Evaluation of phyto-therapeutic efficacy of Artemisia annua and Calotropis procera against bovine tropical theileriosis

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M.F. Siddiqui, S.P. Waghmare, S.D. Chepte, S. Sajid Ali, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7052255/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 20 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in Tropical Animal Health and Production → Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Theileriosis is one of the most important ticks borne hemo-protozoan diseases of cattle causing huge economic losses. The current investigation was undertaken to evaluate therapeutic efficacy and impact on hematological indices and biochemical markers of Artemisia annua L. and Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand for the novel treatment of sub-clinical bovine tropical theileriosis. A total 18 sub-clinical theileriosis positive cows were selected and divided randomly into three groups (n = 6). Group I treated with A. annua plant extract @ 100 mg/kg BW PO for six days, group II treated with A. annua plant crude powder @ 1000 mg/kg PO for six days and group III received C. procera flower crude powder @ 100 mg/kg body weight orally 8 doses on alternate days. Clinical study revealed slight increase in body temperature, respiratory and heart rates while hematological analysis revealed decrease in haemoglobin, PCV, platelet count, TEC, TLC and neutrophil and slight increase in percentages of lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil and basophil whereas blood biochemical parameters revealed decrease in total serum protein and albumin levels and increase in serum AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine and BUN levels in all sub-clinical theileriosis affected cows. The group I showed 100% efficacy with improvement in clinical parameters and significant improvement in altered PCV, TEC, TLC, monocyte, eosinophil, serum protein and creatinine at 21st day post treatment. However, the drug showed adverse effect on liver and kidney function. The group II and III showed 83.67% recovery rate with improvement in clinical parameters and significant improvement in altered platelet count, TLC, neutrophil, monocyte, serum protein, BUN and creatinine levels at 21st day post treatment. It is concluded that Artemisia annua L. plant showed 100% efficacy and Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand flowers showed promising results for treatment of sub-clinical bovine tropical theileriosis in cattle without any side effects. Hemoprotozoan disease Theileriosis Artemisia annua L. Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand Cattle Ethnoveterinary Introduction Theileriosis is a life-threatening tick-borne protozoan disease affecting livestock, especially cattle, prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions, including India due to hot-humid highly favorable climatic conditions for the development and survival of vector ticks (OIE, 2020 ). It is caused by hemoprotozoan parasites of the genus Theileria spp. of Apicomplexa group and Theileria annulata is considered to be the most pathogenic species responsible for bovine tropical theileriosis which is commonly transmitted through Ixodid tick of genus Hyalomma spp. The Theileria spp. life cycle in the mammalian host begins with sporozoites inoculation via a tick bite; these sporozoites invade leukocytes during differentiation into schizonts by schizogony which subsequently releases merozoites invading red blood cells leading to clinical manifestations such as fever, lymphadenopathy, anemia, leucopenia, and jaundice resulting from immune-mediated destruction of infected cells and systemic inflammation (Constable et al., 2017 ). Khawale et al., ( 2019 ) have reported a 22.38% overall occurrence of clinical theileriosis while Sachan et al., ( 2025 ) found an 11% prevalence of theileriosis. Theileriosis is one of the major diseases of crossbred cattle due to severe economic losses of around 498.7 million dollars per annum due to decreased animal production, and increased susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections and mortalities (Kumar et al., 2018 ). Buparvaquone, second-generation hydroxynaphthoquinone, is an anti-protozoal drug commonly use for management of bovine tropical theileriosis around the world. However, recent studies have highlighted concerns regarding the possible emergence of resistance to drug buparvaquone in various regions. The first in-vivo evidence of resistance to drug buparvaquone in T. annulata in Tunisia was recorded by Mhadhbi et al., ( 2010 ) who further demonstrated that when the methionine amino acid at position 128 in the T. annulata cyto-b gene is replaced by isoleucine during the M128I mutation, the parasite becomes resistant to the drug buparvaquone (Mhadhbi et al., 2015 ). Researchers reported non-synonymous point mutation in genes cyto-b (Q at 130–148 and Q at 253–262 regions) and TaPIN1 (A53P and A53T) culpable for anti-protozoal drug resistance from Tunisia, Turkey, Egypt, Sudan, Iran, Pakistan, China, and Germany with concerning the T. annulata (Rashid et al., 2024 ). These findings underscore the importance of monitoring buparvaquone efficacy and exploring alternative therapeutic strategies to manage theileriosis effectively. Medicinal plants are now attracting interest for use of ethno-veterinary therapy (Siddiqui et al ., 2024), but the literature on herbal treatment of theileriosis is scanty. Considering the expensive cost of chemical therapeutics against theileriosis, there is enormous scope for future research on anti-theilerial medicinal plants. Artemisia annua L. is an effective anti-malarial drug used currently in over 50 countries as the first line of treatment against chloroquine-resistant malaria. A. annua is traditionally used for the prevention and treatment of many infectious diseases especially malaria (Septembre-Malaterre et al., 2020 ). The whole A. annua plant has antipyretic, anti-helminthic, anti-spasmodic, anti-septic, and anti-malarial properties. Artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone, is the active ingredient of this plant containing pharmacological endoperoxide moiety (Wani et al., 2022 ). Whole plant extract of A. annua contains phytochemicals viz . tannins, steroids, saponin, phenols, glycosides, flavonoids and alkaloids. The A. annua hydro-ethanolic extract administered orally upto 5,000 mg/kg body weight showed no lethal or toxic reactions in Swiss albino mice (Siddiqui et al., 2018 ). An in-vitro study showed A. annua extract having promising results against T. annulata infection (Girisgin et al., 2023 ). Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand is a shrub belongs to the Apocynaceae family, having pink violet to white colored flowers. These flowers of C. procera contain alkaloids, cardenolides, flavonoids, glycoside, phenols, saponins, steroids, sugars, tannins and terpenoids and which are attributed to hepatoprotective, antioxidant, inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-malarial medicinal properties. It is traditionally used for fever, leprosy, eczema, diarrhea, dysentery and jaundice (Batool et al., 2020 ; Siddiqui et al., 2017 ). Acute and sub-acute toxicity studies of ethanolic extract of C. procera flower in Swiss albino mice showed no-observed-adverse-effect-level @ more than 2000 mg/kg/day (Kumar et al., 2022 ; Siddiqui et al., 2017 ). Also, C. procera showed therapeutic efficacy against canine babesiosis with complete recovery and restoration of haemto-biochemical parameters to normalcy (Sandeep and Vadari, 2023). Considering the above facts, the economic losses faced by farming community due to the lack of cost-effective treatment for theileriosis and the efficacy of A. annua and C. procera against hemoprotozoan diseases, especially theileriosis, the current research work was designed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of A. annua and C. procera in bovine Theileriosis. Materials and methods The present research study was meticulously conducted in the Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence, Veterinary Clinical Complex, PGIVAS, MAFSU, Akola. Research experiments were performed at Livestock Instructional Farm, Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science, Dr. Punjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidhyapeeth, Akola. The plant identification was carried out at the Department of Botany, Shri Shivaji Science College, Akola. The study was undertaken following approval from the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC) of PGIVAS, MAFSU, Akola, for practicing standard ethical guidelines during experiments. Collection and processing of plant material The mature flowers of C. procera were collected between January - February from the campus of the Post Graduate Institute of Veterinary and Animal Science, Akola and the whole plant A. annua plant was procured from a local Ayurvedic medicine shop and taxonomically authenticated from expert taxonomist at the Department of Botany, Shri Shivaji Science College, Akola, Maharashtra, under accession number 24402. The collected plant materials were shade-dried considering their phytochemical integrity and finely pulverized using a mechanical pulverizer to obtain a uniform powder. Freshly prepared powder samples were then subjected to cold hydro-ethanolic extraction and the obtained extracts were subsequently utilized for further experimental study. Selection of animals The screening of the cows was conducted for sub-clinical theileriosis according to clinical manifestations and blood smear examination, with molecular confirmation performed using PCR technique. A total of 18 cows PCR-positive positive for sub-clinical theileriosis were selected and randomly assigned into three treatment groups, each comprising six cows. Treatment groups Cows in group I were administered A. annua plant extract @ 100 mg/kg BW PO daily for 6 days. In group II, cows were treated with A. annua plant crude powder @ 1,000 mg/kg BW PO daily for 6 days. While cows, in group III, received C. procera flower crude powder @ 100 mg/kg body weight orally in 8 doses on alternate days. In group IV, six normal healthy cows negative for theileriosis were kept as normal healthy control. Blood and serum sample collection For hematological analysis, blood samples were aseptically collected from the jugular vein of selected cows using a 16-gauge hypodermic needle and transferred into sterile vials containing EDTA as an anticoagulant. For biochemical assessments, approximately 10 mL of venous blood was drawn into vacutainers. The separated serum was centrifuged at 2,000 RPM for 10 minutes and stored in oven-dried glass vials at -20°C until further use for biochemical evaluation. Parameters studied Cows from all the groups were subjected to the clinical examination and haemato-biochemical analysis on the ‘0’ day (before treatment) and on the 7th and 21st day (after treatment). Clinical examination included body temperature, heart rate and respiratory rate. A comprehensive hematological evaluation was performed by quantifying Hb, PCV, TLC, TEC, thrombocyte count and differential leukogram. Biochemical parameters included total protein, albumin, globulin, AST, ALT, ALP, creatinine, BUN and total bilirubin. Blood analysis was performed using an automated hematoanalyzer, while biochemical parameters were estimated using ready-to-use diagnostic kits from M/s Span Diagnostics Pvt. Ltd., Surat, India, on a Semi-Auto Analyzer (Autochem-2011). Statistical analysis The data obtained in this study for various parameters were statistically analyzed using a Two-Way Factorial Design with the Web-Based Agricultural Statistics Software Package (WASP-2.0), developed by the ICAR Research Complex Goa, India (Version 2.0). Results were presented as mean ± standard error (SE). Results The results of clinical examination and hemato-biochemical analysis of sub-clinical Theileriosis-positive cows treated with A. annua and C. procera at different intervals are presented in Table 1-5. As per results, before treatment on day 0, theileriosis-affected cows in all groups (I, II, III) exhibited slightly elevated body temperature, respiratory rate, and heart rate compared to the normal healthy control group (IV). These findings of increased values of clinical parameters in theileriosis positive cows are in agreement with Aktas et al. , (2023) and Sakhare et al ., (2018). The statistical analysis revealed a significant (P<0.05) decrease in mean body temperature but non-significant variations in respiratory rate and heart rate of theileriosis affected cows in all groups at 21 st day post-treatment towards normalcy at par with normal healthy control group (table 1). In normal healthy control group (IV), the mean body temperature, respiratory rate and heart rate were within the normal range and remained constant with minor fluctuations during the entire experimental period. The values of Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC and platelet count were slightly lower in sub-clinical theileriosis-infected cows in all groups before initiation of treatment and as compared to the normal healthy control group (IV). These findings are in agreement with earlier reports of Yadav et al. , (2024) and Khawale et al ., (2019) who stated anemia in theileriosis. Cows in group I showed non-significant but apparent improvement in Hb, PCV, TEC and TLC values while significant (P<0.05) variations in platelet count were recorded after treatment. In group II, theileriosis-infected cows showed non-significant but apparent improvement in PCV, TEC and platelet count whereas a significant (P<0.05) increase observed in Hb and TLC values at 21st day post treatment. While, cows in group III showed non-significant but apparent improvement in Hb, PCV, TEC and a significant (P<0.05) increase was observed in platelet count and TLC values at 21 st day post-treatment. In normal healthy control group (IV), Hb, PCV, TEC and TLC values did not differ significantly and remained almost constant with marginal fluctuation (Table 2). The value of neutrophil was slightly lower while the values of lymphocyte, monocyte and eosinophil were slightly higher in all sub clinical theileriosis affected cows in all groups before initiation of treatment. Basophil count was found zero in groups I, II and III. Similar observations were also documented by Yadav et al. , (2024).However, few researchers has found neutrophilia and lymphocytopenia in Theileria infected cattle (Aktas et al. , 2023). The theileriosis affected cows in groups I and III showed non-significant improvements in neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocyte but significant (P<0.05) decrease in eosinophil recorded at 21 st day post treatment. In group II, theileriosis affected cows showed significant improvements in neutrophil and eosinophil but non-significant improvements in lymphocyte and monocyte recorded after treatment. In normal healthy control group (IV), DLC values did not differ significantly and remained almost constant with marginal fluctuation (Table 3). The levels of serum total protein, albumin and globulin were slightly lower while AST, ALT and ALP levels were higher in sub-clinical theileriosis affected cows in all groups before initiation of treatment (Yadav et al. , 2024). The results showed significant (P<0.05) improvement in total protein level and non-significant but apparent improvement in albumin, globulin and AST levels in all treatment groups (Aktas et al. , 2023). The ALT and ALP values improved significantly (P<0.05) in group I and non-significantly improved in groups I and III on 21 st day after treatment as compared to pre treatment level. In normal healthy control group (IV), AST, ALT and ALP values did not differ significantly and remained almost constant with marginal fluctuation (Table 4). The mean serum creatinine, BUN and bilirubin levels were higher in all sub clinical theileriosis affected cows in all groups before initiation of treatment. These findings are in accordance with the findings of Yadav et al. , (2024).The serum creatinine level was significantly (P<0.05) decreased while BUN and bilirubin levels showed non-significant variations in all treatment groups at on 7 th and 21 st day post treatment compared to the pre treatment level of corresponding groups (Singh et al ., 2024). In normal healthy control group (IV), creatinine, BUN and bilirubin values did not differ significantly and remained almost constant with marginal fluctuation (Table 5). Table 6 presents the comparative efficacy of A. annua and C. procera treatments in sub-clinical theileriosis-positive cows. The results indicate a 100% recovery rate in Group I signifying its superior therapeutic potential. While, Groups II and III were demonstrated recovery rates of 83.67% at 21 st day post-treatment. Discussion In the present research, a total of 18 cows diagnosed with sub-clinical theileriosis, confirmed through blood smear examination and PCR, were selected. These cows were then randomly assigned into three treatment groups, with six animals ( n = 6) in each group. A slight increase in body temperature, respiratory rate, and heart rate was observed in cows affected by sub-clinical theileriosis. The rise in body temperature may be attributed to inflammation triggered by Theileria parasites, which induce TNF-α production and disrupt physiological functions (Aktas et al., 2023 ). Additionally, the increased heart and respiratory rates in affected animals could be linked to cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6, which are produced by infected mononuclear cells (Kacchawa et al ., 2016). Also, there were slightly decrease in the hematological parameters viz. Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC and platelet count in sub-clinical theileriosis infected cows. The decline in Hb concentration and PCV % might be due to the destruction of infected erythrocytes by macrophages in the spleen during parasite multiplication, ultimately leading to anemia (Ganguly et al., 2015 ). Constable et al. ( 2017 ) documented that damage is caused by both scizonts in lymphocyte and piroplasm in erythrocyte. Furthermore, oxidative stress weakens the erythrocyte membrane, increasing its susceptibility to hemolysis or macrophage-mediated clearance. Activated complement proteins may also play a role in RBC destruction by marking them for immune clearance (Saravanan et al., 2017 ). Differential leukocyte count (DLC) analysis indicated neutropenia, lymphocytosis, monocytosis, and eosinophilia in Theileria -infected cows. Similar findings were reported by Ganguly et al. ( 2015 ), who observed a significant increase in lymphocyte, eosinophil, and monocyte counts, accompanied by a decline in neutrophil levels in infected animals. The rise in lymphocytes is likely a defense response, driven by their proliferation in lymphoid organs to counter the protozoan infection (Abdel-Hamied et al., 2020 ). The sub-clinical theileriosis infected cows exhibited marginal reductions in serum albumin, globulin and total protein levels accompanied by a slight elevation in AST, ALT and ALP enzymatic activities. These biochemical perturbations may be attributed to impaired hepatic synthetic capacity, likely compounded by reduced feed intake and compromised liver function. The causative agent, T. annulata , exhibits distinct cytopathic effects on hepatocytes. This direct cellular damage contributes to hepatic dysfunction, disrupting normal protein metabolism and enzymatic homeostasis. The observed reductions in serum protein fractions reflect a diminished capacity for protein synthesis, while the elevated liver enzymes indicate hepatocellular damage (Goud et al ., 2021). Hepatic injury in bovine tropical theileriosis arises from a complex, multifactorial pathogenesis encompassing both direct and indirect mechanisms. Firstly, direct hepatocellular injury occurs due to the release of toxic metabolites by the Theileria protozoan, resulting in metabolic dysregulation and oxidative stress. Secondly, indirect damage is mediated by profound inflammatory responses. These responses are triggered by the sequestration of parasitized and structurally compromised erythrocytes and lymphocytes within hepatic sinusoids, leading to immune-mediated hepatocellular injury. Finally, severe anemia, a hallmark of theileriosis, induces ischemic-hypoxic insult, culminating in degenerative and apoptotic changes in hepatocytes. This cascade of events progressively impairs hepatic function, exacerbating the overall disease pathology (Abubakar et al., 2019 ). The observed increase of AST level in serum reflects hepatocellular injury, characterized by extensive coagulative necrosis, disruption of hepatic trabeculae, and peripherally accentuated lymphocytic infiltration. These histopathological features suggest severe hepatobiliary dysfunction driven by a complex interplay of sustained inflammatory insult, leading to hepatocyte apoptosis and subsequent compromise of sinusoidal integrity and function (Modi et al., 2015 ). The sub-clinical theileriosis infected cows were having higher levels of creatinine, BUN and bilirubin values. The elevation in BUN values were likely a functional impairment of both hepatic and glomerular tissues as a secondary to inflammatory changes affecting cellular integrity and physiological processes of hepatic and renal systems (Sarma et al., 2016 ). This observed changes in BUN levels likely attributed to a cascade initiated by Theileria protozoa derived toxic metabolism, which induce hepatocellular injury, subsequently impairing hepatic function, and ultimately disrupting renal enzyme activity (Hamed et al., 2016 ). Group I treated with A. annua plant extract showed 100% efficacy as all the animals recovered and none of the animal was found positive for theileriosis by PCR as well as blood smear examination on 21st day post treatment. The cows in group II and III, treated with crude extracts of A. annua plant and C. procera respectively, 5 cows showed complete recovery, indicating the recovery rate of 83.67%. All the animals showed improvement in clinical parameters and significant improvement in altered PCV, TEC, TLC, monocyte %, eosinophil %, total serum protein and serum creatinine. The improvement brought by the treatment could be due to the elimination of both piroplasmic and lymphocytic stages of the protozoan parasite from both blood and lymphnodes (Al-Hosaryet al., 2015 ). The study demonstrates that treatment with A. annua had no adverse effects on renal and hepatic functions at the administered dose, confirming its safety profile. Furthermore, the treatment effectively eliminated the Theileria parasite while significantly improving clinical and hemato-biochemical parameters within the experimental period. Notably, there is a lack of prior literature on the therapeutic efficacy of A. annua and its derivatives against theileriosis, making this investigation a pioneering effort in the field. This research represents the first documented evaluation of the hydro-ethanolic extract and crude powder of A. annua against sub-clinical theileriosis in cattle, offering promising insights into its potential as an alternative therapeutic agent. Given the increasing concerns over drug resistance in conventional anti-protozoal treatments, further studies exploring the pharmacokinetics, optimal dosing, and long-term efficacy of A. annua are warranted to establish its role in the treatment of bovine theileriosis. The administration of A. annua extract and crude powder demonstrated promising efficacy in promoting recovery in Theileria -infected cattle without any adverse effects. This therapeutic potential may be attributed to the plant's diverse biological activities, including its well-documented anti-malarial and antioxidant properties. The active compounds in A. annua likely play a crucial role in combating the parasite and mitigating oxidative stress. However, the precise mechanism of action against Theileria remains unclear, warranting further investigation to elucidate its pharmacological pathways and therapeutic potential. However, it could be attributed to the anti-malarial action due to active principle, artemisinines, which involves the formation of heme-mediated decomposition of the endoperoxidase bond to produce carbon-centered free radicals which mediates eradication of the parasites species (Ho et al., 2013 ). To explore more about the various active principles in A. annua and their mode of action against Theileria parasite is further promising field of study in future. To validate the present findings in large group of cattle and other species and to study the efficacy of A. annua against other protozoal and parasitic disease further research experiments are suggested. The results indicate that C. procera exhibits therapeutic efficacy against sub-clinical theileriosis in cattle, potentially due to the active compounds present in its flowers. Flavonoids and phenolic compounds, known for their antioxidant properties, may contribute to the plant’s effectiveness in mitigating disease effects. However, the exact mechanism by which C. procera promotes recovery remains unclear, necessitating further research to elucidate its mode of action and potential role as an alternative treatment for bovine theileriosis. However, it could help in eliminating the Theileria parasite by their anti-oxidant, anti-protozoal and immunomodulatory properties through their active principles as reported by several workers (Durrani et al., 2009 ). The comparative therapeutic efficacy results demonstrated that A. annua plant extract was 100% effective in eliminating Theileria parasites. The crude extracts of A. annua and C. procera exhibited remarkable efficacy in promoting recovery from sub-clinical theileriosis. Additionally, the herb was found to be safe and non-toxic throughout the experiment. Notably, the hydro-ethanolic extract of A. annua proved to be superior in enhancing recovery, making it a promising alternative to other treatments for sub-clinical theileriosis in cattle. Conclusions It is concluded that Artemisia annua plant showed 100% efficacy and Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand showed promising results for treatment of sub-clinical theileriosis in cattle without any side effects. Declarations Acknowledgement Authors are thankful to Associate Dean and all staffs of Department of Veterinary Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Akola, MAFSU, Maharashtra, India for their valuable help and support during the research work. Authors' contributions Siddiqui M.F.M.F. : Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Resources, Data Curation, Review, Writing. S.P. Waghmare : Conceptualization, Supervision, Resources, Writing - review and Editing. S. Sajid Ali : Software, Proof reading, Statistical analysis. S.D. Chepte : Resources, Editing. S.R. Shaikh : Writing – original draft, Visualization, Proof reading. Ethics Approval The research study protocol have been approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC), Post Graduate Institute of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Akola and Board of Studies of University and the experiment was performed in accordance with internationally accepted standard ethical guidelines for animal use and care. Conflict of Interest All authors declare that they have no conflicts of financial or personal interests for this manuscript Availability of data and material Upon reasonable request, the datasets of this study can be available from the corresponding authors Code availability Not applicable Funding sources Funds received from Associate Dean, Post Graduate Institute of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Akola, MAFSU, Maharashtra, India.This research work did not receive any specific grant from outside funding agencies in the public, commercial, ornot-for-profit sectors. References Abdel-Hamied, E., Aboelhadid, S.M, Arafa, W., Mahmoud, M.M. 2020. 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Para. 332, 110321 Sachan, R., Tiwari, J., Jaiswal, A.K., Kumar, P., Tiwari, V.K. 2025. Diagnosis of tick-borne cattle infection theileriosis using simplex PCR assays. Int. J. Adv. Bio. Res., SP-9(1), 779-783. Sakhare, M.P., Saikia, K., Chigure, G.M., Siddiqui, M.F.M.F., Bangar, S.R. 2018. Atypical case of Theileriosis in a HF crossbred calf. Int. J. Chem. Stud. 6(3), 2130-2131. Sandeep, Vadari, B. (2023) Therapeutic management of canine babesiosis. Phar. Inno. J. SP-12 (11), 571-575. Saravanan, M., Ranjithkumar, M., Prasanth, N.B., Yogeshpriya, S., Jayalakshmi, K., Kannan, K. 2017. Clinical, hematological changes and therapeutic efficacy of Buparvaquone with Oxytetracycline against the natural infection of Theileria annulata in cattle. Inter. J. Live. Res.7 (10), 2277-196. Sarma, K., Prasad, H., Das, G., Behera, P., Behera, S.K., Rajesh, J.B, Borthakur, S.K. 2016. Theileriasis in crossbred cows and its therapeutic management: first report from Lushai hill district of Mizoram. J. Para. Dis. 40 (3), 605-610. Septembre-Malaterre, A., Rakoto, M.L., Marodon, C., Bedoui, Y., Nakab, J., Simon, E., Hoarau, L., Savriama, Strasberg, D., Guiraud, P., Selambarom, J., Gasque, P., S. 2020. Artemisia annua , a Traditional Plant Brought to Light. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21, 4986. Siddiqui, M.F.M.F., Sakhare, M.P., Shafi, T.A., Syed, A.M., Chigure, G.M., S. Sajid Ali, Shreya Gupta 2024. Efficacy of some herbal liver tonics as an adjunct therapy in the treatment of theileriosis. Vet. Pract. 25(1), 30-34. Siddiqui, M.F.M.F., Waghmare, S.P., Hajare, S.W., Ingole, R.S., Deshmukh, S.G., Chepte, S.D., Ali, S.A. 2018. Phytochemical analysis and acute toxicity studies of Artemisia annua in Swiss albino mice. J.Pharmaco.Phytochem. 7(4), 1893-1895 Siddiqui, M.F.M.F., Waghmare, S.P., Mode, S.G., Rekhate, D.H., Kolte, S.W., Hajare, S.W., S. Sajid Ali. 2017. Phyto-Pharmacological Study and Therapeutic Efficacy of Calotropis procera (Flower) against Theileriosis in Cattle. J. Ani. Res. 7(4), 757-762. Singh, H.K., Singh, A., Palđ, V.K., Tiwari, D., Shekhar, C., Srivastava, D.P. 2024. Antitheilerial drug’s efficacy against tropical theileriosis in the buffalo of eastern region of Uttar Pradesh. J. Exp. Zoo. 27 (1), 907-913. Wani, K.I., Zehra, A., Choudhary, S., Naeem, M., Masroor, M., Khan, A., Khan, R., Aftab, T. 2022. Artemisia annua L.: Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological Activities, Chapter 2. Medicinal Plants of the Asteraceae Family, 17-42. Yadav, R.S., Agrawal, V., Jayraw, A.K, Shakya, M., Jatav, G.P, Choudhary, N.S. 2024. hemato-biochemical profiling of theileria-infected cattle and buffaloes: an in-depth investigation into clinical signalment and pathophysiological implications. Anna. For. Res., 67 (1), 73-81. Zingare, S.D, Waghmare, S.P., Pajai, K.S., Siddiqui, M.F.M.F., Mehasare, S.S., Wankhede, V.S. 2017. Theileriosis in a calf and its successful treatment. Blue Cross Book 36, 77–79. Tables Table 1: The results of clinical parameters of sub-clinical Theileriosis positive cows treated with A. annua and C. procera at different intervals Treatment Parameter Body temperature (ᴼF) Respiratory Rate (per minute) Heart rate (per minute) Interval BT AT BT AT BT AT Group ‘0’ day 7 th day 21 st day ‘0’ day 7 th day 21 st day ‘0’ day 7 th day 21 st day A. annua plant extract @ 100 mg/kg BW PO I 102.50 b ± 0.60 101.63 a ± 0.28 101.57 a ± 0.34 19.67 ± 0.84 20.00 ± 0.73 18.83 ± 0.87 62.67± 3.71 61.67± 3.05 61.33± 3.11 A. annua plant crude powder @ 1000 mg/kg BW PO II 103.25b± 0.55 101.68 a ± 0.39 101.62 a ± 0.49 19.83 ± 1.90 19.83 ± 0.95 20.67 ± 1.85 58.67± 2.38 58.17± 1.47 58.17± 1.62 C. procera plant crude powder @ 100 mg/kg BW PO III 102.57 b ± 0.51 100.85 a ± 0.17 100.87 a ± 0.41 20.67 ± 1.31 21.17 ± 1.11 20.17 ± 1.01 61.33± 2.23 62.17± 2.60 60.50± 2.57 Healthy Control IV 101.12± 0.55 102.00± 0.56 101.5± 0.38 19.17 ± 1.17 19.50 ± 0.76 19.00 ± 1.15 56.33± 1.94 58.17± 2.76 59.17± 3.42 Similar superscript (a, b, c) indicates non-significant differences between groups Table 2: The results of hematological parameters of sub-clinical Theileriosis positive cows treated with A. annua and C. procera at different intervals Hb (g/dl) PCV (%) TEC (x10 6 / μL) TLC (x10 3 /μL) Platelet Count (x10 3 /μL) Interval BT AT BT AT BT AT BT AT BT AT Group ‘0’ day 7 th day 21 th day ‘0’ day 7 th day 21 th day ‘0’ day 7 th day 21 th day ‘0’ day 7 th day 21 th day ‘0’ day 7 th day 21 th day I 7.42± 0.63 7.83± 0.36 8.35± 0.38 27.89 ± 2.23 30.87 ± 2.41 30.95 ± 3.69 6.31 ± 0.36 6.69 ± 0.37 7.47 ± 0.18 8.67± 0.84 9.85± 1.07 10.41± 1.15 211.17 a ± 23.81 323.50 ab ± 49.37 514.33 b ± 106.63 II 6.93 a ± 0.43 7.87 ab ± 0.82 8.27 b ± 0.86 26.96 ± 1.36 27.96 ± 1.73 30.07 ± 4.02 5.50 ± 0.50 6.01± 0.18 7.06± 0.20 8.13 a ± 0.68 9.89 ab ± 0.62 10.88 b ± 0.60 134.33 ± 21.92 206.17 ± 55.54 340.83 ± 130.56 III 6.80± 0.29 7.35± 0.53 8.03± 0.43 27.37 ± 1.52 31.45 ± 2.65 31.90 ± 4.21 6.18± 0.45 6.68± 0.25 7.83± 0.27 8.16 a ± 0.65 8.92 a ± 0.52 10.44 b ± 0.86 139.67 a ± 19.34 225.67 ab ± 61.51 445.83 b ± 139.33 IV 9.35± 0.47 9.37± 0.34 9.52± 0.39 32.79 ± 1.68 33.61 ± 3.00 32.99 ± 4.98 8.19± 0.73 8.28± 0.82 8.65 ± 0.66 10.31± 0.79 10.39± 0.64 10.51 ± 1.08 368.17 ± 72.20 371.17 ± 82.38 382.33 ± 98.87 Similar superscript (a, b, c) indicates non-significant differences between groups Table 3: The results of DLC parameters of sub-clinical Theileriosis positive cows treated with A. annua and C. procera at different intervals DLC Neutrophil (%) Lymphocyte (%) Monocyte (%) Eosinophil (%) Basophil (%) Interval BT AT BT AT BT AT BT AT BT AT Group ‘0’ day 7 th day 21 th day ‘0’ day 7 th day 21 th day ‘0’ day 7 th day 21 th day ‘0’ day 7 th day 21 th day ‘0’ day 7 th day 21 th day I 32.66± 4.77 37.83± 5.45 40.17± 3.65 62.50± 5.19 58.17± 3.41 56.83± 3.21 1.67 ± 0.33 1.67 ± 0.33 2.00 ± 0.52 3.17 b ± 0.40 2.33 b ± 0.33 1.00 a ± 0.36 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 II 30.00 a ± 3.26 39.33 ab ± 5.06 45.00 b ± 2.41 63.83± 3.79 55.67± 5.47 52.83± 2.70 2.00 ± 0.36 1.33 ± 0.21 1.50 ± 0.34 4.17 b ± 0.79 3.33 b ± 0.49 0.67 a ± 0.49 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 III 31.17 ± 5.94 36.17± 3.41 37.84± 3.22 63.67± 5.86 59.67± 3.71 56.50± 3.40 2.00 ± 0.36 1.33 ± 0.21 1.33 ± 0.33 3.17 ± 0.48 2.83 ± 0.48 1.67 ± 0.33 0.00 a ± 0.00 0.00 a ± 0.00 0.00 a ± 0.00 IV 31.67 ± 3.11 32.34± 4.91 35.00± 6.27 64.67± 2.91 64.00± 4.97 62.67± 6.15 2.00 ± 0.45 1.50 ± 0.22 1.67 ± 0.33 1.66 ± 0.67 1.50 ± 0.62 0.67 ± 0.33 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 Similar superscript (a, b, c) indicates non-significant differences between groups Table 4: The results of LFT parameters of sub-clinical Theileriosis positive cows treated with A. annua and C. procera at different intervals LFT Total Protein (g/dl) Albumin (g/dl) Globulin (g/dl) AST (IU/L) ALT (IU/L) ALP (IU/L) Interval BT AT BT AT BT AT BT AT BT AT BT AT Group ‘0’ day 7 th day 21 th day ‘0’ day 7 th day 21 th day ‘0’ day 7 th day 21 th day ‘0’ day 7 th day 21 th day ‘0’ day 7 th day 21 th day ‘0’ day 7 th day 21 th day I 8.50 a ± 0.51 9.55 ab ± 0.43 9.85 b ± 0.53 3.92 ± 0.23 4.48 ± 0.20 4.68 ± 0.42 4.58 ± 0.60 5.07 ± 0.43 5.10 ± 0.67 108.88 ± 14.73 92.35 ± 13.68 81.30 ± 9.35 51.38 a ± 6.84 41.60 ab ± 5.38 28.30 b ± 6.20 115.30 a ± 11.39 84.18 ab ± 13.51 86.23 b ± 8.04 II 8.12 a ± 0.16 9.20 ab ± 0.33 8.87 b ± 0.22 3.58 ± 0.21 4.62 ± 0.23 4.50 ± 0.20 4.53 ± 0.17 4.58 ± 0.46 4.37 ± 0.24 121.68 ± 13.76 98.97 ± 12.75 92.72 ± 12.86 21.23 ± 5.63 13.45 ± 2.21 16.72 ± 3.07 100.22 ± 17.62 88.12 ± 9.93 89.87 ± 10.44 III 7.42 ± 0.49 8.9 ± 1.28 9.53 ± 1.17 3.15 ± 0.21 4.28 ± 0.45 4.28 ± 0.23 4.27 ± 0.39 4.62 ± 1.10 5.25 ± 1.03 105.45 ± 17.14 80.97 ± 10.82 92.32 ± 9.49 38.05 ± 6.80 28.12 ± 9.42 23.75 ± 7.71 92.25 ± 16.53 82.27 ± 9.69 87.08 ± 13.82 IV 8.72 ± 0.48 8.9 ± 0.52 9.07 ± 0.73 4.25 ± 0.50 4.48 ± 0.51 4.25 ± 0.34 4.47 ± 0.41 4.42 ± 0.51 4.82 ± 0.59 77.27 ± 8.78 77.73 ± 8.53 78.78 ± 6.15 16.03 ± 3.54 17.67 ± 2.31 17.92 ± 4.26 76.30 ± 10.77 77.47 ± 13.40 80.30 ± 10.19 Similar superscript (a, b, c) indicates non-significant differences between groups Table 5: The results of KFT parameters of sub-clinical Theileriosis positive cows treated with A. annua and C. procera at different intervals KFT Serum Creatinine (mg/dl) BUN (mg/dl) Total Bilirubin (mg/dl) Interval BT AT BT AT BT AT Group ‘0’ day 7 th day 21 th day ‘0’ day 7 th day 21 th day ‘0’ day 7 th day 21 th day I 3.68 b ± 0.53 2.18 a ± 0.19 1.50 a ± 0.22 30.57 ± 6.48 23.13 ± 4.42 22.42 ± 5.45 0.38 ± 0.13 0.37 ± 0.10 0.28 ± 0.06 II 3.40 b ± 0.28 1.92 a ± 0.20 1.32 a ± 0.25 23.45 ± 3.25 20.08 ± 5.51 19.13 ± 1.93 0.37 ± 0.12 0.35 ± 0.08 0.20 ± 0.05 III 3.42 b ± 0.27 1.63 a ± 0.07 1.33 a ± 0.22 33.70 ± 7.16 24.98 ± 4.07 22.40 ± 6.27 0.42 ± 0.12 0.28 ± 0.06 0.18 ± 0.03 IV 1.55 ± 0.46 1.88 ± 0.34 1.65 ± 0.46 21.82 ± 3.18 22.73 ± 3.28 23.38 ± 2.41 0.28 ± 0.09 0.23 ± 0.04 0.20 ± 0.04 Similar superscript (a, b, c) indicates non-significant differences between groups Table 6: The results of comparative efficacy of A. annua and C. procera treatments against sub-clinical theileriosis positive cows at different intervals Group Treatment No. of cases treated (sub clinical theileriosis) No. of cases cured Recovery (%) I A. annua plant extract @ 100 mg/kg BW PO 6 6 100.00 II A. annua plant crude powder @ 1000 mg/kg BW PO 6 5 83.67 III C. procera plant crude powder @ 100 mg/kg BW PO 6 5 83.67 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 20 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in Tropical Animal Health and Production → Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Jul, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 10 Jul, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 08 Jul, 2025 First submitted to journal 05 Jul, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7052255","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":483260193,"identity":"aa64ea1c-eede-440b-9a00-b4545bb1658f","order_by":0,"name":"M.F. M.F. 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Waghmare","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, MAFSU, Parbhani","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"S.P.","middleName":"","lastName":"Waghmare","suffix":""},{"id":483260195,"identity":"9aa5fdb6-320a-487b-b855-295da57e2390","order_by":2,"name":"S.D. Chepte","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, MAFSU, Parbhani","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"S.D.","middleName":"","lastName":"Chepte","suffix":""},{"id":483260196,"identity":"7c8cf1c0-e7ee-4d46-9d4e-8a015fe2cb8c","order_by":3,"name":"S. Sajid Ali","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, MAFSU, Parbhani","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"S.","middleName":"Sajid","lastName":"Ali","suffix":""},{"id":483260197,"identity":"eb97bf9a-17f6-42e6-8edd-9ba15b806d1a","order_by":4,"name":"S.R. Shaikh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, MAFSU, Parbhani","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"S.R.","middleName":"","lastName":"Shaikh","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-05 10:06:27","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7052255/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7052255/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-026-04867-4","type":"published","date":"2026-01-20T15:57:30+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":101152880,"identity":"982e2a21-501f-4346-b180-96bb83fe5076","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-26 16:13:28","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1470779,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7052255/v1/276af086-f613-4111-9015-aa9a2ac02214.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Evaluation of phyto-therapeutic efficacy of Artemisia annua and Calotropis procera against bovine tropical theileriosis","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eTheileriosis is a life-threatening tick-borne protozoan disease affecting livestock, especially cattle, prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions, including India due to hot-humid highly favorable climatic conditions for the development and survival of vector ticks (OIE, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). It is caused by hemoprotozoan parasites of the genus \u003cem\u003eTheileria\u003c/em\u003e spp. of Apicomplexa group and \u003cem\u003eTheileria annulata\u003c/em\u003e is considered to be the most pathogenic species responsible for bovine tropical theileriosis which is commonly transmitted through \u003cem\u003eIxodid\u003c/em\u003e tick of genus \u003cem\u003eHyalomma\u003c/em\u003e spp.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eTheileria\u003c/em\u003e spp. life cycle in the mammalian host begins with sporozoites inoculation \u003cem\u003evia\u003c/em\u003e a tick bite; these sporozoites invade leukocytes during differentiation into schizonts by schizogony which subsequently releases merozoites invading red blood cells leading to clinical manifestations such as fever, lymphadenopathy, anemia, leucopenia, and jaundice resulting from immune-mediated destruction of infected cells and systemic inflammation (Constable et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Khawale et al., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) have reported a 22.38% overall occurrence of clinical theileriosis while Sachan et al., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e) found an 11% prevalence of theileriosis. Theileriosis is one of the major diseases of crossbred cattle due to severe economic losses of around 498.7\u0026nbsp;million dollars per annum due to decreased animal production, and increased susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections and mortalities (Kumar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBuparvaquone, second-generation hydroxynaphthoquinone, is an anti-protozoal drug commonly use for management of bovine tropical theileriosis around the world. However, recent studies have highlighted concerns regarding the possible emergence of resistance to drug buparvaquone in various regions. The first \u003cem\u003ein-vivo\u003c/em\u003e evidence of resistance to drug buparvaquone in \u003cem\u003eT. annulata\u003c/em\u003e in Tunisia was recorded by Mhadhbi et al., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e) who further demonstrated that when the methionine amino acid at position 128 in the \u003cem\u003eT. annulata\u003c/em\u003e cyto-b gene is replaced by isoleucine during the M128I mutation, the parasite becomes resistant to the drug buparvaquone (Mhadhbi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Researchers reported non-synonymous point mutation in genes cyto-b (Q at 130\u0026ndash;148 and Q at 253\u0026ndash;262 regions) and TaPIN1 (A53P and A53T) culpable for anti-protozoal drug resistance from Tunisia, Turkey, Egypt, Sudan, Iran, Pakistan, China, and Germany with concerning the \u003cem\u003eT. annulata\u003c/em\u003e (Rashid et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). These findings underscore the importance of monitoring buparvaquone efficacy and exploring alternative therapeutic strategies to manage theileriosis effectively. Medicinal plants are now attracting interest for use of ethno-veterinary therapy (Siddiqui \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2024), but the literature on herbal treatment of theileriosis is scanty. Considering the expensive cost of chemical therapeutics against theileriosis, there is enormous scope for future research on anti-theilerial medicinal plants.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eArtemisia annua\u003c/em\u003e L. is an effective anti-malarial drug used currently in over 50 countries as the first line of treatment against chloroquine-resistant malaria. \u003cem\u003eA. annua\u003c/em\u003e is traditionally used for the prevention and treatment of many infectious diseases especially malaria (Septembre-Malaterre et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The whole \u003cem\u003eA. annua\u003c/em\u003e plant has antipyretic, anti-helminthic, anti-spasmodic, anti-septic, and anti-malarial properties. Artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone, is the active ingredient of this plant containing pharmacological endoperoxide moiety (Wani et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Whole plant extract of \u003cem\u003eA. annua\u003c/em\u003e contains phytochemicals \u003cem\u003eviz\u003c/em\u003e. tannins, steroids, saponin, phenols, glycosides, flavonoids and alkaloids. The \u003cem\u003eA. annua\u003c/em\u003e hydro-ethanolic extract administered orally upto 5,000 mg/kg body weight showed no lethal or toxic reactions in Swiss albino mice (Siddiqui et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). An \u003cem\u003ein-vitro\u003c/em\u003e study showed \u003cem\u003eA. annua\u003c/em\u003e extract having promising results against \u003cem\u003eT. annulata\u003c/em\u003e infection (Girisgin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCalotropis procera\u003c/em\u003e (Aiton) Dryand is a shrub belongs to the Apocynaceae family, having pink violet to white colored flowers. These flowers of \u003cem\u003eC. procera\u003c/em\u003e contain alkaloids, cardenolides, flavonoids, glycoside, phenols, saponins, steroids, sugars, tannins and terpenoids and which are attributed to hepatoprotective, antioxidant, inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-malarial medicinal properties. It is traditionally used for fever, leprosy, eczema, diarrhea, dysentery and jaundice (Batool et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Siddiqui et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Acute and sub-acute toxicity studies of ethanolic extract of \u003cem\u003eC. procera\u003c/em\u003e flower in Swiss albino mice showed no-observed-adverse-effect-level @ more than 2000 mg/kg/day (Kumar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Siddiqui et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Also, \u003cem\u003eC. procera\u003c/em\u003e showed therapeutic efficacy against canine babesiosis with complete recovery and restoration of haemto-biochemical parameters to normalcy (Sandeep and Vadari, 2023).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConsidering the above facts, the economic losses faced by farming community due to the lack of cost-effective treatment for theileriosis and the efficacy of \u003cem\u003eA. annua\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. procera\u003c/em\u003e against hemoprotozoan diseases, especially theileriosis, the current research work was designed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of \u003cem\u003eA. annua\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. procera\u003c/em\u003e in bovine Theileriosis.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e The present research study was meticulously conducted in the Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence, Veterinary Clinical Complex, PGIVAS, MAFSU, Akola. Research experiments were performed at Livestock Instructional Farm, Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science, Dr. Punjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidhyapeeth, Akola. The plant identification was carried out at the Department of Botany, Shri Shivaji Science College, Akola. The study was undertaken following approval from the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC) of PGIVAS, MAFSU, Akola, for practicing standard ethical guidelines during experiments.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCollection and processing of plant material\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe mature flowers of \u003cem\u003eC. procera\u003c/em\u003e were collected between January - February from the campus of the Post Graduate Institute of Veterinary and Animal Science, Akola and the whole plant \u003cem\u003eA. annua\u003c/em\u003e plant was procured from a local Ayurvedic medicine shop and taxonomically authenticated from expert taxonomist at the Department of Botany, Shri Shivaji Science College, Akola, Maharashtra, under accession number 24402. The collected plant materials were shade-dried considering their phytochemical integrity and finely pulverized using a mechanical pulverizer to obtain a uniform powder. Freshly prepared powder samples were then subjected to cold hydro-ethanolic extraction and the obtained extracts were subsequently utilized for further experimental study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSelection of animals\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe screening of the cows was conducted for sub-clinical theileriosis according to clinical manifestations and blood smear examination, with molecular confirmation performed using PCR technique. A total of 18 cows PCR-positive positive for sub-clinical theileriosis were selected and randomly assigned into three treatment groups, each comprising six cows.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTreatment groups\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCows in group I were administered \u003cem\u003eA. annua\u003c/em\u003e plant extract @ 100 mg/kg BW PO daily for 6 days. In group II, cows were treated with \u003cem\u003eA. annua\u003c/em\u003e plant crude powder @ 1,000 mg/kg BW PO daily for 6 days. While cows, in group III, received C. \u003cem\u003eprocera\u003c/em\u003e flower crude powder @ 100 mg/kg body weight orally in 8 doses on alternate days. In group IV, six normal healthy cows negative for theileriosis were kept as normal healthy control.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBlood and serum sample collection\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor hematological analysis, blood samples were aseptically collected from the jugular vein of selected cows using a 16-gauge hypodermic needle and transferred into sterile vials containing EDTA as an anticoagulant. For biochemical assessments, approximately 10 mL of venous blood was drawn into vacutainers. The separated serum was centrifuged at 2,000 RPM for 10 minutes and stored in oven-dried glass vials at -20\u0026deg;C until further use for biochemical evaluation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eParameters studied\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCows from all the groups were subjected to the clinical examination and haemato-biochemical analysis on the \u0026lsquo;0\u0026rsquo; day (before treatment) and on the 7th and 21st day (after treatment). Clinical examination included body temperature, heart rate and respiratory rate. A comprehensive hematological evaluation was performed by quantifying Hb, PCV, TLC, TEC, thrombocyte count and differential leukogram. Biochemical parameters included total protein, albumin, globulin, AST, ALT, ALP, creatinine, BUN and total bilirubin. Blood analysis was performed using an automated hematoanalyzer, while biochemical parameters were estimated using ready-to-use diagnostic kits from M/s Span Diagnostics Pvt. Ltd., Surat, India, on a Semi-Auto Analyzer (Autochem-2011).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe data obtained in this study for various parameters were statistically analyzed using a Two-Way Factorial Design with the Web-Based Agricultural Statistics Software Package (WASP-2.0), developed by the ICAR Research Complex Goa, India (Version 2.0). Results were presented as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard error (SE).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results of clinical examination and hemato-biochemical analysis of sub-clinical Theileriosis-positive cows treated with \u003cem\u003eA. annua\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eC. procera\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eat different intervals are presented in Table 1-5.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs per results, before treatment on day 0, theileriosis-affected cows in all groups (I, II, III) exhibited slightly elevated body temperature, respiratory rate, and heart rate compared to the normal healthy control group (IV). These findings of increased values of clinical parameters in theileriosis positive cows are in agreement with Aktas \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, (2023) and Sakhare \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., (2018). The statistical analysis revealed a significant (P\u0026lt;0.05) decrease in mean body temperature but non-significant variations in respiratory rate and heart rate of theileriosis affected cows in all groups at 21\u003csup\u003est\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eday post-treatment towards normalcy at par with normal healthy control group (table 1). In normal healthy control group (IV), the mean body temperature, respiratory\u0026nbsp;rate and heart rate\u0026nbsp;were within the normal range and remained constant with minor fluctuations during the entire experimental period.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe values of Hb, PCV, TEC,\u0026nbsp;TLC and platelet count were slightly lower in sub-clinical theileriosis-infected cows in all groups before initiation of treatment and as compared to the normal healthy control group (IV). These findings are in agreement with earlier reports of Yadav \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, (2024) and Khawale \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., (2019) who stated anemia in theileriosis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCows in group I showed non-significant but apparent improvement in Hb, PCV, TEC and TLC values while significant (P\u0026lt;0.05) variations in platelet count were recorded after treatment. In group II, theileriosis-infected cows showed non-significant but apparent improvement in PCV, TEC and platelet count whereas a significant (P\u0026lt;0.05) increase observed in Hb and TLC values at 21st day post treatment. While, cows in group III showed non-significant but apparent improvement in Hb, PCV, TEC and a significant (P\u0026lt;0.05) increase was observed in platelet count and TLC values at 21\u003csup\u003est\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eday post-treatment. In normal healthy control group (IV), Hb, PCV, TEC and TLC values did not differ significantly and remained almost constant with marginal fluctuation (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe value of neutrophil was slightly lower while the values of lymphocyte, monocyte and eosinophil were slightly higher in all sub clinical theileriosis affected cows in all groups before initiation of treatment. Basophil count was found zero in groups I, II and III. Similar observations were also documented by Yadav \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, (2024).However, few researchers has found neutrophilia and lymphocytopenia in Theileria infected cattle (Aktas \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2023). The theileriosis affected cows in groups I and III showed non-significant improvements in neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocyte but significant (P\u0026lt;0.05) decrease in eosinophil recorded at 21\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e day post treatment. In group II, theileriosis affected cows showed significant improvements in neutrophil and eosinophil but non-significant improvements in lymphocyte and monocyte recorded after treatment. In normal healthy control group (IV), DLC values did not differ significantly and remained almost constant with marginal fluctuation (Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe levels of serum total protein, albumin and globulin\u0026nbsp;were slightly lower while AST, ALT and ALP levels were higher in sub-clinical theileriosis affected cows in all groups before initiation of treatment (Yadav \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2024). The results showed significant (P\u0026lt;0.05) improvement in total protein level and non-significant but apparent improvement in albumin, globulin and AST levels in all treatment groups (Aktas \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2023). The ALT and ALP values improved significantly (P\u0026lt;0.05) in group I and non-significantly improved in groups I and III on 21\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e day after treatment as compared to pre treatment level. In normal healthy control group (IV), AST, ALT and ALP values did not differ significantly and remained almost constant with marginal fluctuation (Table 4).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mean serum creatinine, BUN and bilirubin levels were higher in all sub clinical theileriosis affected cows in all groups before initiation of treatment. These findings are in accordance with the findings of Yadav \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, (2024).The serum creatinine level was significantly (P\u0026lt;0.05) decreased while BUN and bilirubin levels showed non-significant variations in all treatment groups at on 7\u003csup\u003eth\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eand 21\u003csup\u003est\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eday post treatment compared to the pre treatment level of corresponding groups (Singh \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2024). In normal healthy control group (IV), creatinine, BUN and bilirubin values did not differ significantly and remained almost constant with marginal fluctuation (Table 5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 6 presents the comparative efficacy of \u003cem\u003eA. annua\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. procera\u003c/em\u003e treatments in sub-clinical theileriosis-positive cows. The results indicate a 100% recovery rate in Group I signifying its superior therapeutic potential. While, Groups II and III were demonstrated recovery rates of 83.67% at 21\u003csup\u003est\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eday post-treatment.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the present research, a total of 18 cows diagnosed with sub-clinical theileriosis, confirmed through blood smear examination and PCR, were selected. These cows were then randomly assigned into three treatment groups, with six animals (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6) in each group.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA slight increase in body temperature, respiratory rate, and heart rate was observed in cows affected by sub-clinical theileriosis. The rise in body temperature may be attributed to inflammation triggered by \u003cem\u003eTheileria\u003c/em\u003e parasites, which induce TNF-α production and disrupt physiological functions (Aktas et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, the increased heart and respiratory rates in affected animals could be linked to cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6, which are produced by infected mononuclear cells (Kacchawa \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2016).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlso, there were slightly decrease in the hematological parameters viz. Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC and platelet count in sub-clinical theileriosis infected cows. The decline in Hb concentration and PCV % might be due to the destruction of infected erythrocytes by macrophages in the spleen during parasite multiplication, ultimately leading to anemia (Ganguly et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Constable et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) documented that damage is caused by both scizonts in lymphocyte and piroplasm in erythrocyte. Furthermore, oxidative stress weakens the erythrocyte membrane, increasing its susceptibility to hemolysis or macrophage-mediated clearance. Activated complement proteins may also play a role in RBC destruction by marking them for immune clearance (Saravanan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Differential leukocyte count (DLC) analysis indicated neutropenia, lymphocytosis, monocytosis, and eosinophilia in \u003cem\u003eTheileria\u003c/em\u003e-infected cows. Similar findings were reported by Ganguly et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), who observed a significant increase in lymphocyte, eosinophil, and monocyte counts, accompanied by a decline in neutrophil levels in infected animals. The rise in lymphocytes is likely a defense response, driven by their proliferation in lymphoid organs to counter the protozoan infection (Abdel-Hamied et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe sub-clinical theileriosis infected cows exhibited marginal reductions in serum albumin, globulin and total protein levels accompanied by a slight elevation in AST, ALT and ALP enzymatic activities. These biochemical perturbations may be attributed to impaired hepatic synthetic capacity, likely compounded by reduced feed intake and compromised liver function. The causative agent, \u003cem\u003eT. annulata\u003c/em\u003e, exhibits distinct cytopathic effects on hepatocytes. This direct cellular damage contributes to hepatic dysfunction, disrupting normal protein metabolism and enzymatic homeostasis. The observed reductions in serum protein fractions reflect a diminished capacity for protein synthesis, while the elevated liver enzymes indicate hepatocellular damage (Goud \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2021). Hepatic injury in bovine tropical theileriosis arises from a complex, multifactorial pathogenesis encompassing both direct and indirect mechanisms. Firstly, direct hepatocellular injury occurs due to the release of toxic metabolites by the \u003cem\u003eTheileria\u003c/em\u003e protozoan, resulting in metabolic dysregulation and oxidative stress. Secondly, indirect damage is mediated by profound inflammatory responses. These responses are triggered by the sequestration of parasitized and structurally compromised erythrocytes and lymphocytes within hepatic sinusoids, leading to immune-mediated hepatocellular injury. Finally, severe anemia, a hallmark of theileriosis, induces ischemic-hypoxic insult, culminating in degenerative and apoptotic changes in hepatocytes. This cascade of events progressively impairs hepatic function, exacerbating the overall disease pathology (Abubakar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The observed increase of AST level in serum reflects hepatocellular injury, characterized by extensive coagulative necrosis, disruption of hepatic trabeculae, and peripherally accentuated lymphocytic infiltration. These histopathological features suggest severe hepatobiliary dysfunction driven by a complex interplay of sustained inflammatory insult, leading to hepatocyte apoptosis and subsequent compromise of sinusoidal integrity and function (Modi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe sub-clinical theileriosis infected cows were having higher levels of creatinine, BUN and bilirubin values. The elevation in BUN values were likely a functional impairment of both hepatic and glomerular tissues as a secondary to inflammatory changes affecting cellular integrity and physiological processes of hepatic and renal systems (Sarma et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). This observed changes in BUN levels likely attributed to a cascade initiated by \u003cem\u003eTheileria\u003c/em\u003e protozoa derived toxic metabolism, which induce hepatocellular injury, subsequently impairing hepatic function, and ultimately disrupting renal enzyme activity (Hamed et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGroup I treated with \u003cem\u003eA. annua\u003c/em\u003e plant extract showed 100% efficacy as all the animals recovered and none of the animal was found positive for theileriosis by PCR as well as blood smear examination on 21st day post treatment. The cows in group II and III, treated with crude extracts of \u003cem\u003eA. annua\u003c/em\u003e plant and \u003cem\u003eC. procera\u003c/em\u003e respectively, 5 cows showed complete recovery, indicating the recovery rate of 83.67%. All the animals showed improvement in clinical parameters and significant improvement in altered PCV, TEC, TLC, monocyte %, eosinophil %, total serum protein and serum creatinine. The improvement brought by the treatment could be due to the elimination of both piroplasmic and lymphocytic stages of the protozoan parasite from both blood and lymphnodes (Al-Hosaryet al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study demonstrates that treatment with \u003cem\u003eA. annua\u003c/em\u003e had no adverse effects on renal and hepatic functions at the administered dose, confirming its safety profile. Furthermore, the treatment effectively eliminated the \u003cem\u003eTheileria\u003c/em\u003e parasite while significantly improving clinical and hemato-biochemical parameters within the experimental period. Notably, there is a lack of prior literature on the therapeutic efficacy of \u003cem\u003eA. annua\u003c/em\u003e and its derivatives against theileriosis, making this investigation a pioneering effort in the field. This research represents the first documented evaluation of the hydro-ethanolic extract and crude powder of \u003cem\u003eA. annua\u003c/em\u003e against sub-clinical theileriosis in cattle, offering promising insights into its potential as an alternative therapeutic agent. Given the increasing concerns over drug resistance in conventional anti-protozoal treatments, further studies exploring the pharmacokinetics, optimal dosing, and long-term efficacy of \u003cem\u003eA. annua\u003c/em\u003e are warranted to establish its role in the treatment of bovine theileriosis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe administration of \u003cem\u003eA. annua\u003c/em\u003e extract and crude powder demonstrated promising efficacy in promoting recovery in \u003cem\u003eTheileria\u003c/em\u003e-infected cattle without any adverse effects. This therapeutic potential may be attributed to the plant's diverse biological activities, including its well-documented anti-malarial and antioxidant properties. The active compounds in \u003cem\u003eA. annua\u003c/em\u003e likely play a crucial role in combating the parasite and mitigating oxidative stress. However, the precise mechanism of action against \u003cem\u003eTheileria\u003c/em\u003e remains unclear, warranting further investigation to elucidate its pharmacological pathways and therapeutic potential. However, it could be attributed to the anti-malarial action due to active principle, artemisinines, which involves the formation of heme-mediated decomposition of the endoperoxidase bond to produce carbon-centered free radicals which mediates eradication of the parasites species (Ho et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). To explore more about the various active principles in \u003cem\u003eA. annua\u003c/em\u003e and their mode of action against \u003cem\u003eTheileria\u003c/em\u003e parasite is further promising field of study in future. To validate the present findings in large group of cattle and other species and to study the efficacy of \u003cem\u003eA. annua\u003c/em\u003e against other protozoal and parasitic disease further research experiments are suggested.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results indicate that \u003cem\u003eC. procera\u003c/em\u003e exhibits therapeutic efficacy against sub-clinical theileriosis in cattle, potentially due to the active compounds present in its flowers. Flavonoids and phenolic compounds, known for their antioxidant properties, may contribute to the plant\u0026rsquo;s effectiveness in mitigating disease effects. However, the exact mechanism by which \u003cem\u003eC. procera\u003c/em\u003e promotes recovery remains unclear, necessitating further research to elucidate its mode of action and potential role as an alternative treatment for bovine theileriosis. However, it could help in eliminating the \u003cem\u003eTheileria\u003c/em\u003e parasite by their anti-oxidant, anti-protozoal and immunomodulatory properties through their active principles as reported by several workers (Durrani et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe comparative therapeutic efficacy results demonstrated that \u003cem\u003eA. annua\u003c/em\u003e plant extract was 100% effective in eliminating \u003cem\u003eTheileria\u003c/em\u003e parasites. The crude extracts of \u003cem\u003eA. annua\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. procera\u003c/em\u003e exhibited remarkable efficacy in promoting recovery from sub-clinical theileriosis. Additionally, the herb was found to be safe and non-toxic throughout the experiment. Notably, the hydro-ethanolic extract of \u003cem\u003eA. annua\u003c/em\u003e proved to be superior in enhancing recovery, making it a promising alternative to other treatments for sub-clinical theileriosis in cattle.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eIt is concluded that \u003cem\u003eArtemisia annua\u003c/em\u003e plant showed 100% efficacy and \u003cem\u003eCalotropis procera\u003c/em\u003e (Aiton) Dryand showed promising results for treatment of sub-clinical theileriosis in cattle without any side effects.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthors are thankful to Associate Dean and all staffs of Department of Veterinary Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Akola, MAFSU, Maharashtra, India for their valuable help and support during the research work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSiddiqui M.F.M.F.\u003c/strong\u003e: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Resources, Data Curation, Review, Writing. \u003cstrong\u003eS.P. Waghmare\u003c/strong\u003e: Conceptualization, Supervision, Resources, Writing - review and Editing. \u003cstrong\u003eS. Sajid Ali\u003c/strong\u003e: Software, Proof reading, Statistical analysis. \u003cstrong\u003eS.D. Chepte\u003c/strong\u003e: Resources, Editing. \u003cstrong\u003eS.R. Shaikh\u003c/strong\u003e: Writing \u0026ndash; original draft, Visualization, Proof reading.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics Approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research study protocol have been approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC), Post Graduate Institute of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Akola and Board of Studies of University and the experiment was performed in accordance with internationally accepted standard ethical guidelines for animal use and care.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors declare that they have no conflicts of financial or personal interests for this manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and material\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUpon reasonable request, the datasets of this study can be available from the corresponding authors\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCode availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding sources\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFunds received from Associate Dean, Post Graduate Institute of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Akola, MAFSU, Maharashtra, India.This research work did not receive any specific grant from outside funding agencies in the public, commercial, ornot-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAbdel-Hamied, E., Aboelhadid, S.M, Arafa, W., Mahmoud, M.M. 2020. Clinical, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant status and hemato-biochemical altera-tions in tropical theileriosis affected crossbred cows. J. Ani. Heal. Prod. 8 (3), 150-157.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAbubakar, A.S., Hussein, A.M, Abdelsalam, M.A., Salih, D.A., Samia, H.A., Elrayah H., Sara, A.M. 2019. Alterations of hematological and biochemical profile of calves infected naturally with tropical theileriosis. Amer. J. Bio. Sci. Res. 5 (3), 218-223.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAktas, M.S, Eren, E., Kucukler, S., Eroglu, M.S., Ilgun, M., Yanar, K.E., Aydin, O. 2023. Investigation of haematological, inflammatory and immunological response in naturally infected cattle with \u003cem\u003eTheileria annulata.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ePara. Immuno. 45, e13002.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAl-Hosary, A., El-Sayed, H., Ahmed, L. 2015. Oxidative stress and hematological profile in Theileria annulata clinically infected cattle before and after treatment. Aust. Vet. Med. J. 6 (144), 123-129.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBatool, H., Hussain, M., Hameed, M., Ahmad, R. 2020. A review on Calotropis procera its phytochemistry and traditional uses. Big Data in Agri. 2(2), 56-58.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eConstable, P.D., Hinchcliff, K.W., Done, S.H., Gr\u0026uuml;nberg, W. 2017. Veterinary Medicine: A Textbook of Diseases of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, Pigs and Goats. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2144-2148.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDurrani, A.Z., Maqbool, A., Mahmood, N., Kamal, N.,Shakoori,A.R. 2009. Chemotherapeutic trials with \u003cem\u003eCalotropis procera\u003c/em\u003e against experimental infection with \u003cem\u003eTheileria annulata\u003c/em\u003e in cross bred cattle in Pakistan. Pak. J. Zool. 41 (5), 389-397.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGanguly, A., Bhanot, V., Bisla,R.S., Ganguly, I., Singh, H., Chaudhri, S.S. 2015. Hematobiochemical alterations and direct blood polymerase chain reaction detection of Theileria annulata in naturally infected crossbred cows. Vet. World. 8, 24-28.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGirisgin, O., K\u0026uuml;rkc\u0026uuml;oglu, M., Girisgin, A.O. 2023. \u003cem\u003eIn vitro\u003c/em\u003e Effect of \u003cem\u003eArnebiadensiflora\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eArtemisia annua\u003c/em\u003e Plant Extracts against \u003cem\u003eTheileria annulata\u003c/em\u003e Schizonts. Ind. J. Ani. Res. 57(5), 638-643.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGoud, K.S., Vijayakumar, K., Davis, K.J, Tresamol, P.V, Devada, Ravishankar K.C., Devada, K. 2020. Efficacy of different treatment regimens against Oriental theileriosis in naturally infected cattle. Ind. J. Vet. Med. 40 (2), 14-19.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHamed, H.A., Salem S.M., Ibrahim H.N. 2016. Haemato-biochemical alterations in cattle suffering from anaemia and their effect on quality on some meat. Egypt. J. Chem. Environ. Health. 2 (2), 232-249.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHo, W. E., Peh, H.Y., Chan, T.K., Wong, W.S. 2013. Artemisinins: pharmacological actions beyond anti-malarial. Phar. Ther. 142 (1), 126-39.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJagtap, R.B., Gupta, A., Chaphalkar, S.R. 2015. Flow cytometry based profiling of leukocytes: A new method for diagnosis of tropical theileriosis in crossbred cattle. Vet. World. 8 : 1379-1385.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKachhawa, J.P., Kumar S., Sharma A., Singh, A.P., Ahuja, A. 2016. Studies on alterations of clinical and hemato-biochemical parameters before and after treatment in calves naturally infected with theileriosis. Vet. Wor. 9 (12), 1381.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKhawale T.S., Siddiqui, M.F.M.F., Borikar, S.T., Sakhare, M.P., Rajurkar, S.R., Chigure, G.M., Shafi, T.A. 2019. Study of occurrence of theileriosis in cattle from Parbhani district, Maharashtra, India. Phar. Inno. J. 8(9), 171-173.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKhawale, T, Siddiqui, M.F.M.F., Borikar, S., Sakhare, M., Shafi, T. 2019. Efficacy of Arteether against Theileriosis in Cattle. J. Ani. Res. 9 (6): 883-888.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKumar, A., Kumar, B., Kumar, R., Kumar, A., Singh, M., Tiwari, V., Trigunayat, A., Paul, P., Singh, P. 2022. Acute and subacute toxicity study of ethanolic extract of Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand flower in Swiss albino mice. Phytomed. Plus 2, 100224.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKumar, S., Mohmad, A., Parthasarathi, B.C., Fular, A., Gupta, S., Singh, D. 2018. Epidemiological Status of Bovine Theileriosis in Uttar Pradesh a state of India. Med. J. Clin. Trials Case Stud. 2(1), 1-7.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMhadhbi, M., Chaouch, M., Ajroud, K., Darghouth, M.A., BenAbderazzak, S. 2015. Sequence Polymorphism of Cytochrome b Gene in \u003cem\u003eTheileria annulata\u003c/em\u003e Tunisian Isolates and Its Association with Buparvaquone Treatment Failure. PLoSONE 10 (6), e0129678.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMhadhbi, M., Naouach, A., Boumiza, A., Chaabani, M.F.,BenAbderazzak, S., Darghouth, M.A. 2010. \u003cem\u003eIn vivo\u003c/em\u003e evidence for the resistance of \u003cem\u003eTheileria annulata\u003c/em\u003e to buparvaquone. Vet. Para. 169, 241\u0026ndash;247.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eModi, D.V., Bhadesiya, C.M., Mandali,G.C. 2015. Hematobiochemical changes in crossbred cattle infected with \u003cem\u003eTheileria annulata\u003c/em\u003e in Banaskantha District of Gujarat. Int. J. Sci. Res. Publ. 5 (1), 1.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOIE, 2020. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. 7\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003eEdi., Vol. 1-2. Office International Des Epizooties, Paris.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRashid, M., Hayat, M.H., Zahra, N., Khan, M.S, Suleman, Nadeem M. \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. 2024. Systematic review on buparvaquone resistance associated with non-synonymous mutation in drug binding genes site of \u003cem\u003eTheileria annulata\u003c/em\u003e. Vet. Para. 332, 110321\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSachan, R., Tiwari, J., Jaiswal, A.K., Kumar, P., Tiwari, V.K. 2025. Diagnosis of tick-borne cattle infection theileriosis using simplex PCR assays. Int. J. Adv. Bio. Res., SP-9(1), 779-783.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSakhare, M.P., Saikia, K., Chigure, G.M., Siddiqui, M.F.M.F., Bangar, S.R. 2018. Atypical case of Theileriosis in a HF crossbred calf. Int. J. Chem. Stud. 6(3), 2130-2131.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSandeep, Vadari, B. (2023) Therapeutic management of canine babesiosis. Phar. Inno. J. SP-12 (11), 571-575.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSaravanan, M., Ranjithkumar, M., Prasanth, N.B., Yogeshpriya, S., Jayalakshmi, K., Kannan, K. 2017. Clinical, hematological changes and therapeutic efficacy of Buparvaquone with Oxytetracycline against the natural infection of Theileria annulata in cattle. Inter. J. Live. Res.7 (10), 2277-196.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSarma, K., Prasad, H., Das, G., Behera, P., Behera, S.K., Rajesh, J.B, Borthakur, S.K. 2016. Theileriasis in crossbred cows and its therapeutic management: first report from Lushai hill district of Mizoram. J. Para. Dis. 40 (3), 605-610.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSeptembre-Malaterre, A., Rakoto, M.L., Marodon, C., Bedoui, Y., Nakab, J., Simon, E., Hoarau, L., Savriama, Strasberg, D., Guiraud, P., Selambarom, J., Gasque, P., S. 2020. \u003cem\u003eArtemisia annua\u003c/em\u003e, a Traditional Plant Brought to Light. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21, 4986.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSiddiqui, M.F.M.F., Sakhare, M.P., Shafi, T.A., Syed, A.M., Chigure, G.M., S. Sajid Ali, Shreya Gupta 2024. Efficacy of some herbal liver tonics as an adjunct therapy in the treatment of theileriosis. Vet. Pract. 25(1), 30-34.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSiddiqui, M.F.M.F., Waghmare, S.P., Hajare, S.W., Ingole, R.S., Deshmukh, S.G., Chepte, S.D., Ali, S.A. 2018. Phytochemical analysis and acute toxicity studies of \u003cem\u003eArtemisia annua\u003c/em\u003e in Swiss albino mice. J.Pharmaco.Phytochem. 7(4), 1893-1895\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSiddiqui, M.F.M.F., Waghmare, S.P., Mode, S.G., Rekhate, D.H., Kolte, S.W., Hajare, S.W., S. Sajid Ali. 2017. Phyto-Pharmacological Study and Therapeutic Efficacy of \u003cem\u003eCalotropis procera\u003c/em\u003e (Flower) against Theileriosis in Cattle. J. Ani. Res. 7(4), 757-762.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSingh, H.K., Singh, A., Palđ, V.K., Tiwari, D., Shekhar, C., Srivastava, D.P. 2024. Antitheilerial drug\u0026rsquo;s efficacy against tropical theileriosis in the buffalo of eastern region of Uttar Pradesh. J. Exp. Zoo. 27 (1), 907-913.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWani, K.I., Zehra, A., Choudhary, S., Naeem, M., Masroor, M., Khan, A., Khan, R., Aftab, T. 2022. \u003cem\u003eArtemisia annua\u003c/em\u003e L.: Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological Activities, Chapter 2. \u0026nbsp; Medicinal Plants of the Asteraceae Family, 17-42.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYadav, R.S., Agrawal, V., Jayraw, A.K, Shakya, M., Jatav, G.P, Choudhary, N.S. 2024. hemato-biochemical profiling of theileria-infected cattle and buffaloes: an in-depth investigation into clinical signalment and pathophysiological implications. Anna. For. Res., 67 (1), 73-81.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZingare, S.D, Waghmare, S.P., Pajai, K.S., Siddiqui, M.F.M.F., Mehasare, S.S., Wankhede, V.S. 2017. Theileriosis in a calf and its successful treatment. Blue Cross Book 36, 77\u0026ndash;79.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1: The results of clinical parameters of sub-clinical Theileriosis positive cows treated with \u003cem\u003eA. annua\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eC. procera\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eat different intervals\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"921\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParameter\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 223px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBody temperature (ᴼF)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRespiratory Rate (per minute)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHeart rate (per minute)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInterval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 143px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 140px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;0\u0026rsquo; day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;0\u0026rsquo; day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;0\u0026rsquo; day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. annua\u003c/em\u003e plant extract @ 100 mg/kg BW PO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102.50\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101.63\u003csup\u003ea \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101.57\u003csup\u003ea \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.67\u0026plusmn; 3.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.67\u0026plusmn; 3.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.33\u0026plusmn; 3.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. annua\u003c/em\u003e plant crude powder @ 1000 mg/kg BW PO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eII\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103.25b\u0026plusmn; 0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101.68\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101.62\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 1.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 1.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.67\u0026plusmn; 2.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.17\u0026plusmn; 1.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.17\u0026plusmn; 1.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. procera\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eplant crude powder @ 100 mg/kg BW PO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIII\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102.57\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.85 \u003csup\u003ea \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.87 \u003csup\u003ea \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 1.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 1.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 1.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.33\u0026plusmn; 2.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.17\u0026plusmn; 2.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.50\u0026plusmn; 2.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealthy Control\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIV\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101.12\u0026plusmn; 0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102.00\u0026plusmn; 0.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101.5\u0026plusmn; 0.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 1.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.33\u0026plusmn; 1.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.17\u0026plusmn; 2.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.17\u0026plusmn; 3.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSimilar superscript (a, b, c) indicates non-significant differences between groups\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2: \u0026nbsp;The results of hematological parameters of sub-clinical Theileriosis positive cows treated with \u003cem\u003eA. annua\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eC. procera\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eat different intervals\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"104%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHb (g/dl)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePCV (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTEC (x10\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e/ \u0026mu;L)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTLC (x10\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/\u0026mu;L)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlatelet Count (x10\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/\u0026mu;L)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInterval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;0\u0026rsquo; day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;0\u0026rsquo; day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;0\u0026rsquo; day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;0\u0026rsquo; day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;0\u0026rsquo; day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.42\u0026plusmn; 0.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.83\u0026plusmn; 0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.35\u0026plusmn; 0.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.89 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026plusmn; 2.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.87 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026plusmn; 2.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.95 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026plusmn; 3.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.31 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; 0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.69 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; 0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.47 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026plusmn; 0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.67\u0026plusmn; 0.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.85\u0026plusmn; 1.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.41\u0026plusmn; 1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e211.17\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 23.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e323.50\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;ab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 49.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e514.33\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 106.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eII\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.93\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.87\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp; ab \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.27\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.96 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026plusmn; 1.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.96 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026plusmn; 1.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.07 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; 4.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.50 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026plusmn; 0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.01\u0026plusmn; 0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.06\u0026plusmn; 0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.13\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.89\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;ab \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.88\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e134.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 21.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e206.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 55.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e340.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 130.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIII\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.80\u0026plusmn; 0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.35\u0026plusmn; 0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.03\u0026plusmn; 0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.37 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026plusmn; 1.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.45 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026plusmn; 2.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.90 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026plusmn; 4.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.18\u0026plusmn; 0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.68\u0026plusmn; 0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.83\u0026plusmn; 0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.16 \u003csup\u003ea \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.92\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.44\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e139.67\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 19.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e225.67\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;ab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 61.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e445.83\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 139.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIV\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.35\u0026plusmn; 0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.37\u0026plusmn; 0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.52\u0026plusmn; 0.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.79 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026plusmn; 1.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.61 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026plusmn; 3.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.99 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026plusmn; 4.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.19\u0026plusmn; 0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.28\u0026plusmn; 0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.65 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; 0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.31\u0026plusmn; 0.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.39\u0026plusmn; 0.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.51 \u0026plusmn; 1.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e368.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 72.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e371.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 82.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e382.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 98.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSimilar superscript (a, b, c) indicates non-significant differences between groups\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3: The results of DLC parameters of sub-clinical Theileriosis positive cows treated with \u003cem\u003eA. annua\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eC. procera\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eat different intervals\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"103%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDLC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNeutrophil (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLymphocyte (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMonocyte (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEosinophil (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBasophil (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInterval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;0\u0026rsquo; day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;0\u0026rsquo; day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;0\u0026rsquo; day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;0\u0026rsquo; day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;0\u0026rsquo; day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.66\u0026plusmn; 4.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.83\u0026plusmn; 5.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.17\u0026plusmn; 3.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.50\u0026plusmn; 5.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.17\u0026plusmn; 3.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.83\u0026plusmn; 3.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.67 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; 0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.67 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; 0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; 0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.17\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; 0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.33\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; 0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; 0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eII\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.00 \u003csup\u003ea \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 3.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.33\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;ab \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 5.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.00 \u003csup\u003eb \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 2.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.83\u0026plusmn; 3.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.67\u0026plusmn; 5.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.83\u0026plusmn; 2.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; 0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.33 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; 0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.50 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; 0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.17 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; 0.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.33\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; 0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; 0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIII\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.17 \u0026plusmn; 5.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.17\u0026plusmn; 3.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.84\u0026plusmn; 3.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.67\u0026plusmn; 5.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.67\u0026plusmn; 3.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.50\u0026plusmn; 3.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; 0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.33 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; 0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.33 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; 0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.17 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; 0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.83 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; 0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.67 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026plusmn; 0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIV\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.67 \u0026plusmn; 3.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.34\u0026plusmn; 4.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.00\u0026plusmn; 6.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.67\u0026plusmn; 2.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.00\u0026plusmn; 4.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.67\u0026plusmn; 6.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; 0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.50 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; 0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.67 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026plusmn; 0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.66 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026plusmn; 0.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.50 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026plusmn; 0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.67 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; 0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSimilar superscript (a, b, c) indicates non-significant differences between groups\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4: The results of LFT parameters of sub-clinical Theileriosis positive cows treated with \u003cem\u003eA. annua\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eC. procera\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eat different intervals\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"109%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLFT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal Protein (g/dl)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlbumin (g/dl)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGlobulin (g/dl)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAST (IU/L)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eALT (IU/L)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eALP (IU/L)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInterval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;0\u0026rsquo; day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;0\u0026rsquo; day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;0\u0026rsquo; day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;0\u0026rsquo; day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;0\u0026rsquo; day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;0\u0026rsquo; day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.50 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.55\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;ab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.85 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.58 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026plusmn; 0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.07 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026plusmn; 0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.10 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026plusmn; 0.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108.88 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026plusmn; 14.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.35 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026plusmn; 13.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.30 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026plusmn; 9.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.38\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 6.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.60 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 5.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.30 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 6.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115.30\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 11.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.18\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;ab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 13.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.23\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 8.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eII\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.12\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.20\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;ab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.87 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.53 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026plusmn; 0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.58 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; 0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.37 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026plusmn; 0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121.68 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026plusmn; 13.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.97 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026plusmn; 12.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.72 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026plusmn; 12.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 5.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 2.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 3.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 17.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 9.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 10.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIII\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 1.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 1.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.27 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026plusmn; 0.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.62 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026plusmn; 1.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.25 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026plusmn; 1.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105.45 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026plusmn; 17.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.97 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; 10.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.32 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026plusmn; 9.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 6.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 9.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 7.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 16.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 9.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 13.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIV\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.47 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026plusmn; 0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.42 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026plusmn; 0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.82 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026plusmn; 0.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.27 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; 8.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.73 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; 8.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.78 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026plusmn; 6.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 3.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 2.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 4.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 10.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 13.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 10.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSimilar superscript (a, b, c) indicates non-significant differences between groups\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5: The results of KFT parameters of sub-clinical Theileriosis positive cows treated with \u003cem\u003eA. annua\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eC. procera\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eat different intervals\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKFT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSerum Creatinine (mg/dl)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBUN (mg/dl)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal Bilirubin (mg/dl)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInterval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;0\u0026rsquo; day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;0\u0026rsquo; day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;0\u0026rsquo; day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.68 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.18 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.50 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 6.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 4.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 5.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eII\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.40 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0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIII\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.42 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.63 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.33 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 7.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 4.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 6.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIV\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 3.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 3.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 2.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSimilar superscript (a, b, c) indicates non-significant differences between groups\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6: The results of comparative efficacy of\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. annua\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eand \u003cem\u003eC. procera\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003etreatments against sub-clinical theileriosis positive cows at different intervals\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo. of cases treated (sub clinical theileriosis)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo. of cases cured\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecovery (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. annua\u003c/em\u003e plant extract @ 100 mg/kg BW PO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eII\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. annua\u003c/em\u003e plant crude powder @ 1000 mg/kg BW PO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIII\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. procera\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eplant crude powder @ 100 mg/kg BW PO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"tropical-animal-health-and-production","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"trop","sideBox":"Learn more about [Tropical Animal Health and Production](https://www.springer.com/journal/11250)","snPcode":"11250","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11250/3","title":"Tropical Animal Health and Production","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Hemoprotozoan disease, Theileriosis, Artemisia annua L., Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand, Cattle, Ethnoveterinary","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7052255/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7052255/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eTheileriosis is one of the most important ticks borne hemo-protozoan diseases of cattle causing huge economic losses. The current investigation was undertaken to evaluate therapeutic efficacy and impact on hematological indices and biochemical markers of \u003cem\u003eArtemisia annua\u003c/em\u003e L. and \u003cem\u003eCalotropis procera\u003c/em\u003e (Aiton) Dryand for the novel treatment of sub-clinical bovine tropical theileriosis. A total 18 sub-clinical theileriosis positive cows were selected and divided randomly into three groups (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6). Group I treated with \u003cem\u003eA. annua\u003c/em\u003e plant extract @ 100 mg/kg BW PO for six days, group II treated with \u003cem\u003eA. annua\u003c/em\u003e plant crude powder @ 1000 mg/kg PO for six days and group III received \u003cem\u003eC. procera\u003c/em\u003e flower crude powder @ 100 mg/kg body weight orally 8 doses on alternate days. Clinical study revealed slight increase in body temperature, respiratory and heart rates while hematological analysis revealed decrease in haemoglobin, PCV, platelet count, TEC, TLC and neutrophil and slight increase in percentages of lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil and basophil whereas blood biochemical parameters revealed decrease in total serum protein and albumin levels and increase in serum AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine and BUN levels in all sub-clinical theileriosis affected cows. The group I showed 100% efficacy with improvement in clinical parameters and significant improvement in altered PCV, TEC, TLC, monocyte, eosinophil, serum protein and creatinine at 21st day post treatment. However, the drug showed adverse effect on liver and kidney function. The group II and III showed 83.67% recovery rate with improvement in clinical parameters and significant improvement in altered platelet count, TLC, neutrophil, monocyte, serum protein, BUN and creatinine levels at 21st day post treatment. It is concluded that \u003cem\u003eArtemisia annua\u003c/em\u003e L. plant showed 100% efficacy and \u003cem\u003eCalotropis procera\u003c/em\u003e (Aiton) Dryand flowers showed promising results for treatment of sub-clinical bovine tropical theileriosis in cattle without any side effects.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Evaluation of phyto-therapeutic efficacy of Artemisia annua and Calotropis procera against bovine tropical theileriosis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-15 14:59:08","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7052255/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2025-07-10T05:40:32+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-07-10T04:29:41+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-07-08T09:04:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Tropical Animal Health and Production","date":"2025-07-05T06:05:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"tropical-animal-health-and-production","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"trop","sideBox":"Learn more about [Tropical Animal Health and Production](https://www.springer.com/journal/11250)","snPcode":"11250","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11250/3","title":"Tropical Animal Health and Production","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"a4a4b4e5-b3d8-49b7-b201-7b4e5c2eb193","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 15th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-26T16:10:27+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7052255","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-026-04867-4","journal":{"identity":"tropical-animal-health-and-production","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Tropical Animal Health and Production"},"publishedOn":"2026-01-20 15:57:30","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 20th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-15 14:59:08","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s11250-026-04867-4","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-026-04867-4","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7052255","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7052255","identity":"rs-7052255","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}