Conjugate Heat Transfer Simulation and Experimental Validation of a Dual-Shielded Air Temperature Probe at Subsonic and Transonic Speeds

Conjugate Heat Transfer Simulation and Experimental Validation of a Dual-Shielded Air Temperature Probe at Subsonic and Transonic Speeds | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Conjugate Heat Transfer Simulation and Experimental Validation of a Dual-Shielded Air Temperature Probe at Subsonic and Transonic Speeds Mohammad Jokari, Reza Kamali This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8768983/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Accurate total air temperature measurement is a fundamental requirement in aerospace and aerodynamic applications, particularly within high-speed wind tunnels. This paper presents the comprehensive design, Conjugate Heat Transfer (CHT) analysis, and experimental validation of a novel, low-cost dual-shielded Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) probe specifically engineered for the subsonic to transonic speed range (0.2 ≤ Ma ≤ 0.9). The research addresses a critical gap by providing a fully validated, cost effective alternative to traditional measurement devices in this regime. High-fidelity CHT simulations were employed to analyze the coupled heat transfer mechanisms governing the probe’s performance. Numerical results conclusively demonstrate that the velocity error is the dominant component of the total measurement error, consistently accounting for over 75% of the total deviation. Crucially, the engineered dual-shield structure successfully suppresses conduction error, which remained below 1 K across the entire test matrix. Flow analysis further revealed the onset of a choked flow phenomenon at the probe's outlet vents at approximately Ma = 0.8. This choking is interpreted as a vital error stabilization mechanism, as it fixes the internal mass flow rate, thereby preventing a non-linear increase in velocity error at higher transonic speeds. Experimental validation performed in a specialized wind tunnel confirms the high accuracy of the CHT predictions, validating the probe’s stability and suitability for reliable high-speed temperature measurement. Total Air Temperature Probe Conjugate Heat Transfer (CHT) Transonic Flow Dual-Shielded Probe Choked Flow Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8768983","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":588070239,"identity":"de07eb1c-7763-4ca8-9553-1fe6e84125c2","order_by":0,"name":"Mohammad Jokari","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shiraz University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohammad","middleName":"","lastName":"Jokari","suffix":""},{"id":588070245,"identity":"49b961cc-7132-422a-9f67-b01fa3906f33","order_by":1,"name":"Reza Kamali","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA30lEQVRIie3RIQvCQBTA8TcMlhPrC2P7CifCFPwyu3RJMMmSDA607AMoBr/CknnjBcvsG7OJbUGLGBZ0RQRhU5Ph/uHCgx/34AHodP8Yq54JWoCG/xxGzYRj/2sCwsdP9xoEdApvfCg3azU/30qC7iIyyKsh5n7uZAHHcXiI1SpgBJi4ECc1BLvgpKwiKBQwJIAUIPZrSfualRylvRTKKDmB3Ug6gZM/fnEhFarFXALeSFgyzU2OvbAiZiRZLxF+A5HbrPBmtr2UR6MoR5a1I7rUkbced3q5qU6n0+l+6w5tdkwHp1IlVwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Shiraz University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Reza","middleName":"","lastName":"Kamali","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-02-02 21:23:22","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8768983/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8768983/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":102561761,"identity":"33cb48ff-c1d4-480a-bceb-1b2bd2f8f979","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-13 04:25:19","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1229072,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8768983/v1_covered_b6aff569-6941-4e20-82be-a01eb45e2f85.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Conjugate Heat Transfer Simulation and Experimental Validation of a Dual-Shielded Air Temperature Probe at Subsonic and Transonic Speeds","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Total Air Temperature Probe, Conjugate Heat Transfer (CHT), Transonic Flow, Dual-Shielded Probe, Choked Flow","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8768983/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8768983/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eAccurate total air temperature measurement is a fundamental requirement in aerospace and aerodynamic applications, particularly within high-speed wind tunnels. This paper presents the comprehensive design, Conjugate Heat Transfer (CHT) analysis, and experimental validation of a novel, low-cost dual-shielded Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) probe specifically engineered for the subsonic to transonic speed range (0.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;Ma\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.9). The research addresses a critical gap by providing a fully validated, cost effective alternative to traditional measurement devices in this regime. High-fidelity CHT simulations were employed to analyze the coupled heat transfer mechanisms governing the probe\u0026rsquo;s performance. Numerical results conclusively demonstrate that the velocity error is the dominant component of the total measurement error, consistently accounting for over 75% of the total deviation. Crucially, the engineered dual-shield structure successfully suppresses conduction error, which remained below 1 K across the entire test matrix. Flow analysis further revealed the onset of a choked flow phenomenon at the probe's outlet vents at approximately Ma\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.8. This choking is interpreted as a vital error stabilization mechanism, as it fixes the internal mass flow rate, thereby preventing a non-linear increase in velocity error at higher transonic speeds. Experimental validation performed in a specialized wind tunnel confirms the high accuracy of the CHT predictions, validating the probe\u0026rsquo;s stability and suitability for reliable high-speed temperature measurement.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Conjugate Heat Transfer Simulation and Experimental Validation of a Dual-Shielded Air Temperature Probe at Subsonic and Transonic Speeds","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-02-11 14:53:18","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8768983/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5db991c9-b960-4555-a1d8-30c10d4dc42f","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 11th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-13T04:25:08+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-02-11 14:53:18","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8768983","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8768983","identity":"rs-8768983","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}