Discovering Hidden Satellites in Mn Kα using Novel High-Accuracy Fluorescence, with PCA revealing Evolution of Quantum Processes.

Discovering Hidden Satellites in Mn Kα using Novel High-Accuracy Fluorescence, with PCA revealing Evolution of Quantum Processes. | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Discovering Hidden Satellites in Mn Kα using Novel High-Accuracy Fluorescence, with PCA revealing Evolution of Quantum Processes. Ramesh Rijal, Jack A Stephens, Nicholas T T Tran, Daniel Sier, and 6 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6728814/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 29 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 13 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract We report the first experimental discovery of Hidden Satellites within the Kα1,2 emission lines of manganese metal (Mn, Z = 25) with an integrated statistical significance exceeding 270 σs.e. (standard error), far beyond the discovery threshhold. Experimental data were collected at the I20-Scanning beamline at the Diamond Light Source using our new eXtended-Range High-Energy-Resolution Fluorescence Detection (XR-HERFD) technique. The Hidden Satellites, embedded in the core emission structure, represent novel quantum many-body processes that evolve systematically as the incident photon energy increases. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to extract the major separable physical processes and validate the significance of the observed Hidden Satellites. The application of physical insight to the PCA method allowed us to isolate the satellites, and measure the evolutionary profile. Our paper reveals that the total intensity of shake-off satellites can reach as high as 20 - 25%. Although these are hidden, they are very significant. These results directly challenge the traditional treatment of the many-body reduction factor, S02, as a constant in the standard XAFS equation. Our findings demonstrate that this term must be modelled as an energy-dependent function, reflecting its variation with incident photon energy and highlighting its role in many-body interactions. This deeper understanding of fundamental atomic processes directly impacts relativistic quantum mechanics, in theory and application. Also, this develops X-ray absorption and X-ray emission spectroscopy, the second most popular experimental technique at synchrotrons, responsible for some 12 000 papers per annum, and all applications of these techniques in chemistry, physics and biology. It offers insights into the evolution of satellites and underscores the broader implications of hidden features in X-ray spectra. Physical sciences/Materials science Physical sciences/Nanoscience and technology Physical sciences/Physics Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 29 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 24 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 21 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 20 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 18 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 14 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 28 Jun, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 26 Jun, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 12 Jun, 2025 Editor invited by journal 27 May, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 26 May, 2025 First submitted to journal 26 May, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6728814","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":478223252,"identity":"81d07d7a-8a77-4147-8351-e5ef6a365f94","order_by":0,"name":"Ramesh Rijal","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Melbourne","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ramesh","middleName":"","lastName":"Rijal","suffix":""},{"id":478223254,"identity":"665d284c-e1cd-49e8-96b4-cc6512ce4164","order_by":1,"name":"Jack A Stephens","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of 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(standard error),\nfar beyond the discovery threshhold. Experimental data were collected at the I20-Scanning beamline at\nthe Diamond Light Source using our new eXtended-Range High-Energy-Resolution Fluorescence Detection\n(XR-HERFD) technique. The Hidden Satellites, embedded in the core emission structure, represent\nnovel quantum many-body processes that evolve systematically as the incident photon energy increases.\nPrincipal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to extract the major separable physical processes and\nvalidate the significance of the observed Hidden Satellites. The application of physical insight to the\nPCA method allowed us to isolate the satellites, and measure the evolutionary profile. Our paper reveals\nthat the total intensity of shake-off satellites can reach as high as 20 - 25%. Although these are hidden,\nthey are very significant. These results directly challenge the traditional treatment of the many-body\nreduction factor, S02, as a constant in the standard XAFS equation. Our findings demonstrate that this\nterm must be modelled as an energy-dependent function, reflecting its variation with incident photon\nenergy and highlighting its role in many-body interactions. This deeper understanding of fundamental\natomic processes directly impacts relativistic quantum mechanics, in theory and application. Also, this\ndevelops X-ray absorption and X-ray emission spectroscopy, the second most popular experimental\ntechnique at synchrotrons, responsible for some 12 000 papers per annum, and all applications of\nthese techniques in chemistry, physics and biology. It offers insights into the evolution of satellites and\nunderscores the broader implications of hidden features in X-ray spectra.","manuscriptTitle":"Discovering Hidden Satellites in Mn Kα using Novel High-Accuracy Fluorescence, with PCA revealing Evolution of Quantum Processes.","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-01 02:33:17","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6728814/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-11-24T05:51:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-21T15:18:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-20T09:36:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"6047383824065730828204793335481369879","date":"2025-11-18T08:11:08+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-14T19:09:17+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"169744339914555177383027354245970344190","date":"2025-11-12T08:25:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"18072963607792998373104354168965080078","date":"2025-11-10T08:19:31+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"331559045050562624307438790641072857970","date":"2025-06-28T20:16:21+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-06-26T20:13:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-06-12T19:23:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-05-27T11:53:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-05-26T07:29:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-05-26T07:28:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"dce8cd64-a314-45f1-bf29-3d67a203f3c2","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 1st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":50769888,"name":"Physical sciences/Materials science"},{"id":50769889,"name":"Physical sciences/Nanoscience and technology"},{"id":50769890,"name":"Physical sciences/Physics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-05T16:02:09+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6728814","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-33674-4","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2025-12-29 15:58:29","publishedOnDateReadable":"December 29th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-01 02:33:17","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-025-33674-4","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-33674-4","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6728814","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6728814","identity":"rs-6728814","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}