WheatLFANet: in-field detection and counting of wheat heads with hyper-real-time multidimensional mapping global regression network

Background: Detection and counting of wheat heads are of crucial importance in the field of plant science, as they can be used for crop field management, yield prediction, and phenotype analysis. With the widespread application of computer vision technology in plant science, monitoring of automated high-throughput plant phenotyping platforms has become possible. Currently, many innovative methods and new technologies have been proposed that have made significant progress in the accuracy and robustness of wheat head recognition. Nevertheless, these methods are often built on high-performance computing devices and lack practicality. In resource-limited situations, these methods may not be effectively applied and deployed, thereby failing to meet the needs of practical applications. Results: : In our recent research on maize tassels, we proposed TasselLFANet, the most advanced neural network for detecting maize tassels. Building on this work, we have now developed a hyper-real-time lightweight neural network called WheatLFANet for wheat head detection. WheatLFANet features a more compact encoder-decoder structure and an effective multi-dimensional information mapping fusion strategy, allowing it to run efficiently on low-end devices while maintaining high accuracy and practicality. According to the evaluation report on the global wheat head detection dataset, WheatLFANet outperforms other state-of-the-art methods with an average precision AP of 0.900 and an R 2 value of 0.949 between predicted values and ground truth values. Moreover, it runs significantly faster than all other methods by an order of magnitude. Conclusions: : Extensive experiments have shown that WheatLFANet exhibits better generalization ability than other state-of-the-art methods, and achieved a speed increase of an order of magnitude while maintaining accuracy. The success of this study demonstrates the feasibility of achieving real-time, lightweight detection of wheat heads on low-end devices, and also indicates the usefulness of simple yet powerful neural network designs.