bacteria (TAB), and yeasts counts of silage according to Cai [ 32 ]. After extracting bacterial DNA of silage, 341F (5′-CCTACGGGNGGCWGCAG-3′) and 805R (5′-GACTACHVGGGTATCTAATCC-3′) were used as primers to amplify the V3–V4 region of bacterial rRNA gene by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) [ 33 ]. The purification, quantification, and sequence of PCR products, the calculation of alpha and beta diversities, and the sequence alignment were carried out by LC-Bio (Hangzhou Lianchuan Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China). Sequencing data were submitted to the NCBI Sequence Read Archive database (accession number: PRJNA1026762). Statistical analyses The effects of ensiling day per treatment and the effects of inoculants per ensiling day were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS (SAS System for Windows, version 9.1.3; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). The correlation heatmap of gas and GHG with fermentation quality, microbial counts, and bacterial communities were analyzed using R 3.6.1 on web ( https://www.omicstudio.cn/space ). Results Greenhouse gases productions The gas, CO 2 and N 2 O productions increased in CK during the first 6 days and in L1 and L2 during the first day, and then decreased for all silages ( P < 0.05) (Table 1 ). The CH 4 production raised in CK during the first 15 days and in L1 and L2 during the first 3 days, and then decreased for all silages ( P < 0.05). Compared with L1 and L2, from d 3 to d 35, CK had greater gas, CO 2 and N 2 O productions from d 1 to d 35 and higher CH 4 production ( P < 0.05); moreover, L2 had more N 2 O than L1 at d 3 and d 6 ( P < 0.05). Table 1 Gas and greenhouse gases productions of barley silage during fermentation (n = 4). Items Ensiling day (d) P -value SEM 0 1 3 6 15 35 90 Gas (L/kg fresh weight (FW)) CK 0 3.08Ac 7.00Aa 7.06Aa 5.16Ab 2.22Ad 0.177e < 0.001 0.207 L1 0 1.26Ba 1.20Ba 0.785Bb 0.192Bc 0.224Bc 0.096cd < 0.001 0.047 L2 0 1.37Ba 1.38Ba 1.07Bb 0.461Bc 0.165Bd 0.099d < 0.001 0.056 P -value - < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 0.061 SEM 0.105 0.172 0.189 0.172 0.078 0.023 CO 2 (L/kg FW) CK 0 1.83Ad 4.36Ab 4.94Aa 2.91Ac 1.31Ae 0.095f < 0.001 0.130 L1 0 0.705Ba 0.673Ba 0.441Bb 0.108Bc 0.127Bc 0.050cd < 0.001 0.026 L2 0 0.790Ba 0.773Ba 0.631Bb 0.272Bc 0.082Bd 0.053d < 0.001 0.033 P -value - < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 0.0534 SEM - 0.062 0.106 0.130 0.097 0.046 0.012 N 2 O (* 10 − 3 L/kg FW) CK 0 5.41Ab 7.43Aa 7.48Aa 3.35Ac 1.15Ad 0.081e < 0.001 0.212 L1 0 3.55Ba 2.73Cb 1.70Cc 0.199Bd 0.185Bd 0.055d < 0.001 0.114 L2 0 4.91Aa 3.43Bb 2.63Bc 0.551Bd 0.147Be 0.061e < 0.001 0.124 P -value - < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 0.314 SEM - 0.222 0.208 0.248 0.121 0.042 0.012 CH 4 (* 10 − 5 L/kg FW) CK 0 0.888e 2.38Ab 3.12Ac 5.85Aa 4.53Ab 0.502fe < 0.001 0.175 L1 0 0.984ab 1.06Ba 0.836Bb 0.334Bd 0.654Bc 0.377d < 0.001 0.053 L2 0 0.991ab 1.21Ba 1.09Bab 0.847Bb 0.501Bc 0.369c < 0.001 0.080 P -value - 0.2875 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 0.423 SEM - 0.0480 0.070 0.104 0.207 0.162 0.077 SEM, standard error of means. The significantly different means with different lowercase and uppercase letters within a row and a column, respectively. CK, control; L1, ensiling barley with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum , Lentilactobacillus buchneri , Lacticaseibacillus casei , and Pediococcus acidilactici ; L2, ensiling barley with Lact. plantarum and Lent. buchneri . Fermentation quality During fermentation, the CK had a decreasing pH and an increasing BC ( P < 0.05) and all silages had increasing AA, AN and FWL increased ( P < 0.05) (Table 2 ). For L1 and L2, the pH reduced during the first 15 days and then raised ( P < 0.05), but the BC increased during the first 15 days and then decreased ( P < 0.05). The LA content increased in CK during the first 35 days and in L1 and L2 during the first 15 days, and then decreased ( P < 0.05). Compared with L1 and L2, the CK had higher pH between d 1 and d 35, AN between d 1 and d 15, FWL between d 1 and d 90, and BC at d 35 and d 90, and lower LA between d 1 and d 15 and BC between d 1 and d 6 ( P < 0.05). The L2 had lower BC than L1 at d 1 and CK and L1 from d 15 to d 90 ( P < 0.05). The L1 had lower pH from d 15 to d 90, and AA and AN at d 35 than CK and L2 ( P < 0.05). The L2 had less LA than CK at d 90 ( P < 0.05). Table 2 pH, lactic acid (LA), acetic acid (AA), ammoniacal nitrogen (AN), buffering capacity (BC), and fermentation weight loss (FWL) of barley silage during fermentation (n = 4). Items Ensiling day (d) P -value SEM 0 1 3 6 15 35 90 pH CK 6.56a 6.02Ab 5.44Ac 4.86Ad 4.57Ae 4.41Ae 4.39Ae < 0.001 0.070 L1 6.53a 4.15Bc 3.92Bd 3.88Bd 3.84Cd 3.92Cd 4.22Bb < 0.001 0.022 L2 6.48a 4.19Bc 3.90Bd 3.92Bd 3.90Bd 4.22Bc 4.50Ab < 0.001 0.017 P -value 0.165 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 0.001 SEM 0.030 0.019 0.078 0.063 0.020 0.121 0.035 LA (g/kg dry matter (DM)) CK 0 8.72Bfe 17.9Cde 26.3Bcd 38.4Bab 43.9a 32.1Abc < 0.001 3.26 L1 0 36.0Ab 61.7Aa 60.8Aa 63.9Aa 42.9b 24.1ABc < 0.001 3.35 L2 0 36.8Ab 48.7Ba 51.4Aa 51.5Aa 46.5a 15.4Bc < 0.001 2.75 P -value - < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 0.805 0.022 SEM - 2.53 1.77 3.82 4.15 3.97 3.42 AA (g/kg DM) CK 0 7.96cd 8.94cd 9.11cd 14.5bc 21.0Ab 30.6a < 0.001 3.01 L1 0 5.99b 6.37b 8.33b 9.50b 9.00Bb 25.5a < 0.001 1.65 L2 0 7.83c 6.20c 10.6c 9.39c 24.5Ab 30.9a < 0.001 1.73 P -value - 0.409 0.314 0.293 0.1375 < 0.001 0.690 SEM - 1.11 1.34 0.991 1.84 1.74 4.91 AN (g/kg total nitrogen) CK 10.6c 31.5Ab 38.1Aa 37.7Aa 38.1Aa 35.8Aa 36.7a < 0.001 1.42 L1 9.00d 19.2Bc 27.2Bb 27.3Bb 26.2Bb 28.7Bb 33.6a < 0.001 1.60 L2 10.0f 14.6Ce 23.5Bd 28.3Bc 27.8Bc 32.9Ab 37.0a < 0.001 1.19 P -value 0.481 < 0.001 0.003 < 0.001 < 0.001 0.013 0.230 SEM 0.891 1.43 2.19 1.18 1.05 1.31 1.43 BC CK 186e 215Cd 288Bc 334Bb 393Aa 394Aa 405Aa < 0.001 3.66 (mEq/kg DM) L1 189f 288Ae 332Ac 364Ab 385Aa 365Bb 305Bd < 0.001 3.21 L2 195e 275Bd 330Ab 361Aa 368Ba 313Cc 281Cd < 0.001 P -value 0.210 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 0.003 < 0.001 < 0.001 SEM 3.02 2.60 3.31 2.88 3.81 3.15 3.98 FWL (% fresh weight) CK 0 0.560Ae 1.75Ad 2.36Ad 4.51Ac 9.43Ab 13.5Aa < 0.001 0.260 L1 0 0.319Bfe 0.702Be 1.33Bd 2.69Bc 6.63Bb 11.0Ba < 0.001 0.133 L2 0 0.371Bfe 0.805Be 1.40Bd 2.87Bc 6.82Bb 10.9Ba < 0.001 0.183 P -value - < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 0.0011 SEM - 0.018 0.132 0.094 0.150 0.3050 0.366 SEM, standard error of means. The significantly different means with different lowercase and uppercase letters within a row and a column, respectively. CK, control; L1, ensiling barley with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum , Lentilactobacillus buchneri , Lacticaseibacillus casei , and Pediococcus acidilactici ; L2, ensiling barley with Lact. plantarum and Lent. buchneri . Microbial counts For all silages, the counts of LAB and yeasts increased during the first 3 days and the TAB increased in the first day, and then they decreased (except yeasts in CK) ( P < 0.05) (Table 3 ). Coliforms in CK increased during the first 3 days and then decreased ( P < 0.05) and was no detected at d 35 and d 90; however, its count in L1 and L2 decreased in the first day ( P < 0.05) and was no detected from d 6 to d 90. The CK had lower LAB than L1 and L2 during the first day and than L2 between d 3 and d 6 ( P < 0.05); moreover, L1 had lower LAB than L2 at d 1, and CK and L2 from d 15 to d 90 ( P < 0.05). The CK had higher TAB than L1 and L2 from d 15 to d 35 ( P < 0.05), and the L1 had lower TAB than CK and L2 from d 35 to d 90 ( P < 0.05). The CK contained less yeasts than L1 and L2 between d 1 and d 3 ( P < 0.05). The L2 had higher yeasts than CK and L1 at d 15 and L1 at d 35 ( P < 0.05). The L1 had less yeasts than CK and L2 at d 90 ( P < 0.05). Table 3 Counts of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), coliforms, total aerobic bacteria (TAB), and yeasts of barley silage during fermentation (n = 4). Items Ensiling day (d) P -value SEM 0 1 3 6 15 35 90 LAB (lg colony forming units (cfu)/g fresh weight (FW)) CK 4.03Be 8.76Cc 9.22Ba 9.07Bab 9.00Ab 8.79Ac 7.62Ad < 0.001 0.054 L1 5.91Af 9.23Bab 9.37ABa 8.94Cb 8.45Bc 7.83Bd 6.78Be < 0.001 0.101 L2 6.00Ae 9.48Aa 9.43Aa 9.21Aa 8.91Ac 9.02Ac 7.69Ad < 0.001 0.042 P -value < 0.001 < 0.001 0.041 0.002 0.006 < 0.001 < 0.001 SEM 0.054 0.070 0.051 0.037 0.096 0.074 0.094 Coliforms (lg cfu/g FW) CK 7.45c 9.08Ab 10.2Aa 7.62Ac 4.12Ad 0 0 < 0.001 0.090 L1 7.50a 5.82Bb 0 0 0 0 0 < 0.001 0.061 L2 7.23a 6.09Bb 0 0 0 0 0 < 0.001 0.057 P -value 0.151 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 - - SEM 0.093 0.096 0.043 0.117 0.043 - - TAB (lg cfu/g FW) CK 7.77e 9.42a 9.08b 9.11b 8.53Ac 8.12Ad 7.82Ae < 0.001 0.087 L1 7.68b 9.26a 9.22a 8.94a 7.90Bb 6.53Cd 7.20Bc < 0.001 0.095 L2 7.80c 9.53a 9.33a 9.03b 7.79Bc 7.61Bc 7.73Ac < 0.001 0.089 P -value 0.167 0.154 0.333 0.166 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 SEM 0.044 0.094 0.112 0.057 0.069 0.143 0.081 Yeasts (lg cfu/g FW) CK 6.40b 8.71Ba 9.08Ba 9.05a 8.68Ba 8.84ABa 8.83Aa < 0.001 0.114 L1 6.61d 9.15Aa 9.39Aa 9.11a 8.35Bb 8.56Bb 7.30Bc < 0.001 0.124 L2 6.40e 9.43Aa 9.48Aa 9.19b 9.11Ab 8.94Ac 8.73Ad < 0.001 0.056 P -value 0.297 0.006 0.001 0.360 0.004 0.033 < 0.001 SEM 0.103 0.118 0.053 0.066 0.115 0.088 0.145 SEM, standard error of means. The significantly different means with different lowercase and uppercase letters within a row and a column, respectively. CK, control; L1, ensiling barley with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum , Lentilactobacillus buchneri , Lacticaseibacillus casei , and Pediococcus acidilactici ; L2, ensiling barley with Lact. plantarum and Lent. buchneri . Bacterial communities Lentilactobacillus had increasing abundance during fermentation in CK, L1 and L2 (from 0.32–14.9%, from 0.28–71.8% and from 0.70–61.7%, respectively) (Fig. 1 ). Lactiplantibacillus in CK raised from 0.27–8.74% during the first 15 days and then decreased to 5.43% at d 90. Moreover, its abundance in L1 and L2 increased from 0.26–10.0% and from 0.75–64.8% in the first 6 days, respectively, and then decreased to 2.28% and 23.3% at d 90, respectively. Pediococcus in CK and L2 had low-level abundance (less than 0.50%) during fermentation. However, its abundance in L1 increased from 0.21–30.6% in the first 6 days and then decreased to 7.09% at d 90. Lacticaseibacillus had low-level abundance in CK during fermentation (< 0.20%) and in L2 in the first 15 days (< 0.05%) and then increased to 2.40% at d 90. However, its abundance in L1 increase from 0.05–14.5% during fermentation. Noname Proteobacteria in CK_0, L1_0, and L2_0 had 82.3%, 88.3%, and 70.0% of abundances, respectively, rapidly decreased in the first day (0.60%, 3.18%, and 1.45%, respectively), and then had less abundance. The abundance of Enterobacter in CK, L1, and L2 increased rapidly in the first day (37.5%, 17.5%, and 21.9%, respectively), and then kept high level in CK (> 33% from d 1 to d 90) and decreased to 2.21% in L1 and to 3.30% in L2 at d 90. Xanthomonas in CK had a rapid decreasing abundance in the first day (6.69–0.61%) and then increased to 3.47% at d 90. However, its abundance in L1 and L2 increased rapidly in the first day (1.65–26.6% and 7.86–25.8%, respectively) and decreased to 1.58% in L1 and to 1.48% in L2 at d 90. Klebsiella in CK had an increasing abundance in the first 6 days (from 0.34–14.8%) and then decreased to 9.22% at d 90. Moreover, its abundance increased to 8.20% in L1 at d 15 and to 10.5% in L2 at d 1 and then decreased to 1.17% and 1.74% at d 90, respectively. Pantoea in CK and L2 had increasing abundances in the first day (3.96–9.41% and 6.58–9.74%) and then decreased to 5.51% and 2.07% at d 90, respectively. Moreover, its abundance in L1 increased in the first 6 days (from 4.20–11.2%) and then decreased to 1.03% at d 90. Atlantibacter in CK and L1 increased in the first 15 days (from 0.54–29.5% and from 0.48–4.89%, respectively) and then decreased to 0.48% and 0.57% at d 90, respectively. Moreover, its abundance in L2 increased from 1.36–6.61% in the first day and then decreased to 0.37% at d 90. Hafnia in CK and L2 increased from 0.09–13.2% and 0.91–1.38% in the first day, respectively and then decreased to 1.06% and 0.20% at d 90, respectively. Moreover, its abundance in L1 increased from 0.11–4.68% in the first 15 days and then decreased to 0.43% at d 90. Correlation between gases productions and fermentation quality The pH correlated positively with gas, CO 2 , N 2 O, and CH 4 at d 1 (except CH 4 ), d 6, d 15, and d 35 (except CO 2 ) ( P < 0.05) (Fig. 2). The LA correlated negatively with gas, CO 2 , N 2 O, and CH 4 at d 1 (except N 2 O and CH 4 ), d 3, d 6, and d 15 ( P < 0.05). The AN had positive correlation with gas at d 1 and with gas, CO 2 , N 2 O, and CH 4 at d 3 (except N 2 O), d 6, and d 15 ( P < 0.05). The BC correlated negatively with gas, CO 2 , N 2 O, and CH 4 at d 1 (except CH 4 ), d 3, and d 6, but positively with gas, CO 2 , N 2 O, and CH 4 at d 35 ( P < 0.05). The FWL correlated positively with gas, CO 2 , N 2 O, and CH 4 at d 1 (except CH 4 ), d 3, d 6, and d 15 ( P < 0.05). Correlation between gases productions and microbial counts The LAB correlated negatively with gas and CO 2 at d 1 ( P < 0.05) and positively with gas, CO 2 , N 2 O, and CH 4 at d 15 ( P < 0.05) (Fig. 2). The coliform correlated positively with CO 2 and N 2 O and negatively with CH 4 at d 1 ( P < 0.05), and positively with gas, CO 2 , N 2 O, and CH 4 at d 3, d 6, and d 15 ( P < 0.05). The yeast correlated negatively with gas at 1 d ( P < 0.05) and with total gas, CO 2 , N 2 O, and CH 4 at 3 d ( P < 0.05). Correlation between gases productions and bacterial communities Enterobacter had positive correlation and Lentilactobacillus had negative correlation with gas, CO 2 , N 2 O, and CH 4 at d 1 (except CH 4 ), d 6, d 35, and d 90 (except N 2 O and CH 4 ) ( P < 0.05) (Fig. 4). Lactiplantibacillus had negative correlation with gas and CO 2 at d 1 and with CO 2 at d 35 ( P < 0.05). Noname Proteobacteria had negative correlation with gas, CO 2 , N 2 O, and CH 4 at d 1 (except CH 4 ), d 3, d 6, and d 15 ( P < 0.05). Xanthomonas correlated negatively with gas, CO 2 , N 2 O, and CH 4 at d 1 (except CH 4 ), d 3, and d 35 ( P < 0.05). Klebsiella , Atlantibacter , and Hafnia had positive correlation with gas, CO 2 , N 2 O, and CH 4 at d 35 ( P < 0.05); moreover, Atlantibacter correlated negatively with CH 4 at d 1 ( P < 0.05). Pediococcus correlated negatively with gas, CO 2 , N 2 O, and CH 4 at d 1 (except CH 4 ), d 6, and d 35 ( P < 0.05). Lacticaseibacillus correlated negatively with gas, CO 2 , N 2 O, and CH 4 at d 1 (except CH 4 ), d 6, and d 90 (except N 2 O and CH 4 ) ( P < 0.05). Discussion Gas and GHG productions The gas production increased during initial fermentation phase and then decreased (Table 1 and Figure S2). In our other study (unpublished), the gas production increased in the first 4 days and then decreased in barley silage without any additives (Figure S3). The similar dynamics of gras production was also detected in silages of stylo, rice straw, and oat, respectively [ 13 , 24 ]. Furthermore, the gas production reached to peak at d 6 in CK but at d 3 in L1 and L2 (Table 1 and Figure S2). The previous study also showed the gas peak production detected at d 3 and d 7 in silage with and without inoculation, respectively [ 13 ]. Those indicated that the fermentation process of silage can be divided into gas accumulation phase and gas reduction phase according to the gas production, and inoculating LAB at ensiling can shorten the gas accumulation phase of silage. The CO 2 , N 2 O, and CH 4 are the main GHG generated in silage [ 22 , 34 , 35 ]. Although CO 2 has one global warming potential (GWP), N 2 O has 265 GWP, and CH 4 has 28 GWP, the average production of CO 2 was 564 times that of N 2 O and 64577 times that of CH 4 during fermentation (Table 1 ). Schmithausen et al. [ 22 ] reported that CO 2 concentration was more than 50% of gas at d 12 of ensiling, the peak concentrations of N 2 O and CH 4 were less than 1200 ppm and 100 ppm, respectively. Furthermore, Other studies showed that, in silage, the CO 2 accounted for more than 60% of gas [ 13 , 17 , 20 ] and was one main component of gases generated in silage [ 16 , 19 , 23 ]. Those indicated that CO 2 is the most important GHG generated in silage. The peak productions of gas and CO 2 in L1 (d 1) and L2 (d 1) was less than 20% of those in CK (6 d) (Table 1 ). Previous studies also detected lower gas production in oat silage with the same LAB additives ( Lact. Plantarum as one major component) [ 24 ] and in silages of stylo and rice straw with Lact. Plantarum [ 13 ]. However, Gomes et al. [ 23 ] reported greater gas production in wilted oat silage inoculated with Lent. Buchneri . The differences in gas production might be caused by the different metabolic pathways between Lact. Plantarum (homofermentative LAB) and Lent. Buchneri (heterofermentative LAB). The homofermentative LAB converts carbohydrates into lactic acid but the heterofermentation of glucose produces CO 2 in silage system during anaerobic fermentation [ 11 , 36 ]. Those suggested that inoculating LAB additives with Lact. Plantarum as main component can reduce the gas and GHG productions in silage. Gas accumulation phase The gas in silage is mainly generated by the respiration of raw materials and microorganisms during initial aerobic phase and by the activities of microorganisms during initial anaerobic fermentation phase [ 13 , 20 ]. Generally, the silo quickly reaches an anaerobic condition within a few hours of ensiling [ 16 – 18 , 20 ]. Sun et al. [ 37 ] reported that, in whole-plant corn silages with similar laboratory silo, the initial aerobic phase lasted less than 2 h. Previous studies showed most of CO 2 in silage was generated during anaerobic period [ 22 , 25 ]. There was no change in the volumes of all silages after 4 h of ensiling, and the gas production rapidly increased in the first 3 days for CK and in the first day for L1 and L2 (Table 1and Figure S2). Those indicated that the gas in silage was accumulated mostly by the activities of microorganisms during the initial anaerobic phase, rather than the aerobic phase. Enterobacteriaceae dominated the bacterial communities in untreated barley silage with high gas production during fermentation (Table 1 , Figure S2, S3, S4, and S5). In the first 6 days (gas accumulation phase), the CK had higher gas and GHG productions, pH, coliforms, Enterobacter , Klebsiella , Atlantibacter , and Hafnia , and lower LA than L1 and L2 (Table 1 , 2 , and 3 , and Fig. 1 , S2, and S6). The gas, CO 2 , and N 2 O had positive correlation with pH and those microbes mentioned above and negative correlation with LA from d 1 to d 6, and the CH 4 had the same correlation with those at d 3 and d 6 (Fig. 2, 3, and 4). However, Chen et al. [ 13 ] reported the positive correlation of gas and CO 2 productions with Lactococcus , Leuconostoc , and Lachnoclostridium in stylo silages, and with Prevotella , Citrobacter , and Massilia in rice straw silages during fermentation. Sun et al. [ 24 ] showed the positive correlation of gas production with Enterobacteriaceae and Enterobacter at d 1, with Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacter , and Lactococcus at d 3, and with Lactococcus at d 6 in oat silages. Those different correlations might be resulted from the different silage with unique microbial communities during fermentation. Enterobacter , Klebsiella , and Atlantibacter belong to Enterobacteriaceae, which can utilize glucose as substrate to produce AA, ethanol, and CO 2 in silage [ 38 ]. Hafnia has ability to ferment glucose into acid and gas [ 39 ]. After ensiling, enterobacteria, lactobacilli, and plant nitrate reductase degrade nitrate to nitrite and nitric oxide and then to form ammonia and N 2 O [ 40 , 41 ]. Previous studies also reported the enterobacteria in silage as the main microbe degrades nitrate during fermentation [ 41 , 42 ]. In addition, the facultative anaerobic enterobacteria can convert enzymatically formate into CO 2 and H 2 during initial fermentation phase [ 43 ]. The clostridia can degrade lactate into butyric and acetic acids, and form H 2 [ 44 ]. Those H 2 can be used for methanogenesis under the anaerobic conditions and converted to CH 4 by archaea with AA in silage [ 22 ]. Chen et al. [ 13 ] reported the formation of H 2 during initial fermentation phase in stylo silage and rice straw silage. Enterobacteriaceae was main bacteria, but clostridia were no detected in all silages from d 1 to d 6 (Fig. 1 and S5). Furthermore, the pH had positive correlation with coliforms and Enterobacter at d 1, with coliforms, Enterobacter , Atlantibacter , and Hafnia at d 3, and with coliforms, Enterobacter , and Klebsiella at d 6 (Figure S7). The LA had negative correlation with Hafnia at d 1 and with coliforms, Enterobacter , and Klebsiella at d 3 and d 6 (Figure S7). Those indicated that, during gas accumulation phase, the accumulations of gas and GHG in barley silage might be contributed mainly by the activities of enterobacteria but was slowed down by the rapid fermentation in LAB-treated barley silage. Gas reduction phase The productions of gas and GHG decreased after d 6 in CK and after d 3 in L1 and L2 (Table 1 and Figure S2). Previous studies also revealed the reducing productions of gas and/or CO 2 in silage during late fermentation phase [ 13 , 24 ]. The CO 2 generated gradually leak out of the polyethylene film of bunker silage during fermentation [ 17 ]. Furthermore, the CO 2 escaping from silage bale continuously takes place during the first d 25 of ensiling [ 35 ]. After CO 2 generated in silage system, it partially dissolves in interstitial silage water (39.2 mmol L − 1 at 20°C) to form H 2 CO 3 and then decrease the pH of silage [ 25 ]. The CO 2 , as a growing factor, is assimilated by taking part in some fundamental metabolic process of heterotrophic bacteria [ 45 ]. The LAB are heterotrophic Gram-positive bacteria [ 46 ]. Lact. Plantarum and Lent. Buchneri contain 9 and 10 genes involved in inorganic carbon (CO 2 and \({\text{H}\text{C}\text{O}}_{3}^{-}\) ) assimilation, respectively [ 11 ]. The Lact. plantarum , Enterococcus faecalis , and Enterococcus faecium , as capnophiles, can assimilate inorganic carbon as a substrate in carboxylation reactions in silage [ 46 ]. The main LAB genera had negative correlation with gas and GHG from d 1 to d 90 (Fig. 4). Lact. Plantarum increased in the first 15 days in CK and in the first 6 days in L1 and L2 and then decreased. Lent. Buchneri had an increasing abundance in all silages during fermentation (Figure S7). Furthermore, Lact. plantarum and Lent. buchneri were two main bacteria in all silages during fermentation and P. acidilactici was also main bacterial special in L1 from d 1 to d 35 (Figure S7). Those indicated that, during gas reduction phase, the gas and GHG might escape from silo into the air, dissolve in silage water, and participate in LAB metabolism in silage. In oat silage, the gas production had negative correlation with Lactiplantibacillus and Lentilactobacillus at d 3, with Pediococcus and Lentilactobacillus at d 6, and with Lentilactobacillus , Lacticaseibacillus , and Pediococcus d 15, with Lacticaseibacillus at d 35, and with Lactiplantibacillus and Pediococcus at d 90 [ 24 ]. However, Chen et al. [ 13 ] revealed the negative correlation of gas and CO 2 productions with Serratia , Sphingobacterium and Sphingomonas in rice straw silage and with Pediococcus , Klebsiella and Escherichia - Shigella in stylo silage. Previous studies also reported that Serratia , Sphingobacterium , and Sphingomonas might have the ability to sequester CO 2 [ 47 – 49 ]. So, the mechanism of gas and GHG reduction in silage during late fermentation phase needs further study in the future. Fermentation quality deterioration After d 15 of ensiling, the L1 and L2 had increasing pH and decreasing LA, and the AA concentration increased in all silages (Table 2 ). Moreover, the similar trends were also detected in whole-plant corn silages, oat silage, barley silage, Napier grass silage, rehydrated corn kernel silage, smooth bromegrass silage, and Leymus chinensis silage [ 24 , 28 , 50 – 54 ]. Lentilactobacillus had positive correlation with pH and AA and negative correlation with LA in L1 and L2 from d 15 to d 90 (Figure S9). Interesting, in our other study, Lentilactobacillus was the most bacterial genus at d 35 and d 90 and had positive correlation with pH and AA and negative correlation with LA in oat silage with/without LAB additives (L1 and L2) [ 24 ]. Moreover, Oude Elferink et al. [ 55 ] revealed that Lent. buchneri can converse LA into AA, 1,2-propanediol, ethanol and CO 2 under acidic and anoxic conditions. Lent. buchneri in L1 and L2 had an increasing abundance during fermentation and was the most bacterial species at d 35 and d 90 (Figure S8). Those indicated that, during late fermentation phase, the deteriorating fermentation quality was a universal phenomenon and caused by Lent. buchneri dominating the bacterial communities of silage. Fermentation weight loss The weight loss of silage during fermentation is caused mainly by the gas, volatile organic compounds (VOC), and water escaping from silo into the air [ 11 ]. The polyethylene has gas permeability with very low transmission rates [ 20 ]. The small amount of VOC (LA and AA) might continuously escape from the silo during ensiling because of slight sour taste in silage bag storage room. In addition, the FWL had positive correlation with gas and GHG in all silages from d 1 to d 15 (Fig. 2), with LA and AA in CK during fermentation and in L1 and L2 in the first 15 days, and with AA in L1 and L2 from d 15 to d 90 (Figure S9). Moreover, no effluents were found in silos. The L1 and L2 had lower FWL and less gas and GHG productions than CK during fermentation (Tables 1 and 2 ). Previous studies also showed the lower loss and less gas productions in inoculated silage [ 13 , 21 , 24 ]. Those suggested the losses of ensiling barley mainly resulted from the gas, LA, and AA escaping from the laboratory silo (polyethylene bag) during fermentation and inoculating LAB at ensiling can reduce the FWL by decreasing the gas and GHG productions in silage. Conclusion The fermentation process of silage can be divided into gas accumulation phase and gas reduction phase according to the gas production and CO 2 is the main component of the gas. Inoculating LAB reduces the gas and GHG productions and shorts the gas accumulation phase. The activities of enterobacteria majorly contributes to the gas and GHG accumulations in barley silage. The gas and GHG escape from silo into the air, dissolve in silage water, and participate in LAB metabolism in silage during gas reduction phase. Fermentation quality deterioration is a universal phenomenon and caused by Lent. buchneri activity during late fermentation phase in silage. The FWL is contributed by the gas, LA and AA escaping from silo and is decreased by inoculating LAB during fermentation. Abbreviations AA Acetic acid AN Ammonia nitrogen BA Butyric acid BC Buffering capacity CFU Colony forming units CH 4 Methane CO 2 Carbon dioxide DM Dry matter FW Fresh weight FWL Fermentation weight loss GHG Greenhouse gases GWP Global warming potential Bicarbonate radical LA Lactic acid LAB Lactic acid bacteria NO Nitric oxide N 2 O Nitrous oxide PA Propionic acid PCR Polymerase chain reaction TAB Total aerobic bacteria VOC Volatile organic compounds Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials Data will be made available on reasonable request. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding This work was funded by the Science and Technology Program of Inner Mongolia (2021GG0068), the Central Government Guides Local Funds for Science and Technology Development – Basic Research Projects with Free Exploration (2022ZY0152), the Inner Mongolia Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Innovation Fund (2022CYZX04), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32160342), and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Authors' contributions YX contributed to securing financial support, designing the study, and preparing the first manuscript draft; YX, NW, NN, JS, LS, MQ, DL, EL, and BY contributed to do this study and revised the manuscript draft; NW, and NN performed data collection and statistical analysis. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgements The authors are grateful for the financial support provided by the Central Government Guides Local Funds for Science and Technology Development – Basic Research Projects with Free Exploration (2022ZY0152), the Science and Technology Program of Inner Mongolia (2021GG0068), the Inner Mongolia Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Innovation Fund (2022CYZX04), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32160342), and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. References Liu D, Guo X, Xiao B.What causes growth of global greenhouse gas emissions? Evidence from 40 countries. Sci Total Environ. 2019; 661: 750–766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.197 Seidel L, Broman E, Nilsson E, Ståhle M, Ketzer M, Pérez-Martínez C, Turner S, Hylander S, Pinhassi J, Forsman A, Dopson M. Climate change-related warming reduces thermal sensitivity and modifies metabolic activity of coastal benthic bacterial communities. 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Appl Environ Microb. 2001; 67: 125–132. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.1.125-132.2001 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files SupportingInformation.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 15 Mar, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 15 Mar, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 15 Mar, 2024 First submitted to journal 13 Mar, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4096932","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":279977946,"identity":"74c1b926-49f7-46af-90e7-6348eaf9a3b1","order_by":0,"name":"Yanlin Xue","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABBklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYPACCx4GZuaDj39UANnsDAyMDYS1SPAwsLclGzOcYWDgYSZSC1DpGTNpxjYitBjcSD4m8XOHhIy5RI6BdOE8m8T9QBc+nMFgJ6eLQ5/kjLQ0yd4zEjyWM9IKjGduS0vsYWZLNtzAkGxsdgC7Fn6JHDMJ3jYJHqB1GxJ4tx0GauExk3zAcCBxGw4tbBL53yT/grUkGBzgnUOEFqAtbNJgW84cMWzmbYBq2YBHi2TPM2NrWZCW423JjDOOpRn3HAb6ZYYBbr8YHE9+ePNtm429wWHm4z8+1NjItrc3H3zYU2Enh0sLELBIYDMKp3IQYP6AV3oUjIJRMApGAQCvf1kwjGUdLgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yanlin","middleName":"","lastName":"Xue","suffix":""},{"id":279977948,"identity":"24bd2971-63dc-4431-9f5a-6a0c1090e89c","order_by":1,"name":"Nier Wu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nier","middleName":"","lastName":"Wu","suffix":""},{"id":279977949,"identity":"0cdb3f08-f993-409e-b994-36e32ee89c22","order_by":2,"name":"Na Na","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Na","middleName":"","lastName":"Na","suffix":""},{"id":279977950,"identity":"29a90eeb-62e9-4055-81d5-36181a312917","order_by":3,"name":"Juanjuan Sun","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Juanjuan","middleName":"","lastName":"Sun","suffix":""},{"id":279977951,"identity":"6353d085-785d-419a-bfb0-122ce622849d","order_by":4,"name":"Lin Sun","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lin","middleName":"","lastName":"Sun","suffix":""},{"id":279977952,"identity":"ecb6c2bb-6a37-4609-9b78-fae8d78c3fa7","order_by":5,"name":"Moge Qili","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Moge","middleName":"","lastName":"Qili","suffix":""},{"id":279977955,"identity":"dafd827e-aa13-4e29-9d21-c5554f3f4a8b","order_by":6,"name":"Dongyang Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ningxia University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dongyang","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":279977957,"identity":"1f0306da-c33e-425a-aee7-3c2c73a86555","order_by":7,"name":"E Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ningxia University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"E","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":279977959,"identity":"e29c80a1-02f5-4b67-a5c2-7b942f101c1f","order_by":8,"name":"Baozhu Yang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Inner Mongolia University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Baozhu","middleName":"","lastName":"Yang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-14 03:29:16","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4096932/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4096932/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":52860882,"identity":"db9fd741-0f57-4779-a773-73a4977ef89a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-18 04:23:14","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":102773,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBacterial communities of barley silage during fermentation (genus level, n = 4).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCK, control; L1, ensiling barley with \u003cem\u003eLactiplantibacillus plantarum\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003eLentilactobacillus buchneri\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e Lacticaseibacillus casei\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ePediococcus acidilactici\u003c/em\u003e; L2, ensiling barley with \u003cem\u003eLact. plantarum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eLent. buchneri\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4096932/v1/b65632061794569343371a14.png"},{"id":52860886,"identity":"ea171776-be11-4ebf-8ac4-5a439e12e98f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-18 04:23:14","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":93161,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCorrelation heatmap of gas, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, and CH\u003csub\u003e4 \u003c/sub\u003ewith pH, lactic acid (LA), acetic acid (AA), ammoniacal nitrogen (AN), and fermentation weight loss (FWL) of barley silage at d 1 (A), d 3 (B), d 6 (C), d 15 (D), d 35 (E), and d 90 (F) after ensiling (n = 12). * \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05, **\u003cem\u003e P\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.01.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4096932/v1/8161d6a40e10b0edbd536361.png"},{"id":52861896,"identity":"dbedda4d-811f-46d2-9a18-be9a6386859e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-18 04:31:22","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":84277,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCorrelation heatmap of gas, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, and CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e with lactic acid bacteria (LAB), coliforms, total aerobic bacteria (TAB), and yeasts of barley silage at d 1 (A), d 3 (B), d 6 (C), d 15 (D), d 35 (E), and d 90 (F) after ensiling (n = 12). * \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05, **\u003cem\u003e P\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.01.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4096932/v1/56d8fb7803a24e8b9fd56a8f.png"},{"id":52860883,"identity":"4dbc26ec-d749-4f74-b831-fb53df747eaa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-18 04:23:14","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":157031,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCorrelation heatmap of gas, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, and CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e with bacterial communities (genus level, top 20) of barley silage at d 1 (A), d 3 (B), d 6 (C), d 15 (D), d 35 (E), and d 90 (F) after ensiling (n = 12). *, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05, **, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.01.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4096932/v1/a41170b15476e13ac10a2307.png"},{"id":52861936,"identity":"49015634-3bb5-4f62-b66e-b1ec442b00d4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-18 04:32:22","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":864831,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4096932/v1/74cdf599-c682-4214-a511-4006bbd51707.pdf"},{"id":52860885,"identity":"cc91a71b-692c-4940-bd82-acb983e5d84e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-18 04:23:14","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":7004592,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupportingInformation.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4096932/v1/9daf7510647506734f2582ef.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Dynamics of gas and greenhouse gases of ensiling barley with lactic acid bacteria during fermentation","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eGreenhouse gases (GHG) emission causes global climate change, increasing temperatures, and more extreme weather events [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. The Paris Agreement was signed by many countries in 2016 for limiting global climate change [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. China, in 2020, has set carbon peaking (2023) and carbon neutrality (2060) goals [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. The sectors of agriculture, forestry, and other land use account to 24% of GHG production globally, respectively [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Agricultural activity (crop and livestock productions) contributes to approximately 10% \u0026ndash; 12% of GHG emissions globally [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. For the past few years, the studies mainly focused on reducing GHG emissions from crop and livestock productions and has achieved remarkable results [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR8 CR9\" citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the GHG generating in and emitting from silage, as an important roughage for ruminant husbandry, are not included in the official inventory [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. There is a lack of systematic and in-depth studies in this field.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnsiling, as a traditional method, preserves fresh forage for providing palatable roughage to ruminant all year round [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Silage making improves land use efficiency, nutrient yields of natural resources, steady development of animal husbandry, and farmer profitability [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. However, many instances were reported of the death of men working in silos from 1930s to 1940s, and the deaths were resulted from inhalation of gases generated in silage during fermentation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. From then on, attention has been paid to the toxic gases (CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO) generated in silage and many related studies have been carried out. Meiering et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] simulated the CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e production in ryegrass silage and shown increasing in the first 7 days and then remaining stable from d 7 to d 21. However, Williams et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] reported the CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e production increases rapidly during early fermentation (about 7 days) and then decreases in ryegrass silage banker. NO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in silage increases readily during early fermentation because of oxidating NO [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. In baled silage, the early fermentation stage is characterized by creating rapidly CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-rich environment and the film property (color and type) has limited effect on the gas composition [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, the gas production during fermentation contributes to the loss of dry matter (DM) of silage [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith the concern of global climate change and after signing Paris Agreement, the gas generated in silage has been studied from the aspect of GHG. Schmithausen et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e] showed that CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is the most important component of gas generated in silage by measuring GHG concentrations during fermentation. Inoculating homofermentative lactic acid bacteria (LAB) or wilting materials can reduce gas and GHG productions in silage [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR23\" citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. Nevertheless, ensiling with heterofermentative LAB results in higher gas and N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO generated in silage [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Li et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e] reported CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is mainly generated at anaerobic fermentation stage and a small amount of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e dissolves in silage water during fermentation. Moreover, some studies reported that inoculating LAB reduces gas and CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e productions by optimizing bacterial communities in silage [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. The activities of Enterobacteriaceae and \u003cem\u003eLactococcus\u003c/em\u003e might cause gas generated in oat silage [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. Enterobacteriaceae may be involved in N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO formed in sorghum-sudangrass silage [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, \u003cem\u003eLactococcus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCitrobacter\u003c/em\u003e have positive correlation with gas and CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e productions in silage [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe have previously found that the gas production in barley silage is higher than that in other silages (Figure \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e) and hypothesized that inoculation of LAB at ensiling barley may optimize bacterial communities for reducing gas and GHG productions during fermentation. Thus, this study aims to determine the gas and GHG productions, fermentation quality, fermentation weight loss (FWL), and bacterial communities during fermentation in barley silage with commercial LAB inoculants.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePreparing Silage\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBarley (\u003cem\u003eHordeum vulgare\u003c/em\u003e; Liangcheng barley) was harvested at milk stage (DM content, 363 g/kg) from four fields as replicates on July 11, 2021, in an experimental farm, Huhhot, China (40◦750 N, 111◦670 E). After chopping into 1 cm \u0026ndash; 2 cm and mixing thoroughly, the fresh forages were divided into three batches for treatments. (1) CK, spraying 2 ml/kg fresh weight (FW) of distilled water; (2) L1, spraying 2 g/t FW of \u003cem\u003eLactiplantibacillus plantarum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eLentilactobacillus buchneri\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eLacticaseibacillus casei\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ePediococcus acidilactici\u003c/em\u003e (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;1.0 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e11\u003c/sup\u003e CFU/g) and 2 ml/kg FW of distilled water; (3) L2, spraying 5 g/t FW of \u003cem\u003eLact. plantarum\u003c/em\u003e 550 and 360 (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;1.3 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e CFU/g) and \u003cem\u003eLent. buchneri\u003c/em\u003e 225 (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;7.0 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e CFU/g) and 2 ml/kg FW of distilled water. The forages were mixed uniformly and sealed vacuously into a polyethylene bag (500 g); 28 bags of silage were prepared for one treatment (7 bags per field). The silages were sampled at d 0, d 1, d 3, d 6, d 15, d 35, and d 90 after ensiling for analyzing gas and GHG productions, fermentation quality, FWL, and bacterial communities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGreenhouse gases productions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe gas production of each silage bag was calculated by the difference between before and after volume of silage bag [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. The gas was sampled from silage bag by injection syringe. The concentrations of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, and CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e in gas were analyzed by a gas chromatography (Shimadzu GC-20A, Shimadzu Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan) within one week [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFermentation quality, buffering capacity, and fermentation weight loss\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe extract of silage was prepared according to Xu et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e] and used for analyzing pH, organic acids (lactic acid (LA), acetic acid (AA), propionic acid (PA), butyric acid (BA)), and ammonia nitrogen (AN) of silage. The silage extracts were measured by pH meter (PB-10, Sartorius, Gottingen, Germany) for determining pH of silage, by high-performance liquid chromatography (DAD, 210 nm, SPD-20A, Shimadzu Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan) for assessing organic acids concentrations of silage [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e], and by Kjeldahl method for detecting AN of silage [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe silages were dried at 65 ℃ for 48 h to determine DM of silage and used for assessing total nitrogen of silage by Kjeldahl method with copper as the catalyst and detecting buffering capacity (BC) according to Playne and McDonald [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. The FWL was assessed by the difference between before and after weight of silage bag [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMicrobial counts and bacterial communities\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMan, Rogosa and Sharpe agar, violet red bile agar, nutrient agar, and potato dextrose agar were used as mediums for determining LAB, coliforms, total aerobic bacteria (TAB), and yeasts counts of silage according to Cai [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. After extracting bacterial DNA of silage, 341F (5\u0026prime;-CCTACGGGNGGCWGCAG-3\u0026prime;) and 805R (5\u0026prime;-GACTACHVGGGTATCTAATCC-3\u0026prime;) were used as primers to amplify the V3\u0026ndash;V4 region of bacterial rRNA gene by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. The purification, quantification, and sequence of PCR products, the calculation of alpha and beta diversities, and the sequence alignment were carried out by LC-Bio (Hangzhou Lianchuan Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China). Sequencing data were submitted to the NCBI Sequence Read Archive database (accession number: PRJNA1026762).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analyses\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe effects of ensiling day per treatment and the effects of inoculants per ensiling day were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS (SAS System for Windows, version 9.1.3; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). The correlation heatmap of gas and GHG with fermentation quality, microbial counts, and bacterial communities were analyzed using R 3.6.1 on web (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.omicstudio.cn/space\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.omicstudio.cn/space\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGreenhouse gases productions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe gas, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO productions increased in CK during the first 6 days and in L1 and L2 during the first day, and then decreased for all silages (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e production raised in CK during the first 15 days and in L1 and L2 during the first 3 days, and then decreased for all silages (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Compared with L1 and L2, from d 3 to d 35, CK had greater gas, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO productions from d 1 to d 35 and higher CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e production (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05); moreover, L2 had more N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO than L1 at d 3 and d 6 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGas and greenhouse gases productions of barley silage during fermentation (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnsiling day (d)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGas\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(L/kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003efresh weight (FW))\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCK\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.08Ac\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.00Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.06Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.16Ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.22Ad\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.177e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.207\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.26Ba\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.20Ba\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.785Bb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.192Bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.224Bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.096cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.047\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.37Ba\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.38Ba\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07Bb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.461Bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.165Bd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.099d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.056\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.061\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.172\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.189\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.172\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.078\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(L/kg FW)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCK\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.83Ad\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.36Ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.94Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.91Ac\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.31Ae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.095f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.705Ba\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.673Ba\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.441Bb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.108Bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.127Bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.050cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.026\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.790Ba\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.773Ba\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.631Bb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.272Bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.082Bd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.053d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0534\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.062\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.097\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.046\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(* 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e L/kg FW)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCK\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.41Ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.43Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.48Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.35Ac\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.15Ad\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.081e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.212\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.55Ba\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.73Cb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.70Cc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.199Bd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.185Bd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.055d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.91Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.43Bb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.63Bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.551Bd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.147Be\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.061e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.124\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.314\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.222\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.208\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.248\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.121\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.042\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(* 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/sup\u003e L/kg FW)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCK\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.888e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.38Ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12Ac\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.85Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.53Ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.502fe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.175\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.984ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.06Ba\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.836Bb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.334Bd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.654Bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.377d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.991ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.21Ba\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.09Bab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.847Bb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.501Bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.369c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.080\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2875\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.423\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0480\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.070\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.207\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.162\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.077\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003eSEM, standard error of means. The significantly different means with different lowercase and uppercase letters within a row and a column, respectively.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003eCK, control; L1, ensiling barley with \u003cem\u003eLactiplantibacillus plantarum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eLentilactobacillus buchneri\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eLacticaseibacillus casei\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ePediococcus acidilactici\u003c/em\u003e; L2, ensiling barley with \u003cem\u003eLact. plantarum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eLent. buchneri\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eFermentation quality\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring fermentation, the CK had a decreasing pH and an increasing BC (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and all silages had increasing AA, AN and FWL increased (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). For L1 and L2, the pH reduced during the first 15 days and then raised (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), but the BC increased during the first 15 days and then decreased (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The LA content increased in CK during the first 35 days and in L1 and L2 during the first 15 days, and then decreased (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Compared with L1 and L2, the CK had higher pH between d 1 and d 35, AN between d 1 and d 15, FWL between d 1 and d 90, and BC at d 35 and d 90, and lower LA between d 1 and d 15 and BC between d 1 and d 6 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The L2 had lower BC than L1 at d 1 and CK and L1 from d 15 to d 90 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The L1 had lower pH from d 15 to d 90, and AA and AN at d 35 than CK and L2 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The L2 had less LA than CK at d 90 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epH, lactic acid (LA), acetic acid (AA), ammoniacal nitrogen (AN), buffering capacity (BC), and fermentation weight loss (FWL) of barley silage during fermentation (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnsiling day (d)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCK\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.56a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.02Ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.44Ac\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.86Ad\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.57Ae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.41Ae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.39Ae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.070\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.53a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.15Bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.92Bd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.88Bd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.84Cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.92Cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.22Bb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.48a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.19Bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.90Bd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.92Bd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.90Bd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.22Bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.50Ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.165\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.030\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.078\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.063\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.121\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.035\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLA\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(g/kg dry matter\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(DM))\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCK\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.72Bfe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.9Cde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.3Bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.4Bab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.9a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.1Abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.0Ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.7Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.8Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.9Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.9b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1ABc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.8Ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.7Ba\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.4Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.5Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.5a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4Bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.805\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAA\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(g/kg DM)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCK\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.96cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.94cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.11cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.0Ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.6a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.99b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.37b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.33b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.50b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.00Bb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.5a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.83c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.20c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.39c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.5Ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.9a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.409\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.314\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.293\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1375\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.690\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.991\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAN\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(g/kg total nitrogen)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCK\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.5Ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.1Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.7Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.1Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.8Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.7a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.00d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2Bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.2Bb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.3Bb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.2Bb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.7Bb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.6a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.0f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6Ce\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5Bd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.3Bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.8Bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.9Ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.0a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.481\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.230\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.891\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCK\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e186e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e215Cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e288Bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e334Bb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e393Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e394Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e405Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mEq/kg DM)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e189f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e288Ae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e332Ac\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e364Ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e385Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e365Bb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e305Bd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e195e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e275Bd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e330Ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e361Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e368Ba\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e313Cc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e281Cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFWL\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(% fresh weight)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCK\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.560Ae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.75Ad\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.36Ad\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.51Ac\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.43Ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.260\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.319Bfe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.702Be\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.33Bd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.69Bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.63Bb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.0Ba\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.133\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.371Bfe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.805Be\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.40Bd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.87Bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.82Bb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9Ba\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.183\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.094\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3050\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.366\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003eSEM, standard error of means. The significantly different means with different lowercase and uppercase letters within a row and a column, respectively.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003eCK, control; L1, ensiling barley with \u003cem\u003eLactiplantibacillus plantarum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eLentilactobacillus buchneri\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eLacticaseibacillus casei\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ePediococcus acidilactici\u003c/em\u003e; L2, ensiling barley with \u003cem\u003eLact. plantarum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eLent. buchneri\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMicrobial counts\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor all silages, the counts of LAB and yeasts increased during the first 3 days and the TAB increased in the first day, and then they decreased (except yeasts in CK) (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Coliforms in CK increased during the first 3 days and then decreased (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and was no detected at d 35 and d 90; however, its count in L1 and L2 decreased in the first day (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and was no detected from d 6 to d 90. The CK had lower LAB than L1 and L2 during the first day and than L2 between d 3 and d 6 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05); moreover, L1 had lower LAB than L2 at d 1, and CK and L2 from d 15 to d 90 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The CK had higher TAB than L1 and L2 from d 15 to d 35 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), and the L1 had lower TAB than CK and L2 from d 35 to d 90 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The CK contained less yeasts than L1 and L2 between d 1 and d 3 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The L2 had higher yeasts than CK and L1 at d 15 and L1 at d 35 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The L1 had less yeasts than CK and L2 at d 90 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCounts of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), coliforms, total aerobic bacteria (TAB), and yeasts of barley silage during fermentation (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnsiling day (d)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLAB\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(lg colony forming units\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(cfu)/g fresh weight (FW))\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCK\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.03Be\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.76Cc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.22Ba\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.07Bab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.00Ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.79Ac\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.62Ad\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.054\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.91Af\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.23Bab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.37ABa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.94Cb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.45Bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.83Bd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.78Be\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.00Ae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.48Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.43Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.21Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.91Ac\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.02Ac\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.69Ad\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.042\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.041\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.054\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.070\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.051\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.037\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.096\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.074\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.094\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eColiforms\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(lg cfu/g FW)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCK\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.45c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.08Ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.62Ac\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.12Ad\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.090\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.50a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.82Bb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.061\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.23a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.09Bb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.057\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.151\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.093\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.096\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.043\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.117\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.043\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTAB\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(lg cfu/g FW)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCK\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.77e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.42a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.08b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.11b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.53Ac\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.12Ad\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.82Ae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.087\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.68b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.26a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.22a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.94a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.90Bb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.53Cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.20Bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.095\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.80c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.53a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.33a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.03b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.79Bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.61Bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.73Ac\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.089\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.167\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.154\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.166\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.044\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.094\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.057\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.069\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.143\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.081\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYeasts\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(lg cfu/g FW)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCK\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.40b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.71Ba\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.08Ba\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.05a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.68Ba\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.84ABa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.83Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.61d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.15Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.39Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.11a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.35Bb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.56Bb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.30Bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.124\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.40e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.43Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.48Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.19b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.11Ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.94Ac\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.73Ad\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.056\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.297\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.360\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.118\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.066\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.115\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.088\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003eSEM, standard error of means. The significantly different means with different lowercase and uppercase letters within a row and a column, respectively.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003eCK, control; L1, ensiling barley with \u003cem\u003eLactiplantibacillus plantarum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eLentilactobacillus buchneri\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eLacticaseibacillus casei\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ePediococcus acidilactici\u003c/em\u003e; L2, ensiling barley with \u003cem\u003eLact. plantarum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eLent. buchneri\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBacterial communities\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eLentilactobacillus\u003c/em\u003e had increasing abundance during fermentation in CK, L1 and L2 (from 0.32\u0026ndash;14.9%, from 0.28\u0026ndash;71.8% and from 0.70\u0026ndash;61.7%, respectively) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eLactiplantibacillus\u003c/em\u003e in CK raised from 0.27\u0026ndash;8.74% during the first 15 days and then decreased to 5.43% at d 90. Moreover, its abundance in L1 and L2 increased from 0.26\u0026ndash;10.0% and from 0.75\u0026ndash;64.8% in the first 6 days, respectively, and then decreased to 2.28% and 23.3% at d 90, respectively. \u003cem\u003ePediococcus\u003c/em\u003e in CK and L2 had low-level abundance (less than 0.50%) during fermentation. However, its abundance in L1 increased from 0.21\u0026ndash;30.6% in the first 6 days and then decreased to 7.09% at d 90. \u003cem\u003eLacticaseibacillus\u003c/em\u003e had low-level abundance in CK during fermentation (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.20%) and in L2 in the first 15 days (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05%) and then increased to 2.40% at d 90. However, its abundance in L1 increase from 0.05\u0026ndash;14.5% during fermentation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNoname Proteobacteria in CK_0, L1_0, and L2_0 had 82.3%, 88.3%, and 70.0% of abundances, respectively, rapidly decreased in the first day (0.60%, 3.18%, and 1.45%, respectively), and then had less abundance. The abundance of \u003cem\u003eEnterobacter\u003c/em\u003e in CK, L1, and L2 increased rapidly in the first day (37.5%, 17.5%, and 21.9%, respectively), and then kept high level in CK (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;33% from d 1 to d 90) and decreased to 2.21% in L1 and to 3.30% in L2 at d 90. \u003cem\u003eXanthomonas\u003c/em\u003e in CK had a rapid decreasing abundance in the first day (6.69\u0026ndash;0.61%) and then increased to 3.47% at d 90. However, its abundance in L1 and L2 increased rapidly in the first day (1.65\u0026ndash;26.6% and 7.86\u0026ndash;25.8%, respectively) and decreased to 1.58% in L1 and to 1.48% in L2 at d 90. \u003cem\u003eKlebsiella\u003c/em\u003e in CK had an increasing abundance in the first 6 days (from 0.34\u0026ndash;14.8%) and then decreased to 9.22% at d 90. Moreover, its abundance increased to 8.20% in L1 at d 15 and to 10.5% in L2 at d 1 and then decreased to 1.17% and 1.74% at d 90, respectively. \u003cem\u003ePantoea\u003c/em\u003e in CK and L2 had increasing abundances in the first day (3.96\u0026ndash;9.41% and 6.58\u0026ndash;9.74%) and then decreased to 5.51% and 2.07% at d 90, respectively. Moreover, its abundance in L1 increased in the first 6 days (from 4.20\u0026ndash;11.2%) and then decreased to 1.03% at d 90. \u003cem\u003eAtlantibacter\u003c/em\u003e in CK and L1 increased in the first 15 days (from 0.54\u0026ndash;29.5% and from 0.48\u0026ndash;4.89%, respectively) and then decreased to 0.48% and 0.57% at d 90, respectively. Moreover, its abundance in L2 increased from 1.36\u0026ndash;6.61% in the first day and then decreased to 0.37% at d 90. Hafnia in CK and L2 increased from 0.09\u0026ndash;13.2% and 0.91\u0026ndash;1.38% in the first day, respectively and then decreased to 1.06% and 0.20% at d 90, respectively. Moreover, its abundance in L1 increased from 0.11\u0026ndash;4.68% in the first 15 days and then decreased to 0.43% at d 90.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCorrelation between gases productions and fermentation quality\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe pH correlated positively with gas, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, and CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e at d 1 (except CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e), d 6, d 15, and d 35 (except CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;2). The LA correlated negatively with gas, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, and CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e at d 1 (except N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO and CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e), d 3, d 6, and d 15 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The AN had positive correlation with gas at d 1 and with gas, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, and CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e at d 3 (except N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO), d 6, and d 15 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The BC correlated negatively with gas, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, and CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e at d 1 (except CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e), d 3, and d 6, but positively with gas, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, and CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e at d 35 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The FWL correlated positively with gas, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, and CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e at d 1 (except CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e), d 3, d 6, and d 15 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCorrelation between gases productions and microbial counts\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe LAB correlated negatively with gas and CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e at d 1 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and positively with gas, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, and CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e at d 15 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;2). The coliform correlated positively with CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO and negatively with CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e at d 1 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), and positively with gas, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, and CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e at d 3, d 6, and d 15 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The yeast correlated negatively with gas at 1 d (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and with total gas, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, and CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e at 3 d (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCorrelation between gases productions and bacterial communities\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eEnterobacter\u003c/em\u003e had positive correlation and \u003cem\u003eLentilactobacillus\u003c/em\u003e had negative correlation with gas, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, and CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e at d 1 (except CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e), d 6, d 35, and d 90 (except N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO and CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e) (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;4). \u003cem\u003eLactiplantibacillus\u003c/em\u003e had negative correlation with gas and CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e at d 1 and with CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e at d 35 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Noname Proteobacteria had negative correlation with gas, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, and CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e at d 1 (except CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e), d 3, d 6, and d 15 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). \u003cem\u003eXanthomonas\u003c/em\u003e correlated negatively with gas, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, and CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e at d 1 (except CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e), d 3, and d 35 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). \u003cem\u003eKlebsiella\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAtlantibacter\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eHafnia\u003c/em\u003e had positive correlation with gas, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, and CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e at d 35 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05); moreover, \u003cem\u003eAtlantibacter\u003c/em\u003e correlated negatively with CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e at d 1 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). \u003cem\u003ePediococcus\u003c/em\u003e correlated negatively with gas, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, and CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e at d 1 (except CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e), d 6, and d 35 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). \u003cem\u003eLacticaseibacillus\u003c/em\u003e correlated negatively with gas, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, and CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e at d 1 (except CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e), d 6, and d 90 (except N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO and CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e) (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGas and GHG productions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe gas production increased during initial fermentation phase and then decreased (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and Figure S2). In our other study (unpublished), the gas production increased in the first 4 days and then decreased in barley silage without any additives (Figure S3). The similar dynamics of gras production was also detected in silages of stylo, rice straw, and oat, respectively [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, the gas production reached to peak at d 6 in CK but at d 3 in L1 and L2 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and Figure S2). The previous study also showed the gas peak production detected at d 3 and d 7 in silage with and without inoculation, respectively [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Those indicated that the fermentation process of silage can be divided into gas accumulation phase and gas reduction phase according to the gas production, and inoculating LAB at ensiling can shorten the gas accumulation phase of silage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, and CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e are the main GHG generated in silage [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. Although CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e has one global warming potential (GWP), N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO has 265 GWP, and CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e has 28 GWP, the average production of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e was 564 times that of N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO and 64577 times that of CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e during fermentation (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Schmithausen et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e] reported that CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e concentration was more than 50% of gas at d 12 of ensiling, the peak concentrations of N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO and CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e were less than 1200 ppm and 100 ppm, respectively. Furthermore, Other studies showed that, in silage, the CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e accounted for more than 60% of gas [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e] and was one main component of gases generated in silage [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Those indicated that CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is the most important GHG generated in silage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe peak productions of gas and CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in L1 (d 1) and L2 (d 1) was less than 20% of those in CK (6 d) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Previous studies also detected lower gas production in oat silage with the same LAB additives (\u003cem\u003eLact. Plantarum\u003c/em\u003e as one major component) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e] and in silages of stylo and rice straw with \u003cem\u003eLact. Plantarum\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. However, Gomes et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e] reported greater gas production in wilted oat silage inoculated with \u003cem\u003eLent. Buchneri\u003c/em\u003e. The differences in gas production might be caused by the different metabolic pathways between \u003cem\u003eLact. Plantarum\u003c/em\u003e (homofermentative LAB) and \u003cem\u003eLent. Buchneri\u003c/em\u003e (heterofermentative LAB). The homofermentative LAB converts carbohydrates into lactic acid but the heterofermentation of glucose produces CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in silage system during anaerobic fermentation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. Those suggested that inoculating LAB additives with \u003cem\u003eLact. Plantarum\u003c/em\u003e as main component can reduce the gas and GHG productions in silage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGas accumulation phase\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe gas in silage is mainly generated by the respiration of raw materials and microorganisms during initial aerobic phase and by the activities of microorganisms during initial anaerobic fermentation phase [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Generally, the silo quickly reaches an anaerobic condition within a few hours of ensiling [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR17\" citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Sun et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e] reported that, in whole-plant corn silages with similar laboratory silo, the initial aerobic phase lasted less than 2 h. Previous studies showed most of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in silage was generated during anaerobic period [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. There was no change in the volumes of all silages after 4 h of ensiling, and the gas production rapidly increased in the first 3 days for CK and in the first day for L1 and L2 (Table\u0026nbsp;1and Figure S2). Those indicated that the gas in silage was accumulated mostly by the activities of microorganisms during the initial anaerobic phase, rather than the aerobic phase.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnterobacteriaceae dominated the bacterial communities in untreated barley silage with high gas production during fermentation (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, Figure S2, S3, S4, and S5). In the first 6 days (gas accumulation phase), the CK had higher gas and GHG productions, pH, coliforms, \u003cem\u003eEnterobacter\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eKlebsiella\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAtlantibacter\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eHafnia\u003c/em\u003e, and lower LA than L1 and L2 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, S2, and S6). The gas, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO had positive correlation with pH and those microbes mentioned above and negative correlation with LA from d 1 to d 6, and the CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e had the same correlation with those at d 3 and d 6 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;2, 3, and 4). However, Chen et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e] reported the positive correlation of gas and CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e productions with \u003cem\u003eLactococcus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eLeuconostoc\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eLachnoclostridium\u003c/em\u003e in stylo silages, and with \u003cem\u003ePrevotella\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCitrobacter\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eMassilia\u003c/em\u003e in rice straw silages during fermentation. Sun et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e] showed the positive correlation of gas production with Enterobacteriaceae and \u003cem\u003eEnterobacter\u003c/em\u003e at d 1, with Enterobacteriaceae, \u003cem\u003eEnterobacter\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eLactococcus\u003c/em\u003e at d 3, and with \u003cem\u003eLactococcus\u003c/em\u003e at d 6 in oat silages. Those different correlations might be resulted from the different silage with unique microbial communities during fermentation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eEnterobacter\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eKlebsiella\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eAtlantibacter\u003c/em\u003e belong to Enterobacteriaceae, which can utilize glucose as substrate to produce AA, ethanol, and CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in silage [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. \u003cem\u003eHafnia\u003c/em\u003e has ability to ferment glucose into acid and gas [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]. After ensiling, enterobacteria, lactobacilli, and plant nitrate reductase degrade nitrate to nitrite and nitric oxide and then to form ammonia and N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e]. Previous studies also reported the enterobacteria in silage as the main microbe degrades nitrate during fermentation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, the facultative anaerobic enterobacteria can convert enzymatically formate into CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e during initial fermentation phase [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]. The clostridia can degrade lactate into butyric and acetic acids, and form H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e]. Those H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e can be used for methanogenesis under the anaerobic conditions and converted to CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e by archaea with AA in silage [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Chen et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e] reported the formation of H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e during initial fermentation phase in stylo silage and rice straw silage. Enterobacteriaceae was main bacteria, but clostridia were no detected in all silages from d 1 to d 6 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and S5). Furthermore, the pH had positive correlation with coliforms and \u003cem\u003eEnterobacter\u003c/em\u003e at d 1, with coliforms, \u003cem\u003eEnterobacter\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAtlantibacter\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eHafnia\u003c/em\u003e at d 3, and with coliforms, \u003cem\u003eEnterobacter\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eKlebsiella\u003c/em\u003e at d 6 (Figure S7). The LA had negative correlation with \u003cem\u003eHafnia\u003c/em\u003e at d 1 and with coliforms, \u003cem\u003eEnterobacter\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eKlebsiella\u003c/em\u003e at d 3 and d 6 (Figure S7). Those indicated that, during gas accumulation phase, the accumulations of gas and GHG in barley silage might be contributed mainly by the activities of enterobacteria but was slowed down by the rapid fermentation in LAB-treated barley silage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGas reduction phase\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe productions of gas and GHG decreased after d 6 in CK and after d 3 in L1 and L2 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and Figure S2). Previous studies also revealed the reducing productions of gas and/or CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in silage during late fermentation phase [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. The CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e generated gradually leak out of the polyethylene film of bunker silage during fermentation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, the CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e escaping from silage bale continuously takes place during the first d 25 of ensiling [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. After CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e generated in silage system, it partially dissolves in interstitial silage water (39.2 mmol L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e at 20\u0026deg;C) to form H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e and then decrease the pH of silage [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. The CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, as a growing factor, is assimilated by taking part in some fundamental metabolic process of heterotrophic bacteria [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e]. The LAB are heterotrophic Gram-positive bacteria [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e]. \u003cem\u003eLact. Plantarum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eLent. Buchneri\u003c/em\u003e contain 9 and 10 genes involved in inorganic carbon (CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\text{H}\\text{C}\\text{O}}_{3}^{-}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) assimilation, respectively [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. The \u003cem\u003eLact. plantarum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus faecalis\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus faecium\u003c/em\u003e, as capnophiles, can assimilate inorganic carbon as a substrate in carboxylation reactions in silage [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e]. The main LAB genera had negative correlation with gas and GHG from d 1 to d 90 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;4). \u003cem\u003eLact. Plantarum\u003c/em\u003e increased in the first 15 days in CK and in the first 6 days in L1 and L2 and then decreased. \u003cem\u003eLent. Buchneri\u003c/em\u003e had an increasing abundance in all silages during fermentation (Figure S7). Furthermore, \u003cem\u003eLact. plantarum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eLent. buchneri\u003c/em\u003e were two main bacteria in all silages during fermentation and \u003cem\u003eP. acidilactici\u003c/em\u003e was also main bacterial special in L1 from d 1 to d 35 (Figure S7). Those indicated that, during gas reduction phase, the gas and GHG might escape from silo into the air, dissolve in silage water, and participate in LAB metabolism in silage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn oat silage, the gas production had negative correlation with \u003cem\u003eLactiplantibacillus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eLentilactobacillus\u003c/em\u003e at d 3, with \u003cem\u003ePediococcus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eLentilactobacillus\u003c/em\u003e at d 6, and with \u003cem\u003eLentilactobacillus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eLacticaseibacillus\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ePediococcus\u003c/em\u003e d 15, with \u003cem\u003eLacticaseibacillus\u003c/em\u003e at d 35, and with \u003cem\u003eLactiplantibacillus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePediococcus\u003c/em\u003e at d 90 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. However, Chen et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e] revealed the negative correlation of gas and CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e productions with \u003cem\u003eSerratia\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSphingobacterium\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eSphingomonas\u003c/em\u003e in rice straw silage and with \u003cem\u003ePediococcus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eKlebsiella\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eEscherichia\u003c/em\u003e-\u003cem\u003eShigella\u003c/em\u003e in stylo silage. Previous studies also reported that \u003cem\u003eSerratia\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSphingobacterium\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eSphingomonas\u003c/em\u003e might have the ability to sequester CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR48\" citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e]. So, the mechanism of gas and GHG reduction in silage during late fermentation phase needs further study in the future.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFermentation quality deterioration\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter d 15 of ensiling, the L1 and L2 had increasing pH and decreasing LA, and the AA concentration increased in all silages (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, the similar trends were also detected in whole-plant corn silages, oat silage, barley silage, Napier grass silage, rehydrated corn kernel silage, smooth bromegrass silage, and \u003cem\u003eLeymus chinensis\u003c/em\u003e silage [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR51 CR52 CR53\" citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e]. \u003cem\u003eLentilactobacillus\u003c/em\u003e had positive correlation with pH and AA and negative correlation with LA in L1 and L2 from d 15 to d 90 (Figure S9). Interesting, in our other study, \u003cem\u003eLentilactobacillus\u003c/em\u003e was the most bacterial genus at d 35 and d 90 and had positive correlation with pH and AA and negative correlation with LA in oat silage with/without LAB additives (L1 and L2) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, Oude Elferink et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e] revealed that \u003cem\u003eLent. buchneri\u003c/em\u003e can converse LA into AA, 1,2-propanediol, ethanol and CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e under acidic and anoxic conditions. \u003cem\u003eLent. buchneri\u003c/em\u003e in L1 and L2 had an increasing abundance during fermentation and was the most bacterial species at d 35 and d 90 (Figure S8). Those indicated that, during late fermentation phase, the deteriorating fermentation quality was a universal phenomenon and caused by \u003cem\u003eLent. buchneri\u003c/em\u003e dominating the bacterial communities of silage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFermentation weight loss\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe weight loss of silage during fermentation is caused mainly by the gas, volatile organic compounds (VOC), and water escaping from silo into the air [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. The polyethylene has gas permeability with very low transmission rates [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. The small amount of VOC (LA and AA) might continuously escape from the silo during ensiling because of slight sour taste in silage bag storage room. In addition, the FWL had positive correlation with gas and GHG in all silages from d 1 to d 15 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;2), with LA and AA in CK during fermentation and in L1 and L2 in the first 15 days, and with AA in L1 and L2 from d 15 to d 90 (Figure S9). Moreover, no effluents were found in silos. The L1 and L2 had lower FWL and less gas and GHG productions than CK during fermentation (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Previous studies also showed the lower loss and less gas productions in inoculated silage [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. Those suggested the losses of ensiling barley mainly resulted from the gas, LA, and AA escaping from the laboratory silo (polyethylene bag) during fermentation and inoculating LAB at ensiling can reduce the FWL by decreasing the gas and GHG productions in silage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe fermentation process of silage can be divided into gas accumulation phase and gas reduction phase according to the gas production and CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is the main component of the gas. Inoculating LAB reduces the gas and GHG productions and shorts the gas accumulation phase. The activities of enterobacteria majorly contributes to the gas and GHG accumulations in barley silage. The gas and GHG escape from silo into the air, dissolve in silage water, and participate in LAB metabolism in silage during gas reduction phase. Fermentation quality deterioration is a universal phenomenon and caused by \u003cem\u003eLent. buchneri\u003c/em\u003e activity during late fermentation phase in silage. The FWL is contributed by the gas, LA and AA escaping from silo and is decreased by inoculating LAB during fermentation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAA \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAcetic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmmonia nitrogen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eButyric acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBuffering capacity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCFU \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eColony forming units\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMethane\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCarbon dioxide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDry matter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFresh weight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFWL \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFermentation weight loss\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGHG\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGreenhouse gases\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGWP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGlobal warming potential\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBicarbonate radical\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLA \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLactic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLAB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLactic acid bacteria\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNitric oxide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNitrous oxide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePA \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePropionic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePCR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolymerase chain reaction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTAB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal aerobic bacteria\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVOC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVolatile organic compounds\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData will be made available on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eFunding\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was funded by the Science and Technology Program of Inner Mongolia (2021GG0068), the Central Government Guides Local Funds for Science and Technology Development – Basic Research Projects with Free Exploration (2022ZY0152), the Inner Mongolia Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Innovation Fund (2022CYZX04), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32160342), and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAuthors' contributions\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYX contributed to securing financial support, designing the study, and preparing the first manuscript draft; YX, NW, NN, JS, LS, MQ, DL, EL, and BY contributed to do this study and revised the manuscript draft; NW, and NN performed data collection and statistical analysis. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors are grateful for the financial support provided by the Central Government Guides Local Funds for Science and Technology Development – Basic Research Projects with Free Exploration (2022ZY0152), the Science and Technology Program of Inner Mongolia (2021GG0068), the Inner Mongolia Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Innovation Fund (2022CYZX04), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32160342), and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLiu D, Guo X, Xiao B.What causes growth of global greenhouse gas emissions? Evidence from 40 countries. 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However, little is known regarding the dynamics of GHG productions in silage during fermentation.\u0026nbsp; The GHG accumulation and reduction were assessed in barley silage in the study. Barley was harvested at milk stage and ensiled without (CK) and with commercial lactic acid bacterial additives (L1 or L2). Gas and GHG productions, fermentation quality, fermentation weight loss (FWL), and bacterial communities were analyzed at d 0, d 1, d 3, d 6, d 15, d 35, and d 90 after ensiling. The gas and GHG productions rapidly increased in all silages during early fermentation phase and then decreased (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05). \u0026nbsp;The gas and GHG productions in CK were higher than those in L1 and L2 from d 1 to d 35 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05) and the peak productions of gas and GHG were observed at d 6 in CK and at d 3 in L1 and L2. The gas and GHG\u003csub\u003e \u003c/sub\u003ehad positive correlation with Coliforms, \u003cem\u003eEnterobacter\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eKlebsiella\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eAtlantibacter\u003c/em\u003e from d 0 to d 6 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05), but had negative correlation with \u003cem\u003eLentilactobacillus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eLactiplantibacillus\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eLacticaseibacillus\u003c/em\u003e from d 1 to d 35 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05). The L1 and L2 had increasing pH and decreasing LA after d 15 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05). \u003cem\u003eLentilactobacillus \u003c/em\u003ein L1 and L2 dominated the bacterial communities from d 35 to d 90 and correlated positively with pH and AA and negatively with LA from d 6 to d 90 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05).\u0026nbsp; The FWL had positive correlation with gas and GHG from d 1 to d 35 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05). The ensiling fermentation process was divided into gas accumulation and reduction phases. Inoculating LAB reduces the gas and GHG productions. The activities of enterobacteria majorly contributes to the gas and GHG accumulations. The gas and GHG might participate in LAB metabolism during gas reduction phase. \u003cem\u003eLentilactobacillus \u003c/em\u003eactivity causes mainly fermentation quality deterioration during late fermentation phase. The gas and GHG generated in silage contribute to the FWL during fermentation.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Dynamics of gas and greenhouse gases of ensiling barley with lactic acid bacteria during fermentation","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-18 04:23:09","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4096932/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-03-15T11:19:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-03-15T10:00:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-03-15T10:00:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture","date":"2024-03-14T03:18:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"chemical-and-biological-technologies-in-agriculture","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture](https://chembioagro.springeropen.com/)","snPcode":"40538","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/40538/3","title":"Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture","twitterHandle":"@SpringerPlants","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"713d9387-0b83-40fd-a9ef-e2e591d7cfd7","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 18th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-05-31T10:51:11+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-18 04:23:09","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4096932","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4096932","identity":"rs-4096932","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}