Metal concentration in ghost shrimp and contamination levels of sandy beaches contrasted with anthropogenic impacts in Southeast Brazil

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Trevizani, Alaor A. Almeida, Marcelo A. A. Pinheiro This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5278038/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 25 Apr, 2025 Read the published version in Environmental Monitoring and Assessment → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study evaluates the contrast in the concentration of seven metallic elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, and Pb) in tissues (G, gonads; H, hepatopancreas; and M, musculature) of the ghost shrimp Callichirus corruptus , as a response to sediment contamination in two sandy beaches in Southern Brazil with different anthropogenic status (JUR, Juréia; and STS, Santos). The biotic and abiotic samples were collected with a suction pump, and subjected to metal quantification by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry technique. Statistical analyses were performed in R-Studio. In JUR, the sediment had Cr, Cu, and Mn concentrations two times lower when compared to STS (t ≤ 7.80; p ≤ 0.01), while STS had Hg concentrations between the Interim Sediment Quality Guideline (ISQG) and Probable Effect Level (PEL) parameters. Three metals (Cd, Cr, and Cu) presented concentrations above the Maximum Tolerated Limit indicated by the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (Anvisa), with prawn bioaccumulation up to eight times greater in STS than JUR (t ≥ 4.42; p ≤ 0.03). Therefore, this study confirms higher metal concentrations in the biotic and abiotic compartments of Santos, which has a high human population density and a significant industrial and port complex, in contrast to Juréia, which is located in an extremely preserved ecological station. Furthermore, the research presents novel information on trace elements in the sandy sediments of the studied sites. Additionally, it provides unprecedented evidence on metal concentration for C. corruptus , which can be used in monitoring programs for sandy beaches due to its metal bioaccumulation potential. Callichirus corruptus crustacean keystone species marine pollution toxicity. Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction Sandy beach environments are subject to intense anthropogenic activity due to high population density in coastal regions, significant coastal development, and consequent pollution (Defeo et al., 2009 ; McLachlan and Defeo, 2018 ; Buzzi et al., 2022 ). Coastal ecosystems have undergone significant physicochemical changes, affecting the distribution of several invertebrate species (Cardoso et al., 2016 ; Cabrini et al., 2017 ; Wu et al., 2023 ), in terms of abundance (Osuala et al., 2018 ; Koziol et al., 2021) and diversity (Nwabueze et al., 2020 ; Wu et al., 2023 ). The unique characteristics of marine and estuarine beaches serve as important natural barriers to pollutants (Karloniene et al., 2021; Hyndes et al., 2022 ; Corte et al., 2023 ), and provide other relevant ecosystem services such as organic and nutrient cycling and water purification (Defeo et al., 2009 , 2021 ; Buzzi et al., 2022 ; Liang et al., 2024 ). Despite the importance of marine coastal ecosystems, studies on pollutants in sandy beaches are scarce (Jonathan et al., 2011 ; Santhiya et al., 2011 ; Nagarajan et al., 2013 ; Corte et al., 2023 ). Metallic elements stand out among such pollutants due to their wide distribution and association with industrial development (Cajaraville et al., 2000 ; Costa et al., 2021 ; Buzzi et al., 2022 ), which leads to persistence in the environment and toxicity to sediments and biota (Rainbow, 2007 ; Ahearn et al., 2004 ; Luoma and Rainbow, 2008 ; Duarte et al., 2017 ; Pinheiro et al., 2017 ). Some metallic elements are considered essential (e.g., Cu, Cr, and Mn) as they participate in biological processes, but they become toxic at high concentrations (Duarte et al., 2016 ). Other elements are non-essential (e.g., As, Cd, Pb, and Hg) and contaminate the environment and biota even at low concentrations (Eisler, 2010; Duarte et al., 2017 ). Water acts as a transport matrix for metallic elements, which can dissolve in water and undergo chemical changes, varying widely over time and distance from pollution sources (Harris and Santos, 2000 ; Raknuzzaman et al., 2016 ; Lin et al., 2021 ). These elements are also attracted to sediments, where they become persistent and increase toxicity levels (Ahearn et al., 2004 ; Rainbow, 2007 ; Vilhena et al., 2012; Banci et al., 2017 ; Perina et al. 2018 ). Similarly, these contaminants accumulate in organisms and biomagnify in the food chain, causing irreversible damage to local biota (Luoma and Rainbow, 2008 ; Duarte et al., 2017 ; Trevizani et al., 2023). Thus, only 1% of pollution is associated with water, while the remaining 99% persists in beach sediments (Gaur et al., 2005 ; Bartoli et al., 2012 ; Vetrimurugan et al., 2016 ). The main route of contamination for benthic invertebrates is through gills, direct skin contact, or ingestion of contaminated sediment and food (Rainbow, 2007 ; Duarte et al., 2016 , 2017 , 2020), resulting in low environmental preservation status and deleterious effects on the biota (García-Alonso et al., 2011 ; Castilioni et al., 2018). Various invertebrate species have been shown to respond physiologically and genetically to different levels of metallic contaminants, reflecting the environmental contamination status of the studied location (Ryu et al., 2011 ; Rumisha et al., 2012 ; Cabrini et al., 2017 ). Therefore, several studies recommend using invertebrates to assess and monitor anthropogenic impacts and have confirmed physiological and genetic alterations (e.g., Goulart and Callisto, 2003 ; Pinheiro et al., 2013; Duarte et al., 2016 , 2017 ; Pinheiro et al., 2017 ; Costa et al., 2021 ). Among the benthic invertebrates of sandy beaches, ghost shrimp deserve special attention as they are considered a "key species" for studying scenarios that promote changes in physicochemical parameters and the local community (Birkeland, 1989 ; Jones et al., 1994 ; Valls et al., 2015 ). Callichirus corruptus (Hernáez et al., 2022) is a ghost shrimp (Callianassidae) endemic to Brazil, which promotes bioturbation of sandy beach sediments, causing significant changes to their textural and chemical composition (Klerks et al., 2007 ; Costa et al., 2022 ). Distributed along the entire Brazilian coast (Hernáez et al., 2022), it excavates burrows and alters the structure of local communities by changing the biogeochemical cycles of the sediment (Posey, 1986 ; Ziebis et al., 1996; Rodrigues and Shimizu, 1997 ; Constantino et al., 2024 ). Additionally, its burrows allow a high flow of water and incorporation of organic matter and associated pollutants (Abu-Hilal et al., 1988 ; Klerks et al., 2007 ), which interfere with various functional processes of marine sandy beaches (Rodrigues and Shimizu, 1997 ). Studies related to metal contamination have already been conducted on mangrove sediments (Pinheiro et al., 2013, 2017 ; Duarte et al., 2016 ) and dredging materials (Torres et al., 2009 ; Buruaem et al., 2013 ; Kim et al., 2016 ) from the Santos-São Vicente Estuarine System (SESSV). However, no research has yet assessed the concentration of these elements in the sandy matrix of local beaches. Similarly, there is a gap in studies quantifying metals in crustacean species living in beaches, with intensified studies developed in mangrove areas, especially with ‘uçá’ crab species ( Ucides cordatus ), that is applied as sentinel species of this environmental quality. Therefore, the present study provides novel data on the metal concentration in a shrimp species ( Callichirus corruptus ) from the local beach environment, as well as in the sandy sediment of Santos' beaches (SP), in addition to aligning with Goal 14: Life Below Water, of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (United Nation, 2015). Considering the significant contrast with human population density and anthropogenic activities along the Brazilian coast, comparing preserved and contaminated areas allows for assessing the effects of different concentrations of metallic elements that cause irreversible damage to the local biota (Duarte et al., 2016 , 2017 ). We hypothesize that the concentration of metallic elements in the sediment and tissues of C. corruptus is higher on beaches with greater anthropogenic impact (Santos, SP) compared to an ecological station (Peruíbe, SP), with the following hierarchy of contamination in tissues: hepatopancreas > gonads > muscle. The objective of this study is to quantify the concentrations of seven metallic elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, and Pb) in the sediment and in the gonads, hepatopancreas, and muscle of the ghost shrimp ( C. corruptus ) and to compare data obtained from two sandy beaches in southeastern Brazil with different levels of anthropization: Juréia-Itatins Ecological Station Beach (pristine environment) vs. Santos Beach (contaminated environment). Material and Methods Studied Areas Samples were collected from two sandy beaches in southeastern Brazil, both located in the State of São Paulo, in 2017: 1) Santos Beach (STS) sampled in April, and 2) Juréia Beach (JUR) sampled in May (Fig. 1 ). Santos Beach is located in the municipality of Santos, on the central coast of São Paulo State, which has a high population density (418,000 inhabitants – IBGE, 2022). It hosts one of Brazil's most significant industrial hubs (Galvão-Filho, 1987), as well as the Port of Santos, the largest in South America (Angeli et al., 2021 ). Consequently, it experiences various anthropogenic impacts and presents pollution sources, leading to significant contamination of ecosystems and their organisms (Oliveira et al., 2008 ; Torres et al., 2009 ; Kim et al., 2016 ; Perina et al., 2018 ). Juréia Beach, on the other hand, is located in the municipality of Peruíbe, on the southern coast of the same state. It is part of the Juréia-Itatins Ecological Station, a Conservation Unit (CU) governed by state legislation (São Paulo, 1987, 2006). The human population comprises 162 inhabitants according to Duarte et al. ( 2016 ). Sediment and Crustacean Sampling A sampling area was established at the midpoint of each beach, where sediment and crustacean samples were collected (Fig. 2 ). Shrimps were captured using a simple suction pump positioned over the opening of each burrow, with five continuous suctions per burrow (see Rodrigues and Shimizu, 1997 ). The material (sediment/water) was deposited on a sieve (diameter: 60 cm; mesh: 12 mm). Intact specimens were placed in individual plastic bags, kept in thermal boxes with ice, and transported to the Laboratory of Conservation Biology of Crustaceans and Coastal Environments (LBC), part of the Crustacean Biology Research Group (CRUSTA) at UNESP IB/CLP, São Vicente. Sediment for analysis was obtained from composite samples using the same suction pump positioned between the openings of three burrows to avoid bioturbation by the shrimp. Five sediment columns (45 cm) were suctioned from each beach, with a minimum distance of 5 m between them. They were carefully placed on a plastic sheet, reserving the upper (SE-A: 0 to 15 cm) and lower strata (SE-B: 30 to 45 cm). Each composite sediment sample (SE-A and SE-B) comprised a mixture of five portions of upper and lower strata, respectively, which were homogenized and reduced to 1 kg each. In the laboratory, each sediment sample was frozen until lyophilization. Three subsamples (15 g per stratum/beach) were kept, placed in labeled Falcon tubes (15 mL), and stored for metal quantification. Processing of Crustacean Tissue Samples In the laboratory, each shrimp's carapace length (CL), from the postero-orbital margin to the posterior margin of the cephalothorax, was measured with a precision analog caliper (0.05 mm). The total wet weight was recorded using a precision digital balance (0.01 g) after blotting with absorbent paper. For metal analysis, three females per beach were separated due to their large size compared to males of this genus (Hernáez et al., 2019 ). They were dissected with scissors and tweezers to remove the three tissues under study (musculature, hepatopancreas, and gonads). Due to the small size of the first chelipeds in ghost shrimps, musculature was removed from the abdomen, while gonads and hepatopancreas were extracted after a median-dorsal longitudinal incision of each specimen. Each tissue was placed in labeled Falcon tubes (15 mL) and kept frozen until analysis. Quantitative Analysis of Metals Tissue samples (muscular, gonadal, and hepatopancreatic) were immediately frozen after removal. All sediment samples (n = 6/beach) and each shrimp tissue sample (n = 3/tissue/beach) were lyophilized using a VirTis BenchTop Pro® – Scientific Products® equipment at CIATox (UNESP IB/Botucatu). Subsequently, samples underwent specific digestion and metal quantification procedures. For the analysis of the seven metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, and Pb), minimum masses were used for sediment samples (1 g), gonads and hepatopancreas (0.5 g each), and musculature (2 g). Samples were mineralized after homogenization and weighed, followed by the addition of 6 mL of 65% HNO3 PA (Merck®) in a PTFE® reaction vessel, performing microwave digestion in a PROVECTO® DGT 100 plus, with a previously validated heating program specific to each matrix type. Calibration curves were obtained using certified primary standards (Fluka®, Merck®, and Sigma/Aldrich®) for each chemical element. Specific standard curves were defined according to detection and quantification limits using a hydride generator for Hg determination (Table 1 ). Qualitative/quantitative metal readings in samples were conducted with a GBC - AA 932 atomic absorption spectrophotometer, optimized according to the manufacturer's recommendations for each chemical element. All processes were conducted at the Toxicological Information and Assistance Center (CIATox) laboratory, IBB/UNESP Botucatu. Table 1 Limits of detection (LD) and limits of quantification by atomic absorption technique (LQ) for seven metallic elements (As, arsenic; Cd, cadmium; Cr, chromium; Cu, copper; Hg, mercury; Mn, manganese; Pb, lead) studied, according the methodology for quantifying metallic concentration (µg/g). Metals LD LQ As 0.4 10.0 Cd 0.009 0.2 Cr 0.05 0.5 Cu 0.02 0.1 Hg 0.0005 0.01 Mn 1.0 0.02 Pb 0.005 0.5 Statistical Analysis Results were organized in spreadsheets and entered into R Studio 2023.12.1 + 402 in the R environment (R Core Team, 2023 ) for graph construction and statistical analysis. Metal concentrations (µg/g) recorded in sediment and shrimp tissues were subjected to homogeneity of variances (Levene's test) and normality (Shapiro-Wilk test). After confirming data as homoscedastic and normal (p > 0.05), variables were subjected to a parametric test (t-test) comparing means of the same variable between the two beaches (STS vs. JUR). Sediment contamination assessment for each beach per metallic element and its concentration in shrimp tissues were determined by comparing each metal concentration with regulatory threshold levels. For sediment, metal concentrations were compared to ISQG (Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines) and PEL (Probable Effect Levels) values provided by the Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines (CCME, 2002). For shrimp, given that the entire animal is consumed, the sum of metal concentrations in the three analyzed tissues was compared to the maximum allowable limit (MAL) for crustaceans provided by the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA) (Brazil, 2022 ). The hierarchy of metal concentration in shrimp tissues was established for each beach by comparing the mean values recorded for gonads, hepatopancreas, and musculature of the species based on ANOVA results and confirmed by Tukey's post-hoc test. All statistical analyses were conducted with a minimum significance level of 5%. Results Shrimp Biometrics The females of C. corruptus at Juréia Beach (JUR) had a carapace length (CL) of 12.0 ± 1.5 mm (mean ± standard deviation), which did not statistically differ from those at Santos Beach (STS), which measured 13.6 ± 1.1 mm (t = 2.37; p = 0.08). This was also observed with the wet weight (WW) of these specimens, which did not differ between beaches: JUR: 4.7 ± 2.6 g; STS: 14.1 ± 4.9 g (t = 2.91; p = 0.06). Metal Concentration in Sediment All metallic elements showed a normal distribution (W ≥ 0.89; p ≥ 0.33) and homoscedastic variance (L ≥ 0.13; p ≥ 0.12), allowing their concentrations to be evaluated by parametric tests. The concentration of metallic elements did not differ significantly between sediment strata (SE-A = SE-B) both for JUR (Cr, Cu, and Mn: t ≤ 2.51; p ≥ 0.13) and STS (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, and Mn: t ≤ 1.59; p ≥ 0.09). Therefore, these samples could be evaluated without differentiating strata (n = 6/beach). In STS, 71.4% of the studied metallic elements were recorded (n = 5: Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, and Mn), while only 42.9% occurred in JUR (n = 3: Cr, Cu, and Mn) (Table 2 ). The metallic element richness was 1.7 times higher in STS. The concentrations of Cu, Cr, and Mn were also significantly higher in STS than in JUR (t ≤ 7.80; p ≤ 0.01), varying from 1.5 to 3.8 times (Fig. 3). In JUR, the hierarchical order of metallic element concentration in sediment was Mn > Cr > Cu, similar to that observed for STS, where two other non-essential metallic elements were added: Mn > Cr > Cu > Cd > Hg. Table 2 Concentrations (mean ± standard deviation, in µg/g) of each metallic element (Cd, cadmium; Cr, chromium; Cu, copper; Hg, mercury; Mn, manganese) registered in the beach sediment samples (n = 6/beach) of Juréia (JUR) and Santos (STS), in São Paulo state coast (Brazil), obtained in May and April 2017, respectively. Quality parameters of the sediment are represented by ISQG (Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines) and PEL (Probable Effect Levels), according CCME (Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines). Where: Min, minimum; Max, maximum; x, mean; s, standard deviation; t, t-test. Metal Beach Concentration of Metals (µg/g) t CCME (2002) Min Max x ± s ISQG PEL Cd JUR - - < LDM - 0.70 4.20 STS 0.25 0.61 0.45 ± 0.16 Cr JUR 1.21 2.74 1.79 ± 0.58 a* 3.90 52 160 STS 2.48 4.22 3.13 ± 0.61 b Cu JUR 0.26 0.56 0.39 ± 0.11 a 3.84 19 108 STS 0.49 0.67 0.59 ± 0.07 b Hg JUR - - < LDM - 0.1 0.7 STS 0 0.49 0.15 ± 0.23 Mn JUR 9.49 17.31 12.03 ± 3.03 a 7.80 - - STS 34.66 61.12 45.61 ± 10.10 b * Mean concentration in a same metal, followed by distinct lowercase letters, differed significantly between the beaches studied ( p ≤ 0.05). Except for the Hg concentration in STS sediment (0.15 µg/g), categorized as contaminated, the other metallic elements presented concentrations below ISQG and PEL and were considered safe for both beaches. Concentration of Metals in Shrimp Tissues Four metallic elements (Cd, Cr, Cu, and Mn) were recorded in shrimp tissues (Table 3 ). Copper was the metal with the highest concentration in all evaluated tissues, ranging from 13.61 to 321.7 µg/g, although its total average concentration in the three tissues did not differ significantly between STS (339.6 ± 203.4 µg/g) and JUR (157.3 ± 130.0 µg/g) (t = 1.30; p = 0.21). This was also the case for each tissue when analyzed separately (t ≤ 2.77; p ≥ 0.10). For the other metallic elements (Cd, Cr, and Mn), the total average concentrations in shrimp from STS were three to eight times higher than in JUR (t ≥ 4.42; p ≤ 0.03). Table 3 Concentrations (mean ± standard deviation, in µg/g) of each metallic element (Cd, cadmium; Cr, chromium; Cu, copper; Mn, manganese) by C. corruptus tissues (n = 9/tissue: G, gonads; H, hepatopancreas; and M, musculature) obtained in two studied sandy beaches (JUR, Juréia; and STS, Santos), in São Paulo state coast (Brazil), obtained in May and April 2017, respectively. Metal Local Concentration of Metals (µg/g) Brasil (2013)** G H M Total Cd JUR 0.25 ± 0,08 A(a)* 0.73 ± 0,16 B(a) < LDM 0.98 ± 0.11 a 0.5 STS 4.93 ± 0.77 B(b) 1.66 ± 0,33 A(b) 1.27 ± 0.77 7.86 ± 1.42 b Cr JUR 1.62 ± 0.93 A(a) 1.0 4 ± 0.41 A(a) 1.47 ± 0.35 A(a) 4.12 ± 1.04 a 0.5 STS 7.80 ± 1.87 B(b) 2.43 ± 2.21 A(a) 1.72 ± 0.54 A(a) 11.95 ± 2.88 b Cu JUR 25.44 ± 9.60 A(a) 108.74 ± 120.20 A(a) 23.13 ± 5.94 A(a) 157.31 ± 130.00 a 30.0 STS 109.66 ± 51.69 A(a) 145.33 ± 233.15 A(a) 32.45 ± 10.08 A(a) 339.69 ± 203.42 a Mn JUR 1.07 ± 0.07 A(a) 1.01 ± 0.44 A(a) 3.37 ± 0.74 B(a) 5.45 ± 0.65 a – STS 11.94 ± 2.99 B(b) 2.72 ± 0.73 A(b) 4.73 ± 2.36 A(a) 19.38 ± 4.89 b * Mean concentrations of the same metal, followed by distinct lowercase letters, differed significantly between studied beaches ( p ≤ 0.05) and those of a same metal and beach, followed by distinct uppercase letters, contrasting significatively among the tissues studied ( p ≤ 0.02). Brazil (2013) presents the maximum allowable contamination limit for metals in crustaceans established by the “Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária” (Anvisa). There was a differential accumulation of Cd, Cu, Cr, and Mn in the tissues of C. corruptus at the studied beaches (Fig. 4 ). In gonads, the accumulation of Cd, Cr, and Mn differed significantly (t ≥ 5.12; p ≤ 0.01). It was up to ten times higher in shrimp from STS than from JUR. This was also observed in the hepatopancreas, with a significant contrast in the accumulation of Cd and Mn. The means in STS were higher than in JUR (t ≥ 3.45; p ≤ 0.03), although there was no significant difference between the means of Cu and Cr between both beaches (t ≤ 1.07; p ≥ 0.40). For muscle, there was no significant difference between the beaches for Cr, Cu, and Mn (t ≤ 1.30; p ≥ 0.25). Regarding the maximum tolerable limits (MTLs) of metals as established by ANVISA (Brazil, 2022 ), all shrimp tissue samples (n = 18) showed Cr contamination regardless of the beach, while for Cd it was 61.1% (JUR: 55.6% > STS: 33.3%) and for Cu it was 50% (STS: 88.9% > JUR: 44.4%). ANVISA does not present an MTL for Mn in crustaceans, making it impossible to evaluate the contamination percentage of this metal or compare the beaches. Comparing the tissues of C. corruptus , the highest accumulation of Cd, Cr, and Mn occurred in the gonads of shrimp from Santos (F ≥ 3.86; p ≤ 0.02), with concentrations 2.5 to 4.6 times higher than those of the other studied tissues. In Juréia, the highest Cd accumulation occurred in the hepatopancreas (F ≥ 4.59; p = 0.02), surpassing the concentration recorded in the gonads by 3.5 times. There was also significant Mn accumulation in the muscle (F ≥ 5.61; p ≤ 0.02), about 3.1 times higher than the concentrations in the other analyzed tissues. Thus, in STS, the hierarchy of Cd, Cr, and Cu accumulation in the tissues was G > H > M, contrasting with JUR, which was the inverse (H > M > G). However, the total average concentration of each metal in tissues showed a similar accumulation hierarchy for shrimp from Juréia (Cu > Mn = Cr > Cd) compared to those from Santos (Cu > Mn > Cr > Cd). Discussion The sediments from the studied beaches exhibited a distinct contrast in the concentrations of Cr, Cu, and Mn, which were consistently higher at Santos Beach (STS) compared to Juréia Beach (JUR). Cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) were detected exclusively at Santos Beach. Notably, mercury levels at Santos Beach fell between the Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines (ISQG) and Probable Effect Levels (PEL), indicating a threshold for the absence of adverse effects on associated biota. This observation underscores Santos as an area with higher environmental impact due to its greater human population density and the historical influence of anthropogenic activities, such as industrial and port complexes, relative to Juréia, which is situated within a more pristine ecological station. The study also confirms the metal accumulation capacity of the ghost shrimp ( C. corruptus ), with variations observed among the analyzed tissues, particularly in the hepatopancreas, but also in the gonads and muscle. Human consumption of this crustacean from Santos Beach is not recommended due to elevated concentrations of Cd, Cr, and Cu, which exceed the levels set by the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA). Cadmium, in particular, is of significant concern. Abiotic Variables: Metal Concentration in Sediment The concentrations of the five metallic elements (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, and Mn) were higher in sediments from Santos Beach than in those from Juréia Beach. This finding aligns with our hypothesis and is consistent with previous studies conducted in adjacent coastal environments. Notably, Banci et al. ( 2017 ) reported that sediment metal concentrations in mangrove areas were up to 2.4 times higher in Cubatão (Santos-São Vicente Estuarine System) compared to Juréia (Ecological Station), particularly for chromium (6.1 vs. 3.0 µg/g) and copper (3.3 vs. 1.4 µg/g). In the present study, average concentrations were lower for these two metals, likely due to differences in particle size between the sediments of these beaches. However, concentrations of chromium (3.1 vs. 1.8 µg/g) and copper (0.6 vs. 0.4 µg/g) remained higher at Santos Beach compared to Juréia Beach. Surface estuarine sediments, especially from port channels, can exhibit even higher metal concentrations. For instance, Bordon et al. ( 2011 ) reported metal levels in the Santos Port Channel as follows: Cr (20.0 µg/g), Hg (0.3 µg/g), and Mn (272.5 µg/g), which are up to 33 times higher than those found in the sandy sediments of Santos Beach (3.13, 0.15, and 45.61 µg/g, respectively). The concentrations in dredging sediments from the Santos Port Channel are comparable to those in the region's mangroves (Buruaem et al., 2013 ; Cesar et al., 2014 ; Kim et al., 2016 ; Perina et al., 2018 ), regarding Mn (348.50 µg/g), Cd (0.1 to 3.1 µg/g), Cr (18.0 to 32.20 µg/g), Hg (0.3 to 0.5 µg/g), and Cu (12.6 to 15.7 µg/g). These values present reflecting similar magnitudes to those observed in the sandy sediments of the studied beaches. In these studies, metal concentrations in sediment are associated with particle size and organic matter content. Metals tend to be higher in finer and more organic sediments (Martincic et al., 1990). These authors confirmed that Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations in dredging sediments showed a significant negative association with mean grain size (MGS) and organic matter content (OM) (n = 19; r ≥ -0.90; p > 0.01). This is attributed to the high mobility, deposition, and complexation of metals in mangrove sediments, which are three to four times more organic than continental sediments (Jennerjahn and Ittekkot, 1997 ). Thus, OM and MGS are key factors influencing metal redistribution in sediments (Rahman et al., 2024). The variation in metal concentrations across studies is linked to sediment particle size and organic matter content. Mangrove sediments, with higher organic matter content (6–15%) and smaller mean grain size (MGS < 0.063 mm), contain a significant percentage of finer-grained sediment (silt and clay, 38–51%), according to review of articles (Jennerjahn and Ittekkot, 1997 ; Sanders et al., 2012 ; Gomes et al., 2013 ; Tue et al., 2018 ; Allais et al., 2024 ). In dredging sediment studies, metals are associated with finer sediment fractions, particularly silt and clay (MGS < 0.063 mm), with percentages ranging from 80–95% and OM% between 8–19%, according to review articles (Kronvag and Cristiansen, 1986; Oyarzún et al., 1987 ; Holland and Elmore, 2008; Torres et al., 2009 ; Buruaem et al., 2013 ; Hamouche and Zentar, 2020 ). The organic matter content in the sediments of STS and JUR beaches also influences the concentration of metallic elements. Santos Beach, categorized as a low-energy dissipative beach due to its embayment and lower hydrodynamic activity, allows for greater organic matter deposition (Hernáez et al., 2019 ), which promotes metal complexation. In contrast, Juréia Beach has high-energy dissipative morphodynamics (Souza, 2012 ), where stronger longshore drift currents reduce sedimentation and organic matter incorporation, leading to lower metal retention. At Juréia sediment beach, the hierarchy of concentration for essential metallic elements was Mn > Cr > Cu, whereas Santos Beach exhibited Mn > Cr > Cu > Hg > Cd. This hierarchy is consistent with previous studies in the same region (e.g., Bordon et al., 2011 : Mn > Cu > Cr > Hg > Cd; Cesar et al., 2014 : Mn > Cr > Cu; Perina et al., 2018 : Cr > Cu > Hg > Cd), although there were some inversions, especially for Hg and Cd at lower concentrations. Contamination of coastal environments by metallic elements is related to historical occupation and human population density, particularly in port regions and industrial complexes, such as in the municipality of Santos (Torres et al., 2009 ; Pinheiro et al., 2017 ). The Port of Santos plays a significant role in generating concentrations of Cu and Cr, which are highly adsorbed by sediments due to fuels (Costa et al., 2004; Angeli et al., 2021 ). Kim et al. ( 2016 ) noted that these metals frequently occur at high concentrations in untreated or poorly treated industrial effluents, likely due to the high number of industries in the Santos-São Vicente Estuarine System (CETESB, 2021). The presence of mercury in Santos Beach sediment is particularly concerning due to its high frequency in the analyzed samples (66%) and concentrations between ISQG and PEL values (0.1 and 0.7 µg/g, respectively), reflecting its high toxicity. Mercury contamination in Santos is associated with port activities (Hortellani et al., 2008 ) and industrial sources, such as petrochemicals, fertilizers, and landfills (Perina et al., 2018 ). A global comparison of metallic element concentrations in sandy beaches reveals that the sediments in the present study showed lower values for Cr and Cu compared to other locations (Table 4 ). However, the average Cd concentration in Santos Beach (0.45 µg/g) is comparable to that of other urban beaches, ranging from 0.30 µg/g (Chennai, India – Santhiga et al., 2011; Montevideo Bay – Castiglioni et al., 2018 ) to 0.40 µg/g (Richards Bay, South Africa – Vetrimurugan et al., 2016 ). Conversely, Kerala Beach in India (Suresh et al., 2015 ) exhibited a Cd concentration of 3.60 µg/g, approximately seven times higher than that at Santos Beach. The average Mn concentration at Santos Beach (45.61 µg/g) was similar to that of Chennai Beach, India (46.80 µg/g – Santhiga et al., 2011), although concentrations at beaches under intense port influence and with high levels of untreated domestic and industrial waste can be seven to ten times higher (Abu-Hilal et al., 1988 ; Vidinha et al., 2006 ). Table 4 Concentration (mean, in µg/g) of metals (Cd, cadmium; Cr, chromium; Cu, copper; Hg, mercury; Mn, manganese) in sandy beach sediments around the world. Higher concentration values od each metal are represented in bold face. Beach Country Concentration of Metals (µg/g) Authors (Year) Cd Cr Cu Hg Mn Acapulco Mexico - 17.9 42.8 - 26.6 Jonathan et al. ( 2011 ) Aqba Jordan 7.8 92.1 14.0 - 321.5 Abu-Hilal et al. ( 1988 ) Chennai India 0.3 14.1 4.0 - 46.8 Santhiga et al. (2011) Durnford South Africa 0.4 11.4 5.0 - 107.1 Vetrimurugan et al. ( 2016 ) Espinho Portugal - 44.0 371.4 - 476.1 Vidinha et al. ( 2006 ) Kerela India 3.6 80.9 76.7 - - Suresh et al. ( 2015 ) Miri City Malaysia - 126.2 42.9 - 26.6 Nagarajan et al. ( 2013 ) Rio del Plata Uruguay 0.3 15.1 - - - Castiglioni et al. ( 2018 ) Juréia Brazil - 1.8 0.4 - 12.0 Present study Santos Brazil 0.5 3.1 0.6 0.2 45.6 Present study Biotic Variables: Concentration of metallic elements in C. corruptus At Santos Beach, the highest concentrations of four metallic elements (Cd, Cr, Cu, and Mn) were recorded in the tissues of the shrimp C. corruptus . These concentrations were up to eight times higher than those at Juréia Beach, particularly for Cd, Cr, and Cu, which exceeded the Maximum Tolerable Limit (MTL) established by ANVISA (Brazil, 2022 ) at both beaches. Copper, an essential metal in decapod crustaceans, is associated with hemocyanin, an oxygen transport pigment in the hemolymph (Rainbow, 2002 ; Terwillinger, 2015). Hemocyanin maintains relatively constant concentrations and facilitates the transport of this metal for accumulation in other tissues (Rtal and Truchot, 1996). The higher Cu concentrations in shrimps from Santos Beach (339.69 µg/g) compared to Juréia (157.31 µg/g) clearly illustrate this phenomenon. Excess copper was immobilized in the hepatopancreas of C. corruptus , regardless of the beach (JUR: 108.74 µg/g; STS: 145.33 µg/g). Such high copper concentrations in the hepatopancreas have been previously reported for other decapod crustaceans, including the lobster Homarus gammarus (Clark, 2001 ). For the non-essential metals that exceeded the MTL (Cd and Cr), C. corruptus specimens from Santos exhibited concentrations up to eight times higher than those from Juréia (Cd: 7.86 vs. 0.98 µg/g; Cr: 11.95 vs. 4.12 µg/g). Cadmium concentrations were highest in the gonads of shrimps from Santos (4.93 µg/g), followed by the hepatopancreas and muscle (1.27 µg/g), while in Juréia, cadmium levels were much lower and not detectable in the muscle, accumulating only in the hepatopancreas (0.73 µg/g) and gonads (0.25 µg/g). According to Vig et al. (2003) and Cabrini et al. ( 2018 ), Cd is extremely toxic to biota and ranks third in hierarchical toxicity among eight metals (Luoma and Rainbow, 2008 ). This metal is generally found at higher concentrations in the base of the food chain, in producers and primary consumers (Bargagli et al., 1998; Sun et al., 2020), and is depurated in brachyuran crustaceans during molting (Reichmuth et al., 2010 ). Chromium was found at high concentrations at both beaches (JUR: 4.12 µg/g; STS: 11.95 µg/g). In Santos, the highest concentration was observed in the gonads, whereas in Juréia, it bioaccumulated more in the hepatopancreas of shrimps. Chromium is known to have no biological function and has been reported to reduce survival and fecundity, and even inhibit growth (Ochiai, 1995 ; Cabrini et al., 2018 ; Honig et al., 1980 ). The hierarchy of metal accumulation in C. corruptus tissues followed H > M > G for the four elements (Cd, Cr, Cu, and Mn) at Juréia Beach. At Santos Beach, the hierarchy was G > H > M for three metals (Cd, Cr, and Mn). Pinheiro et al. ( 2012 ) reported a similar sequence (H > M) for tissues of the crab Ucides cordatus , endemic to mangroves, though they did not analyze metal concentrations in gonads. The highest concentration of metallic elements in crustaceans typically occurs in the hepatopancreas (Ahearn et al., 2004 ), which serves as the primary detoxification organ (Metian et al., 2010 ; Zhu et al., 2018 ; Rodrigues et al., 2022 ). This observation was confirmed in the present study based on the proportions and hierarchy of contamination among the tissues of C. corruptus , especially in Juréia. At Santos, metal contamination surpassed the detoxification capacity of the hepatopancreas, leading to greater bioconcentration in the gonads and even in the muscle of the shrimps. Luoma and Rainbow ( 2008 ) and Liao et al. ( 2022 ) attribute this phenomenon to the biochemical composition of the hepatopancreas, which includes: 1) lipids, particularly during the fattening phase of decapod crustaceans when the hepatopancreas enlarges (Wu et al., 2008 ; Lobato et al., 2013 ); 2) metallothioneins, sulfur-rich proteins responsible for sequestering metallic elements, regulating metal homeostasis, and redistributing these elements to other tissues (Pourang et al., 2004 ; Liao et al., 2022 ); and 3) glutathione-S-transferase, isoenzymes with detoxifying capacity that convert xenobiotic compounds into less toxic forms (Habig and Jakoby, 1981 ; Lobato et al., 2013 ). The higher metal accumulation in the ovaries of female C. corruptus from Santos can be attributed to increased lipid content due to vitellogenesis, which characterizes the ovaries of decapod crustaceans (Jeckel et al., 1996 ). The hepatopancreas's detoxification capacity, with redistribution to other tissues, has been documented for other decapod crustacean species (Metian et al., 2010 ; Zhu et al., 2018 ; Rodrigues et al., 2022 ) and may potentially cause reproductive damage (as suggested for Ucides cordatus by Duarte et al., 2016 , 2017 ). The high metallic concentrations found in ghost shrimps are likely due to their contact with external and interstitial water in their burrows, branchial respiration, and feeding (Morrison et al., 2011 ). This was particularly evident for C. corruptus at Santos Beach, where Cd and Cr concentrations (7.9 and 11.9 µg/g, respectively) were up to five times higher than those recorded for Callichirus laurae (1.7 and 3.2 µg/g, respectively) in Aqaba, Jordan (Abu-Hilal et al., 1988 ), due to the port activity in that location. Conversely, bioconcentrations of Cu and Mn were similar between these species, as they are essential metals for crustacean metabolism (Baden and Eriksson, 2006 ), especially in antioxidant defense ( Frías-Espericueta et al., 2022 ). The maintenance of the bioconcentration hierarchy of metallic elements by C. corruptus (Cu > Mn > Cr > Cd) at both beaches shows some similarity with results obtained by Cabrini et al. ( 2018 ) for two species of mole crabs (Hippidae) on the beaches of the State of Rio de Janeiro. Like ghost shrimps, Hippidae are filter-feeding decapod crustaceans associated with similar abiotic matrices (water and sediment). The metal hierarchies in their tissues are Cu > Cr > Cd and Cu > Cd > Cr, respectively. The high bioconcentration of copper (an essential metal) and low concentrations of cadmium and chromium (non-essential metals) observed in this study are consistent with findings from these studies. Similarly, the bioconcentration hierarchy for Callichirus laurae studied by Abu-Hilal et al. ( 1988 ) on Aqaba Beach (Jordan) was Cu > Mn > Cr > Cd. Conclusion The concentration of metallic elements in the sediment of Santos Beach is notably higher compared to Juréia Beach. This is particularly concerning due to mercury levels falling between the ISQG and TEL parameters, suggesting potential risks. The elevated levels of pollutants in Santos Beach are likely associated with the high population density in the region, which contributes to pollution from various sources, including industrial effluents from the industrial complex and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from ships at the Port of Santos, impacting the Santos-São Vicente Estuarine System. The bioconcentration of metallic elements in specimens of C. corruptus from Santos is also significantly higher than in those from Juréia. Notably, the concentrations of three metals (Cd, Cr, and Mn) exceed the Maximum Tolerable Limits established by the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (Brazil, 2022 ). In Juréia, the metal concentration in ghost shrimps follows a hierarchy (H > M > G) similar to that reported for other decapod crustaceans. The hepatopancreas, known for its role in metal detoxification, appears to be operating beyond its capacity in Santos. Consequently, metals are being transported to other tissues, with significant accumulation observed in the gonads (ovaries) of females due to their high lipid content. This pattern is comparable to what occurs in the hepatopancreas and may have detrimental effects on the species in the study area. These findings provide new insights into the concentration of metallic elements in C. corruptus and highlight the importance of sandy beach conservation, as exemplified by the Juréia-Itatins Ecological Station. Declarations CRediT authorship contribution statement Juliano José-Silva: Writing – original draft, Visualization, Investigation, Formal analysis. Tailisi H. Trevizani: Writing – review & editing, Visualization. Alaor A. Almeida : Writing – review & editing, Data curation, Methodology, Conceptualization. Marcelo A. A. Pinheiro: Writing – review & editing, Data curation, Methodology, Conceptualization, Supervision, Funding acquisition, Formal analysis. Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no financial conflicts of interest or personal relationships that might have influenced the research presented in this paper. Funding Declaration Marcelo A. A. Pinheiro thanks to ‘Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo – FAPESP’ e Fundação Grupo Boticário (FAPESP/FGB # 2014/50438-5) by indirect financial support, and ‘Centro de Informação e Assistência Toxicológica – CIATOX’ of IB / UNESP Botucatu for metal processment and use of the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. A special thank to ‘Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico – CNPq’ due to Research Productivity Fellowship granted to Marcelo A. A. Pinheiro (CNPq # 303286/2016-4). Acknowledgements The authors thank to Michael T. Angeloni and Marcio C. A. João for helping during the field sampling. References Abu-Hilal, A., Badran, M., & de Vaugelas, J. (1988). Distribution of trace elements in Callichirus laurae burrows and nearby sediments in the gulf of Aqaba, Jordan (Red Sea). Marine Environmental Research , 25 (4), 233–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-1136(88)90014-1 Ahearn, G. A., Mandal, P. K., & Mandal, A. (2004). 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Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 25 Apr, 2025 Read the published version in Environmental Monitoring and Assessment → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 25 Dec, 2024 Reviews received at journal 21 Dec, 2024 Reviews received at journal 16 Dec, 2024 Reviews received at journal 16 Dec, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Nov, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Nov, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Nov, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 24 Nov, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 14 Nov, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 14 Nov, 2024 First submitted to journal 16 Oct, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5278038","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":384429575,"identity":"8442acaa-a2c7-4e51-abab-1d8a40a68f63","order_by":0,"name":"Juliano José-Silva","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAyUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACxoYDDAwJBQwM/FCBBCK1GDAwSDYQqwUCgFoMDhCrhbnxAPOHBwaH5Y1v5B58+HMHQ555A2GHsUkkGBw23HYjL9mY9wxDscwBIrQA/ZLGuO1Gjpk0YxtD4gxCDgNqYf4A1GK/eUaO+c+fRGphADrMJnGDRI4ZAy9xWg62gbQkzzjzxlia94xEsQQhLYYzDh/++KNCwra/Pcfw488dNnlEaDnYgGwnQQ0MDPL8SDqAWgjrGAWjYBSMgpEHAD3vQeXNqEw5AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"São Paulo State University (UNESP)","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Juliano","middleName":"","lastName":"José-Silva","suffix":""},{"id":384429576,"identity":"411bfac7-6646-46fd-b8dc-702821b7246f","order_by":1,"name":"Tailisi H. Trevizani","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of São Paulo (USP), Oceanographic Institute – Laboratory of Metals in Marine Organisms (LaMOM) – Cidade Universitária","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tailisi","middleName":"H.","lastName":"Trevizani","suffix":""},{"id":384429577,"identity":"029e9311-c6da-40a7-869f-305abcf7f325","order_by":2,"name":"Alaor A. Almeida","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu – Center for Toxicological Information and Assistance (CIATox)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Alaor","middleName":"A.","lastName":"Almeida","suffix":""},{"id":384429578,"identity":"ad168c9e-8e4d-472c-b781-9582a939056e","order_by":3,"name":"Marcelo A. A. Pinheiro","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"São Paulo State University (UNESP)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Marcelo","middleName":"A. A.","lastName":"Pinheiro","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-10-16 19:08:19","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5278038/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5278038/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-025-14033-2","type":"published","date":"2025-04-25T15:57:26+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":70307522,"identity":"06c72ab5-714b-423a-95af-2de86c3a1451","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-02 03:26:32","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":820917,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLocation map of two beaches in São Paulo state coast (Brazil), knowed as Juréia (JUR) and Santos (STS), sampled in April 7th and May 10th, 2017. \u003cstrong\u003eDescription: \u003c/strong\u003ethe image consists of three maps. The larger map provides a distant view of the collection points, displaying both the continental and marine/oceanic portions. On the right side, there are two additional maps. The first focuses on Santos Beach, highlighting Santos Bay, the port channel, and the city's network. Below that is a map of Juréia Beach, depicting the local estuary and the preserved region of the ecological station, surrounded by a vast green área.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5278038/v1/106d8e19817564ed969c05f8.png"},{"id":70307524,"identity":"6f20da39-0320-4ca8-95ad-832ad0de8b83","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-02 03:26:32","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":472705,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSampling design of the study developed in each beach studied in São Paulo state (Brazil), concerning to tissues from \u003cem\u003eCallichirus corruptus\u003c/em\u003e (Cc) and of sediment layers (SE-A: upper layer; and SE-B: lower layer). \u003cstrong\u003eDescription:\u003c/strong\u003e the image is a schematic representation of the sampling design. On the left, there are nine test tubes representing three animals, vertically labeled as Cc I, Cc II, and Cc III. The test tubes are color-coded for different tissues: green for musculature, followed by pink for gonads, and yellow for the hepatopancreas. In the center, there is a circle with a sand-like texture containing three smaller circles, each representing one of the animals. On the right, there is a rectangular section of sand, with a 45 cm ruler on its left and a suction pump on its right. Above and below the rectangle are test tubes, symbolizing the sediment replicates from the upper and lower strata, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5278038/v1/481ba50a4065aff8890d5f70.png"},{"id":70307521,"identity":"e60e3de8-c408-4b70-972c-0d6d6677bcc2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-02 03:26:31","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":41242,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eConcentration of metals (Cr, chromium; Cu, copper; and Mn, manganese) in sediment samples (n=6/beach) obtained in two sandy beaches (Juréia: JUR, green; and Santos: STS, red), from São Paulo state coast (Brazil). Where: point (inside the violin), mean; line, standard deviation; letters, means concentrations of each metal followed by distinct letters are significatively contrasting between beaches (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e≤0.05). \u003cstrong\u003eDescription:\u003c/strong\u003e the image features three violin plots comparing two beaches: Juréia, represented in green, and Santos, shown in wine. At the top of the figure is the plot for the chromium element, with a wide shape for Juréia and a guitar-like shape for Santos. In the middle, the copper concentrations are represented by two wide shapes. Below, manganese is depicted by two thinner and more elongated shapes. In all the graphs, the concentrations for Santos (represented in wine) are positioned higher, indicating higher levels of these metals.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5278038/v1/9ae6666344b799652002cca9.png"},{"id":70307759,"identity":"16659252-ee6f-4017-b6df-912b2b05f243","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-02 03:34:32","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":63629,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eConcentration of metals (Cd, cadmium; Cr, chromium; Cu, copper; and Mn, manganese) in tissue samples of \u003cem\u003eC. corruptus\u003c/em\u003e (n=9/tissue), represented by gonads (G), hepatopancreas (H) and musculature (M), sampled in two sandy beaches (Juréia, green; and Santos, red) from São. Paulo state coast (Brazil). Where: box, represents the interquartile range; horizontal line, median; vertical line, minimum and maximum values; \u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e ≤ 0.05; and \u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ens\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026gt; 0.05. \u003cstrong\u003eDescription:\u003c/strong\u003e the image consists of four boxplot graphs comparing two beaches: Juréia, shown in green, and Santos, shown in wine. Each graph displays three variables on the x-axis, representing the tissues: G for gonads, H for hepatopancreas, and M for musculature. On the left side, the graphs depict the elements cadmium, with smaller boxplots, and copper, with larger shapes for the hepatopancreas. On the right side, the graphs represent chromium, with smaller boxplots in green (Juréia) and larger ones in wine (Santos), and manganese, following the same pattern. Above each variable, there is a line indicating the significance of the test, with 'ns' for not significant and an asterisk (*) for significant.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5278038/v1/3d61d006672aa9466d6aa473.png"},{"id":81569623,"identity":"f002bfd1-952d-4226-8bd3-036335463e2c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-28 16:08:14","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2544766,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5278038/v1/df6ba902-9388-419c-ad52-c58fba697eaf.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Metal concentration in ghost shrimp and contamination levels of sandy beaches contrasted with anthropogenic impacts in Southeast Brazil","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eSandy beach environments are subject to intense anthropogenic activity due to high population density in coastal regions, significant coastal development, and consequent pollution (Defeo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; McLachlan and Defeo, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Buzzi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Coastal ecosystems have undergone significant physicochemical changes, affecting the distribution of several invertebrate species (Cardoso et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Cabrini et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Wu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR108\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), in terms of abundance (Osuala et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Koziol et al., 2021) and diversity (Nwabueze et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Wu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR108\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The unique characteristics of marine and estuarine beaches serve as important natural barriers to pollutants (Karloniene et al., 2021; Hyndes et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Corte et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), and provide other relevant ecosystem services such as organic and nutrient cycling and water purification (Defeo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Buzzi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Liang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite the importance of marine coastal ecosystems, studies on pollutants in sandy beaches are scarce (Jonathan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Santhiya et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR91\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Nagarajan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Corte et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Metallic elements stand out among such pollutants due to their wide distribution and association with industrial development (Cajaraville et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e; Costa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Buzzi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), which leads to persistence in the environment and toxicity to sediments and biota (Rainbow, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Ahearn et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Luoma and Rainbow, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Duarte et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Pinheiro et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Some metallic elements are considered essential (e.g., Cu, Cr, and Mn) as they participate in biological processes, but they become toxic at high concentrations (Duarte et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Other elements are non-essential (e.g., As, Cd, Pb, and Hg) and contaminate the environment and biota even at low concentrations (Eisler, 2010; Duarte et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater acts as a transport matrix for metallic elements, which can dissolve in water and undergo chemical changes, varying widely over time and distance from pollution sources (Harris and Santos, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e; Raknuzzaman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Lin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). These elements are also attracted to sediments, where they become persistent and increase toxicity levels (Ahearn et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Rainbow, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Vilhena et al., 2012; Banci et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Perina et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, these contaminants accumulate in organisms and biomagnify in the food chain, causing irreversible damage to local biota (Luoma and Rainbow, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Duarte et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Trevizani et al., 2023). Thus, only 1% of pollution is associated with water, while the remaining 99% persists in beach sediments (Gaur et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Bartoli et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Vetrimurugan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR102\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe main route of contamination for benthic invertebrates is through gills, direct skin contact, or ingestion of contaminated sediment and food (Rainbow, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Duarte et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e, 2020), resulting in low environmental preservation status and deleterious effects on the biota (Garc\u0026iacute;a-Alonso et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Castilioni et al., 2018). Various invertebrate species have been shown to respond physiologically and genetically to different levels of metallic contaminants, reflecting the environmental contamination status of the studied location (Ryu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Rumisha et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Cabrini et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, several studies recommend using invertebrates to assess and monitor anthropogenic impacts and have confirmed physiological and genetic alterations (e.g., Goulart and Callisto, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Pinheiro et al., 2013; Duarte et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Pinheiro et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Costa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Among the benthic invertebrates of sandy beaches, ghost shrimp deserve special attention as they are considered a \"key species\" for studying scenarios that promote changes in physicochemical parameters and the local community (Birkeland, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e; Jones et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e; Valls et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR101\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eCallichirus corruptus\u003c/em\u003e (Hern\u0026aacute;ez et al., 2022) is a ghost shrimp (Callianassidae) endemic to Brazil, which promotes bioturbation of sandy beach sediments, causing significant changes to their textural and chemical composition (Klerks et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Costa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Distributed along the entire Brazilian coast (Hern\u0026aacute;ez et al., 2022), it excavates burrows and alters the structure of local communities by changing the biogeochemical cycles of the sediment (Posey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e; Ziebis et al., 1996; Rodrigues and Shimizu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR84\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e; Constantino et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, its burrows allow a high flow of water and incorporation of organic matter and associated pollutants (Abu-Hilal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e; Klerks et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e), which interfere with various functional processes of marine sandy beaches (Rodrigues and Shimizu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR84\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies related to metal contamination have already been conducted on mangrove sediments (Pinheiro et al., 2013, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Duarte et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) and dredging materials (Torres et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR98\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Buruaem et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Kim et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) from the Santos-S\u0026atilde;o Vicente Estuarine System (SESSV). However, no research has yet assessed the concentration of these elements in the sandy matrix of local beaches. Similarly, there is a gap in studies quantifying metals in crustacean species living in beaches, with intensified studies developed in mangrove areas, especially with \u0026lsquo;u\u0026ccedil;\u0026aacute;\u0026rsquo; crab species (\u003cem\u003eUcides cordatus\u003c/em\u003e), that is applied as sentinel species of this environmental quality. Therefore, the present study provides novel data on the metal concentration in a shrimp species (\u003cem\u003eCallichirus corruptus\u003c/em\u003e) from the local beach environment, as well as in the sandy sediment of Santos' beaches (SP), in addition to aligning with Goal 14: Life Below Water, of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (United Nation, 2015).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsidering the significant contrast with human population density and anthropogenic activities along the Brazilian coast, comparing preserved and contaminated areas allows for assessing the effects of different concentrations of metallic elements that cause irreversible damage to the local biota (Duarte et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). We hypothesize that the concentration of metallic elements in the sediment and tissues of \u003cem\u003eC. corruptus\u003c/em\u003e is higher on beaches with greater anthropogenic impact (Santos, SP) compared to an ecological station (Peru\u0026iacute;be, SP), with the following hierarchy of contamination in tissues: hepatopancreas\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;gonads\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;muscle.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe objective of this study is to quantify the concentrations of seven metallic elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, and Pb) in the sediment and in the gonads, hepatopancreas, and muscle of the ghost shrimp (\u003cem\u003eC. corruptus\u003c/em\u003e) and to compare data obtained from two sandy beaches in southeastern Brazil with different levels of anthropization: Jur\u0026eacute;ia-Itatins Ecological Station Beach (pristine environment) vs. Santos Beach (contaminated environment).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudied Areas\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSamples were collected from two sandy beaches in southeastern Brazil, both located in the State of S\u0026atilde;o Paulo, in 2017: 1) Santos Beach (STS) sampled in April, and 2) Jur\u0026eacute;ia Beach (JUR) sampled in May (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Santos Beach is located in the municipality of Santos, on the central coast of S\u0026atilde;o Paulo State, which has a high population density (418,000 inhabitants \u0026ndash; IBGE, 2022). It hosts one of Brazil's most significant industrial hubs (Galv\u0026atilde;o-Filho, 1987), as well as the Port of Santos, the largest in South America (Angeli et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Consequently, it experiences various anthropogenic impacts and presents pollution sources, leading to significant contamination of ecosystems and their organisms (Oliveira et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Torres et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR98\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Kim et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Perina et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Jur\u0026eacute;ia Beach, on the other hand, is located in the municipality of Peru\u0026iacute;be, on the southern coast of the same state. It is part of the Jur\u0026eacute;ia-Itatins Ecological Station, a Conservation Unit (CU) governed by state legislation (S\u0026atilde;o Paulo, 1987, 2006). The human population comprises 162 inhabitants according to Duarte et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSediment and Crustacean Sampling\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA sampling area was established at the midpoint of each beach, where sediment and crustacean samples were collected (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Shrimps were captured using a simple suction pump positioned over the opening of each burrow, with five continuous suctions per burrow (see Rodrigues and Shimizu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR84\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e). The material (sediment/water) was deposited on a sieve (diameter: 60 cm; mesh: 12 mm). Intact specimens were placed in individual plastic bags, kept in thermal boxes with ice, and transported to the Laboratory of Conservation Biology of Crustaceans and Coastal Environments (LBC), part of the Crustacean Biology Research Group (CRUSTA) at UNESP IB/CLP, S\u0026atilde;o Vicente.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSediment for analysis was obtained from composite samples using the same suction pump positioned between the openings of three burrows to avoid bioturbation by the shrimp. Five sediment columns (45 cm) were suctioned from each beach, with a minimum distance of 5 m between them. They were carefully placed on a plastic sheet, reserving the upper (SE-A: 0 to 15 cm) and lower strata (SE-B: 30 to 45 cm). Each composite sediment sample (SE-A and SE-B) comprised a mixture of five portions of upper and lower strata, respectively, which were homogenized and reduced to 1 kg each. In the laboratory, each sediment sample was frozen until lyophilization. Three subsamples (15 g per stratum/beach) were kept, placed in labeled Falcon tubes (15 mL), and stored for metal quantification.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eProcessing of Crustacean Tissue Samples\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the laboratory, each shrimp's carapace length (CL), from the postero-orbital margin to the posterior margin of the cephalothorax, was measured with a precision analog caliper (0.05 mm). The total wet weight was recorded using a precision digital balance (0.01 g) after blotting with absorbent paper.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor metal analysis, three females per beach were separated due to their large size compared to males of this genus (Hern\u0026aacute;ez et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). They were dissected with scissors and tweezers to remove the three tissues under study (musculature, hepatopancreas, and gonads). Due to the small size of the first chelipeds in ghost shrimps, musculature was removed from the abdomen, while gonads and hepatopancreas were extracted after a median-dorsal longitudinal incision of each specimen. Each tissue was placed in labeled Falcon tubes (15 mL) and kept frozen until analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eQuantitative Analysis of Metals\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTissue samples (muscular, gonadal, and hepatopancreatic) were immediately frozen after removal. All sediment samples (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6/beach) and each shrimp tissue sample (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3/tissue/beach) were lyophilized using a VirTis BenchTop Pro\u0026reg; \u0026ndash; Scientific Products\u0026reg; equipment at CIATox (UNESP IB/Botucatu). Subsequently, samples underwent specific digestion and metal quantification procedures. For the analysis of the seven metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, and Pb), minimum masses were used for sediment samples (1 g), gonads and hepatopancreas (0.5 g each), and musculature (2 g). Samples were mineralized after homogenization and weighed, followed by the addition of 6 mL of 65% HNO3 PA (Merck\u0026reg;) in a PTFE\u0026reg; reaction vessel, performing microwave digestion in a PROVECTO\u0026reg; DGT 100 plus, with a previously validated heating program specific to each matrix type. Calibration curves were obtained using certified primary standards (Fluka\u0026reg;, Merck\u0026reg;, and Sigma/Aldrich\u0026reg;) for each chemical element. Specific standard curves were defined according to detection and quantification limits using a hydride generator for Hg determination (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Qualitative/quantitative metal readings in samples were conducted with a GBC - AA 932 atomic absorption spectrophotometer, optimized according to the manufacturer's recommendations for each chemical element. All processes were conducted at the Toxicological Information and Assistance Center (CIATox) laboratory, IBB/UNESP Botucatu.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimits of detection (LD) and limits of quantification by atomic absorption technique (LQ) for seven metallic elements (As, arsenic; Cd, cadmium; Cr, chromium; Cu, copper; Hg, mercury; Mn, manganese; Pb, lead) studied, according the methodology for quantifying metallic concentration (\u0026micro;g/g).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAs\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCd\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCr\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCu\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHg\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMn\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults were organized in spreadsheets and entered into R Studio 2023.12.1\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;402 in the R environment (R Core Team, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) for graph construction and statistical analysis. Metal concentrations (\u0026micro;g/g) recorded in sediment and shrimp tissues were subjected to homogeneity of variances (Levene's test) and normality (Shapiro-Wilk test). After confirming data as homoscedastic and normal (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), variables were subjected to a parametric test (t-test) comparing means of the same variable between the two beaches (STS vs. JUR).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSediment contamination assessment for each beach per metallic element and its concentration in shrimp tissues were determined by comparing each metal concentration with regulatory threshold levels. For sediment, metal concentrations were compared to ISQG (Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines) and PEL (Probable Effect Levels) values provided by the Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines (CCME, 2002). For shrimp, given that the entire animal is consumed, the sum of metal concentrations in the three analyzed tissues was compared to the maximum allowable limit (MAL) for crustaceans provided by the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA) (Brazil, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe hierarchy of metal concentration in shrimp tissues was established for each beach by comparing the mean values recorded for gonads, hepatopancreas, and musculature of the species based on ANOVA results and confirmed by Tukey's post-hoc test. All statistical analyses were conducted with a minimum significance level of 5%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eShrimp Biometrics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe females of \u003cem\u003eC. corruptus\u003c/em\u003e at Jur\u0026eacute;ia Beach (JUR) had a carapace length (CL) of 12.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5 mm (mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation), which did not statistically differ from those at Santos Beach (STS), which measured 13.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1 mm (t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.37; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.08). This was also observed with the wet weight (WW) of these specimens, which did not differ between beaches: JUR: 4.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.6 g; STS: 14.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.9 g (t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.91; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.06).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMetal Concentration in Sediment\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll metallic elements showed a normal distribution (W\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.89; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.33) and homoscedastic variance (L\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.13; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.12), allowing their concentrations to be evaluated by parametric tests. The concentration of metallic elements did not differ significantly between sediment strata (SE-A\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;SE-B) both for JUR (Cr, Cu, and Mn: t\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;2.51; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.13) and STS (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, and Mn: t\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;1.59; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.09). Therefore, these samples could be evaluated without differentiating strata (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6/beach).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn STS, 71.4% of the studied metallic elements were recorded (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5: Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, and Mn), while only 42.9% occurred in JUR (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3: Cr, Cu, and Mn) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The metallic element richness was 1.7 times higher in STS. The concentrations of Cu, Cr, and Mn were also significantly higher in STS than in JUR (t\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;7.80; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01), varying from 1.5 to 3.8 times (Fig.\u0026nbsp;3). In JUR, the hierarchical order of metallic element concentration in sediment was Mn\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Cr\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Cu, similar to that observed for STS, where two other non-essential metallic elements were added: Mn\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Cr\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Cu\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Cd\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Hg.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcentrations (mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation, in \u0026micro;g/g) of each metallic element (Cd, cadmium; Cr, chromium; Cu, copper; Hg, mercury; Mn, manganese) registered in the beach sediment samples (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6/beach) of Jur\u0026eacute;ia (JUR) and Santos (STS), in S\u0026atilde;o Paulo state coast (Brazil), obtained in May and April 2017, respectively. Quality parameters of the sediment are represented by ISQG (Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines) and PEL (Probable Effect Levels), according CCME (Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines). Where: Min, minimum; Max, maximum; x, mean; s, standard deviation; t, t-test.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeach\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcentration of Metals (\u0026micro;g/g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCCME (2002)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMin\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMax\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ex\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;s\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eISQG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePEL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCd\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJUR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; LDM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSTS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCr\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJUR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58 a*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSTS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.61 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCu\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJUR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSTS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHg\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJUR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; LDM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSTS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMn\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJUR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.03 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSTS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.10 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e* Mean concentration in a same metal, followed by distinct lowercase letters, differed significantly between the beaches studied (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Except for the Hg concentration in STS sediment (0.15 \u0026micro;g/g), categorized as contaminated, the other metallic elements presented concentrations below ISQG and PEL and were considered safe for both beaches.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConcentration of Metals in Shrimp Tissues\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFour metallic elements (Cd, Cr, Cu, and Mn) were recorded in shrimp tissues (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Copper was the metal with the highest concentration in all evaluated tissues, ranging from 13.61 to 321.7 \u0026micro;g/g, although its total average concentration in the three tissues did not differ significantly between STS (339.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;203.4 \u0026micro;g/g) and JUR (157.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;130.0 \u0026micro;g/g) (t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.30; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.21). This was also the case for each tissue when analyzed separately (t\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;2.77; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.10). For the other metallic elements (Cd, Cr, and Mn), the total average concentrations in shrimp from STS were three to eight times higher than in JUR (t\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;4.42; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.03).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcentrations (mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation, in \u0026micro;g/g) of each metallic element (Cd, cadmium; Cr, chromium; Cu, copper; Mn, manganese) by \u003cem\u003eC. corruptus\u003c/em\u003e tissues (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9/tissue: G, gonads; H, hepatopancreas; and M, musculature) obtained in two studied sandy beaches (JUR, Jur\u0026eacute;ia; and STS, Santos), in S\u0026atilde;o Paulo state coast (Brazil), obtained in May and April 2017, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcentration of Metals (\u0026micro;g/g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrasil (2013)**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eG\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTotal\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCd\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJUR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,08 A(a)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,16 B(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; LDM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSTS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.77 B(b)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,33 A(b)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.42 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCr\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJUR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.93 A(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0 4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.41 A(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35 A(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.04 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSTS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.87 B(b)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.21 A(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.54 A(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.88 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCu\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJUR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.60 A(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;120.20 A(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.94 A(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e157.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;130.00 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSTS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;51.69 A(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;233.15 A(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.08 A(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e339.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;203.42 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMn\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJUR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07 A(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.44 A(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.74 B(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.65 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSTS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.99 B(b)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.73 A(b)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.36 A(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.89 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e* Mean concentrations of the same metal, followed by distinct lowercase letters, differed significantly between studied beaches (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and those of a same metal and beach, followed by distinct uppercase letters, contrasting significatively among the tissues studied (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.02). Brazil (2013) presents the maximum allowable contamination limit for metals in crustaceans established by the \u0026ldquo;Ag\u0026ecirc;ncia Nacional de Vigil\u0026acirc;ncia Sanit\u0026aacute;ria\u0026rdquo; (Anvisa).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere was a differential accumulation of Cd, Cu, Cr, and Mn in the tissues of \u003cem\u003eC. corruptus\u003c/em\u003e at the studied beaches (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). In gonads, the accumulation of Cd, Cr, and Mn differed significantly (t\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;5.12; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01). It was up to ten times higher in shrimp from STS than from JUR. This was also observed in the hepatopancreas, with a significant contrast in the accumulation of Cd and Mn. The means in STS were higher than in JUR (t\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;3.45; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.03), although there was no significant difference between the means of Cu and Cr between both beaches (t\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;1.07; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.40). For muscle, there was no significant difference between the beaches for Cr, Cu, and Mn (t\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;1.30; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.25).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding the maximum tolerable limits (MTLs) of metals as established by ANVISA (Brazil, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), all shrimp tissue samples (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;18) showed Cr contamination regardless of the beach, while for Cd it was 61.1% (JUR: 55.6% \u0026gt; STS: 33.3%) and for Cu it was 50% (STS: 88.9% \u0026gt; JUR: 44.4%). ANVISA does not present an MTL for Mn in crustaceans, making it impossible to evaluate the contamination percentage of this metal or compare the beaches.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparing the tissues of \u003cem\u003eC. corruptus\u003c/em\u003e, the highest accumulation of Cd, Cr, and Mn occurred in the gonads of shrimp from Santos (F\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;3.86; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.02), with concentrations 2.5 to 4.6 times higher than those of the other studied tissues. In Jur\u0026eacute;ia, the highest Cd accumulation occurred in the hepatopancreas (F\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;4.59; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.02), surpassing the concentration recorded in the gonads by 3.5 times. There was also significant Mn accumulation in the muscle (F\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;5.61; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.02), about 3.1 times higher than the concentrations in the other analyzed tissues. Thus, in STS, the hierarchy of Cd, Cr, and Cu accumulation in the tissues was G\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;H\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;M, contrasting with JUR, which was the inverse (H\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;M\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;G). However, the total average concentration of each metal in tissues showed a similar accumulation hierarchy for shrimp from Jur\u0026eacute;ia (Cu\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Mn\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Cr\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Cd) compared to those from Santos (Cu\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Mn\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Cr\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Cd).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe sediments from the studied beaches exhibited a distinct contrast in the concentrations of Cr, Cu, and Mn, which were consistently higher at Santos Beach (STS) compared to Jur\u0026eacute;ia Beach (JUR). Cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) were detected exclusively at Santos Beach. Notably, mercury levels at Santos Beach fell between the Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines (ISQG) and Probable Effect Levels (PEL), indicating a threshold for the absence of adverse effects on associated biota. This observation underscores Santos as an area with higher environmental impact due to its greater human population density and the historical influence of anthropogenic activities, such as industrial and port complexes, relative to Jur\u0026eacute;ia, which is situated within a more pristine ecological station. The study also confirms the metal accumulation capacity of the ghost shrimp (\u003cem\u003eC. corruptus\u003c/em\u003e), with variations observed among the analyzed tissues, particularly in the hepatopancreas, but also in the gonads and muscle. Human consumption of this crustacean from Santos Beach is not recommended due to elevated concentrations of Cd, Cr, and Cu, which exceed the levels set by the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA). Cadmium, in particular, is of significant concern.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAbiotic Variables: Metal Concentration in Sediment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe concentrations of the five metallic elements (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, and Mn) were higher in sediments from Santos Beach than in those from Jur\u0026eacute;ia Beach. This finding aligns with our hypothesis and is consistent with previous studies conducted in adjacent coastal environments. Notably, Banci et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) reported that sediment metal concentrations in mangrove areas were up to 2.4 times higher in Cubat\u0026atilde;o (Santos-S\u0026atilde;o Vicente Estuarine System) compared to Jur\u0026eacute;ia (Ecological Station), particularly for chromium (6.1 vs. 3.0 \u0026micro;g/g) and copper (3.3 vs. 1.4 \u0026micro;g/g). In the present study, average concentrations were lower for these two metals, likely due to differences in particle size between the sediments of these beaches. However, concentrations of chromium (3.1 vs. 1.8 \u0026micro;g/g) and copper (0.6 vs. 0.4 \u0026micro;g/g) remained higher at Santos Beach compared to Jur\u0026eacute;ia Beach.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurface estuarine sediments, especially from port channels, can exhibit even higher metal concentrations. For instance, Bordon et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e) reported metal levels in the Santos Port Channel as follows: Cr (20.0 \u0026micro;g/g), Hg (0.3 \u0026micro;g/g), and Mn (272.5 \u0026micro;g/g), which are up to 33 times higher than those found in the sandy sediments of Santos Beach (3.13, 0.15, and 45.61 \u0026micro;g/g, respectively). The concentrations in dredging sediments from the Santos Port Channel are comparable to those in the region's mangroves (Buruaem et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Cesar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Kim et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Perina et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), regarding Mn (348.50 \u0026micro;g/g), Cd (0.1 to 3.1 \u0026micro;g/g), Cr (18.0 to 32.20 \u0026micro;g/g), Hg (0.3 to 0.5 \u0026micro;g/g), and Cu (12.6 to 15.7 \u0026micro;g/g). These values present reflecting similar magnitudes to those observed in the sandy sediments of the studied beaches.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn these studies, metal concentrations in sediment are associated with particle size and organic matter content. Metals tend to be higher in finer and more organic sediments (Martincic et al., 1990). These authors confirmed that Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations in dredging sediments showed a significant negative association with mean grain size (MGS) and organic matter content (OM) (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;19; r \u0026ge; -0.90; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). This is attributed to the high mobility, deposition, and complexation of metals in mangrove sediments, which are three to four times more organic than continental sediments (Jennerjahn and Ittekkot, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, OM and MGS are key factors influencing metal redistribution in sediments (Rahman et al., 2024).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe variation in metal concentrations across studies is linked to sediment particle size and organic matter content. Mangrove sediments, with higher organic matter content (6\u0026ndash;15%) and smaller mean grain size (MGS\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.063 mm), contain a significant percentage of finer-grained sediment (silt and clay, 38\u0026ndash;51%), according to review of articles (Jennerjahn and Ittekkot, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e; Sanders et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR90\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Gomes et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Tue et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR99\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Allais et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). In dredging sediment studies, metals are associated with finer sediment fractions, particularly silt and clay (MGS\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.063 mm), with percentages ranging from 80\u0026ndash;95% and OM% between 8\u0026ndash;19%, according to review articles (Kronvag and Cristiansen, 1986; Oyarz\u0026uacute;n et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e; Holland and Elmore, 2008; Torres et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR98\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Buruaem et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Hamouche and Zentar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe organic matter content in the sediments of STS and JUR beaches also influences the concentration of metallic elements. Santos Beach, categorized as a low-energy dissipative beach due to its embayment and lower hydrodynamic activity, allows for greater organic matter deposition (Hern\u0026aacute;ez et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), which promotes metal complexation. In contrast, Jur\u0026eacute;ia Beach has high-energy dissipative morphodynamics (Souza, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR95\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e), where stronger longshore drift currents reduce sedimentation and organic matter incorporation, leading to lower metal retention.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt Jur\u0026eacute;ia sediment beach, the hierarchy of concentration for essential metallic elements was Mn\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Cr\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Cu, whereas Santos Beach exhibited Mn\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Cr\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Cu\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Hg\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Cd. This hierarchy is consistent with previous studies in the same region (e.g., Bordon et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e: Mn\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Cu\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Cr\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Hg\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Cd; Cesar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e: Mn\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Cr\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Cu; Perina et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e: Cr\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Cu\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Hg\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Cd), although there were some inversions, especially for Hg and Cd at lower concentrations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContamination of coastal environments by metallic elements is related to historical occupation and human population density, particularly in port regions and industrial complexes, such as in the municipality of Santos (Torres et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR98\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Pinheiro et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The Port of Santos plays a significant role in generating concentrations of Cu and Cr, which are highly adsorbed by sediments due to fuels (Costa et al., 2004; Angeli et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Kim et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) noted that these metals frequently occur at high concentrations in untreated or poorly treated industrial effluents, likely due to the high number of industries in the Santos-S\u0026atilde;o Vicente Estuarine System (CETESB, 2021).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe presence of mercury in Santos Beach sediment is particularly concerning due to its high frequency in the analyzed samples (66%) and concentrations between ISQG and PEL values (0.1 and 0.7 \u0026micro;g/g, respectively), reflecting its high toxicity. Mercury contamination in Santos is associated with port activities (Hortellani et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) and industrial sources, such as petrochemicals, fertilizers, and landfills (Perina et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA global comparison of metallic element concentrations in sandy beaches reveals that the sediments in the present study showed lower values for Cr and Cu compared to other locations (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). However, the average Cd concentration in Santos Beach (0.45 \u0026micro;g/g) is comparable to that of other urban beaches, ranging from 0.30 \u0026micro;g/g (Chennai, India \u0026ndash; Santhiga et al., 2011; Montevideo Bay \u0026ndash; Castiglioni et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) to 0.40 \u0026micro;g/g (Richards Bay, South Africa \u0026ndash; Vetrimurugan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR102\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Conversely, Kerala Beach in India (Suresh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR96\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) exhibited a Cd concentration of 3.60 \u0026micro;g/g, approximately seven times higher than that at Santos Beach. The average Mn concentration at Santos Beach (45.61 \u0026micro;g/g) was similar to that of Chennai Beach, India (46.80 \u0026micro;g/g \u0026ndash; Santhiga et al., 2011), although concentrations at beaches under intense port influence and with high levels of untreated domestic and industrial waste can be seven to ten times higher (Abu-Hilal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e; Vidinha et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR103\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcentration (mean, in \u0026micro;g/g) of metals (Cd, cadmium; Cr, chromium; Cu, copper; Hg, mercury; Mn, manganese) in sandy beach sediments around the world. Higher concentration values od each metal are represented in bold face.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeach\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcentration of Metals (\u0026micro;g/g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAuthors (Year)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcapulco\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMexico\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJonathan et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAqba\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJordan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7.8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e321.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbu-Hilal et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChennai\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSanthiga et al. (2011)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDurnford\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSouth Africa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVetrimurugan et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR102\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEspinho\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePortugal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e371.4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e476.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVidinha et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR103\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKerela\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuresh et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR96\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMiri City\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMalaysia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e126.2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNagarajan et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRio del Plata\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUruguay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCastiglioni et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJur\u0026eacute;ia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrazil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePresent study\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSantos\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrazil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePresent study\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBiotic Variables: Concentration of metallic elements in C. corruptus\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt Santos Beach, the highest concentrations of four metallic elements (Cd, Cr, Cu, and Mn) were recorded in the tissues of the shrimp \u003cem\u003eC. corruptus\u003c/em\u003e. These concentrations were up to eight times higher than those at Jur\u0026eacute;ia Beach, particularly for Cd, Cr, and Cu, which exceeded the Maximum Tolerable Limit (MTL) established by ANVISA (Brazil, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) at both beaches. Copper, an essential metal in decapod crustaceans, is associated with hemocyanin, an oxygen transport pigment in the hemolymph (Rainbow, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Terwillinger, 2015). Hemocyanin maintains relatively constant concentrations and facilitates the transport of this metal for accumulation in other tissues (Rtal and Truchot, 1996). The higher Cu concentrations in shrimps from Santos Beach (339.69 \u0026micro;g/g) compared to Jur\u0026eacute;ia (157.31 \u0026micro;g/g) clearly illustrate this phenomenon. Excess copper was immobilized in the hepatopancreas of \u003cem\u003eC. corruptus\u003c/em\u003e, regardless of the beach (JUR: 108.74 \u0026micro;g/g; STS: 145.33 \u0026micro;g/g). Such high copper concentrations in the hepatopancreas have been previously reported for other decapod crustaceans, including the lobster \u003cem\u003eHomarus gammarus\u003c/em\u003e (Clark, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the non-essential metals that exceeded the MTL (Cd and Cr), \u003cem\u003eC. corruptus\u003c/em\u003e specimens from Santos exhibited concentrations up to eight times higher than those from Jur\u0026eacute;ia (Cd: 7.86 vs. 0.98 \u0026micro;g/g; Cr: 11.95 vs. 4.12 \u0026micro;g/g). Cadmium concentrations were highest in the gonads of shrimps from Santos (4.93 \u0026micro;g/g), followed by the hepatopancreas and muscle (1.27 \u0026micro;g/g), while in Jur\u0026eacute;ia, cadmium levels were much lower and not detectable in the muscle, accumulating only in the hepatopancreas (0.73 \u0026micro;g/g) and gonads (0.25 \u0026micro;g/g). According to Vig et al. (2003) and Cabrini et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), Cd is extremely toxic to biota and ranks third in hierarchical toxicity among eight metals (Luoma and Rainbow, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). This metal is generally found at higher concentrations in the base of the food chain, in producers and primary consumers (Bargagli et al., 1998; Sun et al., 2020), and is depurated in brachyuran crustaceans during molting (Reichmuth et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChromium was found at high concentrations at both beaches (JUR: 4.12 \u0026micro;g/g; STS: 11.95 \u0026micro;g/g). In Santos, the highest concentration was observed in the gonads, whereas in Jur\u0026eacute;ia, it bioaccumulated more in the hepatopancreas of shrimps. Chromium is known to have no biological function and has been reported to reduce survival and fecundity, and even inhibit growth (Ochiai, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e; Cabrini et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Honig et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe hierarchy of metal accumulation in \u003cem\u003eC. corruptus\u003c/em\u003e tissues followed H\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;M\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;G for the four elements (Cd, Cr, Cu, and Mn) at Jur\u0026eacute;ia Beach. At Santos Beach, the hierarchy was G\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;H\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;M for three metals (Cd, Cr, and Mn). Pinheiro et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) reported a similar sequence (H\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;M) for tissues of the crab \u003cem\u003eUcides cordatus\u003c/em\u003e, endemic to mangroves, though they did not analyze metal concentrations in gonads. The highest concentration of metallic elements in crustaceans typically occurs in the hepatopancreas (Ahearn et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e), which serves as the primary detoxification organ (Metian et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Zhu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR109\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Rodrigues et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). This observation was confirmed in the present study based on the proportions and hierarchy of contamination among the tissues of \u003cem\u003eC. corruptus\u003c/em\u003e, especially in Jur\u0026eacute;ia. At Santos, metal contamination surpassed the detoxification capacity of the hepatopancreas, leading to greater bioconcentration in the gonads and even in the muscle of the shrimps.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLuoma and Rainbow (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) and Liao et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) attribute this phenomenon to the biochemical composition of the hepatopancreas, which includes: 1) lipids, particularly during the fattening phase of decapod crustaceans when the hepatopancreas enlarges (Wu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR107\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Lobato et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e); 2) metallothioneins, sulfur-rich proteins responsible for sequestering metallic elements, regulating metal homeostasis, and redistributing these elements to other tissues (Pourang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Liao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e); and 3) glutathione-S-transferase, isoenzymes with detoxifying capacity that convert xenobiotic compounds into less toxic forms (Habig and Jakoby, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1981\u003c/span\u003e; Lobato et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). The higher metal accumulation in the ovaries of female \u003cem\u003eC. corruptus\u003c/em\u003e from Santos can be attributed to increased lipid content due to vitellogenesis, which characterizes the ovaries of decapod crustaceans (Jeckel et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e). The hepatopancreas's detoxification capacity, with redistribution to other tissues, has been documented for other decapod crustacean species (Metian et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Zhu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR109\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Rodrigues et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) and may potentially cause reproductive damage (as suggested for \u003cem\u003eUcides cordatus\u003c/em\u003e by Duarte et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe high metallic concentrations found in ghost shrimps are likely due to their contact with external and interstitial water in their burrows, branchial respiration, and feeding (Morrison et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). This was particularly evident for \u003cem\u003eC. corruptus\u003c/em\u003e at Santos Beach, where Cd and Cr concentrations (7.9 and 11.9 \u0026micro;g/g, respectively) were up to five times higher than those recorded for \u003cem\u003eCallichirus laurae\u003c/em\u003e (1.7 and 3.2 \u0026micro;g/g, respectively) in Aqaba, Jordan (Abu-Hilal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e), due to the port activity in that location. Conversely, bioconcentrations of Cu and Mn were similar between these species, as they are essential metals for crustacean metabolism (Baden and Eriksson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e), especially in antioxidant defense ( Fr\u0026iacute;as-Espericueta et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe maintenance of the bioconcentration hierarchy of metallic elements by \u003cem\u003eC. corruptus\u003c/em\u003e (Cu\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Mn\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Cr\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Cd) at both beaches shows some similarity with results obtained by Cabrini et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) for two species of mole crabs (Hippidae) on the beaches of the State of Rio de Janeiro. Like ghost shrimps, Hippidae are filter-feeding decapod crustaceans associated with similar abiotic matrices (water and sediment). The metal hierarchies in their tissues are Cu\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Cr\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Cd and Cu\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Cd\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Cr, respectively. The high bioconcentration of copper (an essential metal) and low concentrations of cadmium and chromium (non-essential metals) observed in this study are consistent with findings from these studies. Similarly, the bioconcentration hierarchy for \u003cem\u003eCallichirus laurae\u003c/em\u003e studied by Abu-Hilal et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e) on Aqaba Beach (Jordan) was Cu\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Mn\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Cr\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Cd.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe concentration of metallic elements in the sediment of Santos Beach is notably higher compared to Jur\u0026eacute;ia Beach. This is particularly concerning due to mercury levels falling between the ISQG and TEL parameters, suggesting potential risks. The elevated levels of pollutants in Santos Beach are likely associated with the high population density in the region, which contributes to pollution from various sources, including industrial effluents from the industrial complex and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from ships at the Port of Santos, impacting the Santos-S\u0026atilde;o Vicente Estuarine System.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe bioconcentration of metallic elements in specimens of \u003cem\u003eC. corruptus\u003c/em\u003e from Santos is also significantly higher than in those from Jur\u0026eacute;ia. Notably, the concentrations of three metals (Cd, Cr, and Mn) exceed the Maximum Tolerable Limits established by the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (Brazil, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). In Jur\u0026eacute;ia, the metal concentration in ghost shrimps follows a hierarchy (H\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;M\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;G) similar to that reported for other decapod crustaceans. The hepatopancreas, known for its role in metal detoxification, appears to be operating beyond its capacity in Santos. Consequently, metals are being transported to other tissues, with significant accumulation observed in the gonads (ovaries) of females due to their high lipid content. This pattern is comparable to what occurs in the hepatopancreas and may have detrimental effects on the species in the study area.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese findings provide new insights into the concentration of metallic elements in \u003cem\u003eC. corruptus\u003c/em\u003e and highlight the importance of sandy beach conservation, as exemplified by the Jur\u0026eacute;ia-Itatins Ecological Station.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCRediT authorship contribution statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJuliano José-Silva:\u003c/strong\u003e Writing – original draft, Visualization, Investigation, Formal analysis. \u003cstrong\u003eTailisi H. Trevizani:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eWriting – review \u0026amp; editing, Visualization. \u003cstrong\u003eAlaor A. Almeida\u003c/strong\u003e: Writing – review \u0026amp; editing, Data curation, Methodology, Conceptualization. \u003cstrong\u003eMarcelo A. A. Pinheiro:\u003c/strong\u003e Writing – review \u0026amp; editing, Data curation, Methodology, Conceptualization, Supervision, Funding acquisition, Formal analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of competing interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no financial conflicts of interest or personal relationships that might have influenced the research presented in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding Declaration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarcelo A. A. Pinheiro\u003c/strong\u003e thanks to ‘Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo – FAPESP’ e Fundação Grupo Boticário (FAPESP/FGB # 2014/50438-5) by indirect financial support, and ‘Centro de Informação e Assistência Toxicológica – CIATOX’ of IB / UNESP Botucatu for metal processment and use of the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. A special thank to ‘Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico – CNPq’ due to Research Productivity Fellowship granted to \u003cstrong\u003eMarcelo A. A. Pinheiro\u003c/strong\u003e (CNPq # 303286/2016-4).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors thank to \u003cstrong\u003eMichael T. Angeloni\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eand\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Marcio C. A. João\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003efor helping during the field sampling.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbu-Hilal, A., Badran, M., \u0026amp; de Vaugelas, J. (1988). 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Effect of cadmium exposure on hepatopancreas and gills of the estuary mud crab (\u003cem\u003eScylla paramamosain\u003c/em\u003e): Histopathological changes and expression characterization of stress response genes. \u003cem\u003eAquatic Toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e195\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.11.020\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"environmental-monitoring-and-assessment","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"emas","sideBox":"Learn more about [Environmental Monitoring and Assessment](http://link.springer.com/journal/10661)","snPcode":"10661","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10661/3","title":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Callichirus corruptus, crustacean, keystone species, marine pollution, toxicity.","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5278038/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5278038/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study evaluates the contrast in the concentration of seven metallic elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, and Pb) in tissues (G, gonads; H, hepatopancreas; and M, musculature) of the ghost shrimp \u003cem\u003eCallichirus corruptus\u003c/em\u003e, as a response to sediment contamination in two sandy beaches in Southern Brazil with different anthropogenic status (JUR, Jur\u0026eacute;ia; and STS, Santos). The biotic and abiotic samples were collected with a suction pump, and subjected to metal quantification by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry technique. Statistical analyses were performed in R-Studio. In JUR, the sediment had Cr, Cu, and Mn concentrations two times lower when compared to STS (t\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;7.80; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01), while STS had Hg concentrations between the Interim Sediment Quality Guideline (ISQG) and Probable Effect Level (PEL) parameters. Three metals (Cd, Cr, and Cu) presented concentrations above the Maximum Tolerated Limit indicated by the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (Anvisa), with prawn bioaccumulation up to eight times greater in STS than JUR (t\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;4.42; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.03). Therefore, this study confirms higher metal concentrations in the biotic and abiotic compartments of Santos, which has a high human population density and a significant industrial and port complex, in contrast to Jur\u0026eacute;ia, which is located in an extremely preserved ecological station. Furthermore, the research presents novel information on trace elements in the sandy sediments of the studied sites. Additionally, it provides unprecedented evidence on metal concentration for \u003cem\u003eC. corruptus\u003c/em\u003e, which can be used in monitoring programs for sandy beaches due to its metal bioaccumulation potential.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Metal concentration in ghost shrimp and contamination levels of sandy beaches contrasted with anthropogenic impacts in Southeast Brazil","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-12-02 03:26:27","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5278038/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-12-25T18:45:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-12-21T19:15:25+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-12-16T22:07:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-12-16T15:44:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"9067656793349195818886143143881091724","date":"2024-11-26T23:06:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"132846218455512536321499176088851042143","date":"2024-11-26T18:23:46+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"93031074604173816114755642179778111831","date":"2024-11-26T18:19:27+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-11-24T18:09:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-11-14T15:34:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-11-14T15:31:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","date":"2024-10-16T19:06:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"environmental-monitoring-and-assessment","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"emas","sideBox":"Learn more about [Environmental Monitoring and Assessment](http://link.springer.com/journal/10661)","snPcode":"10661","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10661/3","title":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"76b749a1-3f60-46da-b8c1-b25341df1597","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 2nd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-04-28T16:01:24+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5278038","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-025-14033-2","journal":{"identity":"environmental-monitoring-and-assessment","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment"},"publishedOn":"2025-04-25 15:57:26","publishedOnDateReadable":"April 25th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-12-02 03:26:27","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10661-025-14033-2","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-025-14033-2","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5278038","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5278038","identity":"rs-5278038","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}