Synthetic Rhizosphere Communities as Scalable Enhancers of Fertilizer Efficiency for Climate-Smart Agriculture

Synthetic Rhizosphere Communities as Scalable Enhancers of Fertilizer Efficiency for Climate-Smart Agriculture | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Synthetic Rhizosphere Communities as Scalable Enhancers of Fertilizer Efficiency for Climate-Smart Agriculture Walter J. Sandoval-Espinola This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7942996/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Anthropogenic soil degradation is a major barrier to sustainable food production. It impairs soil biological and chemical properties through the disruption of microbial communities, resulting in reduced agricultural productivity. Excessive use of synthetic fertilizers, while increasing yields, often leads to soil compaction, salinization, and greenhouse gas emissions. Latin America is especially vulnerable to these impacts. To address this, we have previously developed a microbiome-based fertilizer additive that allows increased crop yields with lower fertilizer input. Despite its commercial application on over 1.4 million hectares in Paraguay and Uruguay, its predicted microbial functions were previously unstudied. Furthermore, Paraguayan arable and forest soil microbiomes have not been studied in detail. Here, we used 16S rRNA gene sequencing and PICRUSt2-based functional prediction to assess the additive’s microbial functional potential, and differences in soil microbial diversity, structure, and function. The additive contained high abundance of nutrient cycling related microbial pathways. A subsequent multivariable association analysis revealed higher abundances of Pseudomonas , Hamadaea , Reyranella , and Lyzobacter in forest, additive-treated, and untreated high-productivity soils. These taxa are linked to nutrient cycling and biocontrol, suggesting their potential as soil health indicators. Our findings highlight the importance of microbiome-centered strategies for regenerative agriculture, supporting food security and sustainable development. Biological sciences/Ecology Earth and environmental sciences/Ecology Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences Biological sciences/Microbiology soil microbiome fertilizers clime-smart agriculture Full Text Additional Declarations Competing interest reported. WSJE is CSO of MicroBios, and coinventor of an unpublished US patent application submitted by MicroBios S.A., covering the manufacture process of the microbiome-based additive described herein. Supplementary Files SIEngcombined.pdf Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7942996","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":536890966,"identity":"cd6ac229-f533-4630-9d05-e2e4fd228769","order_by":0,"name":"Walter J. Sandoval-Espinola","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA7UlEQVRIie3RsQtBQRzA8buuzvKY33XFv3CWJ0X+FXrF8gqL3mAgdZOyUv4Ji1n9iuXFesXwSpkMJikSZ5XL26T71m/8/H7DDyGb7VdznpNJ9eOEhDogkhLX/5KIDRziYwg5yvb4dAl3SGwHMWlLA1H1Qn4aQV5yn7BhdEBitxRkYiCeQh5PyzqWvLngWMJzSVWQtIlsVmdNKpIBueK7Jo2TmSwCfaVUky6hHPc0CcxXKirosGlU8qXj0+JwCQ5TQQvG68+EjVZz9xi65VEKiLp0IZtRjdm+1flM3tI/QoBpAvKKoFtSYrPZbH/cAxEmTwSSH1RVAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Universidad Nacional de Asunción","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Walter","middleName":"J.","lastName":"Sandoval-Espinola","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-10-26 07:01:42","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7942996/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7942996/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":94984753,"identity":"271a1da0-36bc-4179-ba37-dfdb9e3a459a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-03 06:55:53","extension":"docx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1947092,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"20251028soilmicrobiomeSR.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7942996/v1/9724f74cb67718eda005c366.docx"},{"id":94835503,"identity":"1ab9a43d-ba8f-4f3d-8af4-c18126f0c53f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-31 08:14:34","extension":"json","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4505,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"b0a390d777de4a668b9dff45316baf19.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7942996/v1/7c8c30c89947c5274a450b8e.json"},{"id":94835510,"identity":"60ee7f15-54c3-4c4a-9949-13ffc20a5c4b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-31 08:14:34","extension":"pdf","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":29728385,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SIEngcombined.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7942996/v1/a3da71f9db45b3730e69c8c7.pdf"},{"id":94835530,"identity":"fe8dadb2-d13d-4ddb-be0d-b6dbbed3fde9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-31 08:14:39","extension":"xml","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":207433,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"b0a390d777de4a668b9dff45316baf191enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7942996/v1/62460ddcc5ce8d95be4d5a39.xml"},{"id":94835504,"identity":"b6a23e8a-8535-4c9e-873c-09c167f2c093","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-31 08:14:34","extension":"pdf","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":91107,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Figure1.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7942996/v1/30be727f5895f19e35bfcd9e.pdf"},{"id":94835531,"identity":"2a16f57b-f76b-4c65-aacc-b0f264c17cdc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-31 08:14:40","extension":"pdf","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4080130,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Figure2.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7942996/v1/31494626d20dac75ba7c6fec.pdf"},{"id":94835514,"identity":"92468587-873a-492f-a979-2176002b5015","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-31 08:14:35","extension":"pdf","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":31643,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Figure3nutrientciclehumuspicrust.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7942996/v1/973cf6c07b692e4ac9644d4d.pdf"},{"id":94835506,"identity":"6820f3c5-3352-4eb1-b7ac-a47ea89dfb2b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-31 08:14:34","extension":"pdf","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":44401,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Figure4betaPCoAelipses.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7942996/v1/2fd133707eddf9c9b7d48ecd.pdf"},{"id":94835513,"identity":"d954d2b3-588b-4a3c-9bf3-6d171db883cb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-31 08:14:34","extension":"pdf","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":132737,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Figure5.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7942996/v1/e407abea7de2d750d41a8393.pdf"},{"id":94984791,"identity":"2d22d617-2e09-4ad4-a9ee-3882fdc7b448","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-03 06:56:13","extension":"pdf","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":69179,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Figure6fertilitypathwaysheatmapcombined.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7942996/v1/3f4301e3cb73548e5d96c284.pdf"},{"id":94835509,"identity":"c198124d-2700-4cc9-b6ab-fa4911f3cb81","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-31 08:14:34","extension":"pdf","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":309520,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Figure7.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7942996/v1/9180ce205425f240eda5ce60.pdf"},{"id":94985301,"identity":"45f70fd6-0a0d-42fd-a86d-106f8b60d22a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-03 06:57:52","extension":"png","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":99450,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7942996/v1/57928a6867e39b167de32630.png"},{"id":94835507,"identity":"2226bd49-c88f-4196-9fc9-fbd9fadcdb17","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-31 08:14:34","extension":"png","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":271492,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7942996/v1/7fc61fdb572f7f188308edfe.png"},{"id":94835526,"identity":"bb8239ed-6ebf-4dd7-a176-64ffaa9d534f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-31 08:14:36","extension":"png","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":107553,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7942996/v1/fbe34a5942c66eaa95b67ef2.png"},{"id":94835515,"identity":"86532137-5b5d-4ecb-a336-0b0e3561f763","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-31 08:14:35","extension":"png","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":160502,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7942996/v1/752468edaee4bd147532a592.png"},{"id":94985603,"identity":"b710f2bf-e191-4f46-b232-c79476c49cc7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-03 06:58:29","extension":"png","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":356498,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7942996/v1/472f202c4d8276d1fdb9392c.png"},{"id":94835508,"identity":"a27b7af6-5acd-4cad-9442-fc74ddb3b755","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-31 08:14:34","extension":"png","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":444896,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7942996/v1/c831e70d9f785d62f88355b1.png"},{"id":94835511,"identity":"778e3cae-d0a7-40f1-bafa-18641433f8b6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-31 08:14:34","extension":"png","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":137557,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7942996/v1/640edc283668a9cb9c925886.png"},{"id":94984627,"identity":"2e972384-aadb-4491-b563-4ef52d5d96f2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-03 06:54:30","extension":"png","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":35733,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7942996/v1/ef9ed490c0ddba3ada6e69a9.png"},{"id":94985312,"identity":"62947df9-32f7-4961-aa89-e9aab788d91c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-03 06:57:54","extension":"png","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":64494,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7942996/v1/ddfd7e2f726d5eec03f48829.png"},{"id":94985213,"identity":"51845735-4cf4-4931-a011-f7d6c44ed612","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-03 06:57:41","extension":"png","order_by":27,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":34636,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7942996/v1/f9ce54f8f5cbdd7ddab8ccbe.png"},{"id":94835517,"identity":"d6d2b917-bc21-4a77-90f6-60801eb9f188","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-31 08:14:35","extension":"png","order_by":28,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":63861,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7942996/v1/0117380dd94fb945b569d88e.png"},{"id":94984759,"identity":"6224d102-b153-4f74-b4a3-2146a513554f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-03 06:55:59","extension":"png","order_by":29,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":90084,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7942996/v1/09e1716dab02e9cbb5be0f06.png"},{"id":94985255,"identity":"bc27eef8-18c9-4c15-a08a-56a002b6e477","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-03 06:57:47","extension":"png","order_by":30,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":134997,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7942996/v1/108c4b12e708d123f9df33e3.png"},{"id":94835528,"identity":"4ed9afd2-d229-413b-969b-9ee28baf506c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-31 08:14:36","extension":"png","order_by":31,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":42519,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7942996/v1/54e1073b2165f363caa604ca.png"},{"id":94835527,"identity":"15c3a594-d35c-4171-ab98-c983a904e424","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-31 08:14:36","extension":"xml","order_by":32,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":206673,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"b0a390d777de4a668b9dff45316baf191structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7942996/v1/f196c773657e70692034b53b.xml"},{"id":94835529,"identity":"89421062-ffb0-4b3f-a2b4-16497ddfb3a2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-31 08:14:36","extension":"html","order_by":33,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":221127,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7942996/v1/c41c8106619c3131554c330d.html"},{"id":98776581,"identity":"84df0a00-b4ec-4d20-a5f2-79a87402c797","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-22 12:23:08","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1233986,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"20251028soilmicrobiomeSR.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7942996/v1_covered_4a00dd0d-7543-4d3e-bc90-131aff39a080.pdf"},{"id":94835525,"identity":"09713ae8-3960-4854-882f-4ed32f5d4cc1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-31 08:14:36","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":29728385,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SIEngcombined.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7942996/v1/89eda3ad320af2a2df50740c.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"Competing interest reported. WSJE is CSO of MicroBios, and coinventor of an unpublished US patent application submitted by MicroBios S.A., covering the manufacture process of the microbiome-based additive described herein.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eSynthetic Rhizosphere Communities as Scalable Enhancers of Fertilizer Efficiency for Climate-Smart Agriculture\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"soil microbiome, fertilizers, clime-smart agriculture","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7942996/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7942996/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eAnthropogenic soil degradation is a major barrier to sustainable food production. It impairs soil biological and chemical properties through the disruption of microbial communities, resulting in reduced agricultural productivity. Excessive use of synthetic fertilizers, while increasing yields, often leads to soil compaction, salinization, and greenhouse gas emissions. Latin America is especially vulnerable to these impacts. To address this, we have previously developed a microbiome-based fertilizer additive that allows increased crop yields with lower fertilizer input. Despite its commercial application on over 1.4\u0026nbsp;million hectares in Paraguay and Uruguay, its predicted microbial functions were previously unstudied. Furthermore, Paraguayan arable and forest soil microbiomes have not been studied in detail. Here, we used 16S rRNA gene sequencing and PICRUSt2-based functional prediction to assess the additive\u0026rsquo;s microbial functional potential, and differences in soil microbial diversity, structure, and function. The additive contained high abundance of nutrient cycling related microbial pathways. A subsequent multivariable association analysis revealed higher abundances of \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eHamadaea\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eReyranella\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eLyzobacter\u003c/em\u003e in forest, additive-treated, and untreated high-productivity soils. These taxa are linked to nutrient cycling and biocontrol, suggesting their potential as soil health indicators. Our findings highlight the importance of microbiome-centered strategies for regenerative agriculture, supporting food security and sustainable development.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Synthetic Rhizosphere Communities as Scalable Enhancers of Fertilizer Efficiency for Climate-Smart Agriculture","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-31 08:14:29","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7942996/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b8156189-d8c1-4088-8a79-0d24749af397","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 31st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":57209406,"name":"Biological sciences/Ecology"},{"id":57209407,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Ecology"},{"id":57209408,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences"},{"id":57209409,"name":"Biological sciences/Microbiology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-22T06:54:31+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-31 08:14:29","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7942996","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7942996","identity":"rs-7942996","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}