Comparative Analysis of Mechanical Stability and Biomarkers of Commercial and Modified Intraocular Lens (IOL) Models: A Numerical and Experimental Approach

Comparative Analysis of Mechanical Stability and Biomarkers of Commercial and Modified Intraocular Lens (IOL) Models: A Numerical and Experimental Approach | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Comparative Analysis of Mechanical Stability and Biomarkers of Commercial and Modified Intraocular Lens (IOL) Models: A Numerical and Experimental Approach Taner KARATEKE, Abdullah Mevlüt MUTLUEL This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8793345/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study aims to comprehensively investigate the mechanical stability of intraocular lenses (IOLs), which are of critical importance in cataract surgery, through an analysis of their haptic designs. Within the scope of the research, three commercial models (ALSEE, GF3, UD613) and five different geometric variations (V1–V5) derived from the GF3 model were comparatively analyzed in both dry and saline (simulating a 37°C body temperature) environments. The methodology is based on the simulation of computer-aided designs (CAD) created in SolidWorks under quasi-static compression forces (0.5–2.0 N) using the Finite Element Method (FEM). Mesh independence tests were conducted to ensure the accuracy of the simulations, and boundary conditions were defined in accordance with physiological parameters. The numerical data obtained were evaluated through primary mechanical biomarkers, including axial displacement, modulus of elasticity, stress, and strain. The findings revealed that the UD613 model exhibited the highest compression force and stress values in both environments. While the V5 variation had the highest modulus of elasticity in the dry environment, the V2 model stood out in this parameter within the saline environment. Notably, it was observed that the GF3 model provided more balanced mechanical responses compared to its commercial alternatives, forming the basis for the development of the model's geometric variations. The results of the study demonstrate that even minor modifications in haptic arm geometry have direct and significant effects on the mechanical stability of the lens. Optimizing mechanical stability is crucial in clinical applications to minimize effects such as decentration, tilt, and rotation, which degrade optical quality. As a result of the analyses, it was determined that the V4 model offers the most suitable geometric structure in terms of mechanical stability and potential patient comfort. This research provides a validated simulation framework for manufacturers and R&D teams to develop next-generation IOL designs with high optical performance and long-term mechanical durability. Mechanical Stability Intraocular Lens (IOL) Finite Element Method (FEM) Haptic Design Biomarkers Axial Displacement Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 23 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 21 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 10 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Feb, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 09 Feb, 2026 Editor invited by journal 09 Feb, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 09 Feb, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 09 Feb, 2026 First submitted to journal 05 Feb, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8793345","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":589154542,"identity":"d7d06bfb-6918-4733-89c4-64d875058b0a","order_by":0,"name":"Taner KARATEKE","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACHghlwMDeYAAVSiCggweiyICB5wCSlgNEaZFIIFKLPc/hZx9+/rAx5pd8vPHh17Y6Bn72HAPmj3vw2MLbZjyzJyHNTHJ2WrGxbNthBsmeNwYMB57h0cLPYMzAk3DYxuB2jpm0ZNsBBoMbOUAteFzGw8/+mfFPwn8b+5tnQFrqGOwJauHtMWbmSThgZiDBYyb5sY2ZwUCCkJYzZ4qZZdKSjSXOAP3CcO4wj8SZZwUHzuDRwt6TvpnxjY2dYX/74Y0Pf5TVyfG3J298UIFHCwpg5oGmBmI1MDAw/iBa6SgYBaNgFIwkAAAgoE7N0+JF9AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Doğuş University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Taner","middleName":"","lastName":"KARATEKE","suffix":""},{"id":589154543,"identity":"6fe71d0a-5445-4ea6-8c3d-147366da3eef","order_by":1,"name":"Abdullah Mevlüt MUTLUEL","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Doğuş University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abdullah","middleName":"Mevlüt","lastName":"MUTLUEL","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-02-05 07:09:58","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8793345/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8793345/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":102477519,"identity":"84e144cf-369a-4faa-985f-0f799e715531","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-12 06:07:08","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1111155,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscripttanerkaratekev1.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8793345/v1_covered_f4d9b0cb-4d5d-4397-915b-5febf0c3855b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Comparative Analysis of Mechanical Stability and Biomarkers of Commercial and Modified Intraocular Lens (IOL) Models: A Numerical and Experimental Approach","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-biomedical-engineering","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bbme","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Biomedical Engineering](http://bmcbiomedeng.biomedcentral.com)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bbme/default.aspx","title":"BMC Biomedical Engineering","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Mechanical Stability, Intraocular Lens (IOL), Finite Element Method (FEM), Haptic Design, Biomarkers, Axial Displacement","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8793345/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8793345/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study aims to comprehensively investigate the mechanical stability of intraocular lenses (IOLs), which are of critical importance in cataract surgery, through an analysis of their haptic designs. Within the scope of the research, three commercial models (ALSEE, GF3, UD613) and five different geometric variations (V1\u0026ndash;V5) derived from the GF3 model were comparatively analyzed in both dry and saline (simulating a 37\u0026deg;C body temperature) environments. The methodology is based on the simulation of computer-aided designs (CAD) created in SolidWorks under quasi-static compression forces (0.5\u0026ndash;2.0 N) using the Finite Element Method (FEM). Mesh independence tests were conducted to ensure the accuracy of the simulations, and boundary conditions were defined in accordance with physiological parameters.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe numerical data obtained were evaluated through primary mechanical biomarkers, including axial displacement, modulus of elasticity, stress, and strain. The findings revealed that the UD613 model exhibited the highest compression force and stress values in both environments. While the V5 variation had the highest modulus of elasticity in the dry environment, the V2 model stood out in this parameter within the saline environment. Notably, it was observed that the GF3 model provided more balanced mechanical responses compared to its commercial alternatives, forming the basis for the development of the model's geometric variations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the study demonstrate that even minor modifications in haptic arm geometry have direct and significant effects on the mechanical stability of the lens. Optimizing mechanical stability is crucial in clinical applications to minimize effects such as decentration, tilt, and rotation, which degrade optical quality. As a result of the analyses, it was determined that the V4 model offers the most suitable geometric structure in terms of mechanical stability and potential patient comfort. This research provides a validated simulation framework for manufacturers and R\u0026amp;D teams to develop next-generation IOL designs with high optical performance and long-term mechanical durability.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Comparative Analysis of Mechanical Stability and Biomarkers of Commercial and Modified Intraocular Lens (IOL) Models: A Numerical and Experimental Approach","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-02-12 06:06:57","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8793345/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-02-23T09:33:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-22T02:51:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"174731710232036722199447052903902962391","date":"2026-02-12T20:31:37+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"294510163090665080028759300090011791887","date":"2026-02-12T14:13:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-10T17:49:13+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"237920247639813905883330499882556349906","date":"2026-02-10T08:51:55+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"33172290369106735963927177366055755749","date":"2026-02-09T20:22:11+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-02-09T20:03:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-02-09T17:35:35+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-02-09T09:42:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-02-09T09:41:07+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Biomedical Engineering","date":"2026-02-05T06:49:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-biomedical-engineering","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bbme","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Biomedical Engineering](http://bmcbiomedeng.biomedcentral.com)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bbme/default.aspx","title":"BMC Biomedical Engineering","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b1178515-503e-4cf5-a732-2f102873801a","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 12th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-31T16:57:05+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-02-12 06:06:57","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8793345","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8793345","identity":"rs-8793345","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}