Budgetary policy interaction model in supporting sustainable village development in the upper Citarum watershed

Budgetary policy interaction model in supporting sustainable village development in the upper Citarum watershed | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Budgetary policy interaction model in supporting sustainable village development in the upper Citarum watershed Alamsyah Alamsyah, Hepi Hapsari, Iwan Setiawan, Tuti Karyani, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7222145/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In Indonesia, where degradation of the environment and agricultural expansion threaten long-term ecological resilience, sustainable village development has emerged as a top policy goal. This study investigates how stakeholders in Bandung Regency, Indonesia—an agricultural area vital to the ecological well-being of the Citarum Watershed—support green budgeting techniques for sustainable village development. In order to investigate interactions among important actors, the research combines empirical data, stakeholder views, and structural modelling in a mixed-method approach that primarily uses quantitative analysis and supplementary Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). Cluster random sampling and purposive informant selection were used to gather data from surveys, observations, and interviews with farmers and authorities in six villages in Kertasari District. Using the Penta-Helix framework, the study evaluates the contributions of stakeholders—academics, corporations, communities, governments, and the media—across factors like volunteerism, regulation, and stakeholder interaction. Responses were interpreted using statistical methods such as medians, standard deviation, ordinal and interval analysis, and validity testing. The findings highlight the importance of locally driven fiscal systems, technology regulation, and community empowerment in promoting ecologically sustainable governance. Multi-stakeholder coordination and legal frameworks are key components of a successful intervention, as demonstrated by implementing policies in programs such as the Citarum Harum Program. In order to support inclusive growth and long-term ecological resilience in rural areas, the findings support flexible, community-centred governance. Community empowerment regulatory frameworks agricultural sustainability policy implementation resource optimization Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Introduction Efforts to create sustainable agriculture in Indonesia must continue to be carried out. The agricultural sector is an important economic sector on which 277.43 million Indonesian people and farmers depend. According to BPS data in February 2023, at least 40.69 million people work in the agricultural sector (Sumarno, 2025 ). Sustainable agriculture ensures food availability for the community. This is in accordance with the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals), namely Reducing Poverty (Arco et al., 2021 ). The target in 2030 is to eliminate hunger, achieve food security and good nutrition, and increase sustainable agriculture (Program, 2016) (Purnamawati et al., 2023). Achieving the sustainable agriculture target creates food availability, which is a basic right of the population. Indonesia is an agrarian country where the majority of the population lives in rural areas and makes a living as farmers (Widyawati & Anggraini, 2023 ). Agricultural development programs in all sub-sectors are a supporting force in creating equitable development (Tarigan et al., 2022 ). The dynamics of the development process in rural areas will also channel the development budget, which has so far been more dominant in urban areas. The budget availability is the main thing in the process of accelerating development (Putubasai, 2018 ). Indonesia is an agricultural country with most of its population living in rural areas and working as farmers (Sari et al., 2022 ). Sufficient budget allocation for agricultural development means encouraging village development. 70% of agricultural potential is in rural areas, including agriculture, plantations, forestry, and fisheries (Pambudi, 2022 ). The development paradigm from the village is the antithesis of the past development paradigm, which was more city-oriented (Sahid et al., 2020 ). The development pattern with a village orientation has more potential to create equality. Environmental problems caused by agricultural behaviour include damage along the Citarum Watershed in Bandung Regency (Wurarah & Papua, 2024 ). This occurs due to water pollution activities carried out upstream through agricultural activities, livestock, and fish farming in the middle and downstream through industrial and household waste that reduces the value of water (Su et al., 2024 ). The agricultural sector is a sector that makes a major contribution to the National GDP. According to BPS data in 2022, the agricultural sector contributed 12.4% of the National GDP, in third position after the industrial sector (Zeho et al., 2020 ). The government provide reciprocity by allocating a sufficient budget for the development of the agricultural sector as a leading sector (Munitlak-Ivanovic et al., 2017 ). In 2023, the budget for agriculture was 15.318 T, an increase from the previous year, which was recorded at IDR 14.45 T (Commission IV of the Indonesian House of Representatives, 2023) (Lu et al., 2025 ). Referring to the 2023 budget allocation figure, the budget allocation for the agricultural sector is only 0.47%. This budget seems far from ideal, so that the development of main commodities (food and horticulture) will be difficult and rely on imports (Sumarno, 2025 ; Wurarah & Papua, 2024 ). The allocation of the budget flowing to rural areas is expected to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of agriculture in rural areas. Agricultural development in rural areas needs to be directed towards sustainable agricultural development that goes hand in hand with environmental improvement. Materials and methods Research locality This research examines stakeholders' roles in community engagement in the green budgeting strategy adopted in Bandung Regency. The location was chosen because Bandung Regency is an agricultural sector area that plays a key role in defining the green budgeting strategy. Bandung Regency significantly contributes to the increase in Citarum river sediments from agricultural operations upstream of the Citarum Watershed, an area with potential for agricultural development (Fig. 1 ). Research method This study is developed in an integrated fashion (mixed method) with quantitative and qualitative approaches, with a predominant quantitative design (less qualitative). This study used a survey technique that included theory, empirical data, facts, and current realities to identify a structural model (path) of the link between the variables evaluated. In contrast, the qualitative method employs the focused discussion method (FGD). According to Creswell (2016), survey research is conducted on a population sample utilizing a list of questions/questionnaires as a data gathering method. Quantitative research uses hypothesis testing to explain the causal link between variables. Focus Group Discussion (FGD) investigates in-depth information (cross-check) and strengthens survey results. Five components contribute to the successful implementation of sustainable village development: physical systems, social systems, economic systems, locality systems, and creative systems (Fig. 2 ). Implementation model Research flow Operation of variables Table 1 Operations of variables chosen in the study as analysis tools. Variables Indicators Operation Scale Stakeholder Interaction (X1) X1.1 Influence Extent of stakeholder power to affect policy decisions and outcomes. Ordinal X1.2 Interest Stakeholder attention and involvement in policy formulation. Ordinal X1.3 Legitimacy Public and legal acceptance of authority or actions. Ordinal X1.4 Balance (Urgency) Social and legal urgency recognized for stakeholder action. Ordinal Volunteers (X2) X2.1 Moral Values Ethical principles guiding behaviour in social settings. Ordinal X2.2 Education Learning process influencing knowledge, behaviour, and attitudes. Ordinal X2.3 Empowerment Strategies to enhance community capacity and independence. Ordinal Regulation (X3) X3.1 Legislation Legal processes from drafting to enacting laws and regulations. Ordinal X3.2 Plan Structured steps or actions designed to meet future goals. Ordinal Data sources Table 2 A summary of data sources, collection methods, and sampling techniques. Category Descriptions Data sources Primary data are gathered directly through observation, interviews, and field surveys. Secondary data was collected from entities such as the BPS and the Ministry of Agriculture. Primary data 1. Structured interviews 2. Observations (on farmers, tools, and technology) 3. In-depth interviews 4. Key informants (officials or services) Secondary data 1. Literature review (books, journals, and reports) 2. Institutional documents (statistics, rules and policies) Sampling techniques Cluster random sampling (probability sampling) is a method of sampling by geographic area (village level), with proportional selection from each stratum. Sampling area Kertasari District includes six villages: Cibeureum, Cihawuk, Neglawagi, Sukapura, Tarumajaya, and Cikembang. Sampling steps 1. Define population 2. Group population 3. Randomly select clusters 4. Use geographical segmentation 5. Use single/multistage sampling subtypes Rationale Upper Citarum was chosen because of its agricultural importance and environmental impact on the Middle and Lower Citarum districts. Sample size Isaac & Michael (1981); Sevila et al. (1993) Data processing/analysis Based on the Penta-Helix model, this study examines five major stakeholders in the green budgeting policy for village development: academics (conceptors), businesses (enablers), communities (accelerators), governments (regulators), and the media (expanders). Purposive (criterion-based) (Table 1 ) sampling was used to choose informants directly involved in implementing green budgeting in Bandung Regency and who were judged most informed on the subject (Fig. 3 ). A descriptive statistical technique was used to evaluate several elements in Kertasari District's sustainable village development, including farmer characteristics, land conversion drivers, stakeholder responsibilities, and collaboration tactics. Questionnaire responses, evaluated on an ordinal scale (1–4), were statistically analyzed by calculating the median (me) and standard deviation (ζ). Results were classified into four categories: Very Low, Low, High, and Very High (Table 2 ). For further statistical analysis, the ordinal data were converted into interval/ratio scales ranging from 0 to 100, with 0 representing the lowest score and 100 representing the greatest, as Sumardjo (1999) described. $$\:Indicator\:index=\frac{Amount\:of\:actual\:indicator\:score-amount\:of\:minimum\:indicator\:score}{Amount\:of\:maximum\:indicator\:score}$$ $$\:Variable\:index=\frac{Amount\:of\:actual\:change\:score}{Amount\:of\:maximum\:change\:score}$$ Data validity test According to Sugiyono and Wibowo (2004), a valid instrument accurately measures what it is supposed to measure. Using the product-moment correlation algorithm, this study tested validity by connecting each question with its variable's total score (Ancok, 1989). $$\:r=\frac{n\sum\:XY-\:\sum\:X\sum\:Y}{\sqrt{[n\sum\:{X}^{2}-(\sum\:{X)}^{2}\left]\right[n\sum\:{Y}^{2}-}(\sum\:{Y)}^{]2}}$$ Where: r = product moment correlation coefficient; n = sample amount, X = item score I; Y = total score Results and discussion Interaction between budgetary policies and sustainable rural development Stakeholder interactions Stakeholder engagement can be observed in the chart in almost equal amounts across five dimensions: Legitimacy (20.1%), Average (20.1%), Influence (19.8%), Balance (19.8%), and Interest (20.2%). The even spread indicates a well-calibrated model in which no single factor dominates stakeholder dynamics. This implies that the interaction framework prioritizes inclusivity and ensures that every stakeholder attribute—stability, trustworthiness, relevance, or power—is reasonably considered. This balanced weighting promotes multifaceted participation, probably promoting long-term cooperation and group decision-making. Ultimately, the design depicts a system in which stakeholders' contributions are coordinated for equitable and efficient involvement (Fig. 4 ). Stakeholder interaction based on various levels of influence, interest, legitimacy, and balance is critical for developing successful and participatory budgeting strategies in sustainable rural development under regional autonomy. Local governments establish robust collaboration and communication systems to engage relevant parties who can influence policy results, either actively or passively. While regional autonomy increases freedom in local government, it can also create coordination issues, capacity restrictions, and potential conflicts of interest (Figs. 5 & 6 ). In village development or agricultural land conservation efforts, such as those in Kertasari, major parties with influence include village government officials, community leaders, the LMDH, and private sector actors involved in agriculture and distribution. Their high degree of involvement indicates that these stakeholders have an active and strategic role in shaping development outcomes. Volunteers The four main elements of the chart—education, moral value, empowerment, and average—all account for about 25% of the total framework and serve as the focal points for volunteerism. The inner circle, where empowerment rises to 49.32%, is a noteworthy detail that highlights how important it is for generating volunteer influence. This implies that the main goal is to empower individuals and communities, even while values and education play a significant supporting role. The equal outer pieces show a well-rounded strategy for developing volunteers via education, morality, and inclusive participation (Fig. 7 ). Tarumajaya Village is the best example of integrated rural sustainable development that combines environmental education, organic agriculture, and community involvement. It recognizes the ineffectiveness of government actions alone and the roles of stakeholders like volunteers and local governments as catalysts to promote green budgeting and environmental awareness. Core activities include organic agriculture training, soil conservation against erosion through control of land raising and afforestation (particularly using avocado trees by young couples), and replantation for diversity to promote ecosystem equilibrium. The village ecovillage model involves applying organic methods, waste minimization technology such as biogas, and tourism for education. These initiatives conserve natural resources, safeguard the Upper Citarum River, enhance livelihoods, and involve youth in conservation, paving the way for long-term environmental and social sustainability (Fig. 8 ). Regulations Technology Involvement leads the five pillars of the regulation framework shown in the chart, with 39.42%, indicating that tech-oriented regulation is the model's main force. At 20.28%, legislation comes in second, suggesting that formal policy instruments actively influence the regulatory landscape. The average, planning, and empowerment standards all hover around 20%, demonstrating how these components work in tandem to guarantee balanced execution, inclusive implementation, and strategic foresight. By shifting technology's weight to 19.68%, the overlay adds a visual refinement that suggests multi-level reinforcement or a moderating influence (Fig. 9 ). The five important pillars that support the creation and application of policies are shown in this chart, which focuses on regulations. With 37.27%, research and development is in the lead, indicating that innovation is central to regulatory policy. Financial incentives (20.98%) and infrastructure (21.75%) come next, suggesting a high priority on creating support networks and encouraging adherence or adoption. Active implementation efforts are represented by programs (19.89%), whereas the average (20%) suggests a balanced benchmark across domains. When taken as a whole, the composition represents a progressive regulatory framework that combines investment, innovation, and operational execution to direct sustainable growth (Fig. 10 ). Regulation in the District of Kertasari is necessary to manage sustainable agriculture and environmental conservation. Such a requirement under law, enforced by village and sub-district administrations, seeks to encourage regular, equitable, and efficient development through quantifiable standards such as technological participation and the empowerment of the people. There are, however, barriers, such as land conflicts between farmers and PT Lonsum, that highlight the necessity for legal protection of indigenous land rights. Also, inadequate access to digital infrastructure, farm equipment, and internet networks discourages farmers from conducting sustainable activities and accessing necessary resources. Agricultural production can be significantly improved through technology education, internet coverage, and sophisticated machinery, while inclusive long-term rural development is facilitated. Community groups Civic groups play a significant role in critical land preservation efforts in monitoring and supervising policies decreed by state entities such as forestry, plantation businesses, and the Natural Resources Conservation Centre. Their responsibility entails recognizing and advocating for their region's sustainable utilization of land resources. These actors consist of formal farmer groups, which are formal groups formed by government decrees and consolidate individuals according to agricultural goals, values, and interests. They are a platform for communication, cooperation, and capacity-building to increase members' productivity and well-being. They are also influential community leaders who are highly respected people whose activities and influence cut across the social, cultural, and development domains (Fig. 11 ). They are also in close contact with residents and, as such, can act as revered bridge persons between the community and government or security institutions. They participate in civic activities, which support people-centred participatory decision-making and guarantee that conservation and development interventions align with the aspirations and values of the people. Integrated green budgeting in Kertasari District Green budgeting The breakdown of green budgeting sources' allocation and composition is shown in the chart. According to the inner ring, local revenue accounts for 49.6% of total revenue, with allocation and average accounting for about 25% each. This distribution is seen in the outer ring: Fund Resource (24.66%) and Allocation (24.94%) dominate the expenditure landscape. With a roughly equal distribution of resources, the structure heavily relies on local financial sources to support green activities. This points to a paradigm that leverages local autonomy while aiming for balanced green investment (Fig. 12 ). Green budgeting describes a budgetary system in which environmental protection and sustainability are incorporated into all areas of government budgeting, from planning through implementation, oversight, and monitoring. In green budgeting, ecological priorities are to be integrated into all government areas, not solely those specifically dealing with environmental issues. Political will-driven stakeholder commitment is necessary for successful green budgeting and is legally bound by Law 32/2009, which orders local governments to allocate enough resources for sustainable development. The strategy tries to reduce waste, resource consumption, and carbon emissions and improve social equity. International experience, such as Punjab's utilization of issue-based budget statements, verifies its viability. Indicators are measured as regional revenues (PAD), sources of finance, and budget performance. Kertasari District in Bandung Regency is committed considerably to green budgeting with a PAD rating of 82.06 and diversified financing sources with a value of 79.63. The financing is for various environmental programs like land rehabilitation, soil erosion prevention, and water management, all aimed at safeguarding the Upper Citarum Watershed. Gigantic projects such as sediment dredging, afforestation, and flood control have become feasible because of multi-level cooperation between provincial, central, and local government institutions, supplemented by village funds, CSR contributions, and environmental grants. With Law No. 32/2009 on environmental protection, such initiatives earn national recognition, and community-based conservation strategies build resilience in upland farming landscapes. The Citarum Harum Program is the Indonesian government's strategic endeavour to restore and manage the Citarum River Basin in a coordinated and sustainable manner. In upstream areas such as Kertasari District, intensive horticulture has been substituted with perennial crops, particularly coffee, to prevent erosion, stabilize soil, and improve groundwater absorption, all while giving economic benefits. The Indonesian National Army (TNI) formally participates in operational responsibilities such as land administration, field supervision, and coordination under Presidential Regulation No. 15 of 2018. Their active engagement speeds up pollution management and environmental restoration throughout the basin, reinforcing integrated conservation and monitoring with the cooperation of technical ministries and local governments. Sustainable village development Five factors influencing sustainable village development are presented in the chart: Environment (19.11%), Social (19.98%), Economy (19.84%), Political (21.08%), and a balanced category called Average (20%). Given governance's pivotal role in determining policy and resource allocation, political considerations are the most significant. The nearly equal proportions of the Economic, Social, and Environmental categories point to a comprehensive strategy prioritizing sustainability and inclusivity. An integrative benchmark that balances the entire framework is suggested by introducing an "Average" segment (Fig. 13 ). Sustainable development not only addresses current demands but also prioritizes future societal needs. Environmental sustainability is one of the key factors that must be addressed at all levels of the organization. The focus on addressing environmental difficulties and ensuring their sustainability is essential in helping a country's economic development. When adopting green economy policies, many efforts focus on reducing the use of limited natural resources and developing solutions for renewable energy sources. The next stage is to improve cost-effectiveness and efficiency while minimizing the negative impact of industrial waste. This will provide the company with a long-term competitive advantage (Purnamawati et al., 2023). Village development in Kertasari District focuses on utilizing local resources and family-based economies to improve infrastructure and community welfare, particularly sustainability (Fig. 14 ). Programs such as the Citarum Harum initiative demonstrate coordinated efforts by the TNI, technical ministries, and local governments to maintain environmental and agricultural functions in the Upper Citarum Watershed. The State Forestry Company's Joint Forest Management (PHBM) program engages local communities in forest protection, strengthening them through LMDH institutions and participatory planning. Agribusiness policy interaction through green budgeting The Bandung regency agribusiness policy interaction model utilizes green budgeting to promote sustainable village development. Models are abstractions of real systems that explain linkages, phenomena, and operational structures. Modelling, as presented by Ackoff et al. (1962), takes three forms of language: noun (representation), adjective (ideal/exemplar), and verb (demonstration). Achmad (2008) notes that models carefully duplicate things or events to highlight essential features to be analyzed (Table 3 ). On the other hand, Murdick, Gordon, and Toha (1984–1990) believe that models provide a framework for explaining complex systems through their approximations. Modelling entails problem definition and solution formulation, leading to a structured model (Dwi, 2008). The assumptions of this development model are first tested through structural equation modelling (SEM) to confirm ideas. Table 3 Standardized path coefficients in agribusiness–green budgeting SEM framework. Path Hypothesized relationship Coefficient Significancy Agribusiness policy → Governance quality Agribusiness supports better governance 0.42 0.002 Green budgeting practices → Governance quality Green budgeting improves governance 0.58 0.001 Governance quality → Sustainable development outcomes Governance enhances sustainable outcomes 0.71 < 0.001 Agribusiness policy → Community participation Agribusiness promotes local participation 0.39 0.015 Community participation → Sustainable development outcomes Participation impacts sustainability 0.64 0.003 Green budgeting practices → Sustainable development outcomes Green budgeting directly affects development 0.36 0.022 Discussion A participatory approach where no single attribute predominates is shown by the balanced stakeholder distribution across legitimacy, influence, interest, average, and balance, which fosters equitable engagement and long-term decision-making (Widyawati & Anggraini, 2023 ). By utilizing a range of viewpoints and abilities, this alignment promotes inclusive budgeting techniques, which are essential for rural development under regional autonomy (Nahib et al., 2025 ). Autonomy may present coordination and capacity issues to reduce risks and promote cooperation, necessitating structured engagement mechanisms such as the power-interest grid (Velten et al., 2015 ). The necessity for stakeholder-specific methods to direct development outcomes is further supported by the strategic roles that influential players like the LMDH and local officials play in land conservation in Kertasari (Sumarno, 2025 ; Zakiah & Suprayogi, 2020 ). Stakeholder mapping promotes accountability and guarantees that neighbourhood projects represent shared obligations and needs (Medvedeva et al., 2022 ; Munaro & Tavares, 2023 ; Wibawa et al., 2024 ). The evenly weighted volunteering framework proposes a holistic development model that emphasizes empowerment as a motivating factor and prioritizes morality, education, and inclusive involvement (Söderholm, 2020 ; Purnamawati et al., 2023). The strategy is demonstrated by Tarumajaya Village's community-led projects, where empowered stakeholders—especially young people and couples—actively participate in organic and conservation efforts (Astadi et al., 2022 ). Green budgeting initiatives are supported by the focus on environmental education and sustainable agriculture, which shows the fusion of ecological consciousness with social mobilization (Afifah et al., 2021 ; Suškevičs et al., 2013 ; Misa Darko, 2022 ). The community exemplifies how empowered local actors may spark long-term sustainability and resilience by encouraging volunteer participation in projects like afforestation and biogas innovation (Surya et al., 2021 ; Shahzad et al., 2020 ). A regulatory paradigm focused on innovation and modernization is essential for promoting sustainable agriculture and environmental conservation, as evidenced by the predominance of technology (39.42%) and research and development (37.27%) (Ginting et al., 2024 ). Together with planning, infrastructure, law, and empowerment, these pillars represent a multi-level approach that balances investment, policy, and community involvement (Licastro & Sergi, 2021 ). Obstacles like land tenure disputes and inadequate digital infrastructure necessitate specific legal and policy solutions, regulatory enforcement by local administrations is crucial in Kertasari in addressing development challenges while empowering communities (Murod et al., 2019 ). Enhancing indigenous farmers' legal protections and technological access can promote inclusive rural expansion and maximize agricultural results (Le Van et al., 2019 ). Functioning as official institutions for agricultural development, community groups are trusted intermediaries that support grassroots governance and civic involvement, making them essential players in land conservation (Djuwendah et al., 2018 ). Context-sensitive decision-making that supports environmental initiatives' social legitimacy and sustainability is made possible by their close connection to local populations (Kahirun et al., 2020). Supported by almost equal allocations and funding sources, the green budgeting chart's preponderance of local revenue demonstrates a decentralized financial model that upholds balanced environmental investments while empowering regional authority (Wan et al., 2022 ). Green budgeting is institutionalized by legal obligations under Law No. 32/2009 and Presidential Regulation No. 15/2018, which guarantee strategic coordination, particularly about TNI's involvement in basin management (Hamdouch & Depret, 2010 ). When taken as a whole, these initiatives provide a strong foundation for green governance that combines ecological innovation, community-based sustainability, and economic accountability (Pambudi, 2022 ; Mardiharini et al., 2022 ). With political issues at the top (21.08%), a balanced approach to sustainable village development highlights governance's crucial role in allocating resources and integrating policies (World Bank, 2003) (Jillani et al., 2024 ). A holistic model that prioritizes inclusivity and long-term sustainability is seen in the nearly equal weights assigned to environmental, social, and economic considerations (Scoones & Scoones, 2010 ). By incorporating community-based initiatives and Citarum Harum, which support ecological integrity, agricultural productivity, and communal welfare, Kertasari District is a prime example of this equilibrium (Tarigan et al., 2022 ; Supangat et al., 2023 ; Engkus et al., 2020 ). These initiatives, which include afforestation, intercropping, and terracing, show how local government and community participation work together to maintain livelihoods and ecosystem services (Sauvé et al., 2016 ; Abdillah et al., 2024 ; Stirling, 2024 ; Bıçakcıoğlu-Peynirci & Tanyeri, 2022 ). Conclusion A diverse approach to environmental governance is revealed by examining stakeholder interactions, volunteerism, legal frameworks, green budgeting, and sustainable village development. Balanced stakeholder dynamics across legitimacy, influence, interest, and involvement support participatory budgeting and inclusive decision-making. Volunteering emphasizes empowerment as a key factor, and community-led projects, like Tarumajaya's ecovillage concept, show how civic engagement can have a transformative effect. Regulatory models are dominated by technology and research, which promotes innovation in sustainable agriculture and emphasizes the value of digital access and legal protection in communities like Kertasari. Green budgeting aligns financial accountability with ecological imperatives in watershed conservation and biodiversity efforts by reflecting a high reliance on local revenue and inter-institutional collaboration. In determining sustainable village development, political issues marginally surpass environmental, social, and economic aspects, highlighting the crucial importance of governance. Successful implementation is exemplified by initiatives like the Citarum Harum Program, which result from collaboration between national institutions, local authorities, and community actors. To promote resilient rural landscapes and long-term sustainability, the study supports an integrated approach that combines fiscal innovation, ecological stewardship, policy coherence, and grassroots engagement. Such a framework highlights the vital significance of community-centred development and adaptive governance in light of environmental constraints. Declarations Authors declaration Ethics Approval This study was approved by the Agricultural Socio-Economics Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Padjadjaran University, and conducted according to its ethical guidelines. Ethical Guidelines All methods were carried out according to the relevant guidelines and regulations as per the instructions of the head of department for research proceedings. Consent to participate All authors are agreed upon participation in the processing of this manuscript Consent for publication All authors to agree to this data for publication. Informed consent Consent from all participants were been made before conducting interview session about the data processing and publications. Moreover, there were no such participants under 18 years of age. Data availability statement All of the research data are presented in this manuscript Competing interest The authors declare no competing interest among each other Funding The research and publication funding is covered by the Padjadjaran University. Clinical trial number Not applicable References Abdillah A, Widianingsih I, Buchari RA, Nurasa H. Collaborative strategies for sustainable management of the Citarum Watershed in Indonesia: a Quintuple Helix approach. Discover Sustain. 2024;5(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-024-00571-1 . Afifah NG, Sumadio W, Rustanto A. (2021). 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13:46:14","extension":"xml","order_by":31,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":126674,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"e98d6ed36f8b49b3becd5367dd16348c1structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7222145/v1/a02f3ca9a673cccfaf1906a3.xml"},{"id":92868208,"identity":"b68628a5-bd42-4b14-ab8c-0076de77b27b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-06 13:38:14","extension":"html","order_by":32,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":137866,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7222145/v1/c65b9844aa9ebeb73a58c7c4.html"},{"id":92869340,"identity":"df40c4a3-3d10-4e69-a9b3-eb2e517dfc94","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-06 13:46:11","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":781106,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eResearch location of the study.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7222145/v1/3bad889d93f928fa64d90bf7.png"},{"id":92868151,"identity":"8164378a-1f62-44a4-b493-c1b1846f25a7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-06 13:38:11","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1291350,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStakeholder roles and green budgeting implementation in village programs\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7222145/v1/48c3df0e019b7689ed1277e1.png"},{"id":92868152,"identity":"2b5daa22-1c4e-4c37-a141-f0376ef70864","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-06 13:38:11","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":204578,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eModel construction based on farmer perception and stakeholder analysis.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7222145/v1/5f527d499e88b07b8779e1cb.png"},{"id":92868158,"identity":"95e5e9e8-3a3f-44cb-9a31-e1a9175e0122","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-06 13:38:12","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":668103,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMulti-Dimensional Assessment of Stakeholder Engagement in Rural Development Planning.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7222145/v1/4e99996587c79a2aad649b4d.jpeg"},{"id":92868160,"identity":"6586d87d-aba4-481e-8778-78e9d6ae0823","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-06 13:38:12","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1098523,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStakeholder involvement in different aspect of community building activities.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7222145/v1/31a4ae5ea1392d77195eee7d.png"},{"id":92868170,"identity":"0cdba3b2-4126-4fb3-98be-9e85fb810f27","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-06 13:38:12","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":919716,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStakeholder interaction dynamics in Kertasari.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7222145/v1/6fce735401674ce7fdb93190.png"},{"id":92869350,"identity":"3b80f1dd-1960-45e8-83f8-9ba1295fb948","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-06 13:46:13","extension":"jpeg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":672381,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eProportional distribution of key development indicators.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image7.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7222145/v1/1c015735cc7247202c056254.jpeg"},{"id":92868167,"identity":"28089a15-1539-443e-818b-45f0fffd224b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-06 13:38:12","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":290242,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMajor intentions of volunteer in the activities.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7222145/v1/8a798f8e6ff5d9171e080c34.png"},{"id":92868153,"identity":"ad60aa46-d0f2-480e-9af9-8961ad66ae20","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-06 13:38:11","extension":"jpeg","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":754697,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFactor composition in strategic rural development planning.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image9.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7222145/v1/b0d7ffe3a211eafa00ed4d99.jpeg"},{"id":92868161,"identity":"6d737e72-9e04-4f94-8d3b-5d472151266c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-06 13:38:12","extension":"jpeg","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":758374,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStrategic allocation of project resources by development factor.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image10.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7222145/v1/5e0e75b97d79002c7244712f.jpeg"},{"id":92870437,"identity":"152298ed-5b25-4597-867d-bd01965bcbba","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-06 13:54:11","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1830905,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCommunity groups with integration with government for overcoming problems.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7222145/v1/17ff65f3c74d83f9b79d09fd.png"},{"id":92869344,"identity":"20d9eaf9-03fd-4545-9fd1-316f79de2618","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-06 13:46:12","extension":"jpeg","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":716635,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComposition of regional revenue and budget allocation sources.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image12.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7222145/v1/c23e0d9d60cca82109ecfff0.jpeg"},{"id":92868207,"identity":"e8c0b104-c500-4d57-ab14-f941b885b579","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-06 13:38:14","extension":"jpeg","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":651362,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFactor distribution driving community-level averages.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image13.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7222145/v1/a8b14c8b7548831bc5ceb517.jpeg"},{"id":92868193,"identity":"8b5be72e-c4d9-4eb8-8e3f-d8db0561f00f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-06 13:38:13","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"Figure 14","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1537173,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStrategic utilization of village funds in community-based development planning.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7222145/v1/a3fe011efc64bab6677776eb.png"},{"id":105903874,"identity":"d76f4699-ccc3-4972-8c58-23f82c970c0b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-01 09:56:09","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":11334884,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7222145/v1/75a2e675-7c55-4b9e-9413-7fd87eedc84b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Budgetary policy interaction model in supporting sustainable village development in the upper Citarum watershed","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eEfforts to create sustainable agriculture in Indonesia must continue to be carried out. The agricultural sector is an important economic sector on which 277.43\u0026nbsp;million Indonesian people and farmers depend. According to BPS data in February 2023, at least 40.69\u0026nbsp;million people work in the agricultural sector (Sumarno, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Sustainable agriculture ensures food availability for the community. This is in accordance with the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals), namely Reducing Poverty (Arco et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The target in 2030 is to eliminate hunger, achieve food security and good nutrition, and increase sustainable agriculture (Program, 2016) (Purnamawati et al., 2023). Achieving the sustainable agriculture target creates food availability, which is a basic right of the population. Indonesia is an agrarian country where the majority of the population lives in rural areas and makes a living as farmers (Widyawati \u0026amp; Anggraini, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Agricultural development programs in all sub-sectors are a supporting force in creating equitable development (Tarigan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The dynamics of the development process in rural areas will also channel the development budget, which has so far been more dominant in urban areas. The budget availability is the main thing in the process of accelerating development (Putubasai, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndonesia is an agricultural country with most of its population living in rural areas and working as farmers (Sari et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Sufficient budget allocation for agricultural development means encouraging village development. 70% of agricultural potential is in rural areas, including agriculture, plantations, forestry, and fisheries (Pambudi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The development paradigm from the village is the antithesis of the past development paradigm, which was more city-oriented (Sahid et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The development pattern with a village orientation has more potential to create equality. Environmental problems caused by agricultural behaviour include damage along the Citarum Watershed in Bandung Regency (Wurarah \u0026amp; Papua, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). This occurs due to water pollution activities carried out upstream through agricultural activities, livestock, and fish farming in the middle and downstream through industrial and household waste that reduces the value of water (Su et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe agricultural sector is a sector that makes a major contribution to the National GDP. According to BPS data in 2022, the agricultural sector contributed 12.4% of the National GDP, in third position after the industrial sector (Zeho et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The government provide reciprocity by allocating a sufficient budget for the development of the agricultural sector as a leading sector (Munitlak-Ivanovic et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). In 2023, the budget for agriculture was 15.318 T, an increase from the previous year, which was recorded at IDR 14.45 T (Commission IV of the Indonesian House of Representatives, 2023) (Lu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Referring to the 2023 budget allocation figure, the budget allocation for the agricultural sector is only 0.47%. This budget seems far from ideal, so that the development of main commodities (food and horticulture) will be difficult and rely on imports (Sumarno, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Wurarah \u0026amp; Papua, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe allocation of the budget flowing to rural areas is expected to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of agriculture in rural areas. Agricultural development in rural areas needs to be directed towards sustainable agricultural development that goes hand in hand with environmental improvement.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch locality\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis research examines stakeholders' roles in community engagement in the green budgeting strategy adopted in Bandung Regency.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe location was chosen because Bandung Regency is an agricultural sector area that plays a key role in defining the green budgeting strategy. Bandung Regency significantly contributes to the increase in Citarum river sediments from agricultural operations upstream of the Citarum Watershed, an area with potential for agricultural development (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch method\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study is developed in an integrated fashion (mixed method) with quantitative and qualitative approaches, with a predominant quantitative design (less qualitative). This study used a survey technique that included theory, empirical data, facts, and current realities to identify a structural model (path) of the link between the variables evaluated. In contrast, the qualitative method employs the focused discussion method (FGD). According to Creswell (2016), survey research is conducted on a population sample utilizing a list of questions/questionnaires as a data gathering method. Quantitative research uses hypothesis testing to explain the causal link between variables. Focus Group Discussion (FGD) investigates in-depth information (cross-check) and strengthens survey results. Five components contribute to the successful implementation of sustainable village development: physical systems, social systems, economic systems, locality systems, and creative systems (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eImplementation model\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch flow\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eOperation of variables\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOperations of variables chosen in the study as analysis tools.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndicators\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOperation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eScale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStakeholder Interaction (X1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eX1.1 Influence\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExtent of stakeholder power to affect policy decisions and outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrdinal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eX1.2 Interest\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStakeholder attention and involvement in policy formulation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrdinal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eX1.3 Legitimacy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePublic and legal acceptance of authority or actions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrdinal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eX1.4 Balance (Urgency)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSocial and legal urgency recognized for stakeholder action.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrdinal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVolunteers (X2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eX2.1 Moral Values\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEthical principles guiding behaviour in social settings.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrdinal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eX2.2 Education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLearning process influencing knowledge, behaviour, and attitudes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrdinal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eX2.3 Empowerment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStrategies to enhance community capacity and independence.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrdinal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegulation (X3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eX3.1 Legislation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLegal processes from drafting to enacting laws and regulations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrdinal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eX3.2 Plan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStructured steps or actions designed to meet future goals.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrdinal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData sources\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA summary of data sources, collection methods, and sampling techniques.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDescriptions\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eData sources\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePrimary data\u003c/b\u003e are gathered directly through observation, interviews, and field surveys.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSecondary data\u003c/b\u003e was collected from entities such as the BPS and the Ministry of Agriculture.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary data\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1. Structured interviews\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2. Observations (on farmers, tools, and technology)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3. In-depth interviews\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4. Key informants (officials or services)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecondary data\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1. Literature review (books, journals, and reports)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2. Institutional documents (statistics, rules and policies)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSampling techniques\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster random sampling (probability sampling) is a method of sampling by geographic area (village level), with proportional selection from each stratum.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSampling area\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKertasari District includes six villages: Cibeureum, Cihawuk, Neglawagi, Sukapura, Tarumajaya, and Cikembang.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSampling steps\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1. Define population\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2. Group population\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3. Randomly select clusters\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4. Use geographical segmentation\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5. Use single/multistage sampling subtypes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRationale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUpper Citarum was chosen because of its agricultural importance and environmental impact on the Middle and Lower Citarum districts.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSample size\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIsaac \u0026amp; Michael (1981); Sevila et al. (1993)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData processing/analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the Penta-Helix model, this study examines five major stakeholders in the green budgeting policy for village development: academics (conceptors), businesses (enablers), communities (accelerators), governments (regulators), and the media (expanders). Purposive (criterion-based) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) sampling was used to choose informants directly involved in implementing green budgeting in Bandung Regency and who were judged most informed on the subject (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). A descriptive statistical technique was used to evaluate several elements in Kertasari District's sustainable village development, including farmer characteristics, land conversion drivers, stakeholder responsibilities, and collaboration tactics. Questionnaire responses, evaluated on an ordinal scale (1\u0026ndash;4), were statistically analyzed by calculating the median (me) and standard deviation (ζ). Results were classified into four categories: Very Low, Low, High, and Very High (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). For further statistical analysis, the ordinal data were converted into interval/ratio scales ranging from 0 to 100, with 0 representing the lowest score and 100 representing the greatest, as Sumardjo (1999) described.\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:Indicator\\:index=\\frac{Amount\\:of\\:actual\\:indicator\\:score-amount\\:of\\:minimum\\:indicator\\:score}{Amount\\:of\\:maximum\\:indicator\\:score}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equb\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equb\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:Variable\\:index=\\frac{Amount\\:of\\:actual\\:change\\:score}{Amount\\:of\\:maximum\\:change\\:score}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData validity test\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Sugiyono and Wibowo (2004), a valid instrument accurately measures what it is supposed to measure. Using the product-moment correlation algorithm, this study tested validity by connecting each question with its variable's total score (Ancok, 1989).\u003cdiv id=\"Equc\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equc\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:r=\\frac{n\\sum\\:XY-\\:\\sum\\:X\\sum\\:Y}{\\sqrt{[n\\sum\\:{X}^{2}-(\\sum\\:{X)}^{2}\\left]\\right[n\\sum\\:{Y}^{2}-}(\\sum\\:{Y)}^{]2}}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhere: r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;product moment correlation coefficient; n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;sample amount, X\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;item score I; Y\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;total score\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results and discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eInteraction between budgetary policies and sustainable rural development\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStakeholder interactions\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eStakeholder engagement can be observed in the chart in almost equal amounts across five dimensions: Legitimacy (20.1%), Average (20.1%), Influence (19.8%), Balance (19.8%), and Interest (20.2%). The even spread indicates a well-calibrated model in which no single factor dominates stakeholder dynamics. This implies that the interaction framework prioritizes inclusivity and ensures that every stakeholder attribute\u0026mdash;stability, trustworthiness, relevance, or power\u0026mdash;is reasonably considered. This balanced weighting promotes multifaceted participation, probably promoting long-term cooperation and group decision-making. Ultimately, the design depicts a system in which stakeholders' contributions are coordinated for equitable and efficient involvement (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStakeholder interaction based on various levels of influence, interest, legitimacy, and balance is critical for developing successful and participatory budgeting strategies in sustainable rural development under regional autonomy. Local governments establish robust collaboration and communication systems to engage relevant parties who can influence policy results, either actively or passively. While regional autonomy increases freedom in local government, it can also create coordination issues, capacity restrictions, and potential conflicts of interest (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e \u0026amp; \u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn village development or agricultural land conservation efforts, such as those in Kertasari, major parties with influence include village government officials, community leaders, the LMDH, and private sector actors involved in agriculture and distribution. Their high degree of involvement indicates that these stakeholders have an active and strategic role in shaping development outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eVolunteers\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe four main elements of the chart\u0026mdash;education, moral value, empowerment, and average\u0026mdash;all account for about 25% of the total framework and serve as the focal points for volunteerism. The inner circle, where empowerment rises to 49.32%, is a noteworthy detail that highlights how important it is for generating volunteer influence. This implies that the main goal is to empower individuals and communities, even while values and education play a significant supporting role. The equal outer pieces show a well-rounded strategy for developing volunteers via education, morality, and inclusive participation (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTarumajaya Village is the best example of integrated rural sustainable development that combines environmental education, organic agriculture, and community involvement. It recognizes the ineffectiveness of government actions alone and the roles of stakeholders like volunteers and local governments as catalysts to promote green budgeting and environmental awareness. Core activities include organic agriculture training, soil conservation against erosion through control of land raising and afforestation (particularly using avocado trees by young couples), and replantation for diversity to promote ecosystem equilibrium. The village ecovillage model involves applying organic methods, waste minimization technology such as biogas, and tourism for education. These initiatives conserve natural resources, safeguard the Upper Citarum River, enhance livelihoods, and involve youth in conservation, paving the way for long-term environmental and social sustainability (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRegulations\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTechnology Involvement leads the five pillars of the regulation framework shown in the chart, with 39.42%, indicating that tech-oriented regulation is the model's main force. At 20.28%, legislation comes in second, suggesting that formal policy instruments actively influence the regulatory landscape. The average, planning, and empowerment standards all hover around 20%, demonstrating how these components work in tandem to guarantee balanced execution, inclusive implementation, and strategic foresight. By shifting technology's weight to 19.68%, the overlay adds a visual refinement that suggests multi-level reinforcement or a moderating influence (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe five important pillars that support the creation and application of policies are shown in this chart, which focuses on regulations. With 37.27%, research and development is in the lead, indicating that innovation is central to regulatory policy. Financial incentives (20.98%) and infrastructure (21.75%) come next, suggesting a high priority on creating support networks and encouraging adherence or adoption. Active implementation efforts are represented by programs (19.89%), whereas the average (20%) suggests a balanced benchmark across domains. When taken as a whole, the composition represents a progressive regulatory framework that combines investment, innovation, and operational execution to direct sustainable growth (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegulation in the District of Kertasari is necessary to manage sustainable agriculture and environmental conservation. Such a requirement under law, enforced by village and sub-district administrations, seeks to encourage regular, equitable, and efficient development through quantifiable standards such as technological participation and the empowerment of the people. There are, however, barriers, such as land conflicts between farmers and PT Lonsum, that highlight the necessity for legal protection of indigenous land rights. Also, inadequate access to digital infrastructure, farm equipment, and internet networks discourages farmers from conducting sustainable activities and accessing necessary resources. Agricultural production can be significantly improved through technology education, internet coverage, and sophisticated machinery, while inclusive long-term rural development is facilitated.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCommunity groups\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eCivic groups play a significant role in critical land preservation efforts in monitoring and supervising policies decreed by state entities such as forestry, plantation businesses, and the Natural Resources Conservation Centre. Their responsibility entails recognizing and advocating for their region's sustainable utilization of land resources. These actors consist of formal farmer groups, which are formal groups formed by government decrees and consolidate individuals according to agricultural goals, values, and interests. They are a platform for communication, cooperation, and capacity-building to increase members' productivity and well-being. They are also influential community leaders who are highly respected people whose activities and influence cut across the social, cultural, and development domains (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). They are also in close contact with residents and, as such, can act as revered bridge persons between the community and government or security institutions. They participate in civic activities, which support people-centred participatory decision-making and guarantee that conservation and development interventions align with the aspirations and values of the people.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eIntegrated green budgeting in Kertasari District\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eGreen budgeting\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe breakdown of green budgeting sources' allocation and composition is shown in the chart. According to the inner ring, local revenue accounts for 49.6% of total revenue, with allocation and average accounting for about 25% each. This distribution is seen in the outer ring: Fund Resource (24.66%) and Allocation (24.94%) dominate the expenditure landscape. With a roughly equal distribution of resources, the structure heavily relies on local financial sources to support green activities. This points to a paradigm that leverages local autonomy while aiming for balanced green investment (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGreen budgeting describes a budgetary system in which environmental protection and sustainability are incorporated into all areas of government budgeting, from planning through implementation, oversight, and monitoring. In green budgeting, ecological priorities are to be integrated into all government areas, not solely those specifically dealing with environmental issues. Political will-driven stakeholder commitment is necessary for successful green budgeting and is legally bound by Law 32/2009, which orders local governments to allocate enough resources for sustainable development. The strategy tries to reduce waste, resource consumption, and carbon emissions and improve social equity. International experience, such as Punjab's utilization of issue-based budget statements, verifies its viability. Indicators are measured as regional revenues (PAD), sources of finance, and budget performance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eKertasari District in Bandung Regency is committed considerably to green budgeting with a PAD rating of 82.06 and diversified financing sources with a value of 79.63. The financing is for various environmental programs like land rehabilitation, soil erosion prevention, and water management, all aimed at safeguarding the Upper Citarum Watershed. Gigantic projects such as sediment dredging, afforestation, and flood control have become feasible because of multi-level cooperation between provincial, central, and local government institutions, supplemented by village funds, CSR contributions, and environmental grants. With Law No. 32/2009 on environmental protection, such initiatives earn national recognition, and community-based conservation strategies build resilience in upland farming landscapes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Citarum Harum Program is the Indonesian government's strategic endeavour to restore and manage the Citarum River Basin in a coordinated and sustainable manner. In upstream areas such as Kertasari District, intensive horticulture has been substituted with perennial crops, particularly coffee, to prevent erosion, stabilize soil, and improve groundwater absorption, all while giving economic benefits. The Indonesian National Army (TNI) formally participates in operational responsibilities such as land administration, field supervision, and coordination under Presidential Regulation No. 15 of 2018. Their active engagement speeds up pollution management and environmental restoration throughout the basin, reinforcing integrated conservation and monitoring with the cooperation of technical ministries and local governments.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSustainable village development\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFive factors influencing sustainable village development are presented in the chart: Environment (19.11%), Social (19.98%), Economy (19.84%), Political (21.08%), and a balanced category called Average (20%). Given governance's pivotal role in determining policy and resource allocation, political considerations are the most significant. The nearly equal proportions of the Economic, Social, and Environmental categories point to a comprehensive strategy prioritizing sustainability and inclusivity. An integrative benchmark that balances the entire framework is suggested by introducing an \"Average\" segment (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSustainable development not only addresses current demands but also prioritizes future societal needs. Environmental sustainability is one of the key factors that must be addressed at all levels of the organization. The focus on addressing environmental difficulties and ensuring their sustainability is essential in helping a country's economic development. When adopting green economy policies, many efforts focus on reducing the use of limited natural resources and developing solutions for renewable energy sources. The next stage is to improve cost-effectiveness and efficiency while minimizing the negative impact of industrial waste. This will provide the company with a long-term competitive advantage (Purnamawati et al., 2023).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eVillage development in Kertasari District focuses on utilizing local resources and family-based economies to improve infrastructure and community welfare, particularly sustainability (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig14\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). Programs such as the Citarum Harum initiative demonstrate coordinated efforts by the TNI, technical ministries, and local governments to maintain environmental and agricultural functions in the Upper Citarum Watershed. The State Forestry Company's Joint Forest Management (PHBM) program engages local communities in forest protection, strengthening them through LMDH institutions and participatory planning.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAgribusiness policy interaction through green budgeting\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Bandung regency agribusiness policy interaction model utilizes green budgeting to promote sustainable village development. Models are abstractions of real systems that explain linkages, phenomena, and operational structures. Modelling, as presented by Ackoff et al. (1962), takes three forms of language: noun (representation), adjective (ideal/exemplar), and verb (demonstration). Achmad (2008) notes that models carefully duplicate things or events to highlight essential features to be analyzed (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). On the other hand, Murdick, Gordon, and Toha (1984\u0026ndash;1990) believe that models provide a framework for explaining complex systems through their approximations. Modelling entails problem definition and solution formulation, leading to a structured model (Dwi, 2008). The assumptions of this development model are first tested through structural equation modelling (SEM) to confirm ideas.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStandardized path coefficients in agribusiness\u0026ndash;green budgeting SEM framework.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePath\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHypothesized relationship\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoefficient\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSignificancy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAgribusiness policy \u003cb\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGovernance quality\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAgribusiness supports better governance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGreen budgeting practices \u003cb\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003c/b\u003e Governance quality\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGreen budgeting improves governance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGovernance quality \u003cb\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003c/b\u003e Sustainable development outcomes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGovernance enhances sustainable outcomes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAgribusiness policy \u003cb\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003c/b\u003e Community participation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAgribusiness promotes local participation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommunity participation \u003cb\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003c/b\u003e Sustainable development outcomes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipation impacts sustainability\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGreen budgeting practices \u003cb\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003c/b\u003e Sustainable development outcomes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGreen budgeting directly affects development\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eA participatory approach where no single attribute predominates is shown by the balanced stakeholder distribution across legitimacy, influence, interest, average, and balance, which fosters equitable engagement and long-term decision-making (Widyawati \u0026amp; Anggraini, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). By utilizing a range of viewpoints and abilities, this alignment promotes inclusive budgeting techniques, which are essential for rural development under regional autonomy (Nahib et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Autonomy may present coordination and capacity issues to reduce risks and promote cooperation, necessitating structured engagement mechanisms such as the power-interest grid (Velten et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). The necessity for stakeholder-specific methods to direct development outcomes is further supported by the strategic roles that influential players like the LMDH and local officials play in land conservation in Kertasari (Sumarno, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Zakiah \u0026amp; Suprayogi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Stakeholder mapping promotes accountability and guarantees that neighbourhood projects represent shared obligations and needs (Medvedeva et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Munaro \u0026amp; Tavares, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Wibawa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe evenly weighted volunteering framework proposes a holistic development model that emphasizes empowerment as a motivating factor and prioritizes morality, education, and inclusive involvement (S\u0026ouml;derholm, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Purnamawati et al., 2023). The strategy is demonstrated by Tarumajaya Village's community-led projects, where empowered stakeholders\u0026mdash;especially young people and couples\u0026mdash;actively participate in organic and conservation efforts (Astadi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Green budgeting initiatives are supported by the focus on environmental education and sustainable agriculture, which shows the fusion of ecological consciousness with social mobilization (Afifah et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Suškevičs et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Misa Darko, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The community exemplifies how empowered local actors may spark long-term sustainability and resilience by encouraging volunteer participation in projects like afforestation and biogas innovation (Surya et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Shahzad et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). A regulatory paradigm focused on innovation and modernization is essential for promoting sustainable agriculture and environmental conservation, as evidenced by the predominance of technology (39.42%) and research and development (37.27%) (Ginting et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Together with planning, infrastructure, law, and empowerment, these pillars represent a multi-level approach that balances investment, policy, and community involvement (Licastro \u0026amp; Sergi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Obstacles like land tenure disputes and inadequate digital infrastructure necessitate specific legal and policy solutions, regulatory enforcement by local administrations is crucial in Kertasari in addressing development challenges while empowering communities (Murod et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Enhancing indigenous farmers' legal protections and technological access can promote inclusive rural expansion and maximize agricultural results (Le Van et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFunctioning as official institutions for agricultural development, community groups are trusted intermediaries that support grassroots governance and civic involvement, making them essential players in land conservation (Djuwendah et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Context-sensitive decision-making that supports environmental initiatives' social legitimacy and sustainability is made possible by their close connection to local populations (Kahirun et al., 2020). Supported by almost equal allocations and funding sources, the green budgeting chart's preponderance of local revenue demonstrates a decentralized financial model that upholds balanced environmental investments while empowering regional authority (Wan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Green budgeting is institutionalized by legal obligations under Law No. 32/2009 and Presidential Regulation No. 15/2018, which guarantee strategic coordination, particularly about TNI's involvement in basin management (Hamdouch \u0026amp; Depret, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). When taken as a whole, these initiatives provide a strong foundation for green governance that combines ecological innovation, community-based sustainability, and economic accountability (Pambudi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Mardiharini et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). With political issues at the top (21.08%), a balanced approach to sustainable village development highlights governance's crucial role in allocating resources and integrating policies (World Bank, 2003) (Jillani et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). A holistic model that prioritizes inclusivity and long-term sustainability is seen in the nearly equal weights assigned to environmental, social, and economic considerations (Scoones \u0026amp; Scoones, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). By incorporating community-based initiatives and Citarum Harum, which support ecological integrity, agricultural productivity, and communal welfare, Kertasari District is a prime example of this equilibrium (Tarigan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Supangat et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Engkus et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). These initiatives, which include afforestation, intercropping, and terracing, show how local government and community participation work together to maintain livelihoods and ecosystem services (Sauv\u0026eacute; et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Abdillah et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Stirling, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Bı\u0026ccedil;akcıoğlu-Peynirci \u0026amp; Tanyeri, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eA diverse approach to environmental governance is revealed by examining stakeholder interactions, volunteerism, legal frameworks, green budgeting, and sustainable village development. Balanced stakeholder dynamics across legitimacy, influence, interest, and involvement support participatory budgeting and inclusive decision-making. Volunteering emphasizes empowerment as a key factor, and community-led projects, like Tarumajaya's ecovillage concept, show how civic engagement can have a transformative effect. Regulatory models are dominated by technology and research, which promotes innovation in sustainable agriculture and emphasizes the value of digital access and legal protection in communities like Kertasari. Green budgeting aligns financial accountability with ecological imperatives in watershed conservation and biodiversity efforts by reflecting a high reliance on local revenue and inter-institutional collaboration. In determining sustainable village development, political issues marginally surpass environmental, social, and economic aspects, highlighting the crucial importance of governance. Successful implementation is exemplified by initiatives like the Citarum Harum Program, which result from collaboration between national institutions, local authorities, and community actors. To promote resilient rural landscapes and long-term sustainability, the study supports an integrated approach that combines fiscal innovation, ecological stewardship, policy coherence, and grassroots engagement. Such a framework highlights the vital significance of community-centred development and adaptive governance in light of environmental constraints.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors declaration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics Approval\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was approved by the Agricultural Socio-Economics Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Padjadjaran University, and conducted according to its ethical guidelines.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Guidelines\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll methods were carried out according to the relevant guidelines and regulations as per the instructions of the head of department for research proceedings.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors are agreed upon participation in the processing of this manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors to agree to this data for publication.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInformed consent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsent from all participants were been made before conducting interview session about the data processing and publications. Moreover, there were no such participants under 18 years of age.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll of the research data are presented in this manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interest among each other\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research and publication funding is covered by the Padjadjaran University.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical trial number\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbdillah A, Widianingsih I, Buchari RA, Nurasa H. Collaborative strategies for sustainable management of the Citarum Watershed in Indonesia: a Quintuple Helix approach. 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J Socioeconomics Dev. 2020;3(2):89. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.31328/jsed.v3i2.1395\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.31328/jsed.v3i2.1395\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Community empowerment, regulatory frameworks, agricultural sustainability, policy implementation, resource optimization","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7222145/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7222145/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn Indonesia, where degradation of the environment and agricultural expansion threaten long-term ecological resilience, sustainable village development has emerged as a top policy goal. This study investigates how stakeholders in Bandung Regency, Indonesia\u0026mdash;an agricultural area vital to the ecological well-being of the Citarum Watershed\u0026mdash;support green budgeting techniques for sustainable village development. In order to investigate interactions among important actors, the research combines empirical data, stakeholder views, and structural modelling in a mixed-method approach that primarily uses quantitative analysis and supplementary Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). Cluster random sampling and purposive informant selection were used to gather data from surveys, observations, and interviews with farmers and authorities in six villages in Kertasari District. Using the Penta-Helix framework, the study evaluates the contributions of stakeholders\u0026mdash;academics, corporations, communities, governments, and the media\u0026mdash;across factors like volunteerism, regulation, and stakeholder interaction. Responses were interpreted using statistical methods such as medians, standard deviation, ordinal and interval analysis, and validity testing. The findings highlight the importance of locally driven fiscal systems, technology regulation, and community empowerment in promoting ecologically sustainable governance. Multi-stakeholder coordination and legal frameworks are key components of a successful intervention, as demonstrated by implementing policies in programs such as the Citarum Harum Program. In order to support inclusive growth and long-term ecological resilience in rural areas, the findings support flexible, community-centred governance.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Budgetary policy interaction model in supporting sustainable village development in the upper Citarum watershed","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-06 13:38:06","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7222145/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"12d5fd5e-35cb-4e8a-9126-7254434c54f5","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 6th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-18T08:43:18+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-06 13:38:06","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7222145","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7222145","identity":"rs-7222145","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}